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714cbfe | 1 | [{"de":[["It is found to be useful in downstream NLP tasks like hate speech detection [18], text classification [27].",["18","27"]]],"ex":[["to justify why a review is positive, an annotator can highlight most important words and phrases that would tell someone to see the movie",[]],["To justify why a review is negative, highlight words and phrases that would tell someone not to see the movie",[]],["highlight words and phrases that would tell someone not to see the movie",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["approach news content with skepticism",["74","75"]]],"rt":[["truth bias",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["definition of experiment has been purposefully lax, since we acknowledged the possibility that not all relevant studies could employ rigorous experimental design with random assignment and a control group",[]]],"ex":[["studies testing factors that are more easily measured than manipulated, such as individual psychological predispositions, as predictors of fake news susceptibility",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["misinformation",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Lewandowsky and colleagues identify large-scale trends such as declining social capital, rising economic inequality and political polarization, diminishing trust in science, and an increasingly fragmented media landscape as the processes underlying the shift toward the \"post-truth.\"",[]]]},{"sy":[["PNK",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["i.e., people's propensity to accept most incoming messages as true",[]]],"rt":[["deception bias",[]]]},{"de":[["we consider argumentation quality from a dialectical perspective (van Eemeren and Grootendorst, 2004).",["van Eemeren and Grootendorst, 2004"]]]},{"sb":[["Strongly challenging",[]],["Somewhat challenging",[]]]},{"de":[["Instead, we analyze how editorials increase or decrease the gap between readers with opposing beliefs (van Dijk, 1995).",["van Dijk, 1995"]]],"sb":[["challenge readers with opposing stance",[]],["empower readers with the same stance",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Usually, it reflects the political ideology of the newspaper, aiming to persuade readers of the respective stance.",[]],["news editorials are opinionated articles that aim to persuade their readers of a stance towards some controversial issue, usually with implicit, hidden strategies",[]]],"ex":[["the relocation of the US embassy in Israel to Jerusalem",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["dialectical quality",[]]]},{"sb":[["Somewhat reinforcing",[]],["Strongly reinforcing",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["youth gangs (Cohen, 1972)",["Cohen, 1972"]],["young Afro-Caribbean males (Hall et al, 2013)",["Hall et al, 2013"]],["refugees, technocrats, Roma, hipsters, LGBT groups, rightwing politicians, sorcerers, economic migrants, tourists, mobile criminals, and even sugary foods",["Frederiksen and Harboe Knudsen, 2021"]],["While the classic studies on moral panics stemmed from criminology and as such focused respectively on youth gangs (Cohen, 1972) or on young Afro-Caribbean males (Hall et al, 2013) as embodiments of folk devils, recent literature has broadened the scope of contemporary folk devils to include refugees, technocrats, Roma, hipsters, LGBT groups, rightwing politicians, sorcerers, economic migrants, tourists, mobile criminals, and even sugary foods (Frederiksen and Harboe Knudsen, 2021).",["Frederiksen and Harboe Knudsen, 2021"]]]},{"de":[["As a sociological concept, moral panics and the literature focusing on the phenomena concerned have been around ever since Stanley Cohen's book Folk Devils and Moral Panics appeared in 1972, which coined the term and proposed a theoretical framework for analysis.",[]],["concern -some reported conduct or event sparks anxiety;",["Goode and Ben-Yehuda, 1994, pp.156-158"]],["hostility -the perpetrators are portrayed as folk devils;",["Goode and Ben-Yehuda, 1994, pp.156-158"]],["consensus -the negative social reaction is broad and unified;",["Goode and Ben-Yehuda, 1994, pp.156-158"]],["disproportionality -the extent of the conduct, or the threat it poses, are exaggerated;",["Goode and Ben-Yehuda, 1994, pp.156-158"]],["volatility -the media's reporting and the associated panic emerge suddenly, but can dissipate quickly too",["Goode and Ben-Yehuda, 1994, pp.156-158"]]],"rt":[["concern -some reported conduct or event sparks anxiety;",["Goode and Ben-Yehuda, 1994, pp.156-158"]],["hostility -the perpetrators are portrayed as folk devils;",["Goode and Ben-Yehuda, 1994, pp.156-158"]],["consensus -the negative social reaction is broad and unified;",["Goode and Ben-Yehuda, 1994, pp.156-158"]],["disproportionality -the extent of the conduct, or the threat it poses, are exaggerated;",["Goode and Ben-Yehuda, 1994, pp.156-158"]],["volatility -the media's reporting and the associated panic emerge suddenly, but can dissipate quickly too",["Goode and Ben-Yehuda, 1994, pp.156-158"]]]},{"de":[["The analogies may lead journalists to assemble information in a particular manner and provide them with an independent perspective based on historical \"lessons\" to balance elite-dominated news frames.",["7"]],["The most evident form of this analogy is the juxtaposition of parallel pictures taken in London in the 1950s and those taken in present-day China.",[]],["draw lessons from the past to make sense of the present",[]],["The purpose of such an historical analogy is mainly to delineate the current situation in China and what lessons can be drawn from a foreign past.",[]],["news media have established an historical analogy between China's present and London's past.",[]]],"rt":[["historical parallelism",[]]],"ex":[["the juxtaposition of parallel pictures taken in London in the 1950s and those taken in present-day China",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"ex":[["interest rates, unemployment, inflation",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["first-level of agenda setting",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["the story's valence",[]]],"rt":[["evaluative tone",["Kiousis et al., 2007"]]]},{},{"rt":[["slander",[]],["libel",[]]]},{"rt":[["freedom of expression",[]],["freedom of press",[]],["freedom of assembly",[]],["freedom of worship",[]]],"sb":[["freedom of expression",[]],["freedom of press",[]],["freedom of assembly",[]],["freedom of worship",[]]]},{},{"de":[["every decision-making must be ratified first in public discourse. It was intended to legitimize the decision.",[]],["democracy must have a deliberative dimension. It means that every decision-making must be ratified first in public discourse. It was intended to legitimize the decision.",["6"]]],"rt":[["civil liberties",[]]],"sb":[["subset of communitarian thinking",[]]],"sp":[["democracy",[]]]},{"de":[["Democracy provides space for citizens to express their thoughts freely.",[]]],"sb":[["deliberative democracy",[]]]},{"rt":[["hate speech",[]]]},{"de":[["Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.",[]],["freedom of expression is an important element in the continuation of democracy and public participation in exercising their rights effectively in terms of both participation in the making of public policy and voting.",["22"]],["freedom of expression with responsibility.",[]],["every citizen is free to express civil rights but is limited by positive law of state and moral values that live and blossom of political society.",[]],["every citizen is free to express opinion in public spaces, including by using social media.",[]]],"sy":[["freedom of opinion and expression",[]],["freedom of speech",[]]],"sb":[["the right to access, receive, and disseminate information",[]],["the right to express through any medium",[]]],"sp":[["civil liberties",[]]]},{"de":[["a. Identify the identity (character) that is attacked. b. Identify the content and language used. c. Measure the impact that may arise over the hate speech. d. Prove the causality between the hate speech and the effect it causes. e. Prove the intention of spreading hate speech. f. Measure the extent of the spread of hate speech in the community and the influence of the spread of hate speech in the community.",[]],["Article 45A paragraph (2) \"Any Person who satisfies the elements as intended by Article 28 section (1) or section (2) shall be sentenced to imprisonment not exceeding 6 (six) years and/or a fine not exceeding Rp1,000,000,000,-(one billion rupiah).\"",[]]],"sb":[["the spread of ideas based on racial superiority",[]],["the dissemination of ideas based on racial hatred",[]],["the incitement to racial discrimination",[]],["(1) the spread of ideas based on racial superiority",[]],["(2) the dissemination of ideas based on racial hatred",[]],["(3) the incitement to racial discrimination",[]],["(4) incitement to racially motivated acts of violence",[]]]},{"de":[["a. Identify the identity (character) that is attacked. b. Identify the content and language used. c. Measure the impact that may arise over the hate speech. d. Prove the causality between the hate speech and the effect it causes. e. Prove the intention of spreading hate speech. f. Measure the extent of the spread of hate speech in the community and the influence of the spread of hate speech in the community.",[]]],"sy":[["disinformation",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["political engagement",["14"]]]},{},{"de":[["Evans reveals that social media is often associated with freedom of information in democracy because it changes a person from a content reader to a content publisher.",[]],["social media involves different social channels; and online is the main channel.",[]],["social media changes from time to time and continues to grow.",[]],["social media is participatory since creative audience has the right to speak enabling them to comment.",[]],["It is a complex social phenomenon covering the construction of social relations and production of communication and information.",[]],["It has become a space for the disseminations of opinions and discourses, space to gather and to organize the masses.",[]],["Undoubtedly, social media has become an effective communication instrument to influence public opinion in democratic atmosphere.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["Lambeth's ethical principles",[]]]},{"sp":[["Lambeth's ethical principles",[]]]},{"rt":[["information control",[]]],"sb":[["bodily privacy",["Robert I. Berkman and Christopher A. Shumway (2003, p. 94)","2003, p. 94"]],["information privacy",["Robert I. Berkman and Christopher A. Shumway (2003, p. 94)","2003, p. 94"]],["communication privacy",["Robert I. Berkman and Christopher A. Shumway (2003, p. 94)","2003, p. 94"]],["territorial privacy",["Robert I. Berkman and Christopher A. Shumway (2003, p. 94)","2003, p. 94"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["real malice",[]]]},{"de":[["These are actions that seek to build a positive ecosystem regarding disinformation, to empower actors and strategies that are expected to combat the phenomenon.",[]]]},{"sb":[["belief bias",[]],["confirmation bias",[]],["anchoring",[]]]},{"de":[["Once demands have been met, support is resumed.",[]]],"rt":[["calling out",[]],["cancel culture",[]]],"sp":[["cancel or call out culture",[]]]},{"sp":[["Real news",[]]]},{"rt":[["calling out",[]],["cancel culture",[]]],"sp":[["cancel or call out culture",[]]]},{"rt":[["calling in",[]],["cancel culture",[]]],"sp":[["cancel or call out culture",[]]]},{"de":[["To be cancelled is effectively to be boycotted, with the intent that the person will be ostracised and no longer benefit financially, personally, or professionally from their elevated position; in short, culturally blocked from having a prominent public platform or career.",[]]],"rt":[["calling in",[]],["calling out",[]],["boycotting",[]]]},{"sb":[["Calling in",[]],["Calling out",[]],["Boycotting",[]],["Cancelling",[]]]},{"sp":[["cancel or call out culture",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["clickbait",[]],["counterfeit news sites",[]]]},{"de":[["disinformation online can have serious consequences for democracy and human rights.",[]],["cause serious psychological harm and can lead to physical violence",[]],["is a phenomenon as old as humanity, but since the development of information and communication technologies (ICTs), it has re-emerged with a vigour never seen before.",[]],["verifiably false or misleading information that, cumulatively, is created, presented and disseminated for economic gain or to intentionally deceive the public and that may cause public harm",[]],["The European Commission has described disinformation as verifiably false or misleading information that, cumulatively, is created, presented and disseminated for economic gain or to intentionally deceive the public and that may cause public harm",[]]],"rt":[["online gender-based violence",[]],["gendered hate speech",[]]],"sb":[["fabricated or deliberately manipulated content; intentionally created conspiracy theories or rumours",[]]],"ex":[["State-led disinformation campaigns have sought to influence elections and other political processes, control the narrative of public debates or curb protests against and criticisms of Governments.",[]]]},{"de":[["they must reasonably, although not necessarily exhaustively, verify the facts on which they base their opinions, and they should do so with even greater diligence than that employed by individuals, by reason of its high investiture, the wide scope, and eventual effects that its expression may have on certain sectors of the population, and to prevent citizens and other interested persons from receiving a manipulated version of certain events.",[]]],"rt":[["publicity of government acts",[]],["access to public information",[]]]},{"rt":[["Filter bubbles",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["false information",[]]]},{"de":[["the phenomenon of fake news is not only due to the technological factor but to other epistemological, economic, affective, and political factors.",[]],["the concept is based on three elements: a material element (the massive dissemination of false information), a cognitive element (the effective knowledge of the falsity of the information that is manufactured and/or divulged), and a volitional element (the intention to deceive or confuse the public or a fraction of it).",[]],["\"Fake news\" is not simply false information",["33"]],["indicators (fact checked, emotionally charged, source verification, registration inconsistency, site pedigree, narrative writing, and humour)",[]],["Fake news often has eye-catching headlines in all caps with exclamation marks and often shocking and unheard of information.",[]],["Many fake news sites have misspellings or weird layouts.",[]],["Fake news often contains manipulated images or videos, even based on authentic photos taken out of context.",[]],["the concept is based on three elements: a material element (the massive dissemination of false information), a cognitive element (the effective knowledge of the falsity of the information that is manufactured and/or divulged), and a volitional element (the intention to deceive or confuse the public or a fraction of it)",[]]],"sy":[["false news",[]]],"rt":[["exposed fabrications",[]],["hoaxes",[]],["news satire",[]]],"sb":[["manipulating and misleading people intentionally to achieve political ends",[]],["Network propaganda",[]],["Misinformation",[]],["exposed fabrications, hoaxes, and news satire",["25"]]],"sp":[["propaganda",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["false information",[]]]},{"sp":[["false information",[]]]},{"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{"rt":[["Echo chambers",[]]]},{"rt":[["social cascades",[]]]},{"sp":[["Real news",[]]]},{"ex":[["rumours",[]],["fake graphics or tables",[]],["false attribution of authorship",[]],["dramatic images",[]],["rumours, fake graphics or tables, false attribution of authorship, and dramatic images",["25"]]]},{"sb":[["Monitoring and fact-checking",[]],["Investigative responses",[]]]},{"sp":[["false information",[]]]},{"de":[["some authors think that 'information encapsulates truth, and hence that false information fails to qualify as information at all'",[]],["explain that the distinction between 'information as true, and misinformation and disinformation as false, collapses due to the possibility of true misinformation and true disinformation'",[]]]},{"sb":[["disinformation",[]],["misinformation",[]],["malinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["coordinated actions that use automated and human accounts to amplify content, intimidate other users, and capture conversations and trends.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Identification Responses",[]]]},{"sb":[["Legislative, pre-legislative, and policy responses",[]],["National and international counter-disinformation campaigns",[]],["Specific responses aimed at combating election-related disinformation",[]]]},{"sb":[["Phishing as a malinformation mechanism that misuses personal and/or confidential information",["25"]]],"ex":[["the publication of private information for personal or corporate interest, such as revenge porn",["17"]]]},{"sp":[["false information",[]]]},{"de":[["erroneous medical information that contradicts the guidelines of the World Health Organization or local health authorities regarding the treatment, prevention, diagnosis, or transmission of the virus",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["false information",[]]]},{"sp":[["Identification Responses",[]]]},{},{},{},{"ex":[["Identity theft, attempts to tarnish a reputation, profile cloning, denying access to email, and financial loss",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["constitute forms of distorting reality in order to influence the opinions and actions of a given audience and obtain beneficial results",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["hard news",[]],["breaking news",[]],["soft news",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["right of reply",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["false information",[]]]},{"de":[["Cascades are generated because all people tend to depend on others: if most of the people we know believe a rumor, we are also inclined to believe it.",[]]],"rt":[["group polarization",[]]]},{"sy":[["websites and applications that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking",[]]]},{"sp":[["Real news",[]]]},{"sp":[["Law and Policy Responses",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sb":[["manipulative actors",[]],["deceptive behaviour",[]],["harmful content",[]]]},{"de":[["characterized as 'brazen and vicious \"faking,\" and reckless disregard of decency, proportion and taste for the sake of increased profits.'",["Yarros' (1922)"]]],"sy":[["infotainment",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Hoaxes and satire are more likely to invent stories",[]],["Hoax stories tend to use fewer superlatives and comparatives.",[]]],"sp":[["untrusted news",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["propaganda frequently combines truths, falsehoods, and ambiguities to confound readers.",[]],["propaganda uses relatively more assertive verbs and superlatives.",[]]],"sp":[["untrusted news",[]]]},{"de":[["Unlike hoaxes and propaganda, satire is intended to be notably different from real news so that audiences will recognize the humorous intent.",[]],["one distinctive feature of satire compared to other types of untrusted news is its prominent use of adverbs.",[]]],"sp":[["untrusted news",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The intent behind propaganda and clickbait varies from opinion manipulation and attention redirection to monetization and traffic attraction.",[]]],"sp":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"rt":[["false facts",[]],["biased agenda",[]]],"sb":[["propaganda",[]],["clickbait",[]],["hoaxes",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Hoaxes and propaganda news contain significantly less bias markers (e.g, hedging, implicative and factive verbs) compared to satire.",[]]],"sp":[["disinformation",[]],["suspicious news",[]]]},{},{"de":[["there is a small number of basic widely supported moral values, and people differ in the way they endorse these values.",[]]],"sb":[["care and harm",[]],["fairness and cheating",[]],["loyalty and betrayal",[]],["authority and subversion",[]],["purity and degradation",[]]]},{"de":[["The intent behind propaganda and clickbait varies from opinion manipulation and attention redirection to monetization and traffic attraction.",[]]],"sp":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["Satirical news are the most different from propaganda and hoaxes",[]],["Satirical news contains more loyalty and less betrayal morals compared to propaganda, hoaxes and clickbait news.",[]],["Satirical news use significantly more subjective terms compared to other news",[]]],"ex":[["@TheOnion",[]]]},{"de":[["classify social media posts retweeted from news accounts into verified and suspicious categories -propaganda, hoax, satire and clickbait.",[]]],"sb":[["propaganda",[]],["hoax",[]],["satire",[]],["clickbait",[]],["hoaxes",[]],["clickbaits",[]]]},{"de":[["Las prácticas permitidas o prohibidas se fundamentan, en general, en dos principios esenciales: el control editorial y la transparencia hacia el público.",[]]],"rt":[["transparencia",[]]]},{"sy":[["discursos de escolta",["Babou, 1998"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Sin embargo, esta actividad no puede reducirse únicamente a la práctica de redacción y estructuración de la información, sin tener en cuenta el proceso social y los desafíos colectivos en los que se inscribe (Esquenazi, 2014).",["Esquenazi, 2014"]]]},{},{"de":[["The persona traits cover individuals' preferences (hobbies), living habits (lifestyle), and possessions (wealth).",[]]],"sb":[["hobbies",[]],["lifestyle",[]],["possessions",[]]],"sp":[["Stereotypical Scenario",[]]],"ex":[["Art Lover",[]],["Bookworm",[]],["Foodie",[]],["Geek",[]],["Loves Outdoors",[]],["Music Lover",[]],["Slob",[]],["Neat",[]],["Freegan",[]],["Active",[]],["Luxury Car",[]],["Dilapidated Car",[]],["luxury Villa",[]],["Shabby Hut",[]]]},{"ex":[["hobby traits (e.g., Art Lover)",[]],["lifestyle traits (e.g., Slob)",[]],["wealth traits (e.g., Luxury Villa)",[]]]},{"rt":[["gender",[]],["race",[]]],"ex":[["gender and race",[]]]},{"ex":[["a language model may associate certain occupations or descriptors (e.g., person stealing) with a specific gender or race (e.g., Black), even there is no logical or factual basis for doing so",["Liang et al., 2022","Kirk et al., 2021","Tan and Celis, 2019","Bianchi et al., 2023","Smith et al., 2022","Barikeri et al., 2021","Liang et al., 2022;Kirk et al., 2021;Tan and Celis, 2019;Bianchi et al., 2023;Smith et al., 2022;Barikeri et al., 2021"]]]},{},{"de":[["Classifications of genres in social media are based on communicative (features of the functioning of these social media) and technological factors.",[]],["fast creation of user-generated content;",[]],["the ability to instantly and simultaneously edit;",[]],["collaboration on any text or project;",[]],["the possibility of almost constant communication;",[]],["storing large amounts of information directly on the network; and not on electronic media;",[]],["ease of working with content;",[]],["dissemination of user-friendly interfaces;",[]],["enhancement of the audiovisual format in data transmission and presentation;",[]],["mixing of boundaries between public and private on the Internet, when traditional private information or information for a select few becomes public and accessible to everyone",[]],["social networks, blogs, file exchangers for storing user audio and visual information",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["operated together as an elite editorial strategy",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"ex":[["when placing local farms, factories, and other enterprises in local municipal hands",["66"]],["when a community [...] begins to manage its own economic resources in an interlinked way with other communities",["66"]]]},{"sy":[["democratic autonomy",[]]]},{"de":[["a proactive vision of a better society, as Kurdish revolutionaries perceive it.",[]],["the process of producing meaning and value in social life through which social actors understand their world and act upon it.",["29"]],["It is the process of producing meaning and value in social life through which social actors understand their world and act upon it.",["29"]]]},{"de":[["ideologically grounded, prevailing socio-political relationships and viewpoints",["14"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["también guarda una estrecha relación con el exceso de información mediática abocándonos a lo que se ha denominado \"distracción digital\" (Carrigan, 2017) y la redefinición de la reflexividad autónoma frente a los medios.",["Carrigan, 2017"]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["deep_fake is a technology that easily lets you make and create the realisticlooking digital avatar of any real person",[]],["deep_fake involves videos of celebrities, politicians or others saying or doing things that they never actually said or did.",[]]],"rt":[["video",[]],["image",[]],["audio",[]],["synthetic media",[]]],"ex":[["videos of celebrities, politicians or others saying or doing things that they never actually said or did",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["framing encapsulates a macro-attribute akin to an issue frame, wherein information sources strategically utilize various devices to meld and articulate opinions or preferences about a given situation.",[]],["These