File size: 216,837 Bytes
714cbfe | 1 | [{},{},{"de":[["They suggest solutions and thereby have an impact on political decision-making processes",["Chilton, 2004","Entman, 1993"]],["They suggest solutions and thereby have an impact on political decision-making processes (Chilton, 2004;Entman, 1993).",["Chilton, 2004","Entman, 1993"]]]},{},{"de":[["such as a medical / scientific, political / legal, economic, social, or personal context.",[]]],"ex":[["medical / scientific, political / legal, economic, social, or personal context",[]]]},{"de":[["they make a tone-of-voice frame salient in a text.",[]]],"rt":[["rhetorical framing devices",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["rhetorical devices",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["It therefore plays a vital role in both individual and societal responses to a public health crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic.",[]]]},{"de":[["In this context, we also mention the \"framing power\" of metaphors, as metaphorical concepts have the ability to influence how certain topics are perceived.",[]],["metaphors in particular are different from rhetorical devices because of their intrinsic constructive quality.",[]]],"rt":[["rhetorical devices",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["metaphors of spatial orientation",["Lakoff & Johnson, 2003"]]]},{"rt":[["Responsibility framing",[]]]},{"de":[["The appealing character found in some articles, in which the reader was sometimes addressed directly, indicates that people were held directly responsible for what would happen next.",[]],["did not attribute blame, but rather addressed the responsibility for taking action instead.",[]],["Therefore, in using responsibility framing, the studied news articles, for the most part, did not attribute blame, but rather addressed the responsibility for taking action instead.",[]],["responsibility frames clearly addressed the readers as those responsible for action and called for solidarity among readers to prevent a more serious outbreak.",[]]],"rt":[["responsibility frames",[]]]},{"de":[["Structural elements of a text, such as sentences \"that provide thematically reinforcing clusters of facts or judgement\" (Entman, 1993, p. 52) and concluding statements or paragraphs (Tankard, 2001), can also be of interest.",["Entman, 1993","Tankard, 2001"]]],"ex":[["word choices, exemplars, and depictions of principal subjects through the use of modifiers",[]]]},{"de":[["Thus, in relation to the position of readers, it involves framing the pandemic as a local or regional phenomenon (in this case limited to Ischgl, the whole Patznauntal, or Tyrol), a national Austrian or international phenomenon, or without a particular scope",["Pieri, 2019"]],["Thus, in relation to the position of readers, it involves framing the pandemic as a local or regional phenomenon (in this case limited to Ischgl, the whole Patznauntal, or Tyrol), a national Austrian or international phenomenon, or without a particular scope (Pieri, 2019).",["Pieri, 2019"]]]},{},{"ex":[["headlines, subheadings, leads, source selection, and quote selection",[]]]},{"de":[["Their content usually mirrors the headline and lead.",[]]],"rt":[["framing devices",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It may include fear, anger, or sadness, but also reassurance, hope, or satisfaction, among others",["Lee & Basnyat, 2013","Li et al., 2017","Vasterman & Ruigrok, 2013"]],["It may include fear, anger, or sadness, but also reassurance, hope, or satisfaction, among others (Lee & Basnyat, 2013;Li et al., 2017;Vasterman & Ruigrok, 2013).",["Lee & Basnyat, 2013","Li et al., 2017","Vasterman & Ruigrok, 2013"]]]},{"sy":[["weaponization of transparency",[]]]},{"ex":[["the management contract solidifies government expectations and resources for PSM.",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["process transparency",[]]]},{"sp":[["Informational transparency",[]]]},{"sb":[["visibility",[]],["inferability",[]]]},{"ex":[["For PSM, these are captured in media laws and management contracts, and translated to broader audiences on web pages and in annual reports.",[]]]},{"ex":[["competitors and audiences can observe/monitor PSM performances in different dimensions of its operations",[]],["competitors and audiences can observe/monitor PSM performances in different dimensions of its operations.",[]]]},{"de":[["the large volume of disclosed data often obscures rather than illuminates organizational accountability",["Van den Bulck, 2015"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["Informational transparency",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["Big Five personality",[]],["stylometric features",[]]]},{"de":[["Fake news spreaders make users doubt the nature of real news and create the idea that everything is biased and conflicted, and it is impossible to distinguish fake from real news",["25"]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]],"ex":[["a fake news domain, Gateway Pundit, was ranked 4th in August and 6th in September of 2020 among the most shared domains for URLs about COVID-19",["23"]]]},{},{"de":[["such as lexical and syntactic features.",[]]],"ex":[["lexical and syntactic features",[]]]},{"de":[["in terms of stance [18], topics [26], or credibility [7]",["18","26","7"]]],"sp":[["social context-based approaches",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["that are intentionally created",[]]]},{"sy":[["indigenous #MeToo/#WithYou movement",[]]]},{"de":[["often risking a breach of trust, privacy, and rights",["Spicker 2011"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["translation tasks are framed as practices of accountable mediation",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Discourse can depict ecological harm as nobody's fault (\"emissions increased\"), as an inevitable side effect of progress, or as the outcome of identifiable decisions by states, corporations, and consumers.",[]]]},{"de":[["translators can choose active constructions where source texts use impersonal phrasing, or they can clarify who is responsible for decisions when institutional language obscures actors.",[]],["it can also be an ethical strategy when it restores agency and accountability.