frames may manifest in either a generic or topic-specific manner, thereby influencing the accessibility of information, either by emphasizing message salience or subtly biasing information processing mechanisms",["63"]]]},{"de":[["The framing effect could influence cognitive processing, emphasizing the positive aspects associated with the novelty of deepfakes.",[]],["media frames can activate existing cognitive schemas, influencing individuals' interpretation of information, and, in turn, this interaction contributes to the formation of people's beliefs and attitudes.",["91"]],["positive framing tends to enhance beliefs in the benefits of technology, while negative framing emphasizes risks and potential drawbacks",["92"]]]},{},{"de":[["media framing influences and reinforces collective views of reality.",[]],["media frames are employed to align individuals with the contextual information included within the frame references, influencing their perceptions and behaviors regarding a specific topic",["63"]],["A frame is a cognitive structure that shapes people's perception and mental representation of events.",[]],["framing encapsulates a macro-attribute akin to an issue frame, wherein information sources strategically utilize various devices to meld and articulate opinions or preferences about a given situation.",[]]]},{"de":[["media framing is crucial in shaping individuals' cognitive schemas regarding technology",[]]]},{"de":[["This empowers users to engage thoughtfully with media content, while also enabling them to identify biases.",[]]],"rt":[["information and digital literacy",[]]]},{"ex":[["cheap fakes",["19"]],["isolated audio clips",[]],["fake news",[]],["low-quality manipulated media, such as cheap fakes",["19"]]]},{"de":[["Mainstream psychology used it in the context of research related to human perception [80] elving into the role of curiosity and arousal and exploring how novelty can contribute to increased interest and attention.",["80"]],["Besides, the novelty effect was related to learning and behavior. Hull's work on habit-family hierarchy and maze learning touches upon the role of novel stimuli in influencing learning and behavior [81].",["81"]],["The novelty effect has also been associated with dispositional traits such as curiosity [82] and sensation-seeking [83].",["82","83"]],["Regarding media psychology, the novelty effect has been observed in various technological advancements, influencing the perception and adoption of novel forms of media and entertainment [29,84], affecting whether they are seen as a source of entertainment or perceived as a potential threat.",["29","84"]],["the novelty effect was related to learning and behavior.",[]],["novelty effect in people, defined in psychology as a phenomenon that describes the initial surge of interest and attention individuals show when exposed to something new or novel.",[]]],"rt":[["curiosity",["82"]],["sensation-seeking",["83"]]],"ex":[["influencing the perception and adoption of novel forms of media and entertainment [29,84], affecting whether they are seen as a source of entertainment or perceived as a potential threat.",["29","84"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["schemas are organized knowledge stored in the minds that people develop by interacting with the environment through the assimilation process",["50","53"]]],"sb":[["declarative -i.e., knowledge of what is an object, a fact, or an event",["54"]],["procedural knowledge -i.e., knowledge of how to perform an action or behavior",["54"]]]},{"de":[["They regard declarative -i.e., knowledge of what is an object, a fact, or an event -and procedural knowledge -i.e., knowledge of how to perform an action or behavior-",[]],["Then, such cognitive schemas or knowledge units for a subject or event guide individuals to organize and process new information",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["The meaning of the term 'fake news', despite its rampant usage in recent years, remains unsettled.",[]],["The term 'first appeared in the US in the latter part of the 19 th century'",["Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee, 2018, p. 7"]],["A current UNESCO handbook for journalists, for instance, declares that it 'avoids assuming that the term \"fake news\" has a straightforward or commonly understood meaning'",["Ireton & Posetti, 2018, p. 7"]],["a term itself widely recognised as being contentious",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",["European Commission Report, 2018c, p. 3"]],["misinformation",[]]],"ex":[["B publishes false information from A not knowing the information is false (A is liable, B is not)",[]],["A publishes fabricated information that Z offered bribes to obtain a business contract (A is liable)",[]],["if B publishes that information knowing it was fabricated B is also liable",[]],["A publishing via social media that a food product sold by Z's company contains harmful ingredients, when in fact the food product-that once contained harmful ingredients-is no longer available (A is liable)",[]]]},{},{"de":[["serves an educational purpose by informing citizens",[]]]},{},{"de":[["only a consistently scheduled frame has the probability of causing an effect",[]]]},{"de":[["frames have the ability to give meaning to problems and propose how others should think and interpret them.",[]],["Frames can be detected within the content of cognitive structures of journalists, news media, in the minds of individuals and strategic communications of political and organisational actors",["Matthes 2011"]],["promote a specific issue definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation or treatment recommendation",["Entman 1993"]],["give meaning to problems and propose how others should think and interpret them",[]],["to promote a specific issue definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation or treatment recommendation",["Entman 1993","1993"]],["integrating framing as a fundamental part of political communication",["Chong -Druckman, 2007a","2007a"]]]},{"de":[["framing is not static and can change in response to external events and political developments",["Scheufele 2000","2000"]],["key issues and themes are often structured around specific frames",["de Vreese 2005"]]]},{"rt":[["sentiment analysis",[]]]},{"de":[["interpret and evaluate sentiments, opinions and emotions",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["fast-and-frugal psychological processes that direct how people receive, store, retrieve and evaluate information",[]],["Such biases and heuristics can compensate for a lack of detailed knowledge in decision making",[]],["especially in situations with high cognitive requirements",["Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen 1994"]]],"sy":[["heuristics",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the human mind has a built-in bias towards relying on vivid, intimate social information when making decisions. Such information is exactly the kind contained in episodic rather than thematic frames.",[]],["Such information is exactly the kind contained in episodic rather than thematic frames.",[]],["The findings in Figure 1 support an episodic bias shaping citizen-to-citizen transmissions of media news stories such that people transmit more episodic than thematic information when these types of information are presented in the same news article.",[]],["the kind of information that is prominent in episodic frames",[]]],"rt":[["episodic frames",[]],["thematic frames",[]]],"sp":[["cognitive biases",[]]]},{"de":[["episodic frames resonate with deep-seated cognitive biases that facilitate citizens' interpretations and inferences about intimate social information as the kind of information that is prominent in episodic frames",[]],["episodic frames carry vivid, intimate social information.",[]],["resonate with deep-seated cognitive biases that facilitate citizens' interpretations and inferences about intimate social information as the kind of information that is prominent in episodic frames",[]]],"rt":[["thematic frames",[]],["thematic frame",[]]],"ex":[["episodic cases involving specific individuals",[]]]},{},{"de":[["facilitates message encoding and reduces the need for interpretation and inferences.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["presents collective and general evidence",[]]],"rt":[["episodic frames",[]]]},{"de":[["thematic, abstract information describing political issues in terms of general statistics",["Aarøe 2011","Gross 2008","Small and Loewenstein 2005"]]],"rt":[["episodic frames",[]]]},{"de":[["analyses how a text changes when it is repeatedly recollected by chains of subjects in a manner similar to the children's game of 'Telephone'",[]],["This design is 'uniquely effective in revealing cumulative and systematic bias' in the recall and transmission of information",["Mesoudi, Whiten and Dunbar 2006, 406"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["sensationalist and often targeted immigrant groups",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]]],"sb":[["disinformation",[]],["misinformation",[]],["conspiracy theories",[]],["partisan false information",[]],["medical false information",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["anti-establishment sentiment",[]]]},{"de":[["Environment-critical protest groups, such as farmer groups, have expressed their discontent about a raft of policy measures aimed at protecting the environment and achieving climate neutrality, which they feel have gone too far and have paid too little attention to the distributive consequences of these policies, especially for the agricultural sector",[]]],"ex":[["farmer groups",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["Extinction Rebellion",[]]]},{"de":[["including protest tactics, protest size, and the protest group",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Rural communities are usually less connected to national decision-making centers and often feel that their communities have been left behind by the state, and that they do not receive their fair share of public services",["Ziblatt et al. 2024","Cramer 2016","Cremaschi et al. 2025","Patana 2020"]]],"rt":[["distributive injustices",["Ziblatt et al. 2024, 4"]]]},{"de":[["Thus, in this identification, male groups may exclude women in order to reinforce internal solidarity, which not only enhances cohesion among men, but also further entrenches the male-dominated social structure.",[]]]},{"sy":[["male hegemony",[]]]},{},{"de":[["male dominance in the gaming industry not only marginalizes female workers and sexually objectifies female characters, leading to gender inequality in the gaming industry, but also the hegemony causes male workers to tend to cater to the preferences of male users, which further exacerbates the marginalization and objectification of women.",[]],["The persistence of such traditional attitudes has made male hegemony, which still has a strong influence in modern society, a structural problem that needs to be changed urgently.",[]],["manifests as a significant marginalization and disrespect toward women",[]]],"rt":[["male dominance",[]]]},{"de":[["The projection goes beyond mere role-playing and involves a deeper psychological and emotional connection between the player and the character.",[]]],"sy":[["second self",[]]],"ex":[["for male gamers, controlling a female character can produce narcissistic satisfaction as they are able to experience idealized female images and behaviors through the character, an immersion experience that blurs the boundaries between player and character, subject and object",["8"]]]},{"de":[["These stereotypes contribute significantly to the cognitive biases that not only influence individual behaviors and attitudes but also shape societal perceptions of men's and women's competence on a broader scale.",[]]],"rt":[["social stereotypes",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["\"12 Years to save the world\"",[]]]},{"de":[["identify the focus on either hero, villain, or victim, which results in \"heroic\", \"blaming\", and \"victimizing\" narrative frames, respectively.",[]]],"sp":[["Narrative framing",[]]]},{"ex":[["fuel conflict",[]],["fuel resolution",[]],["prevent conflict",[]],["prevent resolution",[]]]},{"de":[["we conceptualize conflict and resolution as a four-way distinction: the characters assigned hero and victim roles in a narrative frame can either fuel conflict (perform actions that cause or exacerbate the issue), fuel resolution (perform actions that help to resolve the issue), prevent conflict (oppose actions that cause or exacerbate the issue), or prevent resolution (oppose actions that help to resolve the issue).",[]],["It encapsulates the \"plot\" element of the NPF, and links into Entman's (Entman, 1993) criteria of framing which state that, among its other functions, a frame can point to the cause of the issue and its underlying conflict, or prescribe a resolution.",[]]],"rt":[["narrative frame",[]]]},{"de":[["define the attitude towards external control and the sense of unity with the group",["Thompson, 2018"]],["four larger schemata of interpretation, which in social studies are referred to as cultural value stories",["Thompson, 2018"]],["Narrative frames do this by mapping a particular combination of characters and conflict/resolution to one of four larger schemata of interpretation, which in social studies are referred to as cultural value stories (Thompson, 2018).",["Thompson, 2018"]]],"sy":[["cultural value stories",["Thompson, 2018"]]],"sb":[["fatalist",[]],["hierarchical",[]],["individualistic",[]],["egalitarian",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The cause of climate change is overconsumption; villains are profit-driven corporations and anyone who supports status quo, and heroes are groups who seek fundamental changes.",[]]],"sp":[["cultural stories",[]],["Narrative frames",[]]]},{"sp":[["cultural stories",[]],["Narrative frames",[]]]},{"ex":[["For example, a narrative about negative eFects of pollution on environment can focus either on the villain (criticise policies, governments, industries that cause pollution while mentioning its negative eFects), or on the victim (describe negative eFects on people or nature in detail while also mentioning the culprit).",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["FUEL RESOLUTION",[]],["PREVENT RESOLUTION",[]],["PREVENT CONFLICT",[]]]},{"sb":[["Conflict",[]],["Economic",[]],["Human Interest",[]],["Morality",[]],["Resolution",[]]]},{"sp":[["Narrative Policy Framework (NFP)",[]]]},{"de":[["identify the focus on either hero, villain, or victim, which results in \"heroic\", \"blaming\", and \"victimizing\" narrative frames, respectively.",[]]],"sp":[["Narrative framing",[]]]},{"de":[["The villain is mismanaged society which led to excessive growth, and heroes are impartial scientists or government intervention.",[]]],"sp":[["cultural stories",[]],["Narrative frames",[]]]},{"de":[["Villains here are people who try to control climate change or seek policy changes, and the heroes allow markets to move naturally as individuals compete to create innovative technologies.",[]]],"sp":[["cultural stories",[]],["cultural story",[]],["Narrative frames",[]]]},{"rt":[["discourse structure",[]]]},{"de":[["not all entities in an article represent its main hero, villain, or victim.",[]],["We consider only the entities which are consistent with the overall stance of the article.",[]],["In particular, journalists often cite the opposing view, and thus can mention a set of characters which is different from the one aligned with stance.",[]]],"rt":[["hero",[]],["villain",[]],["victim",[]],["hero, villain, or victim",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Frames are distinguished from \"unframed\" types of communication by their ability to evoke a wider set of concepts, associations and judgments which already exist in the audience's perception",["Scheufele and Scheufele, 2010"]]],"rt":[["conflict and resolution",[]]]},{"de":[["However, not all stories can be used as narrative frames: in order to so, they need to map to a broader, pre-existing context dictated by a cultural story.",[]]],"sb":[["fatalist",[]],["hierarchical",[]],["individualistic",[]],["egalitarian",[]]],"sp":[["stories",[]]]},{"de":[["Narrative framing can draw the reader's attention to specific, nuanced aspects of an issue and instill a very precise interpretation that differs from the \"default\" reading inferrable from its generic or issue-specific frame.",[]],["These elements of storytelling, such as representing an issue through the lens of stakeholders and conflicts rather than direct description of the facts, make narrative frames a highly effective device, particularly in the context of contested issues such as climate change",["Daniels and Endfield, 2009","Rodrigo-Alsina, 2019"]],["These elements of storytelling, such as representing an issue through the lens of stakeholders and conflicts rather than direct description of the facts, make narrative frames a highly effective device, particularly in the context of contested issues such as climate change (Daniels and Endfield, 2009;Rodrigo-Alsina, 2019).",["Daniels and Endfield, 2009","Rodrigo-Alsina, 2019"]]],"sy":[["framing",[]]],"rt":[["elements of narrativity",[]],["storytelling",[]],["media framing",[]]],"sb":[["heroic",[]],["blaming",[]],["victimizing",[]]],"sp":[["media framing",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["FUEL RESOLUTION",[]],["FUEL CONFLICT",[]],["PREVENT RESOLUTION",[]]]},{"rt":[["FUEL RESOLUTION",[]],["FUEL CONFLICT",[]],["PREVENT CONFLICT",[]]]},{"sp":[["Narrative Policy Framework (NFP)",[]]]},{"de":[["identify the focus on either hero, villain, or victim, which results in \"heroic\", \"blaming\", and \"victimizing\" narrative frames, respectively.",[]]],"sp":[["Narrative framing",[]]]},{"sp":[["Narrative Policy Framework (NFP)",[]]]},{"de":[["a term borrowed from the lexicon of the Soviet Union's Committee for State Security (KGB) during the Cold War",["Colom-Piella, 2020, p. 474"]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["both in its positive connotation referring to the surveillance activities carried out by public authorities or other social agents to prevent forms of criminality in cyberspace",["Altheide 2004, pp. 229-234","Hetland, 2012, p. 9"]],["as well as in its negative connotation as the ways of influencing the discourses that are dumped onto these communicative channels by other agents with intention to dominate, manipulate, etc.",[]]]},{"de":[["other attacks aimed at altering public opinion and thus damaging the democratic function of both states and international organizations are increasingly taking place, and thus becoming part of international relations and the geopolitical landscape.",[]],["foreign interference, information manipulation and disinformation are an abuse of the fundamental freedoms of expression and information",[]],["prohibitions on disinformation may violate international human rights standards, while, at the same time, this does not justify the dissemination of knowingly or recklessly false statements by official or State actors",[]],["disinformation could be one tool, among others, used to violate human rights",["United Nations. Human Rights Council, 2022"]],["the difference between \"fake news\" and \"disinformation\" is in the numerical dimension -in the scale on which they are used.",[]],["it is the one that best represents the activities of media indoctrination carried out in an orchestrated manner by Russian government bodies to destabilize their rivals.",[]]],"sy":[["fake news",[]],["propaganda",[]]],"rt":[["information manipulation",[]],["foreign interference",[]],["mis-information",[]],["mal-information",[]],["fake news",[]],["propaganda",[]]],"sb":[["dangerous health disinformation",[]]],"sp":[["information disorders",["Wardle; Derakhshan, 2017, p. 10"]]]},{"de":[["must be considered an act of intervention in the domestic affairs of another state",[]]],"rt":[["intervention in the domestic affairs of another state",[]]]},{"de":[["the difference between \"fake news\" and \"disinformation\" is in the numerical dimension -in the scale on which they are used.",[]]],"sy":[["disinformation",[]],["propaganda",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]],"sp":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["covers even expressions that may be considered deeply offensive",[]],["expression of false content -like other expression-is protected, with some exceptions.",[]]]},{"de":[["the exercise of these freedoms, which carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions, or sanctions as are prescribed by the law of the states, provided that they constitute necessary measures to protect essential values in democratic societies.",[]]]},{"sp":[["information disorders",["Wardle; Derakhshan, 2017, p. 10"]]]},{"rt":[["control of the narratives",[]]],"ex":[["a speech given by then Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair, in March 2003 to obtain the British Parliament's approval for the British armed forces' participation in the Iraq war",["Van-Dijk, 2010, p. 187"]]]},{"sp":[["information disorders",["Wardle; Derakhshan, 2017, p. 10"]]]},{"de":[["in general, propaganda involves some kind of deception or prevents the audience from rationally and knowledgeably evaluating the message that the communicator wishes to convey",["Marlin, 2014, pp. 191-92"]],["it was used extensively during the First World War",["Bernal-Hernández, 2021, p. 94"]]],"sy":[["disinformation",[]],["fake news",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]],"sp":[["disinformation",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["proved to be effective in spreading disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["Such narratives were spread by many users through popular virtual informal communication channels, primarily social media platforms (such as Instagram, Facebook, Vkontakte, Odnoklassniki, etc.) and mobile messengers (such as WhatsApp, Telegram, Viber, etc.) regardless of whether the intention was to deceive or not.",[]]],"sy":[["viral fake story",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Collected samples of discourse contained four groups of words that hampered text normalization since their occurrence in the corpus could distort the results of frequency-based statistical analyses. These groups are as THE LANGUAGE OF RUSSIAN FAKE STORIES follows: synonyms that can be substituted in all possible contexts; multi-word terms that are found in fake texts in both full and shortened forms (acronyms, initialisms, etc.); words that have several spelling variations within the corpus; and terms containing numbers or symbols.",[]]],"ex":[["ВОЗ/Всемирная организация здравоохранения, МВД/Министерство внутренних дел, США/Соединенные Штаты Америки/Америка/штаты, КНР/Китайская Народная Республика/Китай/ Поднебесная, РФ/Российская Федерация/Россия и т.д",[]],["полимеразная цепная реакция/ ПЦР",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["It is possible to frame and convey accurate information to encourage listeners to make particular (erroneous) inferences.",[]]]},{"sy":[["false news",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{"rt":[["Fourth Estate",[]]]},{"rt":[["Fifth Estate",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["impersonators are those accounts that are pretending to be someone well-known or representative of a known brands, company etc.",[]]],"sp":[["fake accounts",[]]]},{},{"de":[["se configuran como herramientas válidas",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["predominante en las plataformas VOD",[]]]},{},{"de":[["implica enfatizar informaciones provocativas para despertar una respuesta emocional",[]],["implica enfatizar informaciones provocativas para despertar una respuesta emocional.",[]]]},{"sy":[["documental sobre crímenes reales",[]]]},{"de":[["Añade que en él participan personas reales que no actúan como lo hacen los actores",["Nichols, 2017"]]],"rt":[["periodismo criminal",[]]]},{},{"de":[["slow violence often unfolds through the deprivation of essential resources or displacement processes, leading to an incremental decline of peripheral communities over time",["Nixon 2011, 2-22"]]]},{"de":[["in cinemas, colonies or political mass gatherings, where Mussolini showcased the order and hierarchy of a modernised Italy through mass media",["Ben-Ghiat 2001, 3"]]],"ex":[["cinemas, colonies or political mass gatherings",[]]]},{"de":[["the algorithms underlying automated content moderation can hardly differentiate the denunciation of violence from the promotion of violence, or the artistic nudity from the explicit sexual content",[]]],"rt":[["manual (human) content moderation",[]]],"sp":[["content moderation",[]]]},{"de":[["making the digital environment a safe and health place",[]],["silencing (moderating) a content that is potentially harmful to the community",[]]],"rt":[["peer-censorship",[]],["self-censorship",[]],["manual (human) content moderation",[]]],"sb":[["manual (human)",[]],["automated",[]],["hybrid",[]],["automated content moderation",[]],["manual (human) content moderation",[]]]},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"rt":[["hate speech",["Cinelli et al. 2021"]]]},{"rt":[["content moderation",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["three-dimensional model for discourse analysis",[]]]},{"sp":[["three-dimensional model for discourse analysis",[]]]},{"rt":[["discourse",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["these spaces facilitate the distribution of specialised content while allowing links to more detailed information and real-time updates on technological developments",["Brennen et al. (2018)"]]]},{},{"de":[["Therefore, X.com functions as a \"techno-social system\"",[]]]},{"sp":[["three-dimensional model for discourse analysis",[]]]},{"sb":[["text analysis",[]],["analysis of discursive practices",[]],["analysis of sociocultural practices",[]]]},{"de":[["The quality scale reflects editorial standards and analytical depth and the factual reporting ratings reflect varying levels of perceived accuracy and commitment to verifiable information, which represent key components of credibility.",[]]],"rt":[["factual reporting",[]],["trustworthiness",[]],["quality",[]]]},{"rt":[["credibility",[]]]},{"rt":[["political bias",[]]]},{"rt":[["credibility",[]]]},{},{"de":[["While intended to improve understanding of political discourse, these technologies could potentially be used for political profiling or surveillance",[]]]},{"rt":[["sentiment analysis",[]]]},{"sp":[["Fake news",[]]]},{"rt":[["click-baits",[]]],"sb":[["click-baits",[]]]},{"rt":[["antagonism",[]]]},{"de":[["In politics, especially in non-democratic settings, various discourses may join each other in what Laclau and Mouffe call a discursive alliance against a common enemy. When this happens, an agonistic space forms.",[]]],"rt":[["discursive alliance",[]]]},{"de":[["It is when new signifiers (i.e., elements) are drawn into the meaning making network of competing discourses, and become another node in the network (i.e., moments).",[]],["discourses are in a constant struggle to ascribe their own meanings to signifiers and achieve a stable and fixed state of meaning making.",["Laclau and Mouffe (2014)"]]],"rt":[["agonism",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["agonistic space",[]]]},{"de":[["The term itself is ambiguous (Schapals 2018): people use it in different meanings or confuse it with other synonymous terms.",[]],["This use of 'fake news' discourse can be seen as a strategic verbal attack to discredit or disagree with an opponent.",[]],["They explain that 'fake news' is practically a signifier without a signified; it is almost impossible to define in one way, but actors employing the term know how to strategically use it. Discourses employ it strategically to discredit antagonists.",[]],["they may apply the terms loosely and interchangeably",[]],["users consistently employ them as a discursive strategy to attack others in their Twitter communication",[]],["users do not seem to differentiate between them. Rather, they use the terms either interchangeably or in a context-specific way.",[]],["'Fake news' discourses therefore act to destabilise the meaning structure of the rival discourses, while moving users' discourses towards a greater fixity of meaning.",[]],["'fake news' is a floating signifier, devoid of a singular and particular meaning",[]],["'Fake news' discourses act as a filter through which new signifiers pass.",[]],["'fake news' discourses and their strategic use act as agonistic strategies as well.",[]],["renders \"its meaning equal to anything that is false\".",[]],["practically a signifier without a signified; it is almost impossible to define in one way, but actors employing the term know how to strategically use it.",[]],["In a discursive struggle, 'fake news' is strategically employed to amplify antagonisms, give new meanings to and interpret information.",[]],["'Fake news' discourses act as a filter through which new signifiers pass. If resonant, the signifier enters the discourse. If dissonant, it is then 'fake news'.",[]],["Rather, 'fake news' discourses are employed to achieve a discursive goal: to amplify users' own positions and mitigate those of the enemy.",[]]],"sy":[["propaganda",[]],["disinformation",[]],["lies",[]]],"rt":[["propaganda",[]],["disinformation",[]],["floating signifier",[]],["lies",[]],["mal-information",[]]],"sb":[["dis-",[]],["mal-information",[]]],"ex":[["Tandoc et al. (2018), for example, provide a classification of 'fake news' definitions based on two factors: facticity levels and deceiving intentions.",["Tandoc et al. (2018)"]]]},{"de":[["actors employing the term know how to strategically use it. Discourses employ it strategically to discredit antagonists. Therefore, 'fake news', as a floating signifier, is used in various contexts to stabilise certain discourses, and destabilise the discourse of the enemy.",["Farkas and Schou (2018)"]],["some signifiers get so \"overflowed with meaning\" (Torfing 1999, 301) that they become signifiers without a signified-floating signifiers.",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["propaganda",[]]]},{"rt":[["floating signifiers",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["Soviet propaganda",[]]]},{"rt":[["official propaganda",[]]]},{},{"de":[["useful for training more socially responsible systems (Kim et al., 2022) by directing them towards anti-biased responses",["Kim et al., 2022"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["Bias-Discussing (BD)",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["biases stem both from the training data as well as filtering algorithms",[]]]},{"de":[["understanding the underlying ideological bias in language models is important as it can influence individuals' political behavior and decisionmaking (Zmigrod, 2020), shaping how individuals gather information and perceive political events, policies and candidates (Swigart et al., 2020).",["Zmigrod, 2020","Swigart et al., 2020"]],["This definition allows us to examine ideology from multiple perspectives. First, we consider ideology in the context of the U.S. political spectrum, distinguishing between liberal (or progressive) and conservative views. Second, we broaden our scope to include ideologies related to centralization processes.",[]],["This follows the concept of media bias, which classifies bias as the presence of an over or under-representation of a particular opinion",["Pit et al., 2024"]],["This definition allows us to examine ideology from multiple perspectives.",[]]],"rt":[["media bias",[]]],"ex":[["an ideological bias in this context would mean an over-representation of pro-centralization (anti-Catalan independence) views compared to anti-centralization.",[]],["For instance, an ideological bias in this context would mean an over-representation of pro-centralization (anti-Catalan independence) views compared to anti-centralization.",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["progressive",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["such as equality and the welfare state",["Vallgårda, 2007"]]]},{},{"de":[["discourse is not synonymous with text, but with a dimension of production of social reality",[]]]},{"de":[["discourse is not synonymous with text, but with a dimension of production of social reality.",[]]]},{"de":[["Fake news, in turn, is more than misinformation (incorrect news) or lies and is usually created intentionally as part of an organized strategy of disinformation with economic, political, or other objectives.",[]]],"ex":[["the paradigm of disinformation that was created by industries that produce polluting, carcinogenic or ethically questionable products, based on the dissemination of doubt",[]]]},{"de":[["Fake news, in turn, is more than misinformation (incorrect news) or lies and is usually created intentionally as part of an organized strategy of disinformation with economic, political, or other objectives.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation (incorrect news)",[]],["lies",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["Robert Entman (1993) applied the concept to explain how the media structures the news, promoting certain interpretations about events.",[]],["how the media interpret and represent reality, which sociological studies can identify and contrast to empiric sources of the social sciences and history",[]],["how the media structures the news, promoting certain interpretations about events",[]]]},{"de":[["the excess of information creates a context propitious to disinformation",["2020"]]],"rt":[["ambient journalism",["2010"]],["information overload",["2012"]]]},{},{"de":[["society to an increasing degree is submitted to, or becomes dependent on, the media and their logic",["Hjarvard, 2008, p. 113"]],["the term began to be used to refer to the impact of the media on political communications, and more recently, on the ways that they transform institutions and social processes.",[]],["Mediatization, therefore, does not refer only to communicative mediation, but to the ways that society becomes increasingly dependent on the medias and their logics.",[]]],"rt":[["communicative mediation",[]]]},{"sy":[["incorrect news",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Such stories use sensationalist headlines to grab attention and increase Click-through rates normally at the expense of truth or accuracy.",[]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["In [4] authors show that fake news aim to affect the emotions of the readers, and ultimately deceive them.",["4"]]],"rt":[["false news",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"sp":[["fake news",[]]],"ex":[["the Onion",[]],["The Daily Mash",[]],["the Onion, The Daily Mash",[]]]},{"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["women's magazines sometimes offer anti-establishment discourses",[]]]},{"de":[["often contribute to the success of populist actors who claim to fight the establishment",[]]]},{},{"de":[["To political scientists",[]],["In journalism studies",[]]],"sb":[["media framing",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["The distinction is needed because the political platforms of these players are not, in fact, anti-establishment, which is the core characteristic of populism",["Kazin, 2016","Lassila, 2016"]]],"rt":[["populist politicians",[]]],"sp":[["populism",[]]]},{"de":[["central to framing",[]]],"rt":[["framing",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The abbreviation was invented by the thieves in law back in the Soviet times.",[]]],"sy":[["criminal-related ideology",[]]]},{"sp":[["DELINQUENCIES BY MIGRANTS",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Framing generates the idea that the local criminals make money on managing and building illegal hostels for migrant workers and legalization of migrants in general.",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["conflict-provoking behaviour of migrants",[]],["spread of criminal-related ideology",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["counter-frames",[]]],"sp":[["framing",[]]],"ex":[["poverty is a school for learning",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["In the functional perspective, the notion of a frame is disclosed in terms of 'central ideas', organizing how people discuss public events and interpret things.",["Semetko & Valkenburg, 2000: 94"]],["Frames of different conceptual precision constitute a hierarchy, within which issue-specific frames nest within a broader category.",[]],["Frames are assumed to be manifested in slots through lexical markers",[]]],"sb":[["issue-specific frames",[]]]},{"de":[["social problems become more 'salient' in discourse due to framing.",[]],["framing specifies the image of the migrants, bringing to the fore their collective criminal activity and fatal threat to the citizens.",[]],["Van Gorp considers frames as 'metacommunicative (latent) messages', sent by the agent of discourse (journalist) to the receiver, which represent suggestion or instruction to understand the message in accord with the idea expressed through the frame",["Van Gorp, 2005: 487"]]],"sb":[["Generic frames (master frames, macro frames)",["Semetko & Valkenburg, 2000"]],["Issue-specific frames",[]],["Diagnostic frames",["Godefroidt et al., 2016: 782"]],["prognostic frames",["Benford & Snow, 2000","Godefroidt et al., 2016: 782-783"]],["Motivational frames",["Benford & Snow, 2000: 617"]],["Problematizing framing",["Van Gorp & Vyncke, 2021: 435"]],["deproblematizing frames",["Van Gorp & Vyncke, 2021: 435"]]]},{"de":[["They progress beyond the thematic limitations of discourse, and can be identifiable across different themes and cultural contexts, e.g. conflict, human interest, economic consequences, morality, responsibility",["Semetko & Valkenburg, 2000"]]],"sy":[["master frames",[]],["macro frames",[]]],"sp":[["framing",[]]],"ex":[["conflict, human interest, economic consequences, morality, responsibility",[]]]},{},{"de":[["nest within a broader category",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]],["framing",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["crimes and delinquencies",[]]],"sp":[["macro frame",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["frames",[]],["subframes",[]],["slots",[]]]},{"de":[["which contribute to the idea of the collective criminal threat to the locals.",[]]]},{"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{"sp":[["framing",[]]],"ex":[["e.g. the poor are responsible for their social position",[]],["the poor are responsible for their social position",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["This is a situation in which people have an affinity to fall for fake news that appeals to their personal beliefs. They easily accept and spread this information.",[]],["This is a situation in which people have an affinity to fall for fake news that appeals to their personal beliefs.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["disastrous in turning the people against the government or bringing lack of trust in government policies. It can influence people's opinion towards another direction mostly for the personal gains of the poster",["10"]],["can pose serious health dangers and negatively affect the lives of people who accept the news as true such as the case of Corona Virus Disease of 2019 (COVID 19) fake news spread around during the pandemic",["11"]],["Fake news is disastrous in turning the people against the government or bringing lack of trust in government policies. It can influence people's opinion towards another direction mostly for the personal gains of the poster [10].",["10"]]],"ex":[["Corona Virus Disease of 2019 (COVID 19) fake news spread around during the pandemic",["11"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Research shows that people with a \"truth bias\" \"think about the truth\" when interacting with others and \"judge social information as accurate, only to abandon this notion when something in the situation causes suspicion\"",["13"]],["Research shows that people with a \"truth bias\" \"think about the truth\" when interacting with others and \"judge social information as accurate, only to abandon this notion when something in the situation causes suspicion\" [13].",["13"]]]},{"de":[["Twitter bots can be created to perform various actions, such as posting tweets, retweeting content, following or unfollowing users, liking tweets, replying to mentions, and more",["8"]],["They can also be used to disseminate news with little or no human involvement",["9"]],["An automated Twitter bot can employ deep learning algorithms and natural language processing methods to analyse massive quantities of tweets, discover patterns suggestive of fake news, and provide to users, real-time notifications.",[]]]},{"de":[["the state of exception introduces other measures and solutions otherwise unacceptable and limiting people's freedoms, such as racial/political profiling or widely understood processes of surveillance.",[]],["narrative strategy in these shows allows for legitimizing violence and anticipating torture as measures to manage and contain catastrophes and crises",["77"]],["the breakdown of norms creates a situation in which violence [and other unlawful practices] escapes management",["92"]],["create the situation of catastrophe or crisis in order to justify extraordinary measures and suspend ethical/legal norms and regulations",["2-3"]],["Television dramas that tackle war on terror (e.g., 24, Sleeper Cell, Homeland) have a few things in common: they are built on the discourse of the state of exception (Agamben 2005, 2-3), their narratives use the \"ticking bomb\" scenarios,foot_0 and they create the situation of catastrophe or crisis in order to justify extraordinary measures and suspend ethical/legal norms and regulations.",["Agamben 2005, 2-3"]]]},{"rt":[["television",[]],["fake news",[]],["social media",[]]]},{"de":[["objects are tagged to varying degrees with positive or negative affective tags that are used as heuristic cues when making evaluative judgments",["54"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["negative stimuli prompt more attention and more detailed cognitive processing than equally intense positive stimuli",["12","13"]]],"rt":[["affective negativity effects",["12","13","12,13"]]],"sp":[["negativity effects",[]]]},{"de":[["has combined elements from recent psychological theories on both attention and emotion.",["5","6"]]],"rt":[["encoding",[]]]},{"de":[["negative stimuli elicit greater affective, cognitive, and behavioral influences than equally intense positive stimuli",["7","8","9","10","11","12","13","14"]]],"rt":[["positivity offset",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["negativity bias",[]],["positivity offset",[]],["informational negativity effects",[]],["affective negativity effects",[]]],"sb":[["informational negativity effects",[]],["affective negativity effects",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["negativity bias",[]]]},{},{"de":[["provokes communal disturbance",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["LGBTQI+ community",[]],["heterosexual",[]],["cisgender",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["semiotic dimension",[]]],"sp":[["dimensions of the mediatization of diplomacy",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Strömbäck's second phase of mediatization sees the incentives for political actors to take media logics into account become stronger, and the actors are encouraged to spend more resources in order to develop their competencies in public relations and news management.",["Strömbäck 2008, 237"]],["the increasing mediatization of its propaganda policies",[]],["the third phase of mediatization",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["internalization dimension",[]]],"sp":[["dimensions of the mediatization of diplomacy",[]]]},{"de":[["Compassion goes further -it is all about feeling for and not just feeling with the other.",[]],["compassion does not mean sharing the suffering of the other.",[]]],"rt":[["empathy",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This framework aims to shed light on the affective dynamics of immersive media in relation to social change",[]],["the audience ultimately develops a sense of \"emotional geography\", i.e. a connection with a \"storyworld\" through body, emotion and mind.",[]],["The holistic cognitive and emotional nature that \"emotional geography\" entails will eventually impel people to some form of tangible action, leading to effective social change.",[]]],"rt":[["socially-driven immersive media productions",[]],["an emotional embodiment",[]]]},{"de":[["the widespread assumption that this is the fundamental affective/cognitive variable responsible for triggering awareness or change.",[]],["if one only wants immersive stories to allow a given story to emotionally resonate with an audience, without any further intention to influence change or behaviour or pursue some form of human agency or social change agenda, then empathy might be effective in creating this profound connection with story and audience.",[]],["makes it possible to identify with others' positive and negative feelings alike -we can thus feel happy when we vicariously share the joy of others, and we can share the experience of suffering when we empathize with someone in pain. Importantly, in empathy one identifies with someone, but one does not confuse oneself with the other; that is, one still knows that the emotion one identifies with is the emotion of another",["Singer and Klimecki, 2014"]]],"sy":[["putting oneself in someone else's shoes",[]],["emotional resonance",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["donde analizar el panorama informativo con una actitud crítica es esencial para reforzar y garantizar una buena salud democrática",["Rodríguez, 2023"]]],"rt":[["alfabetización mediática e informacional",[]]]},{"de":[["la comprensión y el análisis de la información proporcionada por los medios, el pensamiento reflexivo destinado a emitir juicios argumentados y el conocimiento de una información en su contexto, así como el manejo de las herramientas digitales",["Valverde-Berrocoso et al., 2022"]],["Todo ello en un contexto de multialfabetización que implica la comprensión y el análisis de la información proporcionada por los medios, el pensamiento reflexivo destinado a emitir juicios argumentados y el conocimiento de una información en su contexto, así como el manejo de las herramientas digitales",["Valverde-Berrocoso et al., 2022"]],["implica la comprensión y el análisis de la información proporcionada por los medios, el pensamiento reflexivo destinado a emitir juicios argumentados y el conocimiento de una información en su contexto, así como el manejo de las herramientas digitales",[]]],"rt":[["educomunicación",["Aparici y García-Matilla, 1998","Aguaded, 2009"]]]},{"de":[["creciente problema de la desinformación",[]]],"sy":[["fake news",[]],["bulo",[]]],"ex":[["noticias falsas, especialmente en temas sensibles como la inmigración, la violencia de género o la pobreza",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["media reform",[]]]},{"rt":[["media assistance",[]]]},{"de":[["The media systems framed within the Social responsibility theory have a duty towards investigative journalism and they are not subject to censorship. This theory includes external and internal mechanisms of media control: codes of conduct for journalists is the clearest example of these mechanisms.",[]]],"rt":[["Soviet-Communist theory",[]],["Authoritarian theory",[]],["Libertarian theory",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["the right to truth",[]],["justice",[]],["reparations",[]],["guarantees of non-repetition",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Both metaphors imply active human agency, as human beings or human organizations are represented as the active agents of violent actions.",[]]]},{"de":[["responsibility was interpreted as maximized, as the subject directly performs the action",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["minimizes responsibility the most by suggesting the event occurred without a clear doer",["Dreyfus 2017, 375"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["This process results in a form of cognitive regression characterized by fragmentation of meaning and a weakening of coherent social understanding.",[]],["Unlike traditional frameworks focused solely on explicit ideological persuasion or propaganda, cognitive subversion emphasizes subtler mechanisms such as fragmentation, emotionalization, and gradual erosion of coherent meaning systems that unfold simultaneously at multiple societal levels",["Fairclough, 2001","Medushevsky, 2023","van Dijk, 1998"]],["they unsettle settled meanings, authorize the revision of institutional and collective identities, and re-frame the future as a space open to radical re-invention.",[]],["Within this framework, cognitive subversion is understood as operating through the purposeful engineering of narratives that capitalize on the psychological, social, and emotional dispositions of target audiences, eliciting voluntary acquiescence to outcomes preselected by the narrative initiator",["Medushevsky, 2023"]],["This study conceptualizes cognitive subversion as the systematic, multi-layered dismantling of the stable cognitive frameworks that organize collective experience, such as conceptual matrices, cognitive habits, collective memory, and rational modes",[]]],"rt":[["cognitive regression",[]]]},{"de":[["transformation of fundamental categories such as logic, worldview, and core societal values",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["tends toward an identity-centered moral reckoning, privileging lived experience and emotional truth claims over detached historical analysis, which can result in contentious public debates and polarized reactions",["Steele, 1990"]]]},{"sy":[["toxic language",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["a sentence can be unfair to women because it makes blatant sexist comments (toxicity), depicts women as weak and subordinate (stereotypes), or drives away female users because of unfriendly content (inclusiveness).",[]]]},{"ex":[["puns, similes, sarcasms, and metaphors",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Collective memories shape how foreign groups are perceived in the present, guiding both amity and hostility through stories of the past",["Liu 2012","Figueiredo et al. 2017"]]]},{"de":[["These elements structure how groups remember their pasts, construct identities, and interpret present realities",["Zerubavel 1995","Wertsch 2002","Erll 2011"]],["collective memory, which serves as a reservoir of historical narratives and intergroup experiences that shape and sustain stereotypes over time",[]]],"rt":[["stereotypes",[]]]},{"de":[["These associations can be activated as frames, supplying the mnemonic content that journalism draws upon when selecting and framing stories about foreign groups.",[]],["CMBS function both as standing premises for the selection and interpretation of events and as adaptable tools in the production of journalistic discourse.",[]]],"rt":[["mnemonic frames",[]]]},{"de":[["journalistic authority is established through multiple overlapping sources, biographical, institutional, and cultural, and how these are used to legitimize particular memory narratives.",[]],["commemorative journalism does not merely recount historical events but constructs ideologically charged frameworks, often privileging redemptive and nationalistic tropes while marginalizing dissenting or nonhegemonic voices.