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In translation, framing can occur through lexical choices, metaphor shifts, reordering of information, and paratextual elements such as headlines, captions, introductions, and editorial commentary",["Machin & Mayr, 2012","Wodak & Meyer, 2001"]],["Treating translation as framing does not imply manipulation; it recognizes that any communicative act must choose a perspective, and that such choices have consequences.",[]]]},{"de":[["translation practices repeatedly function as framing devices",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Translation is one such practice because it selects which narratives become widely available, and it calibrates those narratives for particular audiences.",[]],["In sustainability and health, this calibration often takes the form of depoliticization (rendering conflict as management) or moralization (rendering structural issues as individual virtue).",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Literary translation often permits ambiguity, polyphony, and slow interpretation; news translation, by contrast, privileges speed, coherence, and a single authoritative voice",["Bielsa & Bassnett, 2009"]]]},{},{"de":[["Rather than hiding interpretive dilemmas, paratext can acknowledge uncertainty, explain culturally specific references, and disclose the translator's positionality.",["Venuti, 1995","Tymoczko, 2007"]],["In the context of sustainability and health, paratext can also counter misinformation by clarifying sources and evidentiary status.",[]]],"ex":[["a subtitle or caption can distinguish between evidence-based guidance and opinion, or it can signal when a claim is contested.",[]]]},{"de":[["A common effect of institutional translation is technocratic drift",[]],["Terms related to inequality, labor exploitation, or ecological injustice may be rendered into abstract nouns that obscure who acts and who benefits.",["Fairclough, 1992","van Dijk, 1998"]]]},{"de":[["it requires learners to anticipate what will be unfamiliar, what will be misread, and what needs explanation",["Byram, 1997","Pym, 2012"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["growing instrumentalization of Second World War memory for media propaganda and manipulation",[]]]},{"de":[["it also serves as a major outlet for social and cultural self-expression",["Kukulin 2013, 112"]],["allows internet users to participate in the discussion of current political developments, including the Ukraine crisis (Suslov 2014), and share their opinions on the matters of cultural remembrance such as Second World War commemoration in Russia (Trubina 2010).",["Suslov 2014","Trubina 2010"]]]},{"de":[["the expression of gratitude to veterans/grandparents for their heroism",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["discursive online combats",["Rutten, Fedor, and Zvereva 2013"]]]},{"de":[["used in Serbia for the 1971 Croatian Spring movement.",[]]]},{"rt":[["denotative",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["connotative",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["dissemination",[]]]},{},{"de":[["influences how fairness and cheating are perceived in social media content.",[]]],"sb":[["social",[]],["cultural",[]],["political",[]]]},{"de":[["SEIZ effectively captures how users may engage with, resist, or reject information.",["Gurung et al. (2024a)"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["creates the effect of a balanced presentation of materials",[]]]},{},{"de":[["laws on",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sb":[["source diversity",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Diversity of news resembles a complex and multi-faceted construct.",[]],["the dispersion of the representation of affiliations and status positions of sources used to create a news product",["Voakes et al., 1996, p. 583"]]],"rt":[["source prominence",[]]],"sp":[["Diversity of news",[]]]},{"de":[["whether search engines consistently favor popular sources over minor ones not only in terms of their inclusion, but also with regards to their ranking in the results",[]]],"rt":[["source diversity",[]]]},{"de":[["accuracy represents the assertiveness characteristic of the algorithm in detecting fake news",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["mainly propagated through social media, with intentional use and challenging identification.",[]],["usually a modified version of plausible news to mislead, cause ambiguity or falsehood, and be widely disseminated",[]]],"rt":[["rumor",[]],["SPAM",[]],["disinformation",[]]],"sb":[["clickbait",[]],["propaganda",[]],["satire",[]],["parody",[]],["hoaxes",[]],["conspiracy theories",[]],["rumors",[]],["biased news",[]]],"sp":[["disinformation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The public (the main species in the ecosystem, according to the interviewees) has changed radically; in the interviewees' opinion they are not only the \"audience\" (i.e. passive receivers of information), but also use information in specific ways (the public searches for, clicks on, shares and rates it).",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This can be summarised by the terms \"multiskilled\" and \"multitasking\". In some media outlets, journalists are asked to handle multiple formats (especially digital and audiovisual skills) and they know the intricacies of search-engine optimisation.",[]]],"rt":[["multiskilled",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["Web 1.0",[]]]},{"sy":[["normal tweets",[]]]},{"rt":[["super-communities",[]]]},{"rt":[["internal influence",["44,54"]]]},{"de":[["Hate speech is among the \"online harms\" that are pressing concerns of policymakers, regulators and big tech companies [1].",["1"]],["Hate speech detection is usually modelled as a supervised classification problem, where models are trained to distinguish between examples of hate and normal speech.",[]],["Our machine learning model classifies Twitter posts into four classes, ordered by the level of hate speech they contain: acceptable, inappropriate, offensive, and violent.",[]]],"rt":[["online harms",["1"]],["racism",[]],["sexism",[]],["harassment",[]],["toxicity",[]],["offensive language",[]]],"sb":[["acceptable",[]],["inappropriate",[]],["offensive",[]],["violent",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Unacceptable",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["external influence",["44,54"]]]},{"sp":[["Unacceptable",[]]]},{"de":[["Retweets within the community indicate internal influence, and retweets outside of the community indicate external influence [44,54].",["44","54"]]]},{"de":[["The nodes are Twitter users and edges are retweet links between the users. An edge is directed from the user A who posts a tweet to the user B who retweets it.",[]]]},{"rt":[["network community",[]]]},{},{"de":[["comprising inappropriate (I), offensive (O) and violent (V) tweets.",[]]],"sb":[["Inappropriate",[]],["Offensive",[]],["Violent",[]]]},{"sp":[["Unacceptable",[]]]},{"de":[["Various typologies are proposed for framing, for example some associate frames with specific issues (Entman (1993); Chong and Druckman (2007)), while others such as Card et al. (2015) believe that framing should be perceived as non-issue-specific, and be analyzed with a fixed set of framing dimensions.",[]],["Various frames are used in news articles to persuade the audience by establishing a point of view or supporting one.",[]]]},{"de":[["economic benefits can be used as a generic frame for various issues",[]]],"sp":[["Framing",[]]]},{"de":[["frames can be classified as either generic (issue-independent) or issue-specific",["de Vreese (2005)"]]],"rt":[["issue-specific",["de Vreese (2005)"]]]},{"sp":[["Framing",[]]]},{"rt":[["confirmation bias",[]],["homophily",[]],["selective exposure",[]]]},{"de":[["High absolute values (close to -1 or 1) indicate that the user clearly belongs to one side of the controversy, while central values (close to 0) indicate that the user does not hold a strong opinion.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["media frames",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["opinion pieces",[]],["Letters-to-the-editor",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["the concept of framing consists of two main dimensions; one that refers to the way certain aspects in a text are made more salient (media frames), and one that concerns how frames may affect how people perceive reality (individual frames).",[]]],"rt":[["framing contests",[]]],"sb":[["media frames",[]],["individual frames",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["generic frames",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["discontinuous behavior",[]]]},{"ex":[["promotes fake messages or misleading investments",[]],["affect in a negative way the image of public persons",[]]]},{"de":[["These stressors diminish the satisfaction and pleasure of using social media and can lead to discontinuous behavior, reducing the frequency of staying online.",[]],["Discontinuous behavior is a type of coping strategy, by which the consumer avoids the unpleasant situation of information overload or fake news by ignoring it (Lin et al., 2021).",["Lin et al., 2021"]]],"sy":[["Avoidance behavior",[]],["Avoidance behavior towards social media",["Liu et al., 2021","Lo, 2019","Xiao & Mou, 2019"]]],"sp":[["coping strategy",[]],["coping strategies",[]]]},{"sp":[["coping strategies",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Fatigue arises when a person does not have the necessary ability, competence or personality to do a certain task (Hardy et al., 1997) or if there is a work or informational overload and the activity becomes overwhelming (Lee et al., 2016).",["Hardy et al., 1997","Lee et al., 2016"]],["Social media fatigue is frequently associated with a stressful situation and it can be determined by several factors (Lin et al., 2019).",["Lin et al., 2019"]],["People do not avoid social media just because it contains fake news, but only when this process becomes boring, frustrating, tiring or emotionally draining.",[]],["tiredness (fatigue) and frustration",[]],["reduce their presence on such platforms",[]],["Fatigue is a concept that has also been studied in an offline context and describes the situation in which someone is not able to achieve certain goals although he/she is expected to do so (Dhir et al., 2019;Hardy et al., 1997).",["Dhir et al., 2019","Hardy et al., 1997"]]],"sp":[["Fatigue",[]]]},{"de":[["science journalism is not insulated from the forces shaping the contemporary world. It is entangled with them -epistemically, politically and ethically.",[]],["science journalism does not operate outside politics or power, particularly at a time when science itself is increasingly contested.",[]]]},{"sy":[["overlapping users",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["discourse parsing",[]]]},{"rt":[["Rhetorical Structure Theory",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["Encuadres informativos",[]]]},{"de":[["en las que se achaca a la cobertura periodística sobre la obesidad su identificación como un problema del que el individuo que la padece es responsable y se obvia su condición multifactorial y la incidencia de hábitos sociales, aspectos culturales, medidas políticas, realidades económicas e intereses empresariales",[]]],"sp":[["Encuadres informativos",[]]]},{"de":[["El estigma implica devaluación y denigración social de las personas que se perciben con exceso de peso, y conduce a estereotipos negativos y discriminación hacia esos individuos",["Tomiyama, 2014"]],["el estigma puede interferir con los esfuerzos de la sanidad pública para controlar las epidemias",["Gruskin et al., 1998"]]],"rt":[["prejuicio sobre el peso",[]]]},{"sp":[["Lenguaje utilizado",[]]],"ex":[["\"La mujer era obesa\"",[]],["\"El hombre del autobús es muy obeso\"",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["comiendo alimentos saludables, realizando actividad física",[]]]},{"sp":[["Imágenes",[]]],"ex":[["comiendo alimentos saludables",[]],["realizando actividad física",[]]]},{"de":[["Ponen un énfasis innecesario en el exceso de peso o aíslan partes del cuerpo de una persona (por ejemplo, el abdomen o las nalgas, o personas con la cara tapada); muestran a personas afectadas por la obesidad adoptando comportamientos estereotipados (por ejemplo, comiendo comida basura, adoptando un comportamiento sedentario); muestran a personas afectadas por la obesidad con poca ropa o con un aspecto desaliñado.",[]]],"sp":[["Imágenes",[]]],"ex":[["el abdomen o las nalgas",[]],["personas con la cara tapada",[]],["comiendo comida basura",[]],["adoptando un comportamiento sedentario",[]],["el abdomen o las nalgas, o personas con la cara tapada",[]],["comiendo comida basura, adoptando un comportamiento sedentario",[]]]},{},{"de":[["atribuye la causa de la obesidad a la responsabilidad individual y que difunde la idea de que tener sobrepeso es una elección personal",[]]]},{"rt":[["estigma",["WHO, 2017"]]]},{"sp":[["Lenguaje utilizado",[]]],"ex":[["\"La mujer estaba afectada por la obesidad\"",[]],["\"El hombre con obesidad está en el autobús\"",[]]]},{"de":[["los medios no solo informan, sino que construyen la realidad",[]],["e influyen en las opiniones y actitudes del público",[]],["los medios modelan nuestra percepción del mundo y nos hacen partícipes de su forma de entenderlo",[]]]},{"sy":[["encuadre",[]]],"rt":[["teoría de la agenda-setting",[]]]},{"de":[["Se trata de un proceso de selección de unos pocos elementos de la realidad percibida y de construcción de una narrativa que destaque las conexiones entre ellos para promover una interpretación particular, una determinada visión del mundo que el público asume de algún modo",["Entman, 1993","Sádaba, 2008"]],["Se trata de un proceso de selección de unos pocos elementos de la realidad percibida y de construcción de una narrativa que destaque las conexiones entre ellos para promover una interpretación particular, una determinada visión del mundo que el público asume de algún modo (Entman, 1993;Sádaba, 2008).",["Entman, 1993","Sádaba, 2008"]]],"sy":[["marcos o frames",[]],["framing",[]]],"rt":[["teoría de la agenda-setting o establecimiento de la agenda",[]]]},{"sb":[["positional bias in summarization",[]],["majority label bias in classification",[]]]},{},{"de":[["one of the fundamental social computing tasks in natural language processing",[]]]},{"rt":[["Stance detection",[]]]},{},{"de":[["decomposed accountability into problematization, causal interpretation and attributions of responsibility",[]],["third parties may demand accountability from private organizations when some agent harms their right or interest; such demands are especially relevant in the case of private bodies that receive public funding or exercise public privileges (Bovens, Schillemans, and Goodin 2014), as is the case of corporations 1 (Ciepley 2013).",["Bovens, Schillemans, and Goodin 2014","Ciepley 2013"]]]},{},{"de":[["signaled by words that indicate causality (e. g. cause, have an effect, shape, influence, etc.).",[]]],"rt":[["causal responsibility",["Maia (2009)"]]]},{},{"de":[["arguably part of the normative core of the journalistic profession",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["By constructing the industry as an issue or problem that requires attention and merits debate, it becomes contestable.