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["They shape collective identity, transmit knowledge, and reinforce social norms",[]],["As interpretive frameworks, they influence how people perceive events, behave, and derive meaning from their experiences.",[]]]},{"rt":[["stereotypes",[]]]},{"rt":[["interpretive structures",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["stereotypes",[]]]},{"rt":[["memory that is required",[]],["indulge memory",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["invited memory",[]],["indulge memory",[]]]},{"de":[["discursive templates that shape how events and actors are interpreted, contextualized, and morally evaluated in the news.",[]],["they link present developments to familiar cultural meanings, lend coherence across time, and generate emotionally resonant narratives",[]],["Shaped by shared historical experience, they condense complexity into familiar templates.",[]],["These mnemonic frames provide a culturally shared repertoire from which journalists draw when interpreting developments in relation to foreign groups.",[]],["Mnemonic frames are conceived in analogy to other culturally available frames, which play a critical role in news production as sense-making structures that organize and interpret information while reinforcing broader cultural meanings (Hall 1997, as cited in Van Gorp 2007).",["Hall 1997, as cited in Van Gorp 2007"]]],"rt":[["framing",[]],["familiar cultural meanings",[]],["narrative templates",[]],["stereotypes",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["These stereotypes, based on collective memory, are not simply maintained; they are selectively mediated and adapted so that accounts of the past align with a group's present relations with a foreign other.",[]],["how dominant groups use broad generalizations to justify the marginalization of others",[]],["distinguish between fast, intuitive responses and slower, more reflective reasoning, with stereotypes typically emerging from the former, allowing people to rely on familiar traits to simplify social judgements",[]],["stereotypes function both as cognitive shortcuts and as culturally embedded associations.",[]],["they condense cultural-historical representations into readily available associations that guide how groups perceive and interpret one another.",[]],["Stereotypes are not static; they evolve in response to changing socio-historical conditions, institutional transmission, and individual cognitive processes.",[]],["inform how representations of the foreign other are seen as meaningfulbridging past perceptions with current news logic.",[]],["function as schematic narrative templates rather than detailed historical accounts.",[]]],"rt":[["cultural templates",[]],["collective memory",[]],["interpretive shortcuts",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Informed by Fairclough (1995) and van Leeuwen (2008)",[]]]},{"ex":[["Conflict-Driven",[]],["Humanitarian Crisis",[]],["Governance Failure",[]],["Economic Exploitation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Drawing on Kress and van Leeuwen (2001)",[]]]},{"de":[["powerfully proposes a reading of Darfur as a site of absolute humanitarian tragedy, but in doing so, it often sidelines other potential readings that emphasize historical context or political complexity.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["diffusion",[]]]},{"de":[["identifying the underlying problem and its causes, and assigning blame to those responsible",["Benford and Snow, 2000"]]],"rt":[["prognostic frames",[]],["motivational frames",[]]],"ex":[["\"We are the last generation before the tipping points, \" Last Generation, Germany",[]]]},{"de":[["specific tactics are usually invented in specific places and then spread to other areas.",[]]],"sy":[["contagion",[]]]},{},{"de":[["mobilizing and encouraging people to take action",["Benford and Snow, 2000"]]],"rt":[["diagnostic frames",[]],["prognostic frames",[]]],"ex":[["\"Become part of the team, \" Fridays for Future, Austria",[]]]},{"ex":[["swarming (forming a temporary blockade across a road or bridge)",[]],["staging die-ins with fake blood",[]],["activists supergluing themselves to an object or building",[]],["swarming (forming a temporary blockade across a road or bridge), staging die-ins with fake blood, and activists supergluing themselves to an object or building",["Pickard (2019)"]]]},{"de":[["discussing consequences or proposing solutions and accompanying action strategies to address the identified problem",["Benford and Snow, 2000"]]],"rt":[["diagnostic frames",[]],["motivational frames",[]]],"ex":[["Just Stop Oil, UK, Declare Emergency, USA; \"Lower the speed limit at freeways, \" Last Generation, Austria",[]]]},{"de":[["were flagged separately for adversarial testing",[]]]},{},{"de":[["misleading captions paired with unrelated or manipulated images",[]]],"rt":[["multimodal integration",[]]]},{"de":[["addresses a critical barrier in real-world deployment: trust",[]]],"ex":[["hierarchical attention, SHAP, and LIME",[]]]},{},{},{},{"ex":[["consider the sequence \" [MASK] wept upon arriving to the scene.\" With no additional information, an equitable system would exhibit no preference for female over male, or African-American over European-American names; however, our results indicate that there is often a statistically significant preference (p < 0.0001) for associating female and African-American identifiers with being more \"emotional.\"",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["victims of crime",[]]]},{"rt":[["disinformation narratives",[]]]},{"de":[["Disinformation narratives are characterized by their presence in multiple instances of false information and function as themes or patterns that can be applied across various pieces of content.",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["Disinformation narratives are characterized by their presence in multiple instances of false information and function as themes or patterns that can be applied across various pieces of content.",[]],["While both disinformation and disinformation narratives share the common goal of manipulating public opinion through the spread of false information, there are important distinctions between the two.",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["authority",[]],["When evaluating a piece of writing, the reader must know if the writer is qualified to comment on this issue. The writer can communicate their authority by using credible sources; choosing appropriate language; demonstrating that they have fairly examined the issue (by considering the counterargument); introducing their own professional, academic or authorial credentials; introducing their own personal experience with the issue; and using correct grammar and syntax.",["College, 2024"]]],"sp":[["rhetorical strategies",[]]],"ex":[["In his article on climate change, Dr. James Hansen, a leading climatologist with over 30 years of experience at NASA, cites numerous peer-reviewed studies that demonstrate the rapid increase in global temperatures.",["College, 2024"]],["As a practicing physician for over 15 years, Dr. Sarah Thompson has witnessed firsthand how preventive healthcare measures, supported by studies like those in the Journal of Preventive Medicine, significantly improve patient outcomes.",["College, 2024"]]]},{"de":[["framing is not inherently malicious and does not necessarily aim to spread false information, nor does it have to form part of a recurring narrative.",[]],["Nevertheless, the use of a specific frame can result in a biased narrative (Pastorino et al., 2024).",["Pastorino et al., 2024"]]],"rt":[["disinformation narratives",[]]]},{"sy":[["holes in the argument",[]]]},{"de":[["logic",[]],["To use logos, the author makes clear, logical connections between ideas, and includes the use of facts and statistics. Using historical and literal analogies to make a logical argument is another strategy.",["(College, 2024)","College, 2024"]],["To use logos, the author makes clear, logical connections between ideas, and includes the use of facts and statistics. Using historical and literal analogies to make a logical argument is another strategy. There should be no holes in the argument, also known as logical fallacies, which are unclear or wrong assumptions or connections between ideas.",["College, 2024"]]],"sy":[["the appeal to logic",[]]],"rt":[["logical fallacies",[]]],"sp":[["rhetorical strategies",[]]],"ex":[["A balanced diet rich in vegetables and fruits reduces the risk of chronic diseases by 30%. Thus, adopting a healthy diet can significantly enhance long-term health.",["College, 2024"]],["In 2023, electric vehicle sales increased by 35%. This increase indicates a growing trend towards sustainable transportation solutions.",["College, 2024"]]]},{},{"sb":[["micronarratives",[]]]},{"de":[["emotion",[]],["Authors make deliberate word choices, use meaningful language, and use examples and stories that evoke emotion. Authors can desire a range of emotional responses, including sympathy, anger, frustration, or even amusement.",["College, 2024"]]],"sp":[["rhetorical strategies",[]]],"ex":[["We here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain.",["College, 2024"]],["Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, This was their finest hour.",["College, 2024"]]]},{"de":[["It is defined as the proportion of actual disinformation narratives that are correctly identified by the model.",[]]],"sy":[["specificity",[]]]},{"de":[["may be more important for mitigating biases",["28"]]]},{"de":[["Whereas stereotypes tend to have negative connotations, the term conventional narrative is used to describe the tightly woven indicators of difference that may be positive as well",["23"]],["For example, although words like \"exotic\" or \"princess\" do not have a negative valence, they demonstrate biased readings.",[]]],"rt":[["stereotypes",[]]],"ex":[["For example, although words like \"exotic\" or \"princess\" do not have a negative valence, they demonstrate biased readings.",[]],["although words like \"exotic\" or \"princess\" do not have a negative valence, they demonstrate biased readings.",[]]]},{"de":[["May seem like descriptions but there is no evidence in photograph to support them.",[]],["Seems to be jumping to a conclusion/creating a closed narrative.",[]],["Creates fantastical or exoticizing narrative.",[]],["Employs own standards to judge the person (\"The jewelry or headdress they are wearing suggests they have a high status in society\") when statements are wrong.",[]],["Seems to have small amount of knowledge that is applied inappropriately under the guise of the pan-Indian model (\"I knew a Native person once,\" \"I just read a book on Natives,\" \"I just bought a pot in New Mexico,\" \"I always buy jewelry from Indians.\")",[]],["Questioning the subject's cultural authenticity based on their appearance or clothing.",[]]],"sy":[["closed narrative",[]]]},{"de":[["Demonstrating that they want to know more about the subject's story, not jumping to conclusions.",[]],["Feeling enlightened/learned something new.",[]],["Use of open-ended questions.",[]],["Questioning whether the subject wants to be in the photograph or is forced into taking the photo.",[]]]},{"de":[["Suggests they feel compassion and understanding for the person.",[]]]},{"de":[["cognitive representations of the self and other merge during perspective-taking, whereby individuals see more of themselves in others, and more of others in themselves",["8","9","10"]],["it requires more complex, abstract, and deliberate thinking",["11"]],["perspective-taking can backfire when the perspective-taker has a negative self-view and believes that aspects of the self are threatened",["24","25","26"]],["perspective-taking mechanisms are still activated, but do not produce positive outcomes",[]],["researchers propose that cognitive representations of the self and other merge during perspective-taking, whereby individuals see more of themselves in others, and more of others in themselves [8][9][10].",["8","9","10"]]],"rt":[["egocentric judgments",["7"]]]},{},{"de":[["the perceived stereotypicality of the person they are engaging with",[]]]},{"de":[["suppression can rebound and lead to avoidance behaviors, causing individuals to ruminate on the biases they hope to eliminate, potentially causing further harm",["6","12"]],["Although this may be an intuitive strategy for expanding our current views, previous research demonstrates that suppression can rebound and lead to avoidance behaviors, causing individuals to ruminate on the biases they hope to eliminate, potentially causing further harm",["6","12"]]]},{"de":[["In contrast, positive outcomes are attributed to situational factors for outgroups, but to dispositions for members of an ingroup.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This phenomenon was not centralized within a solitary institution; rather, it encompassed numerous offices tasked with overseeing and controlling the dissemination of information.",[]]]},{"de":[["the primary focus is on the commentary, which constitutes the main part of the writing",[]],["The content typically balances factual reporting with professional observation and interpretation while incorporating personal and subjective insights",[]],["Criticism must be conducted based on professional expertise",[]]],"sy":[["reports and comments within the cultural field",[]]]},{"de":[["In this critical sense, journalists serve the authority they are meant to scrutinize.",["2010"]]]},{},{"de":[["media framing emerges as a potent tool for shaping public narratives and fostering a climate of censorship while simultaneously imposing stringent ideological constraints",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["the writings that are published in newspapers and magazines are only reviews of some benefit, but they do not touch the idea and aesthetic essence of this art",["Luarasi, 1971, p.5;6"]]]},{"de":[["propaganda for the party-state to maintain and strengthen the communist dictatorship",[]],["propaganda mechanism that shaped public perception and exerted pressure on creators and artists",[]],["techniques of propaganda and ideological control in journalism",[]]],"rt":[["ideological control",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["carry an authoritarian nature because their value is tied to the authority of their authors",[]],["a key characteristic of reviews is their ability to shape public perception of an artistic work, thereby influencing its reputation as either positive or negative-an aspect closely linked to marketing",[]],["The subjects of reviews are limited to literary works and various art forms, including theatre, cinema, painting, sculpture, and music",[]]],"sb":[["school of professional journalists",[]],["amateurs",[]]],"ex":[["literary works and various art forms, including theatre, cinema, painting, sculpture, and music",[]]]},{"de":[["Consequently, this leads to a culture characterized by non-reaction and a lack of critical thinking",[]],["particularly among elites, facilitates a troubling acceptance of malevolence, driven by a deep-seated fear of expressing one's thoughts.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["not a literal literary method but a blend of realistic literary principles and communist ideology",["Gjecovi et al., 2008"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The circulation of fake news can mislead the public, influence political decisions, and create widespread confusion",["Alrakhawi et al. 2023","Abunasser et al. 2023"]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["which have been explored to enhance the robustness of fake news detection systems",[]],["leverage diverse data sources, which improves the robustness and accuracy of detection systems",[]],["capture both the content and contextual dissemination of fake news, which provides a more holistic view of misinformation",[]]],"rt":[["content-based features",[]],["social network analysis",[]]],"ex":[["Ruchansky, Seo, and Liu (2017) proposed a combination of content-based features with social network analysis to improve detection performance",[]],["Shu et al. (2017) utilized linguistic and network-based features to detect deceptive news articles",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Include the special case where the reference is not an authority/expert,although it is referred to as testimonial in the literature.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["and as an extreme telling the audience exactly what actions to take, which is also called as dictatorship.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["so that the audience may have its own interpretation.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Higher values indicate greater persuasive strength.",[]]]},{"de":[["We follow the taxonomy introduced in SemEval-2020 Task 11 on the Detection of Propaganda Techniques in News Articles (Da San Martino et al., 2020a), which defines a closed set of fine-grained rhetorical devices",["Da San Martino et al., 2020a"]]],"ex":[["Loaded Language",[]],["Name Calling or Labeling",[]],["Appeal to Fear or Prejudice",[]],["Flag Waving",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It can refer to any person or concept with a negative connotation.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Causal oversimplification",[]]]},{"de":[["intensity measures how emotionally charged the text is",[]]]},{"de":[["Polarity reflects the direction of evaluative language",[]]]},{"de":[["that may include labeling and stereotyping.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["It directly captures the extent of subjective language within an article.",[]]]},{"de":[["They are typically short, generic sentences that offer seemingly simple answers to complex questions or that distract attention away from other lines of thought.",[]]]},{"de":[["In the context of online settings and digital media, trust is often defined with respect to the perceived reliability and credibility of information sources and the technology platforms that mediate them.",[]],["In particular, trust in online news involves not only evaluations of content quality, but also judgments about the integrity of the platform, the authenticity of content producers, and the transparency of information flows",["Heuer and Breiter, 2018","Kolo et al., 2022","Lee and Lee, 2023","Cha, 2024"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["spiritual element",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["This questioning by the introduction of the thesis that the sacred cosmos of industrial societies is not rationally disenchanted with religion, but populated by believing micro narratives, disconnected from the macro narratives of the religious institutions and major religions, opens the way towards taking into account more complex logics that govern and regularize the belief.",[]],["The invisible religion makes it possible to entangle thematic and symbolic legacies of historical religions, modern themes of self-expression and selfrealization, new spiritualities based on mini-transcendences corresponding to the advent of individualism beyond of any traditional denominational religiosity.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["presupposition that media dominates the other logics of the society such as organizational, political, economic logics, etc.",[]]],"rt":[["mediatization",[]]]},{"de":[["This perspective is based on the presupposition that media dominates the other logics of the society such as organizational, political, economic logics, etc.",[]]],"rt":[["media logic",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The conceptualization of religion is not about the study of faith, of any transcendence and its existence, but a research that addresses religion as a fact.",[]]],"rt":[["spirituality",[]],["sacred",[]],["religion as a collective fact (study of the actors), as a material fact (material sources), as a symbolic fact (study of representations and meaning) and as an experiential/sensitive fact (aspects of acting)",["Willaime, 2010"]]]},{},{"rt":[["religion",[]],["spirituality",[]]]},{"sb":[["the ignorance",["Lauret, 2015"]],["the forbidden",["Baubérot, 2014"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["secularization corresponds to the loss of economic, social and political relevance of religious institutions in modern societies",["Tudor and Bratosin, 2018","Tudor, 2021"]]]},{"de":[["Transcendence, super consciousness, etc. become spiritual correspondents for the individual, part of the personal experience of the human being",["Pargament, 1997"]],["postmodern diluted individualized, \"tinkered\" religiosity, (Hervieu-Léger, 1999). A religiosity of \"poor thinking\" (Vattimo, Rovatti and Amoroso, 1983), of multiplicity, of difference and the deconstruction resting on micro narratives, new strategies of the individual and the contextual to support the incommensurable (Lyotard, 1979) and fill the need for meaning.",["Hervieu-Léger, 1999","Vattimo, Rovatti and Amoroso, 1983","Lyotard, 1979"]],["all forms of spirituality centered on authenticity, knowledge and self-transcendence",["Calhoun, 2011"]],["He defines spirituality \"as the journey to find a sustainable, authentic, meaningful, holistic and profound understanding of the existential self and its relationship/interconnectedness with the sacred and the transcendent.",["Karakas, 2010"]],["Religion and spirituality are intertwined because every form of religion involves the spiritual, every form of spirituality and religion appears in a social context",[]]],"rt":[["religion",[]],["sacred",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["personal facts",[]]],"ex":[["refusal to work with a woman or under her orders",[]],["refusal to perform tasks",[]],["proselytizing",[]],["prayers during working time",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["social location",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["ecocentric identities",[]]]},{"de":[["it can also be a democratic tool for challenging elite domination on egalitarian and justice grounds",[]]]},{},{"de":[["how an issue is portrayed influences public understanding and response",[]],["A frame may be used by individuals in target ranks as a powerful tool for self-advocacy, framing their personal experience with injustice as a matter of universal right and wrong to build solidarity.",[]]]},{"de":[["how an issue is portrayed influences public understanding and response",["(\"Framing Science\" 54)"]]],"rt":[["communicative tactic used by those in agent ranks to wield their privilege as a \"megaphone,\" amplifying the voices of the marginalized and challenging powerful institutions",["(\"Framing, the Media\" 220)"]]]},{},{},{},{"sb":[["agent rank",[]],["target rank",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Asking participants about morality could have signaled that the researchers moralized fake-news sharing, which perhaps made participants feel pressured not to share it.",[]]]},{"sy":[["lies",["Levine & Schweitzer, 2015"]],["deception",["Levine & Schweitzer, 2015"]]],"sp":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["The specific type of misinformation we investigate is fake news",[]]],"sb":[["propaganda",["Tandoc et al., 2018, p. 10"]]],"sp":[["misinformation",[]]],"ex":[["propaganda",[]],["Some examples of fake news constitute propaganda",[]]]},{"de":[["the contexts in which people encounter misinformation are unlikely to push them out of their default intuitive mode",["Wahl-Jorgensen, 2018"]]]},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]]],"sb":[["disinformation",[]],["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["switching the basis of moral judgments away from intuition toward more deliberative thinking",[]],["making moral judgments of fake-news sharing more severe",[]],["The rating task reminds people about morality by prompting them to form a moral judgment, and the writing task prompts deliberation by requiring them to articulate reasons for their judgment.",[]],["it encourages people to think about and articulate reasons for a moral judgment (i.e., to deliberate).",[]],["encourages the habit of engaging in moral deliberation before sharing content online",[]]],"rt":[["moral judgments",[]],["deliberative thinking",[]]]},{"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["literally encourages people to verbalize reasons",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["For example, a user who \"likes\" a fake-news post alleging that a patient died from a COVID-19 vaccination does not necessarily feel positively about the person dying, but does indicate approval that this information about the death is being disseminated.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["These media are typically newer companies or those that evolved from mainstream media toward specialization and Internet outlets (Burg, 2014).",["Burg, 2014"]],["They resemble old media, except that they are Internet-borne and the content creator is an expert (possibly temporarily contracted).",[]],["A studious approach rather than straight reporting stands out.",[]],["relied on expertise in piloting, aviation engineering, software, and management in addressing problems with the 737 MAX.",[]],["They created genuine explanations rather than just reporting authority statements or referencing other media.",[]]],"rt":[["mainstream media",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the media narrative inevitably deviates from facts and truth and drifts to distortions in informing.",[]],["distortions can occur in any medium, new and old alike, of a general or specialist character.",[]]],"sb":[["fabrication, fake news, hoax, possibly meme",[]],["plot theory and various biases",[]],["minor partial facts",[]],["fabrication",[]],["fake news",[]],["hoax",[]],["meme",[]],["plot theory",[]],["biases",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["fabrications",[]],["fake news",[]],["hoaxes",[]]]},{},{},{},{"ex":[["a hoax video",[]]]},{"de":[["belongs to a midrange distortion in informing",[]]],"sp":[["midrange distortion in informing",[]],["midrange distortion",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["limitless and chaotic spreading of witty, brief messages",[]]],"ex":[["social media activists called for branding a new Nike model with \"sweatshop\" and called Monsanto's seeds \"Terminator\"",[]]]},{"sb":[["ideological bias",[]]]},{"sb":[["ideological bias",[]]]},{"de":[["New media enrich their communication capability and enable member's creativity (in selecting the source content and commenting on it) as well as content sharing.",[]]],"rt":[["old media",[]]]},{"de":[["Informer Professional",[]],["Technology Pre-Internet",[]],["Communication Moderate; One-way, top-down",[]],["Connectivity Moderate; weaker one-way links",[]],["Creative Expression Moderate-High; Trained professionals",[]],["Content Sharing Very low sharing of audience-created content",[]],["Reality Creation High, longer lasting; Push upon the audience, spinning",[]],["With old media, trained professionals construct reality through predetermined broadcasting channels, leaving their own creative stamp on it, and with a miniscule reliance on the user-shared digital content.",[]]],"rt":[["new media",[]]]},{"ex":[["\"malfunctioning of the AoA sensor caused the 737 MAX crashes.\"",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["In addition to this functionality replication, the content can be replicated as well both ways.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["truth valuing or truthfulness is usually applied to a whole, such as statements making a narrative, chain of evidence, finding, or theory.",[]],["truth valuing or truthfulness is usually applied to a whole, such as statements making a narrative, chain of evidence, finding, or theory. Thus, fact relates to truth/truthfulness as part to whole.",[]]],"rt":[["fact",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["the interactive approach we propose to form these groups of similar users, or information communities.",[]],["like-minded users tend to form groups, that biased/false information reaches the users in these groups more quickly, and that these groups are more likely to be biased/spread misinformation.",[]]],"sy":[["groups of users",[]]]},{"de":[["Is this source factual or politically biased?",[]],["In this paper, we focus on detecting the political bias and factuality of news media sources, which we call news media profiling.",[]],["In this paper, we focus on news media profiling (fake news and bias source detection) on English and Twitter, specifically in the Black Lives Matter domain.",[]]],"rt":[["fact-check",[]],["fake news detection",[]]]},{"ex":[["all are against BLM protests",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["textual-conceptual function",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["syntactic foregrounding",[]],["presuppositions",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Thus, there is also room for the commentator to fill a \"knowledge gap\", as the headline implies that the author possesses an action plan for protecting readers' lives in various \"ways\".",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["nominalization can be used as a framing device, sometimes coercively (Molek-Kozakowska, 2015)",[]]],"rt":[["equating/contrasting function",[]],["prioritizing function",[]]],"sp":[["textual-conceptual functions",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Usually, this is discussed in terms of the presupposed contextual knowledge that a reader draws on to read the news.",[]],["the \"hidden\" dynamics of presuppositions in news writing are linked to power relations and journalism's institutional role in society",["Bekalu, 2006"]]],"rt":[["key device in constructing the headlines' ideational \"text-worlds\", which can strategically activate readers' \"belief systems knowledge\" and rapidly validate or shape their attitudes regarding social reality",[]],["syntactic foregrounding",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["Judgment",[]],["Traits",[]],["Emotion",[]]]},{"rt":[["Demographics",[]]]},{"sp":[["Demographic",[]]],"ex":[["millenial, girl, thirties",[]],["millenial",[]],["girl",[]],["thirties",[]]]},{"sb":[["Shape",[]]]},{"sb":[["Gender",[]],["Age",[]],["Race",[]]]},{"rt":[["Abstract tags",[]]]},{"sp":[["Abstract",[]]],"ex":[["happy, concentrated, serious",[]],["happy",[]],["concentrated",[]],["serious",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Demographic",[]]],"ex":[["masculinity, girl, androgynous",[]],["masculinity",[]],["girl",[]],["androgynous",[]]]},{"de":[["In classification or ranking tasks, group fairness can be understood as statistical parity; a minority group should receive the same treatment as the majority and/or the whole population.",[]]],"rt":[["statistical parity",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["Abstract",[]]],"ex":[["normal",[]],["beautiful",[]],["photogenic",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["Demographic",[]]],"ex":[["nigerian, migrant, Muslim",[]],["nigerian",[]],["migrant",[]],["Muslim",[]]]},{"sp":[["Concrete",[]]],"ex":[["crooked nose, fat, nonsymmetrical",[]],["crooked nose",[]],["fat",[]],["nonsymmetrical",[]]]},{"rt":[["group fairness",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["filter bubbles",[]]]},{"de":[["In journalism, corrections, verification, and fact-checking are simple yet powerful antidotes to misinformation [11]",["11"]],["corrections, verification, and fact-checking are simple yet powerful antidotes to misinformation [11], and several newsrooms employ these techniques to vet the information they publish. Moreover, in recent years, several independent fact-checking organizations have emerged with the goal of debunking widely circulating claims online.",["11"]]],"rt":[["corrections",[]],["verification",[]]]},{"sy":[["echo chambers",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["neologisms that appear in the media space",[]]],"sy":[["new words",[]]],"rt":[["information / misinformation",[]]],"ex":[["coronasuicide, spring-autumn COVID, 21,22+n,etc.",[]],["neutral (coronavirus infection, Wuhan virus, Chinese virus) to emotionally colored (deadly covid, threat virus)",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Group disparities constitute a fairness problem",["Sokol et al., 2020"]]]},{"rt":[["dialects",[]],["sociolects",[]]]},{"sy":[["multi-group -fairness",["Donini et al., 2018"]]]},{"de":[["such a definition differs from standard Rawlsian fairness",["Kamishima et al. (2012)","Ghassami et al. (2018)"]]],"rt":[["standard Rawlsian fairness",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["dialects",[]]],"sp":[["Linguistic varieties",[]]]},{"de":[["This result supports our initial assertion that bias and framing, while conceptually related, are separate constructs that are each perceived and instantiated via different linguistic cues.",[]]],"rt":[["entailment",[]],["implicature",[]],["subjectivity",[]]]},{"de":[["Frames define what counts as a problem, diagnose what is causing the problem, make moral judgments about those involved, and suggest remedies for resolving the problem (Entman, 1993).",[]]],"rt":[["subjectivity",[]],["sentiment",[]],["bias",[]]],"ex":[["tax relief",[]],["death taxes",[]],["racial quotas",[]],["death panels",[]],["global warming",[]],["climate change",[]],["gay civil unions",[]],["homosexual marriage",[]],["not allow",[]],["forbid",[]]]},{"de":[["The figurativeness score for a given word is the average absolute difference between its concreteness and the concreteness of every word with which it is in some grammatical relationship.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["can play an important role in understanding issues and reconciling conflicts.",[]],["deeper understanding of and engagement with political issues",[]]]},{"de":[["This result supports our initial assertion that bias and framing, while conceptually related, are separate constructs that are each perceived and instantiated via different linguistic cues.",[]],["Frames help people \"locate, perceive, identify, and label,\" i.e., organize and give meaning to, information about experiences in the world.",[]],["A frame consists of a variety of components, including \"keywords, stock phrases, stereotype images, sources of information\" (Entman, 1993, p. 52), \"metaphors, exemplars, catchphrases, depictions, [...] visual images\" (Gamson and Modigliani, 1989, p. 3), and other devices that provide an interpretive lens or \"package.\"",["Entman, 1993, p. 52","Gamson and Modigliani, 1989, p. 3"]],["Frames define what counts as a problem, diagnose what is causing the problem, make moral judgments about those involved, and suggest remedies for resolving the problem (Entman, 1993).",["Entman, 1993"]]],"rt":[["subjectivity",[]],["sentiment",[]],["bias",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["fake news",[]]],"rt":[["Informational biases",[]]],"sb":[["fake news",[]]]},{"sp":[["Disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["Unlike other types of collective memories, historical memory is often marked by collective trauma (wars, natural catastrophes, political crises) and serves as a tool for society to process and overcome that trauma",["Eyerman 2001","Alexander et al. 2004"]],["narratives of historical memory, in a context such as Catalonia, which is strongly marked by a struggle in historical memory against the hegemonic narrative of Spain, are also dominated by the predominance of a struggle between political parties.",[]],["Historical memory is continually updated to allow society to use the past to respond to present demands",[]],["It is a form of focused consciousness, highlighting past elements relevant to generating political awareness that influences the present and future",["Toshchenko 2010"]],["Unlike other types of collective memories, historical memory is often marked by collective trauma (wars, natural catastrophes, political crises) and serves as a tool for society to process and overcome that trauma (Eyerman 2001;Alexander et al. 2004).",["Eyerman 2001","Alexander et al. 2004"]]],"rt":[["collective identities",[]]]},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]]],"ex":[["polarization",["Cook et al. 2017","Roozenbeek and van der Linden 2019","Wang 2020"]],["emotional provocation",["Cook et al. 2017","Roozenbeek and van der Linden 2019","Wang 2020"]],["identity impersonation",["Cook et al. 2017","Roozenbeek and van der Linden 2019","Wang 2020"]],["disqualification of opponents",["Cook et al. 2017","Roozenbeek and van der Linden 2019","Wang 2020"]],["use of false expert opinions",["Cook et al. 2017","Roozenbeek and van der Linden 2019","Wang 2020"]],["false balance between opposing opinions",["Cook et al. 2017","Roozenbeek and van der Linden 2019","Wang 2020"]]]},{"de":[["For a tweet to be labeled as hate speech, it needs to have at least one component that represents hate.",[]]]},{"rt":[["Problem definition",[]],["Moral evaluation",[]],["Treatment recommendation",[]]],"sp":[["functions of framing",["Entman, 1993"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["Narratives",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Translation is a gatekeeping process",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Public narratives",[]],["Narratives",[]]],"ex":[["the War on Terror",[]],["the Cold War",[]],["freedom",[]],["democracy",[]],["patriotism",[]],["globalization",[]]]},{"rt":[["Problem definition",[]],["Causal interpretation",[]],["Treatment recommendation",[]]],"sp":[["functions of framing",["Entman, 1993"]]]},{},{"sb":[["Personal narratives",[]],["Public narratives",[]],["Disciplinary narratives",[]],["Meta-narratives",[]],["Personal narratives are the stories narrated by individuals about themselves (Baker, 2006).",["Baker, 2006"]],["Public narratives are elaborated by and shared among social and institutional formations, such as the workplace, religious or educational institutions, the media, the government, and the nation (Baker, 2006).",["Baker, 2006"]],["Disciplinary narratives are elaborated by scholars for themselves and others, such as the theory of evolution and climate change (Baker, 2006(Baker, , 2010)).",["Baker, 2006","Baker, , 2010"]],["Meta-narratives are particularly powerful public narratives that endure for long periods and influence people's lives in various settings (Baker, 2010).",["Baker, 2010"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["Narratives",[]]]},{"rt":[["Causal interpretation",[]],["Moral evaluation",[]],["Treatment recommendation",[]]],"sp":[["functions of framing",["Entman, 1993"]]]},{},{"de":[["The protest paradigm involves emphasizing protesters' radical actions or extreme tactics, downplaying the underlying issues, relying heavily on official sources, and manufacturing public opinion that portrays protesters as deviating from social norms",["Boyle et al., 2012","McLeod, 2007","McLeod & Hertog, 1999"]]]},{"sp":[["Narratives",[]]]},{"de":[["In the current research, it is narrowly defined as the views of the general public since the second and third definitions overlap with the definitions of the voice of protesters and official sources.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["treatment recommendation can be conceptualized as negative or positive judgments",["Matthes & Kohring, 2008"]]],"rt":[["Problem definition",[]],["Causal interpretation",[]],["Moral evaluation",[]]],"sp":[["functions of framing",["Entman, 1993"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["counternarratives play a role in storytellers' positioning themselves against, or critiquing, the themes and ideologies of master narratives.",[]],["between their critical counter-narrative potential and their dependence on the same generic elements which they critique.",[]],["In this sense, counternarratives play a role in storytellers' positioning themselves against, or critiquing, the themes and ideologies of master narratives.",[]],["In counter-narratives, the singular experiences of individuals provide evidence of exceptions to the rule of the master narrative.",[]]],"rt":[["cultural master narratives",[]],["white savior narrative",[]],["master narrative",[]],["master narratives",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["the story itself",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["the organizations themselves adopt a discourse which remains within the structures of the master narrative.",[]]],"rt":[["counter-narrative",[]],["masterplot",["Abbott (2008)"]],["counter-narratives",[]]]},{"de":[["Spoofs constitute a means by which organizations and individuals can respond critically to these portrayals, calling attention to misrepresentations by employing-and, often, exaggerating-the same generic conventions which they critique, with humor as the (intended) result.",[]],["a spoof must be understood by its audience as a hoax",[]],["the spoof itself can be a self-serving act, designed to put the prowess of the spoofer-as well as the astute viewer who \"gets\" the spoof-on display.",[]],["spoofs of humanitarian appeals, but generally for spoofs which function as serious social commentary with an edifying purpose.",[]],["Similar to parody, spoofi ng reproduces stylistic peculiarities of an external subject to achieve humor; however, spoofs typically target a distinct work or genre for mockery, thus requiring a higher level of parasitism than is necessary for parody",["2014, p. 731"]],["spoofs which function as serious social commentary with an edifying purpose.",[]],["Like many forms of humor, spoofi ng relies on the gap between reality and representation (or more often, misrepresentation) to produce mirth. Similar to parody, spoofi ng reproduces stylistic peculiarities of an external subject to achieve humor; however, spoofs typically target a distinct work or genre for mockery, thus requiring a higher level of parasitism than is necessary for parody (2014, p. 731).",["2014, p. 731"]],["designed to put the prowess of the spoofer-as well as the astute viewer who \"gets\" the spoof-on display",[]],["sharing entertainment, debunking brand identities and advertising techniques, satirising the institution of advertising, engaging in cultural criticism, and showing off personal skills",[]]],"sy":[["parody",["see, e.g., Berthon & Pitt, 2012","Berthon & Pitt, 2012"]],["hoax",["Saunders, 2014, p. 731"]],["trickery",["Saunders, 2014, p. 731"]]],"rt":[["parody",["Berthon & Pitt, 2012"]]],"sp":[["parody",["Vanden Bergh et al., 2011"]]],"ex":[["spoofs about environmental awareness, such as Greenpeace's campaign against LEGO's cooperation with Shell (2014)",[]],["spoofs which educate about racism, such as a developing genre of spoof videos of airlines who forcibly remove passengers (RollBizTV, 2017)",[]],["spoofs of political policy, such as President Trump's \"America First\" agenda, which take the form of tourist videos promoting countries such as Switzerland (Deville Late Night, 2017), the Netherlands (Zondag met Lubach, 2017), Austria, and Denmark (Natholdet, 2017) as \"second.\"",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["master narrative",[]]]},{},{"de":[["semantic block pertaining to gender issues",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["Identification",[]]]},{"de":[["CDA has an inherently qualitative nature that seeks to expose underlying ideologies, abuses of power, hidden dynamics of control, discrimination, hegemony, and dominance",["Fairclough, 1989","Wodak, 2012"]],["In treating discourse as a social practice and text as a social event (Fairclough, 1992), CDA takes social problems as a starting point for its analyses.",["Fairclough, 1992"]]]},{"ex":[["(persons)",[]]]},{"sp":[["Nomination",[]]]},{"rt":[["Gender performativity",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Performative in nature, gender is constructed socially and discursively through a process of continuous negotiation and modification.",[]]],"rt":[["gender",[]]]},{"sb":[["Classification",[]],["Relational identification",[]],["Physical identification",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["Formalization",[]],["Semi-formalization",[]],["Informalization",[]],["Nominations featuring treatments of courtesy or in the form of affiliations",[]]]},{"ex":[["\"she was awarded\", \"she received\", \"they bestowed on her\", etc.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Identification",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The use of these affiliations evidences differences in the nominations of male and female characters, with women frequently being presented stereotypically as \"wife of\", \"spouse of\" or \"mother of\", a fact that also applies to the use of honorifications. This is a way of associating them directly with their husbands or with their roles as mothers or their relationship with their family, thus suppressing their own identity or individuality.",[]]],"ex":[["mother",[]],["father",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Nomination",[]]]},{"de":[["social actors are classified based on their age, gender, social class, etc.",[]]],"rt":[["relational identification",[]],["Physical identification",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"ex":[["historic medical breakthrough",[]],["landmark discovery",[]],["Australia's greatest ever medical achievements",[]],["'historic medical breakthrough'",[]],["'landmark discovery'",[]],["'Australia's greatest ever medical achievements'",[]]]},{"de":[["public doubts and uncertainty about science are a result of ignorance about science",["Gross, 1994","Sturgis and Allum, 2004"]]],"sp":[["public understanding of science (PUS) paradigm",[]]]},{"sp":[["public engagement with science and technology (PEST) paradigm",["Schäfer, 2009"]]]},{"de":[["and impact readers' understanding of a story",["Caulfield et al., 2014"]],["impact readers' understanding of a story",["Caulfield et al., 2014"]]],"rt":[["spin",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["public engagement with science and technology (PEST) paradigm",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["deficit model",[]]]},{"de":[["It is about going beyond hypotheses, data and breakthroughs and looking at the scientists, their conflicts, their funding and other issues that impact the production of science",["Borel, 2015"]]],"rt":[["science journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["It is about going beyond hypotheses, data and breakthroughs and looking at the scientists, their conflicts, their funding and other issues that impact the production of science",["Borel, 2015"]]],"rt":[["Science communication",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In the translation of information from the journal article to the press release to the news media reporting, the use of spin, buzzwords and positive framing were introduced in the press release and were in many cases, directly translated in news media reports.",[]],["reporting techniques such as spin, buzz words and positive framing",[]]],"rt":[["framing",[]]],"ex":[["In the example below, the extrapolation of the research findings to reduce miscarriages and birth defects in the press release is an example of spin.",[]],["the extrapolation of the research findings to reduce miscarriages and birth defects in the press release is an example of spin.",[]]]},{"de":[["Without independent expert commentary, there is a lack of objectivity and critical reflection about the potential translation of the research findings.",[]]]},{"de":[["Active inoculation may confer a comparatively stronger inoculation effect because people are encouraged to generate their own antibodies and counterarguments [17,18].",["17","18"]],["That is, as the participant takes an active role in the inoculation process, this allows them to generate internal refutations themselves, which may lead to longer lasting effects owing to increased cognitive involvement [19].",["19"]],["active inoculation interventions can confer resistance to misinformation, particularly insofar it (i) makes people aware of their own vulnerability and (ii) elicits greater motivation to protect oneself from manipulation [53].",["53"]],["Active inoculation may confer a comparatively stronger inoculation effect because people are encouraged to generate their own antibodies and counterarguments [17,18]. That is, as the participant takes an active role in the inoculation process, this allows them to generate internal refutations themselves, which may lead to longer lasting effects owing to increased cognitive involvement [19].",["17,18","19"]]],"sp":[["inoculation messages",[]],["refutational pre-emption",[]]]},{"de":[["the 'umbrella' or 'blanket' of protection (which confers resistance against different examples of the same misinformation technique)",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This process has been shown to confer psychological resistance against future manipulation attempts, much like a medical vaccine induces resistance against a particular pathogen [13,14].",["13","14"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["a headline makes a claim of fact that is probably incorrect but not otherwise manipulative",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation that makes use of a specific misinformation technique",[]]]},{"sp":[["inoculation messages",[]],["refutational pre-emption",[]]]},{"sb":[["passive inoculation",[]],["active inoculation",[]]]},{"rt":[["refutational-different messages",[]]]},{"rt":[["refutational-different inoculation",[]]],"sb":[["technique-based inoculation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["they prepare individuals to resist being persuaded by messages that may be different in content, but use the same underlying persuasion strategy.",[]]],"rt":[["refutational-different inoculation",[]]],"sp":[["refutational-different inoculation",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["truth discernment [37,38] increased significantly after gameplay, indicating that Bad News players improve in their ability to discern real information from misinformation.",[]],["In terms of participants' ability to distinguish real and false news headlines, we find a significant overall increase in truth discernment post-gameplay, indicating that Bad News players generally improve in their ability to discern true from false information",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["The spread of this incorrect information is strongly reliant on social media, causing a strong emotional reaction and quick propagation before its inaccuracy can be effectively exposed.",[]],["in most cases minimal effort is put into crafting the disinformation, instead relying on speed, volume and reuse of slightly modified pre-existing materials.",[]],["while disinformation might typically involve minor or simple modifi-cations, it is still intentionally crafted to be misleading and is constantly evolving and adapting.",[]]],"sy":[["erroneous or misleading statements",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Preference uncertainty",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["includes fake news, rumors, satire, etc.",[]]]},{"de":[["In our work, it involves different types of assembly of different modalities, following a popular classification method of existing misinformation detection approaches",["Alam et al., 2022"]],["In our work, it involves different types of assembly of different modalities, following a popular classification method of existing misinformation detection approaches(Alam et al., 2022).",["Alam et al., 2022"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["To resolve such uncomfortable cognitive conflict, we are even prepared to make the additional effort just to reinforce our biased opinion",["Bavel and Pereira, 2018"]]]},{"de":[["Disinformation exerts a potent influence over individuals, compelling them towards extremes as malicious actors exploit this persuasive force to weaponize public cognition",["Oyserman and Dawson, 2020"]],["often seen in a political context where state actors create them for political gains",["Muhammed and Mathew (2022: 271)"]],["If the information strongly deviates from the truth, there is a danger that it would be recognized as a disinformation.