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["these selective views on issues construct reality in way that leads to different evaluations and recommendations",["Matthes 2011"]]]},{"de":[["Substantive issue frames construct particular meanings and advance specific ways of seeing issues by their patterns of emphasis, interpretation and exclusion (Carragee and Roefs 2004); these selective views on issues construct reality in way that leads to different evaluations and recommendations (Matthes 2011).",[]]],"rt":[["Frames",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Sybil nodes exploit OSN's ready-made connectivity to spread fake news, spamming, influencing polls, recommendations and advertisements, masquerading to get critical information, launching phishing attacks etc.",[]],["fake publishers and subscribers in a crowdsourcing environment",["11"]]],"ex":[["Sybil nodes in MANETS often drop the packets causing packet loss.",[]]]},{"rt":[["slogan",[]]]},{"sp":[["propaganda",[]]]},{"rt":[["slogan",[]]]},{"rt":[["collective strength",[]]]},{"de":[["CDA is a field that is concerned with studying and analyzing written and spoken texts to reveal the discursive sources of power, dominance, inequality, and bias.",["Van Dijk, 2013"]],["CDA is not a uniquely distinctive approach but rather one of many related models that currently engage with discourse at the interface of language and society.",[]]],"rt":[["critical linguistics",[]]],"sp":[["applied linguistics",[]]]},{"de":[["Discourses serve as a means to exercise authority and disseminate knowledge, as well as to challenge and evaluate prevailing systems of power and thought.",[]],["discourse is considered an important form of social practice implemented to maintain social order and improve society",["Fairclough, 1995"]],["discourse contains messages communicated through both linguistic (vocabulary, grammar and rhetoric) and nonlinguistic means (pictures, signs, etc.).",[]],["As discourse is created and shaped by power and ideology, discourse analysis must be carried out as an interdisciplinary science that closely integrates different scientific disciplines",["Van Dijk, 1995"]]]},{"sp":[["propaganda",[]]]},{"de":[["Ideologies play an essential role in the establishment and maintenance of unequal power relations through discourse, for example, by building hegemonic identity narratives or restricting access to specific discourses or public spaces (\"gate-keeping\")",["Reisigl, 2017"]],["This phenomenon is perceived as a modality that governs the interaction between an individual and a particular framework of knowledge on political engagement, wherein the element of political power is subdued through the process of subjectivization.",[]],["ideology can also be considered a mental attribute that includes a set of attitudes, beliefs, values, etc., of a social group, having a close relationship with the economic-political- social interests of that social group",["Van Dijk, 1995"]],["ideology can be attibuted to all political, legal, moral, religious, artistic, and philosophical views reflecting the material living conditions of society and the interests or objectives of certain social classes.",[]],["An ideology not only represents particular class interests but also corresponds closely to the developmental stage of any given society.",[]],["All important economic, political, and social issues and decisions are reinforced with the leading ideology.",[]],["is determined by material conditions, especially the economic relations of a society.",[]]],"rt":[["political discourse",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["black propaganda, which is characterized by deliberate dissemination of false information, deceit, and fabrication",[]],["white propaganda, which originates from an identifiable source and provides accurate information",[]],["gray propaganda, which combines elements of both white and black propaganda models",[]],["black propaganda",[]],["white propaganda",[]],["gray propaganda",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Propaganda slogans play a crucial role in the dissemination of information within the context of propaganda and promotional campaigns.",[]],["Over time, propaganda slogans have undergone significant transformations and have become a formidable tool for conveying viewpoints, policies, and directives of political parties, governmental entities, and sociopolitical institutions.",[]],["Furthermore, propaganda slogans play a substantial role in increasing public knowledge and exerting pedagogical impact.",[]],["Utilized by institutions and organizations as a form of discourse, propaganda slogans are nearly encountered by the general public and are intended to promote political campaigns or objectives.",[]],["The language employed in propaganda slogans is regarded not only as a reflection of societal norms and values but also as a social convention encompassing various linguistic aspects, such as the use of vocabulary, grammar and speech acts.",[]],["propaganda slogans serve as conduits through which various facets of society can be observed, as they are interconnected with the institutional framework and the systems of human perspectives and values.",[]],["At a broad level, propaganda slogans need to possess brevity while also exhibiting elaboration, attractiveness, and the ability to influence recipients' spirit, attitude, mission, self-awareness, and community.",[]],["Regarded as both a discourse and a social entity, these slogans not only reflect national ideologies but also foster a sense of national identity and communal consciousness.",[]]],"rt":[["national ideologies",[]],["national identity",[]],["communal consciousness",[]],["discourse",[]],["social entity",[]]],"ex":[["Road safety is no accident",[]],["Let love warm the family",[]],["The elderly today are our future tomorrow: love and care for the elderly",[]],["Love and compassion bring the greatest happiness",[]]]},{"de":[["Although slogans are called in different ways, they share several common characteristics, such as having short texts, an impersonal and unidirectional style of communication from the sender to the receiver, and having the functions of calling and encouraging the masses into action.",[]],["they share several common characteristics, such as having short texts, an impersonal and