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["fake news",[]],["propaganda",[]]],"ex":[["The source again sends disinformation -but this time it is about topic that is very sensitive (high emotional involvement)",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["spread a story that is completely true, but twisted or accentuates an isolated weakness of the subject.",[]],["spread a story that is completely true, but twisted or accentuates an isolated weakness of the subject",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["lies",["Jowett and O'Donnell, 2012: 2"]],["distortion",["Jowett and O'Donnell, 2012: 2"]],["deceit",["Jowett and O'Donnell, 2012: 2"]],["manipulation",["Jowett and O'Donnell, 2012: 2"]],["mind control",["Jowett and O'Donnell, 2012: 2"]],["psychological warfare",["Jowett and O'Donnell, 2012: 2"]],["brainwashing",["Jowett and O'Donnell, 2012: 2"]],["palaver",["Jowett and O'Donnell, 2012: 2"]],["lies, distortion, deceit, manipulation, mind control, psychological warfare, brainwashing and palaver",["Jowett and O'Donnell, 2012: 2"]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]],"sb":[["theatre of agitation propaganda",[]],["theatre of integration propaganda",[]],["theatre of dialectical propaganda",[]]]},{"de":[["A disinformation is transmitted to a secondary news source which previously earned higher public trust; if this source forwards the same disinformation, it takes over the secondary source's credibility while the real author remains disguised.",[]]]},{"sp":[["information disorder",[]]]},{"sp":[["information disorder",[]]]},{"sp":[["information disorder",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Um argumento é composto pelas combinações AB, AC ou ABC.",[]],["A delimitação do que seja um argumento é dada pelo cumprimento de ao menos uma combinação das funções de enquadramento de Entman.",[]]],"rt":[["funções de enquadramento de Entman",["1993"]]],"sp":[["unidade de análise",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["apontam os principais princípios, percepções e interpretações propostas pelo veículo",[]]]},{"de":[["a veiculação de ideias passa pelo processo de seleção e definição de um modo de apresentação, cujas ações são diretamente vinculadas a uma perspectiva de enquadramento",[]],["São elementos simbólicos que atuam como mapas compartilhados entre o corpo enunciativo e seu interlocutor, constituindo avaliações sobre a realidade",["Araújo & Prior, 2020"]],["O enquadramento introduz e amplia a relevância aparente de certas ideias, ativando esquemas mentais que encorajam o público-alvo a pensar, sentir e decidir de uma maneira particular",[]],["possui quatro funções básicas: 1) definição de um problema; 2) delimitar suas causas; 3) estabelecer um julgamento moral; 4) propor soluções",[]],["há também dois aspectos que o enquadramento envolve, a saber, seleção e relevância",[]],["aplicação da análise do enquadramento na política externa",[]],["visão baseada na estrutura de Entman, uma referência na aplicação da análise do enquadramento na política externa",[]],["os enquadramentos podem ser de natureza procedimental e/ou substantiva",[]],["Enquadrar, para Entman, é selecionar certos aspectos de um evento e tornálo reconhecível aos olhos do público. O enquadramento introduz e amplia a relevância aparente de certas ideias, ativando esquemas mentais que encorajam o público-alvo a pensar, sentir e decidir de uma maneira particular",["Entman 2010, p. 391"]],["Enquadrar, para Entman, é selecionar certos aspectos de um evento e tornálo reconhecível aos olhos do público. O enquadramento introduz e amplia a relevância aparente de certas ideias, ativando esquemas mentais que encorajam o público-alvo a pensar, sentir e decidir de uma maneira particular (Entman 2010, p. 391).",[]]],"sy":[["framing",[]]],"rt":[["definição de um problema",[]],["interpretação causal",[]],["avaliação moral",[]],["tratamento para recomendação",[]],["1) definição de um problema",[]],["2) delimitar suas causas",[]],["3) estabelecer um julgamento moral",[]],["4) propor soluções",[]],["delimitar suas causas",[]],["estabelecer um julgamento moral",[]],["propor soluções",[]]],"sb":[["enquadramento procedimental",[]]]},{"de":[["o jornalismo coloca os eventos, ideias, informações e controvérsias em contexto, determinando um quadro (frame) analítico",[]]]},{"de":[["a informação é um produto cuja origem remonta aos agentes estatais que possuem os dados e informações sobre os processos decisórios, cujo mercado consumidor é composto pelo cidadão-leitor e, por consequência, a opinião pública, ou pelo menos nichos específicos desta",["Entman, 2004","Baum & Potter, 2008"]]]},{},{"sb":[["americanismo",["Almeida et al. (2021)"]],["multilateralismo",["Almeida et al. (2021)"]],["regionalismo",["Almeida et al. (2021)"]]]},{"rt":[["event relations",["Wang et al., 2022"]]],"sp":[["event relations",["Wang et al., 2022"]]]},{"rt":[["fake news",[]]],"sp":[["misinformation",[]]],"ex":[["science-related moon landing",[]],["political-related pizzagate",["Bleakley, 2021"]]]},{"rt":[["event relations",["Wang et al., 2022"]]],"sp":[["event relations",["Wang et al., 2022"]]]},{"rt":[["event relations",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The soft labels provide fuzzy probabilistic features and enable the basic language model to be aware that nodes represent events and links represent event relations.",[]]]},{"rt":[["conspiracy theories",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["event relations",["Wang et al., 2022"]]],"sp":[["event relations",["Wang et al., 2022"]]]},{"de":[["Include the special case where the reference is not an authority/expert",[]],["Include the special case where the reference is not an authority/expert,although it is referred to as testimonial in the literature.",[]]],"sy":[["testimonial",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["telling the audience exactly what actions to take",[]],["and as an extreme telling the audience exactly what actions to take, which is also called as dictatorship.",[]]],"sy":[["dictatorship",[]]],"sb":[["dictatorship",[]]]},{"de":[["adversarial or skeptical tones",[]]]},{"de":[["often involve broad generalizations or emotionally overstated claims, which may be harder to contextualize without deeper sentence-level understanding",[]]]},{},{"de":[["emotionally charged or emphatic wording",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["These mismatches reflect overgeneralization where the model applies technique labels to rhetorical elements that are technically present but not persuasive or manipulative in intent.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It can refer to any person or concept with a negative connotation.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["causal oversimplification",[]]]},{"de":[["likely triggered by tweet-formatting conventions such as all caps or punchy phrases",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["The phrase 'no matter the nuance' suggests a refusal to consider any complexities or nuances related to the idea of giving up cake. This fits with the definition of a thought-terminating cliché, as it dismisses further discussion or critical thought on the topic by simplifying the decision to an absolute dismissal.",[]]]},{"de":[["The model's explanations rely heavily on partial lexical cues or structural repetition, without demonstrating real understanding of rhetorical function or context.",[]]],"sy":[["clear failures",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Each member of an audience informs a media text by a unique set of their life experiences (age, gender, education, moral education)",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This issue deals with content of a media message, starting from the core concept of the media 'installing' certain points of view and opinions into its content.",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["text",[]],["photograph",[]],["audio recording",[]],["video footage",[]],["various digital forms",[]]]},{"de":[["media messages are 'constructed' by using a creative language based on its own rules",[]]]},{"de":[["the notion of media literacy is not a novel one and the emergence of new media has certainly had no impact on its essence, since it incorporates the features of critical approach, analysis, evaluation, and media content production, regardless of the fact whether we have traditional or new media in mind.",[]],["measuring the level of media literacy of respondents in relation to obtaining and evaluating media information in specific situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic",[]],["it incorporates the features of critical approach, analysis, evaluation, and media content production, regardless of the fact whether we have traditional or new media in mind.",[]]],"sb":[["All media messages are 'constructed'",[]],["Media messages are constructed using a creative language with its own rules",[]],["Different people experience the same message differently",[]],["The media have embedded values and points of view",[]],["Most media messages are organised to gain profit and/or power",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["This occurred as the number of articles discussing climate issues increased substantially",[]]],"rt":[["decontextualizing climate change",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Institutional corruption therefore requires a shift in focus towards examining \"influences that implicitly or purposively serve to distort the independence of a professional in a position of public trust\" (533).",["533"]]]},{},{"rt":[["cognitive aspect",[]]]},{"rt":[["affective component",[]]]},{"de":[["The cognitive aspect involves understanding another's perspective, while the affective component entails sharing emotional experiences.",[]]]},{"de":[["has become a key strategy in increasing audience trust and fostering national solidarity.",[]]],"rt":[["empathy-driven reporting",[]],["empathy-driven storytelling",[]]],"ex":[["nearly 80% of the Chinese public felt that media coverage of the earthquake successfully captured the human aspect of the disaster, especially in terms of personal stories of survivors and the emotional toll on families.",["23","24","25"]]]},{},{"de":[["for the purpose of gaining views or likes",[]]]},{"de":[["In Chinese media, these parasocial interactions can foster a sense of closeness and emotional investment, even though the relationship is inherently asymmetrical.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["can be seen as a form of empathy that promotes the understanding of others for the greater good of society.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["In this context, demoralization is not only manifested in social and behavioral deviations but is also closely linked to individual psychological disturbances, which in some cases may require professional mental health intervention.",["33"]],["derived from the term moral",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["News framing plays a critical role in shaping public perception and social attitudes. The media exert substantial influence over public opinion through the selection, emphasis, and presentation of information.",[]],["The media exert substantial influence over public opinion through the selection, emphasis, and presentation of information.",[]]],"rt":[["Framing analysis",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The frequency and placement of topics in newspapers is most important for first-degree agenda setting.",[]]],"sp":[["agenda setting theory",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["framing",[]]],"sp":[["agenda setting theory",[]]],"ex":[["being pro or con an issue",[]],["having concern or not over a health epidemic",[]],["being pro or con an issue or having concern or not over a health epidemic are examples of second-degree agenda setting.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It provides both the binary direction (positive and negative) of a word and a compound score indicating the magnitude of that given word in its current direction.",[]],["The VADER model, therefore, provides a positive, neutral, and negative indicator and a compound score for each word.",[]],["The downside to VADER is that it does not consider the context of the words.",[]]]},{"rt":[["dimension of intersectionality",[]],["intersectionality",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"ex":[["quiz or music shows",[]]]},{"de":[["Furthermore, protagonists in television series were distinguished above all by their enduring character, i. e. they were part of the series' permanent ensemble.",[]]],"rt":[["relevant figures in audio-visual media",[]]]},{"de":[["look furthermore into the interrelations between visibility and socio-structural inclusion in media production.",[]],["and look furthermore into the interrelations between visibility and socio-structural inclusion in media production.",[]]]},{"de":[["Biased models can reinforce dominant narratives, marginalizing underrepresented groups and exacerbating social inequities",["O'Neil, 2016"]],["Biased models can reinforce dominant narratives, marginalizing underrepresented groups and exacerbating social inequities (O'Neil, 2016).",["O'Neil, 2016"]]],"ex":[["in Myanmar, Facebook's AI-driven recommendation algorithm reportedly exacerbated ethnic tensions by amplifying divisive content, contributing to violence against the Rohingya minority",["Mozur, 2018"]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["backward reasoning",[]]],"rt":[["backward reasoning",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["Human-in-the-Loop",[]],["society-in-the-loop",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Song et al. (2021) looked at the intersection between anxiety, sadness, and cognitive dissonance",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["emphasizes the theoretical premise outlined above, in particular the importance of information in human adaptation processes.",[]],["In this paper, the terms information behavior and human information behavior (HIB) are used interchangeably.",[]]],"sy":[["information behavior",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["counts on a body of literature in adaptation science",[]]],"sy":[["implicit knowledge",[]],["indigenous knowledge",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["dual-inconsistency",[]]]},{"sy":[["cross-modal inconsistency",[]],["content-knowledge inconsistency",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["network structures",["Wu et al., 2015"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["it considers whether language influences territory claimant judgments.",[]],["For example, geopolitical bias occurs when, for some territory, querying in Spanish returns \"Spain\" (or \"España\"), while in English returns \"UK\".",[]],["the difference of the controller language preference and the non-controller ones",[]]],"rt":[["consistency",[]]],"ex":[["for some territory, querying in Spanish returns \"Spain\" (or \"España\"), while in English returns \"UK\"",[]],["geopolitical bias occurs when, for some territory, querying in Spanish returns \"Spain\" (or \"España\"), while in English returns \"UK\".",[]]]},{"rt":[["error rate",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["legend",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This form of illusory pattern perception can lead to all kinds of hasty conclusions and irrational (religious) beliefs",["Prooijen & Vugt 2018","Prooijen 2018: 40-48"]],["about an evil government with a hidden agenda",[]]]},{"sy":[["modern legend",[]]],"sp":[["folktale genres",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["jokes, memes, fake news, and conspiracy theories during the corona pandemic",[]]]},{"ex":[["climate change deniers, 9/11 truthers, and 'Pizzagate' believers",["Sloat 2020"]]]},{"rt":[["rumor",[]]]},{"de":[["They capture our thoughts and understandings of health, illness, risk, life, and death and turn those thoughts outward in ways that are not otherwise easily seen",["Goldstein 2004: XV"]]],"sy":[["contemporary legends",[]]]},{"de":[["In folktale research, such a phenomenon is called ostension",[]]]},{"de":[["Gender inclusive language (GIL) strategies are being increasingly applied by institutions and some companies to show their commitment to gender equality.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["rigorous statistical model",[]],["These statistical models can be used for modeling the dissemination of information in Web communities [10] as well as measuring social influence [13].",["10","13"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["a key building block of the AI Literacy frameworks recently published by the OECD and UNESCO",[]]],"sp":[["AI Literacy",[]],["advanced information literacy competencies",[]]],"ex":[["A marketing professional analyzing why certain products trend on social media, considering the platform's algorithm, not just consumer interest.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It is the skill to home in on a detailed report, a complex issue, or a dense paragraph and break it up into more manageable parts rather than getting overwhelmed by the whole.",[]]],"sp":[["Critical Thinking",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["automation bias",[]]]},{"sp":[["advanced information literacy competencies",[]]],"ex":[["A business student, when analyzing a potential investment, deliberately searching for negative reviews and counterarguments, not just positive reports.",[]]]},{"rt":[["Problem-Based Inquiry",[]],["Socratic Dialogue",[]]]},{"de":[["the critical paradigm took the conversation beyond a more technical discussion about accessibility and usability, and moved it into the epistemological sphere: Who owns this platform? What assumptions or biases could be built into this search algorithm that provided me with these results? Whose knowledge is privileged, and who's not?",[]],["a critical stance on information and the questions it provokes and privileges is what connects information to questions of social justice and meaningful civic engagement.",["Miller et al., 2021"]],["no information system is ever neutral as they are always embedded in, and determined by, the existing social, political, and economic power structures",["Masiero, 2023"]]],"sp":[["Information Literacy",[]]]},{"de":[["a process of sound judgment and reasoning",[]]],"sy":[["higher-order thinking",[]]],"sb":[["analysis",[]],["interpreting",[]],["inference",[]],["evaluation",[]],["self-regulation",[]],["analysis, or the ability to break information, a problem or an argument into its constituent parts in order to understand how they relate and connect to each other.",[]],["interpreting, or understanding and explaining, their meaning.",[]],["inference, or the ability to draw conclusions based on information that is often incomplete.",[]],["self-regulation, which Facione (1990) defines as the critical thinker's \"ability to reflect on one's thinking and to regulate it accordingly\".",["Facione, 1990"]]]},{},{"de":[["It requires asking questions about the source of information, the strength of an argument, and the value of evidence.",[]]],"sp":[["Critical Thinking",[]]]},{"sp":[["AI Literacy",[]]]},{"sp":[["Critical Thinking",[]]]},{"de":[["Conventional educational frameworks often reduce information literacy to a procedural skill set for finding and citing sources",[]]],"sy":[["digital literacy",[]]],"rt":[["digital literacy",[]]],"sb":[["Critical information literacy",[]],["AI Literacy",[]]]},{"de":[["It is an active process that goes beyond paraphrasing or summarizing, but instead helps the thinker make sense of data, experiences, or evidence to create a coherent picture.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Just as students will need to understand human authors or publishing organizations, they will also need to understand the internal logic and societal biases of the training data powering an AI, which are then often amplified in the AI's output",["Bender et al., 2021"]]],"sp":[["AI Literacy",[]],["advanced information literacy competencies",[]]],"ex":[["A law student evaluating the report of a think tank by investigating its funding sources and ideological agenda before using it as evidence.",[]]]},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["is not merely an informational concern but a societal one",["5"]],["the intentional design of fake news to mislead readers",[]],["significant repercussions, from tarnishing individual or organizational reputations to generating undue advertising revenue",[]],["global concern",[]],["impact on public health",[]],["influence on democratic processes",[]],["often sensationalized and devoid of factual grounding",["5"]],["Its rapid dissemination can sway public opinion, influence electoral outcomes, and even incite real-world harm [6].",["6"]]],"sy":[["deceptive narratives",[]],["misinformation",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["exacerbates public health concerns",[]]]},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["fake news",[]]]},{"rt":[["framing",[]]],"sb":[["framing",[]],["problem frame",[]],["problem frames",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["framing in media research focuses on the textual content and the frame itself",["Maher, 2001"]],["agenda setting further considers the impact of the frame on the public",["Maher, 2001"]],["framing itself is a phase of agenda setting",["Maher, 2001"]]],"rt":[["agenda setting",[]]],"sp":[["agenda setting",[]]]},{},{"de":[["hate crimes are not only acts of violence but also offenses such as vandalism, harassment, and trespassing.",[]],["hate crime includes words or actions intended to harm or intimidate an individual",["Green et al., 2001"]],["the scope of hate crime is vast, starting from the minor form of hate speech, and any unlawful act directed at a specific group of people may fall within the scope of hate crime",["Green et al., 2001"]]],"sy":[["bias crime",["Green et al., 2001"]]],"rt":[["hate speech",["Green et al., 2001"]]]},{"rt":[["hate crime",["Green et al., 2001"]]]},{"de":[["problem frames as a way in which the media use the emphasis on fear and danger to shape social issues prior to agenda setting",[]],["problem frames are also a phase of agenda setting",[]],["From this perspective, the news media does not care about FDHs, whether the helper is a victim or a perpetrator; as long as the topic can meet the content conditions of the problem frame, this topic is newsworthy.",[]]],"rt":[["agenda setting",[]]],"sp":[["agenda setting",[]]]},{"rt":[["agenda setting",[]]]},{},{"de":[["evidencing those internal policies must go beyond mere regulation and focus on the cultural transformation of journalism",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["seeking to generate revenue through sensationalist news that prioritizes visual and emotional impact over ethics",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["One of the persistent structural barriers to full participation of historically marginalized groups is LINGUISTIC RACISM",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["it allows researchers to partake in something akin to open access.",[]]]},{"de":[["Academic language-including tone and use of jargon-is inaccessible to many would-be consumers of science.",[]],["a term I co-constructed with Dr. Fernanda Ferreira",[]]],"rt":[["financial paywall",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["These include emotions, awareness, self-efficacy, and communication skills.",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["robot journalism",[]]]},{"sy":[["computational journalism",[]],["robotic journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["Journalists were concerned that AI could automate and amplify these biases, given the lack of transparency and complexity associated with algorithmic processes.",[]]]},{"de":[["Journalism is inherently prone to biases",[]]]},{"sy":[["robotic journalism",[]],["automated journalism",[]],["algorithmic journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["News stories cannot be understood fully when taken out of their circumstances. Reporting aims to interpret the background, nature, relationships of every event to the surrounding environments, and possible future scenarios.",[]]]},{"de":[["They include principles such as integrity, honesty, objectivity, and social responsibility. Such guidelines direct journalists in how they gather information, edit news, deal with sources, and convey facts to the public in a manner that retains credibility and mutual respect.",[]],["In sum, the guidelines mitigate some of the ethical risks associated with AI and enhance trust and professionalism in media work.",[]]]},{"sy":[["A framework of principles and professional standards to which journalists and other digital media actors-like programmers, editors, and photographers-can refer in making responsible decisions when utilizing AI technologies.",[]]]},{"de":[["Ethics do not only regulate personal conduct but also systematically encompass the pattern of social behaviour.",[]]]},{"sy":[["automated journalism",[]],["algorithmic journalism",[]]]},{"sy":[["computational journalism",[]],["automated journalism",[]],["robot journalism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The widespread misguided COVID-19 related misinformation can spread the disease quickly and can cause xenophobia on the continent",["Mejova and Kalimeri, 2020","Shimizu, 2020","Thomas, 2020"]],["COVID-19 misinformation (i.e., misleading news content) and rumors are also masking other credible healthy behaviors like hand washing, social distancing and promoting incorrect practices that will potentially increase the virus spread.",[]]],"sy":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["Hate speech intensity",[]]]},{"sp":[["Hate speech",[]]]},{"de":[["Based on its targeting of social groups, it has been classified into four categories: political, racial, religious, and gender-based hate speech",["Castaño-Pulgarín et al. 2021","Guo and Johnson 2020","Schäfer, Sülflow and Reiners 2021"]]],"sb":[["political hate speech",[]],["racial hate speech",[]],["religious hate speech",[]],["gender-based hate speech",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Bahador (2020) has thus classified hate speech along a spectrum from its lowest (i.e., disagreement) to its highest forms, with the latter being threatening an individual with death or a group with massacre and genocide.",["Bahador (2020)"]]],"sb":[["No hate speech",[]],["Mild hate speech",[]],["Moderate hate speech",[]],["Strong hate speech",[]],["Severe hate speech",[]],["Extreme hate speech",[]]],"sp":[["Hate speech",[]]]},{"sp":[["Hate speech intensity",[]]]},{"sp":[["Hate speech intensity",[]]]},{"sp":[["Hate speech intensity",[]]]},{"de":[["online popularity is a risk-vulnerable property that can quickly vanish if followers' trust is damaged",["Rutledge 2021"]]]},{"sp":[["User anonymity",[]]]},{"sp":[["Hate speech",[]]]},{"sp":[["Hate speech",[]]]},{"sp":[["Hate speech",[]]]},{"de":[["semi-anonymous users, who occupy a rank between anonymity and identifiability",[]]],"sp":[["user anonymity",[]]]},{"sp":[["Hate speech intensity",[]]]},{},{"de":[["runs counter to standard cultural behaviours and interactional norms",["Castaño-Pulgarín et al. 2021"]]]},{"sp":[["User anonymity",[]]]},{"sp":[["Hate speech intensity",[]]]},{"de":[["It is a continuum from identifiability to anonymity (Eklund et al. 2022)-for instance, from complete anonymity on Yik Yak, Whisper, and Secret, where no traceable information of users exists, to partial anonymity and pseudonymity on conventional platforms such as Twitter (Curlew 2019;Ellison et al. 2016;Peddinti, Ross and Cappos 2017).",["Eklund et al. 2022","Curlew 2019","Ellison et al. 2016","Peddinti, Ross and Cappos 2017"]],["Further refining that classification, we followed Jaidka et al. (2021) by differentiating personal from social anonymity.",["Jaidka et al. (2021)"]]],"rt":[["personal identity anonymity",[]],["social identity anonymity",[]]],"sb":[["personal identity anonymity",["Jaidka et al. 2022"]],["social identity anonymity",["Jaidka et al. 2022"]],["non-anonymous",[]],["semi-anonymous",[]],["anonymous",[]]]},{"de":[["Research has shown that user popularity on social media is linked to personalisation, authenticity, trust, and perceived realness",["Rutledge 2021","Yuan and Lou 2020"]],["user popularity, meaning a user's centrality and influence in a network",["Garcia et al. 2017","Vedadi and Greer 2021"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["The CNN effect predicts that media coverage forces democratic governments to respond to situations of injustice by generating public opinion pressure.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["predice, por tanto, que la cobertura informativa tiene la capacidad de forzar a los gobiernos democráticos, de manera indirecta a través de la presión de la opinión pública, a responder a situaciones de injusticia",[]],["predice, por tanto, que la cobertura informativa tiene la capacidad de forzar a los gobiernos democráticos, de manera indirecta a través de la presión de la opinión pública, a responder a situaciones de injusticia.",[]],["El efecto CNN predice, por tanto, que la cobertura informativa tiene la capacidad de forzar a los gobiernos democráticos, de manera indirecta a través de la presión de la opinión pública, a responder a situaciones de injusticia",[]]]},{"de":[["este procedimiento de selección y énfasis conlleva una defi nición particular del asunto o problema, una «interpretación causal, evaluación moral y/o recomendación de tratamiento».",["Entman, 1993: 53"]]]},{"de":[["Esta construcción proporciona a la audiencia un marco interpretativo de los mensajes, que facilitará que los mensajes sean percibidos y comprendidos de una manera determinada.",[]],["los encuadres noticiosos más empleados describen a los países en crisis como un escenario de guerra, violencia, terrorismo islamista y delincuencia.",[]]],"sy":[["encuadre",[]],["frame",[]]],"sb":[["encuadres genéricos",[]],["encuadres específicos",[]],["encuadres «genéricos»",[]]]},{},{"de":[["News stories are textual and visual constructions organised around a central axis of thought, a certain perspective (or frame) built by a journalist that provides a framework for the audience's interpretation of the message.",[]]],"rt":[["interpretative frames",[]]]},{},{"de":[["News frames would be seen, in this view, as a set of Russian dolls: the bigger the doll, the more generic the news frame, and vice versa.",[]]],"rt":[["specific frames",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]],"ex":[["frames such as \"strategy,\" \"game,\" \"episodic,\" or \"thematic\" are generic news frames",[]],["game frame",[]],["conflict",[]],["Islam as the cause of ethnic and religious conflicts.",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["\"conservative attack scandal\" or \"Clinton behaviour scandal\" (Vreese, 2005) are issue-specific.",[]],["the \"talk\", \"fight\", impasse\", and \"crisis\" news frames identified in a study on the public perception of the US public deficit (Jasperson et al., 1998) have been considered as being issue-specific (Vreese, 2005).",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["news media frames have a narrower, more specific-but complementary-character",[]]],"rt":[["generic frames",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]],"ex":[["Occupation of the Palestinian territory by the Government of Israel",[]],["Somalia, country of origin of pirates who kidnap [western] fishermen.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["solutions journalism stories anchored in credible evidence for necessity of solutions by explaining how and why responses are working and not working.",[]],["the goal is to present more complete view of these issues in order to help citizens to drive more effective citizenship.",[]],["In this approach, the goal is to present more complete view of these issues in order to help citizens to drive more effective citizenship.",[]],["solutions journalists put efforts on the critical examination to address the social issues, which are not necessarily a problem has a quick ending.",[]],["solutions journalism suggests the idea that social problems would be solved first accepting the differences and willing to see peaceful future that includes all these differences.",[]],["in other words, solutions journalism stories anchored in credible evidence for necessity of solutions by explaining how and why responses are working and not working.",[]],["Solutions Journalism Network websites defines this practices as a kind of investigative reporting that is for to discover systematic underlying reasons for social problems.",[]],["solution journalism has potential for revenue generation by offering fresh eyes for positive innovation, where those stories compromise possible new models as well.",[]],["suggests the idea that social problems would be solved first accepting the differences and willing to see peaceful future that includes all these differences",[]]],"sy":[["solution journalism",[]]],"rt":[["peace and civic/ public journalism",[]],["multilateral",[]],["multidimensional",[]],["multicultural",[]]],"sb":[["communitybased solutions journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["the consistency reinforces the organization message across all media platforms.",[]],["The application of strategic communications mainly occurs with strategic planning, stakeholders talk, developing actionable objectives, develop and priorities potential strategies and tactics and metrics of responsibilities.",[]],["Moreover, the consistency reinforces the organization message across all media platforms.",[]]]},{"de":[["often for a secondary gain",[]],["it is considered to be one of the most serious challenges facing the news industry and the political sphere.",[]],["often for a secondary gain, and it is considered to be one of the most serious challenges facing the news industry and the political sphere.",["foot_0"]]]},{"sp":[["stance detection",[]]]},{},{"de":[["research on stance detection (the position or attitude expressed with respect to a specific topic) within the Natural Language Processing field has largely been done for English.",[]],["a stance detection system would allow fact-checkers to automatically know which documents, messages or users agree or disagree with a given document thereby helping to identify contentious content.",[]],["classify whether a given document agrees, disagrees, discusses or is unrelated with respect to a previously published headline or news document",[]],["classify whether the stance expressed is in favour, against, or whether is unrelated or none with respect to the given target",[]]],"rt":[["open stance detection",[]],["opinion mining methods",[]],["text entailment task",[]]]},{"de":[["the meaning of the tweets is usually under-specified, namely, there is not enough context or background information available in order to take an informed decision.",[]]],"sy":[["under-specified",[]]]},{"de":[["potential of television news, a capacity that allows viewers to witness news events and to relate to them empathically",[]],["sensory",[]],["dramatic",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["emotion",[]],["sensation",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["not just a feature ascribed to reality or an attribute inherent in the story itself",[]]]},{"rt":[["melodramatic traits",[]]],"sp":[["melodramatic traits",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["melodrama's main characteristics (i.e., personalization and emotionalization)",[]],["characterized by emotional exacerbation through resources such as the use of background music, as it seeks to stimulate the audience's emotions",[]],["One of the central characteristics of melodrama is the coexistence of the representation of commonplace subjects through emotional excess.",[]],["In the Latin American academic tradition, this contradiction is understood as the tension between what is acceptable in the modern conception of the world and in openly pre-modern daily life.",[]],["Television in general, and telenovelas in particular, are understood by Jesús Martín-Barbero as spaces of mediation between the logics of modernization -represented by industrial production reasoning-and cultural logic -represented in convoluted plots, repetitive sequences, and anachronistic quests for love and familial identity",["Martín-Barbero, 1987","1995"]],["regarded as the opposite of quality coverage",[]],["an exaggeration of emotion",[]],["a resource to produce emotion beyond the goal of delivering information. It stimulates the audience to the point where it is left with a certain emotion, with a yearned emotional proximity, but [that's] using a resource that is inappropriate",[]],["usually described in negative terms",[]],["melodrama loads the plot with a social sense (Rowe & Schelling, 1991), links traditional modes of representation and action, promises a sort of finality anchored in ethical certainty (Fernández & Paxman, 2000)",["Rowe & Schelling, 1991","Fernández & Paxman, 2000"]],["in melodrama, these traits are combined with a focus on personal or even domestic stories, and information about emotions such as sadness, happiness and love.",[]],["melodrama is framed negatively as an excess of emotion that damages information.",[]],["In their view, melodrama is an \"adulteration of reality\" through the intervention of a \"clean showing\" of news events (Editor 2, C13) in order to exacerbate emotions.",[]],["It stimulates the audience to the point where it is left with a certain emotion, with a yearned emotional proximity, but [that's] using a resource that is inappropriate",[]]],"rt":[["personalization",[]],["emotionalization",[]]],"ex":[["the damsel in distress, the villain, the lover",["Martín-Barbero, 1987"]],["quotes and images of suffering, negative emotions, and gory visuals, especially when shown through close-up; image repetition and slow motion footage; the use of adjectives and adverbs that intensify emotions, like words such as \"shocking,\" \"horrible\" or \"desolate\"; and intensely dramatic or \"editorializing\" music",[]]]},{"ex":[["you have an image of a man covered in blood and they show him in a very close shot, and the ambience was everyone crying, \"Oh, my God\"",[]]]},{},{"de":[["repeated practices and forms that media workers use to do their jobs",[]]]},{"de":[["recognize the coverage of personal stories as an explicit intention within their newscasts",[]],["recognize the predominance of the everyday struggles of average citizens as part of their editorial personality",[]]],"rt":[["melodramatic traits",[]]],"sp":[["melodramatic traits",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["the classic formulation",[]],["pushing the idiom of the briefings from information provision to cross-examination",[]]]},{"de":[["can structure both news stories and reporters' search for information within the broader context of journalistic practices.",[]],["can also provide reporters with an independent perspective, balancing elite-dominated news frames.",[]],["can offer reporters storytelling opportunities they would otherwise be hard-pressed to employ.",[]],["may be an especially important tool for reporters in resisting official stories that are offered up to account for events. It can suggest an alternative interpretation, and its status as a 'real' event certifies the 'objectivity' of the interpretation it suggests.",[]],["emphasizes similarities between past and present.",[]],["collective memory influenced reporters' search for information and thus the material available for constructing stories.",[]],["It also helped to shape the deep structure of stories by influencing the narratives used to present information.",[]],["allows reporters to resist official frames without giving up their claim of objectivity.",[]],["Collective memory can, under certain circumstances, offer reporters alternatives to the frames and stories promulgated by officials and elites by helping them customize their professional practices.",[]],["It can also provide reporters with an independent perspective, balancing elite-dominated news frames.",[]],["collective memory of the space shuttle Challenger's crash played an important role in structuring reporting of Columbia's destruction for these journalists",[]]],"rt":[["typification",[]],["public past",[]]]},{"rt":[["historical context",[]]]},{"rt":[["historical analogies",[]]]},{"de":[["typifications and other generalized reporting rules offer only broad guidelines about the kinds of information to seek and what sort of story to tell, and may make reporters dependent upon officials' structuring of the issue or event.",[]]]},{"de":[["emphasizes what is 'routine' about even a major, unexpected event rather than what is distinctive about it.",[]],["may be more changeable as an event unfolds over time.",[]],["typifications and other generalized reporting rules offer only broad guidelines about the kinds of information to seek and what sort of story to tell, and may make reporters dependent upon officials' structuring of the issue or event.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["hate speech",["1"]]]},{"de":[["It is a specific type of cyber bullying that not only targets individuals but also affects their assets.",[]]],"sb":[["Gender-based hate speech: This category includes any form of hostility towards a specific sex or the devaluation of a person or group based on their gender.",[]],["Religious hate speech: It includes any type of religious discrimination, such as: Islamic sects, anti-Christianity or any type of religious discrimination.",[]],["Racial hate speech: this category includes any type of ethnic or tribal, regional crimes, (hostility against immigrants and refugees), any prejudice against a particular tribe or region, and offensive to the appearance and color of the individual.",[]],["Gender-based hate speech",[]],["Religious hate speech",[]],["Racial hate speech",[]]],"sp":[["cyber bullying",[]]]},{"sp":[["hate speech",["1"]]]},{"sp":[["hate speech",["1"]]]},{"rt":[["traditional media organisations",[]],["user-generated content",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["bits of gossip",[]]],"rt":[["non-rumor information",[]]],"sp":[["unwanted content",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["rumors",[]],["gossips",[]]]},{"rt":[["polarity (lexicon or dictionary) and rule (valence) based technique",["24"]]],"sp":[["text based sentiment analysis",[]]]},{"de":[["For example, real news usually relies on a stable social relationship chain to gradually spread, while fake news is more likely to achieve early concentrated outbreaks through a small number of highly active users or opinion leaders, and form widespread dissemination in a short period of time.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["For example, real news usually relies on a stable social relationship chain to gradually spread, while fake news is more likely to achieve early concentrated outbreaks through a small number of highly active users or opinion leaders, and form widespread dissemination in a short period of time.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The two realizations background social actors to different degrees, but both play a part in reducing the number of times specific social actors are explicitly referred to.",["(p. [30][31]"]],["When the relevant actions (e.g., the killing of demonstrators) are included, but some or all of the actors involved in them (e.g., the police) are excluded, the exclusion does leave a trace.",[]]],"sp":[["exclusion",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["suppression",[]],["backgrounding",[]]]},{"sb":[["Activation / passivation",[]],["Participation / Circumstantialization / Possessivation",[]],["Personalization / Impersonalization",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["In the case of suppression, there is no reference to the social actor(s) in question anywhere in the text.",["(p.29)"]],["Some exclusions leave no traces in the representation, excluding both the social actors and their activities.",[]]],"sb":[["passive agent deletion",[]],["nonfinite clauses",[]]],"sp":[["exclusion",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["In the sample, intertextuality is mostly used to bring voices, which confirms the program's views, especially when it comes to the live guests, to amplify and legitimize these views",["Simpson & Mayr 2010"]],["In the sample, intertextuality is mostly used to bring voices, which confirms the program's views, especially when it comes to the live guests, to amplify and legitimize these views (Simpson & Mayr 2010).",["Simpson & Mayr 2010"]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["media frames",[]]],"ex":[["human interest",[]],["conflict",[]],["attribution of responsibility",[]],["economic consequences",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["generic frames",[]],["issue-specific frames",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["which makes communication more user friendly and enhances understanding across different age groups",["Iqbal et al., 2020"]],["emoji usage can manifest racism on the Facebook platform. It potentially alters the intonation and meaning of a message, influencing how it is interpreted",[]],["having sociobehavioural and psychological implications among youth",[]],["emojis can be employed to exploit appealing digital graphics that reinforce racial prejudices among social media users.",[]],["their use has been shaped by cultural assumptions that can foster discrimination",["Matamoros-Fernández, 2018"]],["emojis function as artistic images that enhance casual messages, adding nuance to language and altering the tone of communications.",["Erlandsson and Kristoffersson (2021)"]],["emojis function as artistic images that enhance casual messages, adding nuance to language and altering the tone of communications",["2021"]],["Moreover, Erlandsson and Kristoffersson (2021) arguedthat emojis function as artistic images that enhance casual messages, adding nuance to language and altering the tone of communications.",["Erlandsson and Kristoffersson (2021)"]]],"sp":[["symbols of content",[]]]},{"de":[["hashtags that combine the symbol (#) with text convey meaning.",["Williams, 2021"]],["hashtags involve nonverbal communication that makes it easier for users to express themselves and find ways to communicate by searching for specific hashtags in the digital world",[]],["Viral hashtags also make it easier for users to interact and find information, which plays a role in influencing their behavior to support or oppose an issue",[]],["Hashtags serve as topic connectors and engagement drivers, although they are often reactive in nature.",[]]],"sp":[["symbols of content",[]]],"ex":[["#ShameOnIsrael and #IsraelKoyak are used by cyber soldiers known as 'Bawangrians' (Onion Army) to show solidarity with Palestine, which is trending worldwide",[]]]},{"de":[["can substantially impede communication, as it promotes stereotypes and contradicts the principles of equality and respect",[]],["can substantially impede communication, as it promotes stereotypes and contradicts the principles of equality and respect.",[]],["can affect communication and intercultural engagement within multicultural societies.",[]],["Negative feelings in the form of hate influence social media users to act emotionally by replying and uploading posts containing hate speech.",[]],["the choice of provocative, defamatory, and insulting language",[]],["communication deviates from polite norms and comprises hateful aspects",[]],["Hate speech can substantially impede communication, as it promotes stereotypes and contradicts the principles of equality and respect.",[]]]},{"de":[["symbolizes their identity",[]],["marker of identity",["Drozdzowicz and Peled (2024)"]],["can be a medium for spreading racist ideologies that shape user behavior in digital space",["Matamoros-Fernández & Farkas, 2021"]],["language preference is not just about communicating among social media users because language shapes and reflects the behavior and perceptions of users in social communication.",[]],["language functions not only as a communication medium but also as a marker of identity that supports and normalizes racist perceptions on social media",[]]]},{"de":[["recipients need to evaluate the meaning behind the meme because of its complexity.",[]],["certain memes with low iconicity are characterized by complex language use, slang, impermanence, and short forms",["Chuah et al. (2020)"]],["memes may contain racist intentions that can be comprehended only by users who precisely interpret the meme's symbol",[]]],"sp":[["symbols of content",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["communication infrastructure",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["Bot and troll accounts",[]]]},{"de":[["is part of our cultural heritage.