unidirectional style of communication from the sender to the receiver, and having the functions of calling and encouraging the masses into action.",[]]],"sy":[["tag or tagline (in the U.S.)",["Tuan, 2011"]],["end or trapline (in the U.K.)",["Tuan, 2011"]],["claim (in Germany)",["Tuan, 2011"]],["signature (in France)",["Tuan, 2011"]]],"rt":[["catchword",[]],["banner",[]],["poster",[]]],"ex":[["When these written slogans are displayed on streamers or flags, they assume the form of a banner.",[]],["When they are inscribed on paper and affixed to a surface, they transform into a poster.",[]]]},{"ex":[["Long live the Vietnamese Communist Party",[]],["Promoting the immortal spirit of the August revolution and national day",[]],["Fight valiantly, be crafty and inventive, control the sea, and resolve to win",[]],["For the Nation's independence, freedom, and happiness, we are answering the Party's calls",[]],["Forward! My soldiers and countrymen! North-South reunion, spring of uttermost happiness",[]],["The Party brings light and prosperity to farmers",[]]]},{"de":[["Halliday's functional and systemic linguistics, which is known as Halliday's Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL).",[]]],"rt":[["Halliday's functional and systemic linguistics",[]]]},{"sp":[["propaganda",[]]]},{"sb":[["text",[]],["discursive practice",[]],["socio-cultural practice",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the relationship between the text and interaction",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["nuclear discourse",[]]]},{"rt":[["nuclear discourse",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["interpretative frames",[]]],"rt":[["issue culture",[]]]},{"de":[["of the Enlightenment",[]]]},{"rt":[["nuclear discourse",[]]],"sp":[["nuclear discourse",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["nuclear discourse",[]]],"sp":[["nuclear discourse",[]]]},{"de":[["social determination of the processes of production and interpretation and their social effects",[]]]},{"de":[["the formal characteristics of a text",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["news framing",[]]]},{},{"de":[["European viewers consider offensive and intrusive",[]]]},{"de":[["linguistic expressions are understood as concrete evidence of how we structure, or construe, conceptual content.",["Langacker 2015: 120"]],["conception is never really neutral -it consists in mental activity, being shaped by the previous experience, capabilities, and current state of the conceptualizer.",[]]],"rt":[["conceptual content",[]]],"sb":[["granularity",[]],["perspective",[]],["prominence",[]]]},{"de":[["roughly comparable to truth conditions, a state of affairs, or the objective situation described",[]]]},{"sp":[["variantivity",[]]]},{"sp":[["variantivity",[]]]},{"sp":[["variantivity",[]]]},{"de":[["a shift in prominence status",[]]],"sp":[["construal",[]]],"ex":[["portions of the conceptual content that comprises a 250 ml container with 125 ml of liquid can be alternately profiled to structure either of the halves as more prominent.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["variantivity",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Several studies on environmental framing show a diversification of frames through the years, in accordance with the political or scientific developments.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the literature of digital mobilization has emphasized the effective role of the internet memes in raising awareness of the political discourse regarding issues such as climate crisis, bearing the potential of agenda-setting and of establishing online networks.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["where the new affordances and features of social media platforms have modified how digital users evaluate public opinion, perceive source credibility and gauge the opinion climate, leading to the position to speak out",["Leong & Ho, 2021"]]]},{},{"de":[["involving users' feelings about social media content and their reactions towards it",["Bennett et al., 2011"]]]},{"sp":[["Response bias",[]]]},{"de":[["Positive values indicate a so-called conservative bias",[]]],"sp":[["response bias",[]]]},{"rt":[["correct rejection",[]],["Correctly rejecting a false statement is a correct rejection",[]]]},{"de":[["negative values indicate a liberal bias",[]]],"sp":[["response bias",[]]]},{"de":[["Higher levels of press freedom allow for greater journalistic independence, fostering investigative reporting and critical coverage of political actors",["Brüggemann et al., 2014","Humprecht et al., 2020","Štětka & Mihelj, 2024"]]]},{"de":[["Response bias was quantified using the SDT criterion (c), which represents the decision threshold",[]],["the absolute response bias was computed as the absolute value of the normalized criterion to capture the magnitude of bias.",[]]],"sb":[["absolute response bias",[]]]},{"de":[["In this framework, true statements functioned as signals and false statements as noise.",[]]]},{"de":[["Sensitivity was measured as the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (Swets, 1996).",[]],["ROC curves plot HR against FAR across thresholds, and the area under the curve AUC summarizes the overall ability to distinguish true from false statements.",[]]],"rt":[["AUC",[]]]},{"de":[["highquality news providers also publish content on these platforms, previous research shows that acquiring political knowledge through them is less effective",["van Erkel & Van Aelst, 2020"]],["relatively higher prevalence of misinformation and conspiratorial content on social network sites",["Bessi et al., 2016","Rojecki & Meraz, 2016","Vosoughi et al., 2018"]],["frequent exposure to such news leads to the acquisition of misperceptions",["Garrett et al., 2016","Vliegenthart et al., 2024"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Rural myths are both real and imagined -a juxtaposition and a blending of the 'somatic' and the symbolic.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Conventionally understood as a negative moral evaluation",["Kampf & Katriel, 2016"]],["Blame consists of two essential components: (1) the perceived avoidable harm, meaning that harm could have been avoided if the situation had been handled differently, and (2) the perceived responsibility, indicating that the harm was caused by an identifiable individual, group, or entity that holds moral capabilities",["Sulitzeanu-Kenan & Hood, 2005"]]],"sb":[["perceived avoidable harm, meaning that harm could have been avoided if the situation had been handled differently",[]],["perceived responsibility, indicating that the harm was caused by an identifiable individual, group, or entity that holds moral capabilities",["Sulitzeanu-Kenan & Hood, 2005"]]]},{"de":[["manifested at the textual level, where it emerges as a common characteristic of various forms of journalistic content, including news reporting, background pieces, analyses, editorials, and opinion pieces.",[]]],"rt":[["self-blame",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["blame frames",["Herfroy-Mischler & Friedman, 2020"]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["cultural causality",[]]]},{"de":[["When socioeconomic causality is used in cultural problem frames, cultural tensions and conflicts associated with migration are discursively construed as results of discrimination by the recipient population combined with inadequate socioeconomic conditions.",[]]],"rt":[["security and economic problem frames",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["In cases where socioeconomic causality is utilized to frame migration as an economic burden, public financial expenses associated with migration are discursively construed as results of exclusion and discrimination by the recipient population, which, in turn, prevents migrants from obtaining employment and contributing to the economy.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Episodic frames tend to focus on individual stories and highly emotional input",["Iyengar, 1991"]]]},{"de":[["often used to express approval, disapproval, preferences, emotions, or biases",["Kampf & Katriel, 2016"]],["Evaluative discourse is often used to express approval, disapproval, preferences, emotions, or biases",["Kampf & Katriel, 2016"]],["Evaluative discourse is often used to express approval, disapproval, preferences, emotions, or biases (Kampf & Katriel, 2016).",["Kampf & Katriel, 2016"]]]},{},{"de":[["in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described",["Entman, 1993:52"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["socioeconomic causality is associated with a particular blame attribution strategy, where blame for crime and terrorism committed by migrants is discursively attributed to the recipient society (i.e., we have not accommodated them sufficiently).",[]]]},{"de":[["thematic frames focus on trends over time and highlight broad historical contexts",["Iyengar, 1991"]]]},{"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{"ex":[["political affiliation, age, mood",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["suitable to conceptualise this element of the ideological public sphere.",[]],["It is thus suitable as a collective term for the compromise-forming communicative values to which the mass media are oriented.",[]],["it also entails an ideal or, in hegemony theory terms, an 'empty signifier' capable of organising broader social consent.",[]],["shaped by compromise-forming values such as impartiality, journalistic diligence, and the search for truth",[]],["can be called upon by lower levels of the public sphere, bypassing the current mass media representatives to bring about changes in the editorial offices and the compromise balances.",[]]],"rt":[["empty signifier",[]]]},{},{"de":[["it consists of sedimented experiences and represents the background against which new experiences can be made.",[]],["The elements of everyday understanding are fed from different sources, such as traditional convictions and experiences gathered in one's own social career, patterns of life forms and ideas resulting from belonging to certain milieus, social groups, or different role expectations, as well as problems and experiences resulting from concrete contexts of action such as the family or at work.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It is from these values that mass media and the autonomy of the journalistic field legitimise themselves, but in this process the consensus-creating values are also interpreted in an influential way, i.e. in the sense of the aforementioned condensation of power relations.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["A particular demand takes on the role of a universal representation ordering and integrating many demands, thus ensuring the coherence of a system of meaning.",[]],["in that it gradually loses its concrete content and its 'organic' reference to its origins within social groups and their specific interpretations.",[]]]},{"de":[["the 'gatekeeper paradigm' that has long dominated the understanding of public-opinion formation",[]]]},{"de":[["The still preserved antagonistic social relations, however, lead to restrictions in communicative learning at the latest at the point of a group or class becoming the hegemonic force.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Popular communication is not primarily about invoking 'imaginary' polities but about self-empowerment that advances the formation and refinement of the needs and capacities, including the communicative ones, for self-socialisation.",[]],["In the end, communicative subalternity is no longer needed to gain agency and all people would be included in the communicative learning process.",[]]]},{"de":[["widely used to refer to the politicisation of various social groups, sometimes pejoratively, sometimes benevolently",[]]]},{},{"de":[["These media aim at the empowerment of one social group or class at the cost of other social groups or classes by bracketing mass media's consensus creation.",[]],["Populist communication foregoes popular communicative learning and compromise-building learning processes associated with the rise in the institutions of the ideological public sphere.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["where the 'organisation of social experience' (Negt and Kluge, 1993: 3ff.) takes place in a topically structured communication process.",["Negt and Kluge, 1993: 3ff."]]],"rt":[["antagonistic media",[]],["compromise-building mass media",[]],["interplay of publics",[]]],"sb":[["encounter level",[]],["topic and assembly publics",[]],["complex publics",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["middle levels of the 'topic and assembly publics'",[]]]},{},{"de":[["A parties, individuals, groups, or nations that criticize each other.",[]],["A narrative that refers to two or more sides of an issue or problem.",[]],["A narrative that refers to the winning party or the losing party.",[]]],"sb":[["A parties, individuals, groups, or nations that criticize each other.",[]],["A narrative that refers to two or more sides of an issue or problem.",[]],["A narrative that refers to the winning party or the losing party.",[]]],"sp":[["generic frames",[]],["frames",[]]]},{"de":[["A narrative that refers to two or more sides of an issue or problem.",[]]],"rt":[["A parties, individuals, groups, or nations that criticize each other.",[]],["A narrative that refers to the winning party or the losing party.",[]]]},{"sb":[["responsibility",[]],["human interest",[]],["conflict",[]],["morality",[]],["economic consequences",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Narratives that use adjectives or personal backgrounds that generate feelings of anger, empathy, compassion, sympathy, and compassion.",[]],["A narrative that emphasises how individuals and groups are involved with an issue or problem.",[]],["A narrative that takes place directly in one's personal life.",[]],["The narrative contains