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["LLMs inadvertently emphasize latent relationships that can lead to biased outcomes based on unprovided but inferred attributes such as gender, race, or age.",[]],["indirect biases arising from deep learning's modeling of latent variables, which can perpetuate inequalities even in the absence of explicit biased information.",[]]]},{"sb":[["individual layer",[]],["social layer",[]],["structural layer",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["Contextual Digital Self-Regulation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the emphasis on inter-ethnic harmony rooted in the Rukun Negara philosophy encourages individuals to prioritise social cohesion and mutual respect in public communication, including in digital spaces.",[]],["self-censorship in Malaysia functions as a culturally embedded form of self-regulation, and its ethical value depends on whether it is grounded in reflective moral agency or shaped primarily by external coercion.",[]]],"rt":[["self-regulation",[]]],"sp":[["self-regulation",[]]]},{"sp":[["self-regulation",[]]]},{"sp":[["self-regulation",[]]]},{"sp":[["self-regulation",[]]]},{"sb":[["self-monitoring",[]],["self-judgement",[]],["self-reaction",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["the social layer acts as a mediator between individual morals and external influences, reinforcing cultural norms but requiring careful guidance to avoid superficial moral conformity",[]]],"sp":[["Contextual Digital Self-Regulation",[]]]},{"de":[["based on the portrayal of the news media as self-serving, corrupt, detached from the people and (mis)using their power to indoctrinate people against their interests",["Fawzi and Krämer, 2021"]],["designed to capture beliefs regarding the honesty of the media and the media representing the 'enemy of the people', that is, using the typical populist distinction between the people and the elites (news media in this case).",[]]],"sy":[["anti-media populism",["Krämer, 2018"]]]},{"de":[["people who distrust mainstream media may avoid them and rather consume social or alternative media",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["election integrity",[]]]},{},{"de":[["an ever-increasing phenomenon that threatens democracy (Freedom House, 2019) as it offers one of the easiest tools to manipulate voting during the campaign (e.g., Gunther et al., 2019;Tenove, 2020;Zimmermann and Kohring, 2020;Chambers, 2021)",["Freedom House, 2019","Gunther et al., 2019","Tenove, 2020","Zimmermann and Kohring, 2020","Chambers, 2021"]],["both deliberately created pseudojournalisic disinformation (fake news genre) and actors who politically instrumentalise the term to delegitimize news media (fake news label)",[]],["deliberately created pseudojournalisic disinformation",[]],["actors who politically instrumentalise the term to delegitimize news media",[]]],"sb":[["fake news genre",[]],["fake news label",[]]]},{"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["explicit bias",[]],["implicit bias",[]]],"sb":[["explicit bias",[]],["implicit bias",[]]]},{"de":[["typically manifesting as conscious attitudinal tendencies",[]]],"rt":[["implicit bias",[]]],"sp":[["social bias",[]],["Bias",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["represents a more profound form of bias",[]],["reflects unconscious and automated cognitive processes",[]]],"rt":[["explicit bias",[]]],"sp":[["social bias",[]],["Bias",[]]]},{"de":[["requires subjects to directly express their attitudes and views toward specific social groups while being aware of the measurement's purpose",[]],["from social psychology",[]]],"rt":[["explicit bias",[]]]},{"sb":[["explicit bias",[]],["implicit bias",[]]]},{"de":[["These views are typically based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, and occupation while often disregarding individual differences",["Gilbert and Hixon, 1991"]]]},{},{"de":[["The walls were intended to keep information within departments, thereby avoiding conflicts of interest.",[]],["the concept of compartmentalization became operationalized in corporations through the erection of Chinese walls.",[]],["intended to keep information within departments, thereby avoiding conflicts of interest",[]]],"rt":[["compartmentalization",[]]],"sp":[["compartmentalization",[]]]},{"de":[["Communication data is NOT the content of any communication -the text of an email, or conversation on a telephone. Communications data includes the time and duration of the communication, the telephone number or email address which has been contacted and sometimes the location of the originator of the communication",["Ward & Home, 2012: 7"]]],"sy":[["Communication data",[]]]},{},{"de":[["this may require another layer of secrecy as those investigated will frequently not know that they are under scrutiny.",[]],["employees will know that they could be under investigation at any time and, as Desouza and Vanapolli indicate, this is the principal value of counter-intelligence.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["deleterious effects of information asymmetry for both economic decision-making and for capital markets, with consequences for the well-being of the wider population.",[]]]},{"de":[["these structures lead to 'overarching political authority, territorial expansion, and inequitable distribution of power and wealth.",[]]],"ex":[["priesthood in ancient Egypt monopolized knowledge on flood patterns (enabling a degree of prediction that reinforced their position) and maintained this through the use of specialised scripts (hieroglyphics) impenetrable to outsiders",["Athwal (2004)"]]]},{"de":[["It featured a central tower, occupied by the wardens, which was impossible for the prisoners to see into. By contrast, the prisoners inhabited largely open cells, arraigned in a ring around the tower, and were always potentially visible by any warder within the tower.",[]]]},{"de":[["omnipresent, 'produced from one moment to the next, at every point, or rather in every relation from one point to another.' It therefore covers the totality of discourses, institutions, social mores and practices",[]],["a set of practices which could be specified and which positively produced ways of behaving and predispositions in human subjects: indeed the most pervasive power is that which makes its subjects cooperate and connive in their subjection to it",["Hoskin & Macve, 1986: 106"]]]},{"de":[["Joining these organizations normally requires making a vow of secrecy, with harsh penalties for breaking it.",[]]],"ex":[["secret collective of the Mehinaku of Central Brazil and that of the organization surrounding the protection of secret instruments in Melenesia",["Herdt (1990: 362)"]],["the collective in the Molucca Islands",["Simmel (1906)"]],["the Pythagoreans",["pp. 473-475"]]]},{"de":[["This relationship of power extends beyond physical observation and is manifest within information asymmetry. The data that is collected by surveillance is typically only accessible by government agencies and corporations and this imbalance determines the possession of power.",[]]]},{"sp":[["elaboration likelihood model",[]]]},{"de":[["people experience discomfort when faced with contradictory beliefs or information.",[]]],"sp":[["cognitive dissonance theory",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["narrative theory",[]]]},{"sb":[["central route",[]],["peripheral route",[]],["the central route involves deliberate and thoughtful consideration of the information's true merits when people are motivated and able to think critically",[]],["the peripheral route involves superficial processing based on external cues like source credibility rather than the content's actual quality",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["provides a framework for understanding how stylistic changes in news articles manipulate audience perceptions, enabling styled fake news to deceive effectively.",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["story",[]],["discourse",[]],["The story consists of the core elements of the narrative, including the sequence of events (actions and happenings) and the existents (characters and settings)",[]],["The discourse, on the other hand, refers to how the story is told-such as the choice of language, narrative techniques, and the structuring of events",[]]]},{"sp":[["elaboration likelihood model",[]]]},{"sp":[["narrative theory",[]]]},{"de":[["This aligns with the understanding of advocacy journalism, where reporters intentionally infuse their opinions to drive social change.",[]]],"sp":[["interventionism",[]]]},{"de":[["While agenda-setting can serve the public interest, it may also distort reality, stressing select topics while neglecting others, thus compromising informed decision-making",["(Entman, 2007;Baleria, 2021, p. 70)","Entman, 2007","Baleria, 2021, p. 70"]],["While agenda-setting can serve the public interest, it may also distort reality, stressing select topics while neglecting others, thus compromising informed decision-making (Entman, 2007;Baleria, 2021, p. 70).",["Entman, 2007","Baleria, 2021, p. 70"]]],"sp":[["interventionism",[]]]},{"de":[["If journalists use their platforms to promote specific actions or political results, especially on social media, it becomes harder to see the difference between reporting and campaigning. This can make the public lose trust in their reporting and wonder if they have a hidden agenda (Cushion et al., 2012;Shultziner, 2025).",["Cushion et al., 2012","Shultziner, 2025"]]],"sp":[["interventionism",[]]]},{"de":[["It encompasses Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania.",[]],["Beyond being a metaphor for underdevelopment, it reflects a shared history of colonialism, neo-imperialism, and socioeconomic changes that have led to lasting disparities and political/cultural marginalization (Wasserman, 2006).",["Wasserman, 2006"]],["For journalism studies, the \"Global South\" highlights regions linked by shared colonial legacies, structural peripherality, and a common desire to reform global governance institutions (Moyo, 2022;Bull and Banik, 2025).",["Moyo, 2022","Bull and Banik, 2025"]]],"rt":[["structural peripherality",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Crucially, the various forms of interventionism are interconnected rather than isolated-each can reinforce the others in practice, collectively constituting a broader, dynamic phenomenon (Shultziner, 2025).",["Shultziner, 2025"]]],"sy":[["interventionist journalism",[]]],"rt":[["interventionist journalism",[]]],"sb":[["Advocacy journalism",[]],["agenda-setting",[]],["Driving action",[]]]},{"de":[["Journalism in these regions sometimes takes an interventionist approach.",[]],["Journalists may perceive a necessity to engage in improvement efforts, rather than merely observing from afar or expressing a critical posture.",[]],["Journalists, whether attempting to influence directly or indirectly, generally aim to lead to change.",[]],["Journalists legitimize interventionism by emphasizing the mission of journalism to give voice to underrepresented groups and ideas.",[]],["Research on interventionist journalism in various contexts indicates its greater prominence in public media organizations and countries with restricted political freedom",["Hanitzsch et al., 2016"]],["It is also observed in democracies with partisan and opinion-oriented journalistic cultures or during sociopolitical crises",["Márquez-Ramírez et al., 2019"]],["journalists perceive roles that \"support official policies to bring about prosperity and development\" and \"convey a positive image of political and business leadership\" as highly important",[]],["Journalists operating under such conditions may self-censor, leading to a more cautious, less assertive, and thus lower interventionist approach",[]],["journalism in the Global South frequently sees its function as facilitating national development.",[]]],"sy":[["interventionist approach",[]]],"rt":[["event reporting",[]],["neutral observer",[]],["facilitating national development",[]],["media bias",["Shultziner, 2025"]],["advocacy",["Shultziner, 2025"]],["loyal facilitator",[]],["service",[]],["watchdog",[]]],"sb":[["Advocacy interventionism",["Shultziner, 2025"]],["humanitarian intervention",["Shaw, 2012"]],["conflict frame building",["Bartholomé et al. 2015"]],["advocacy journalism",[]],["Driving action",[]]]},{"de":[["the interventionist role is a complex phenomenon shaped by each country's unique political, social, and historical contexts.",[]],["journalists often influence audience perception through subtle language choices and explanatory framing, they avoid overtly inserting themselves into the story",[]],["maintaining a balance between traditional norms of neutrality and the journalist's interpretative role",[]],["This role often involves a journalist acting as an advocate for individuals or groups in society",["Mellado, 2015"]],["The degree of interventionism is operationalized based on the extent of the journalist's active participation in shaping the story: a higher degree of involvement, participation, or advocacy by the journalist implies higher levels of interventionism, and vice versa.",[]],["This role often involves a journalist acting as an advocate for individuals or groups in society (Mellado, 2015).",["Mellado, 2015"]]],"sy":[["interventionist role",[]],["interventionist stance",[]]],"sb":[["journalist's point of view",[]],["interpretation",[]],["call for action",[]],["qualifying adjectives",[]],["first person",[]]]},{"de":[["This role often involves a journalist acting as an advocate for individuals or groups in society (Mellado, 2015).",["Mellado, 2015"]]],"rt":[["journalist's point of view",[]],["interpretation",[]],["call for action",[]],["qualifying adjectives",[]],["first person",[]]],"sp":[["journalistic role performance",[]]]},{"de":[["Journalism in the Global South fundamentally involves facilitating dialogues among the powerful, the powerless, and all intermediaries (Aryal and Bharti, 2022).",["Aryal and Bharti, 2022"]]]},{"de":[["This can involve political elites owning media, state advertising favoring pro-government media, and using laws to silence critics (Nielsen, 2017).",["Nielsen, 2017"]],["This issue is often rooted in the colonial past, where the media served colonial or post-colonial state interests.",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["full integration",[]],["cross-media",[]],["coordination of isolated platforms",[]],["full integration, in which infrastructures for multi-channel productions in the news organization are combined in one newsroom",[]],["cross-media, where journalists work in separate newsrooms for different platforms but are connected through multimedia coordinators and/or routines along with management that coordinates cooperation and communication between the outlets",[]],["coordination of isolated platforms, where newsrooms are autonomous and lack cooperation or integration in news production or distribution",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["democracy-building tool",["Amazeen (2020)"]],["response to concerns about another democratic institution: journalism itself",["Amazeen, 2019","Graves, 2016","Singer, 2018"]],["correcting misinformation",[]],["enabling citizens to be well-informed",[]],["improve the public debate with quality information",[]],["Strengthening people's trust in information",[]],["journalists tend to focus on accurately reporting what was said, while fact-checkers are more interested in judging the veracity of the statement.",[]],["explicitly and overtly weigh evidence, claims, and counter-claims",["Coddington et al., 2014","Graves, 2016"]]],"rt":[["adjudication role",[]]]},{"de":[["criteria for, determining what is and is not to be accorded the status of verified fact",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["single client resonance model",[]]]},{"sp":[["single client resonance model",[]]]},{},{"de":[["intentionally satirical content",[]],["the intent to mislead readers appears more commonly in fake news definitions as an explicit or implicit requirement",[]],["any attempt to categorise, classify and demarcate between \"fake\" and \"true\" must be a deeply political practice, whether conducted from the context of journalism or academic interventions. It is part of larger political struggles to define the current shape and modality of contemporary society.",["Farkas & Schou, 2018, p. 309"]]],"sy":[["propaganda",[]]],"rt":[["post-truth",[]]],"sb":[["serious fabrications (uncovered in mainstream or participant media, yellow press or tabloids)",["Rubin et al., 2015, p. 86"]],["large-scale hoaxes",["Rubin et al., 2015, p. 86"]],["humorous fakes (news satire, parody, game shows)",["Rubin et al., 2015, p. 86"]]]},{"de":[["ideologically separated, homophilous groups that tend to limit the number of perspectives available to the individual",["Bakir & McStay, 2018"]]]},{"sp":[["single client resonance model",[]]]},{"sp":[["single client resonance model",[]]]},{"sp":[["conceptual schemes",[]]]},{"sp":[["conceptual schemes",[]]]},{"sy":[["confirmation bias",["Lazer et al., 2018"]]]},{"sp":[["single client resonance model",[]]]},{"sp":[["conceptual schemes",[]]]},{"de":[["The final informing science model considered in this paper is referred to as the single client resonance model, shown in Figure 5 (Gill, 2105a, p. 268).",[]]],"rt":[["bias-filter model",["Jamieson & Hyland, 2006"]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["single client resonance model",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["Objective",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["Neutral",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the Russian World as an ideology for Russian soft power has a huge potential because of its positive integrating capacity as opposed to the traditional anti-Western rhetoric",["Maliukevičius, 2013, p. 80"]]],"sy":[["compatriots",[]]],"rt":[["compatriots",[]]]},{"rt":[["nonemotional techniques",[]]],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]],["nonemotional techniques",[]],["propaganda technique",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Loaded language is an emotional technique and it is also by far the most frequent propaganda technique as shown in Table 5 of (Da San Martino et al., 2019) and Table 2 of (Dimitrov et al., 2021).",[]],["Often, loaded language uses sensational adverbs or adjectives to exaggerate a statement.",[]]],"rt":[["emotional technique",[]],["propaganda technique",[]]],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]],["emotional technique",[]],["propaganda technique",[]]]},{"de":[["used propaganda techniques to convince the audience that the fake information was actually authentic",[]]],"rt":[["emotion-triggering language",[]],["logical fallacies",[]]],"sb":[["appeal to authority",[]],["loaded language",[]]]},{"de":[["When it is manipulated or replaced, the complex events described in the article may be drastically changed.",[]]]},{"de":[["the rhetoric of \"Bruderstaaten\" (\"brother states\") and \"socialist friendship,\" which articulated the Soviet vision of amicable relations among the socialist states of Eastern Europe against the backdrop of historical animosities and bipolar geopolitics.",[]]],"rt":[["socialist friendship",[]]]},{"rt":[["corporate identity",[]],["type identity",[]],["role identity",[]]],"sp":[["state identity",[]]]},{"sp":[["state interests",[]]]},{"de":[["The term originated in the early 1950s when newly independent Myanmar and the young People's Republic of China launched a new phase in the relationship between the two countries.",[]],["Myanmar understandings of Pauk Phaw emphasised the power asymmetry between a big and a small brother.",[]],["For China, by contrast, Pauk Phaw (transliterated as 胞波 [bāo bō]) stands for a narrative of traditional familial friendship that draws on an ancient myth.",[]],["By using this term, China-in its efforts to draw Myanmar closer-depicts its neighbour as a close, reliable partner, a family member as it were.",[]],["for Myanmar's leaders, the word connotes a hierarchical relationship or power asymmetry between the old brother, China, and the younger one, Myanmar",["Maung Aung Myoe 2011","Min Zin 2010"]],["Among the general public of Myanmar, Pauk Phaw now means nothing more than \"friend\" or \"acquaintance\"",["Song Xue and Hein Khaing, personal messages to the authors, 4 May 2018"]],["The term \"Pauk Phaw\" has been the most common frame used by China's state media to describe the friendship or solidarity between China and Myanmar.",[]]],"sy":[["fraternal friendship",[]]],"rt":[["fraternal ties of kinship",[]],["Bruderstaaten",[]],["socialist friendship",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["corporate identity",[]],["type identity",[]],["collective identity",[]]],"sp":[["state identity",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["state interests",[]]],"sb":[["the corporate identity dealing with the internal organisation of the state",[]],["the type identity referring to regime type or form of state",[]],["the role identity that is defined by the state's position in relation to other states or international organisations",[]],["the collective identity that denotes the unity of the state and its counterparts",[]]]},{"rt":[["state identities",[]]],"sb":[["survival",[]],["autonomy",[]],["economic well-being",[]],["collective self-esteem",[]]]},{"rt":[["corporate identity",[]],["role identity",[]],["collective identity",[]]],"sp":[["state identity",[]]]},{},{"de":[["colonial legacies and influences are embodied in present-day behaviours and leisure.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["while seemingly universal",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This discursive framework reduced the Orient to essentialized traits, allowing racialized hierarchies to appear natural and inevitable, thereby framing colonial domination as a moral duty rather than systematic exploitation.",["7"]],["Orientalism as a theory often denies agency to the colonized, framing them as passive victims of a monolithic imperial gaze rather than as active participants who negotiated, appropriated and subverted these narratives.",[]],["sport has been Orientalism in action through its narratives of excellence, character and respectability.",[]],["sporting commentary became entangled with racial theory, Orientalist fantasy and imperial concerns about the stability of whiteness in a colonial setting.",[]],["assigning Amritraj a repertoire of mysticism and charm while simultaneously denying him adequate strength and strategic planning",[]],["how Orientalism adapted to new contexts, allowing media institutions to maintain Western centrality even as global power dynamics changed.",[]],["long-standing Orientalist notions that imagined the East as a realm of quiet contemplation, spiritual depth and passivity, which were presumed foreign to the West",[]],["Orientalism in action through its narratives of excellence, character and respectability",[]]],"rt":[["Orientalist fantasy",[]],["Orientalist notions",[]]]},{"de":[["grace, intuition and intellectual craftiness",[]]]},{"de":[["systematically denied them access to the rational, masculine framework of modern athleticism.",["15"]]]},{"de":[["not a generic expression of racism",[]],["It neutralized the threat of the colonized subject excelling at a prestigious imperial game by encoding their victories as esoteric anomalies, and refracting or erasing their own voices, thereby preserving the boundaries of British cultural and athletic supremacy against a variety of international challengers.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the media selected, framed and interpreted the bodies and movements of colonial and postcolonial athletes in ways that systematically reinforced Western epistemological and physical authority, ensuring that the conceptual boundaries of Britishness remained demarcated from its colonial subjects even as the formal apparatus of the empire began to recede.",[]],["This frame operates as an organized, colour-coded set of racialized ideas, stereotypes and emotions that inherently privileges whiteness as the normative standard of civility and modernity, while simultaneously positioning racial 'others' as deviant or exotic.",["12"]]]},{},{"rt":[["TikTok effect",[]]]},{"de":[["Conspiracy power is based on emotions (versus reason), negative publicity, the expected effect is radicalization.",[]]]},{"de":[["whereas until recently a cyberattack or cybercrime was a technogenic hazard of organised or unorganised crime, today it has become a cyber weapon used by state or non-state geopolitical actors in the struggle for power.",[]]],"rt":[["fake-news",[]],["deep-fake",[]]]},{"de":[["insulate a particular perception of a topic from opposing or counterarguments",["Allcott and Gentzkow, 2017"]]],"sy":[["filter bubbles",["Allcott and Gentzkow, 2017"]]],"rt":[["filter bubbles",[]]]},{"de":[["insulate a particular perception of a topic from opposing or counterarguments",["Allcott and Gentzkow, 2017"]]],"rt":[["echo chambers",[]]]},{"rt":[["soft power",[]],["smart power",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["hard power",[]],["smart power",[]]]},{"rt":[["CNN effect",[]]]},{"sp":[["cyber power",[]],["hybrid power",[]],["conspiracy power",[]]]},{},{"de":[["difundido teorías de la conspiración y de desinformación dirigidas tanto al público de la Unión Europea como al de los países del entorno cercano",[]],["narrativas de desinformación sobre el colapso de los valores occidentales",[]],["la desinformación disminuye y se centra en las vacunas",[]],["El fenómeno de la desinformación que recoge la UE va más allá del término «noticias falsas» según se desprende del informe realizado para la Comisión Europea por el Grupo de Expertos de Alto Nivel (HLEG)",[]],["los efectos nocivos de la desinformación debido al aumento de desconfianza institucional y el incremento de las tensiones sociales, y las consecuencias que podía tener para la seguridad interna si se combinaba con ciberataques o en la elaboración de políticas públicas dada su influencia en la opinión pública.",[]],["La desinformación puede afectar a políticas, debates sociales y comportamientos en ámbitos como el del cambio climático, la migración, la seguridad pública, la salud y las finanzas; y puede mermar la confianza en la ciencia y en las pruebas empíricas",["European Commission, 2018b"]]],"sy":[["fake news",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["utilizada por los estados para convertir el poder duro en el poder blando de la legitimidad, credibilidad, superioridad cultural, y dominio normativo",["2005: 47"]]],"rt":[["poder blando",[]],["poder duro",[]]]},{"rt":[["desinformación",[]],["información errónea",[]],["teorías de la conspiración",[]]]},{"de":[["operaciones disruptivas que pueden calificarse como sharp power o poder afilado; utilizado por algunos países para agrietar los sistemas democráticos como el de la UE.",[]],["Es un poder que usa políticas que ayudan a los regímenes autoritarios a coaccionar y manipular opiniones en el extranjero.",[]],["Rusia y China han sido activas a la hora de establecer marcos y han utilizado el sharp power para hacerlo.",[]],["su comunicación y su diplomacia pública, aunque esté trufada de sharp power.",[]]],"sy":[["poder afilado",[]]],"rt":[["soft power",[]],["diplomacia pública",[]]]},{},{},{}] |