visual information that may generate feelings of anger, empathy, affection, sympathy, or compassion.",[]]]},{"de":[["The dominance of the human-interest frame suggests that Bernama prioritised engaging the audience by focusing on personal stories and human experiences related to political issues.",[]],["indicates a concerted effort to connect with audiences on a personal level, thereby humanising the election process.",[]]],"sp":[["generic frames",[]],["frames",[]]],"ex":[["This approach can help humanise complex political events, making them more relatable and emotionally engaging for the audience, which is crucial in shaping public sentiment and fostering voter engagement.",[]]]},{"de":[["Media framing involves the use of specific angles, perspectives, and language in reporting, influencing how audiences interpret and emotionally react to the information.",[]],["By emphasizing certain aspects of a story and downplaying others, media framing affects how people perceive political events and issues.",[]],["frames act as symbolic tools that organise and simplify complex issues, helping audiences navigate and comprehend global events.",[]]],"rt":[["episodic and thematic frames",[]],["core news frames",[]]],"sb":[["problem characterisation",[]],["causal interpretation",[]],["evaluation",[]],["recovery recommendations",[]]]},{"de":[["This narrative refers to morality, divinity, and the pillars of other religions.",[]],["Narrative that offers specific social direction on how to act.",[]]],"sb":[["This narrative refers to morality, divinity, and the pillars of other religions.",[]],["Narrative that offers specific social direction on how to act.",[]]],"sp":[["generic frames",[]],["frames",[]]]},{},{"de":[["These narrative states that there are several levels of government or organization responsible for an issue or problem.",[]],["This narrative suggests a solution to an issue or problem.",[]],["This narrative suggests that an individual or group in society is responsible for an issue or problem.",[]],["This narrative suggests that immediate action should be taken on the problem.",[]]]},{"de":[["This frame likely served to highlight the role of various political figures, parties, or institutions in resolving key issues, which could help clarify the political stakes for the audience.",[]],["an important aspect of shaping public opinion and ensuring that political actors are held accountable for their actions.",[]]],"sb":[["These narrative states that there are several levels of government or organisation that have a responsibility to alleviate the problem.",[]],["These narrative states that there are several levels of government or organisation responsible for an issue or problem.",[]],["This narrative suggests a solution to an issue or problem.",[]],["This narrative suggests that an individual or group in society is responsible for an issue or problem.",[]],["This narrative suggests that immediate action should be taken on the problem.",[]]],"sp":[["generic frames",[]],["frames",[]]]},{"rt":[["historical falsification",[]]],"ex":[["Donation of Constantine, fabricated to legitimize the temporal power of the popes and unmasked by Lorenzo Valla in the fifteenth century",["2007"]],["Protocols of the Elders of Zion, an antisemitic forgery designed to promote the idea of a worldwide Jewish conspiracy",["De Michelis, 2025"]]]},{"rt":[["documentary falsification",[]]]},{"de":[["addresses the meaning of events (the motivational dimension)",[]],["tends to construct overarching narratives about movements or political formations, often overlooking the individual roles of actors.",[]],["remains a general truth",[]],["To understand and explain events and social processes",[]]],"sy":[["Social Truth",[]]],"rt":[["judicial truth",[]],["narrative truth",[]]]},{"de":[["tends to construct overarching narratives about movements or political formations, often overlooking the individual roles of actors.",[]]]},{"de":[["From this perspective, the particular is not subordinate to the system but is the very locus where relations of meaning connecting the individual to the social and symbolic context are condensed.",[]]]},{"de":[["concerns the attribution of individual responsibility (the causal dimension)",[]],["concerns the personal responsibility of each defendant and requires empirical proof of the acts attributed to them",[]],["To determine possible individual responsibility",[]]],"rt":[["historical truth",[]],["narrative truth",[]]]},{"de":[["bear little relation to the actual sequence of events -some of them entirely fabricated in the absence of any supporting evidence",[]],["function as narrative devices that have provided meaning and cohesion to national events, helping to shape shared symbolic horizons.",[]]]},{"de":[["a discursive regime strongly appealing to emotion, one that rests on widely shared beliefs rather than empirically verified facts, and which tends to be accepted as truthful while shaping public opinion.",[]],["This mode of knowledge privileges rhetoric over proof, turning possibility into persuasion and contributing to the spread of conspiratorial or mythic explanations.",[]],["assigns responsibility for the disaster to the greed for power and profit of economic actors such as SADE, as well as to the passive or active complicity of public authorities, both local and national, which should have exercised oversight and preventive control.",[]],["This refers to a discursive regime strongly appealing to emotion, one that rests on widely shared beliefs rather than empirically verified facts, and which tends to be accepted as truthful while shaping public opinion.",[]]],"rt":[["judicial truth",[]],["historical truth",[]],["historical",[]],["judicial",[]],["conspiratorial narratives",[]]],"sp":[["forms of truth",[]]],"ex":[["a narrative truth -centered on the false \"race to testing\" myth -has become dominant over time.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["generic frames",[]]]},{"sp":[["generic frames",[]],["journalistic frames",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["generic frames",[]],["journalistic frames",[]]]},{"de":[["By making these specific linguistic choices, journalists reveal directly their true feelings and allow their own thoughts and experiences shape their news articles.",[]]],"sp":[["trauma frame",[]]]},{"de":[["Frames play the role of giving meaning to the world, but their characteristic is that they operate at the individual level",["Scheufele, 2006"]]],"rt":[["journalistic frames",[]]],"sb":[["human-interest frame",[]],["economic consequences frame",[]],["conflict frame",[]],["Morality/religion frame",[]]],"ex":[["choice of words, language and style of writing with metaphors, exemplars, descriptions, arguments and visual images",["Scheufele & Tewksbury, 2007"]]]},{"sp":[["generic frames",[]],["journalistic frames",[]]]},{"de":[["many articles referred to the serious repercussions such as severe sleep disorders, anxiety, and feelings of depression that the lockdown and the lack of physical contactcaresses, kisses and hugs -could have on people's mental health",[]]],"sp":[["Trauma Frame",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["framing",[]]],"sb":[["human-interest frame",[]],["economic consequences frame",[]],["conflict frame",[]],["Morality/religion frame",[]]],"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{"sp":[["generic frames",[]],["journalistic frames",[]]]},{"de":[["journalists who shared the same experiences, used their story protagonists to essentially outsource their own exhaustion, despair and pain",[]]],"sp":[["Trauma Frame",[]]],"ex":[["hungry and malnourished children that were often absent from classes, nervous and not in the mood to attend their lessons",[]],["an old woman that lost her life when her house was set on fire by a candle she lit as she had no money to pay the electricity",[]],["people who were left homeless",[]],["People who lost their loved ones without a chance to say goodbye, or stories about whole families that caught the virus and died the one after the other",[]]]},{"rt":[["strategic ritual of objectivity",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Apart from merely reflecting their sources' feelings, however, we argue that is some cases, the trauma frame reveals journalists' own emotions as shaped during this decade of continuous traumatic events.",[]],["it is used to describe people's traumatic experiences but also to reveal journalists' own emotions.",[]]],"rt":[["attribution of responsibility",[]],["conflict",[]],["human interest",[]],["economic consequences",[]],["morality",[]]],"sb":[["Personal Traumatic Stories",[]],["Impact on Mental Health",[]],["traumatic impact",[]],["emotionally charged texts",[]],["the traumatic impact of both crises on people's mental health",[]]],"sp":[["frames that journalists tend to use to cover the news",[]]]},{"de":[["focusing explicitly on journalists themselves as subjects of various traumatic symptoms such as depression, burn out and PTSD",[]],["Most of the studies in the field of trauma journalism (e.g. Smith et al., 2018;Papadopoulou & Maniou, 2020), are focusing explicitly on journalists themselves as subjects of various traumatic symptoms such as depression, burn out and PTSD (Pyevich et al., 2003;Newman et al., 2003;Dworznik, 2011;Feinstein et al., 2018;Wahl-Jorgensen, 2020).",["Smith et al., 2018","Papadopoulou & Maniou, 2020","Pyevich et al., 2003","Newman et al., 2003","Dworznik, 2011","Feinstein et al., 2018","Wahl-Jorgensen, 2020"]]]},{},{"de":[["Fairclough (2015) conceptualises discourse not only as language but as a social practice through which ideology is circulated and authority is legitimised",[]]],"sy":[["CDA",[]]],"sb":[["textual dimension",[]],["discursive practice dimension",[]],["sociocultural dimension",[]]],"rt":[["discourse",[]]]},{"sp":[["Framing Theory",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["Critical Discourse Analysis",[]]]},{"de":[["revealing how meaning is manufactured through repetition, tone, narrative sequencing, and authority attribution within media texts",[]]]},{"de":[["Rather than functioning as a neutral medium, the press highlights particular narrative threads, assigns causality, and shapes public interpretation through lexical repetition, sentence sequencing, and moral positioning (Entman, 1993)",[]],["The mechanism of framing constructs not only perception but emotional response, persuading readers that poverty alleviation was an inevitable and celebrated endpoint rather than a complex social negotiation embedded in uneven histories (Hutagalung, 2024)",[]],["Rather than functioning as a neutral medium, the press highlights particular narrative threads, assigns causality, and shapes public interpretation through lexical repetition, sentence sequencing, and moral positioning",["Entman, 1993"]]]},{},{"de":[["The second stage involved linguistic annotation, where texts were marked for lexical patterns such as evaluative adjectives, agency verbs, metaphors, and cultural imagery.",[]]]},{"de":[["Rather than existing as passive reflections of reality, frames selectively highlight certain aspects of information while marginalising others, thereby influencing how audiences interpret meaning (Entman, 1993).",["Entman, 1993"]],["Therefore, framing theory supports this research by revealing how meaning is manufactured through repetition, tone, narrative sequencing, and authority attribution within media texts.",[]],["Rather than existing as passive reflections of reality, frames selectively highlight certain aspects of information while marginalising others, thereby influencing how audiences interpret meaning",["(Entman, 1993)"]]]},{},{"de":[["When People's Daily consistently foregrounds national triumph, minorities become symbolic citizens embedded within an achievement narrative.",[]],["When Hunan Daily foregrounds personal struggle, cultural labour, and entrepreneurial initiative, minorities become active subjects of their own transformation.",[]]]},{"de":[["representation is not a neutral textual description, but a political act of identity construction.",[]],["The way media narrate poverty intervention determines whether minority groups are viewed as capable agents or passive recipients of benevolence.",[]]]},{"de":[["Hall (1997) argues that representation is a meaning-making practice through which social groups are defined, labelled, and positioned",[]]],"rt":[["representation",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Critical Discourse Analysis",[]]]},{"de":[["Such framing reflects what representation theorists call a symbolic inclusion model, where identity is present but voice is limited.",[]]],"sp":[["Representation",[]]]},{"sp":[["Critical Discourse Analysis",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the use of anecdotes may overshadow broader issues",[]],["Provides the fullest possible insight not merely about an individual but also about individuals in relationship with one another.",[]],["Provides the fullest possible insight about the broader organizational, professional, and social contexts of a topic.",[]],["Illustrates the tug of different viewpoints within the same situation or works with one or more other anecdotes to reflect multiple viewpoints.",[]],["Is not so highly emotional that it overshadows the broader point of a story.",[]]]},{"de":[["Good anecdotes, although they focus on an individual, may point out how that individual interacts with other people, as well as with organizations and institutions.",[]],["In this light, anecdotes are morally a double-edged sword.",[]],["Anecdotes are ethically significant in the context of this perspective because they can help to portray the web of personal relationships and responsibilities involved in ethical situations.",[]],["anecdotes may awaken attention both to the suffering of individuals and the social context of their difficulties.",[]]],"ex":[["Anecdotes can dramatically represent the difficulties that individuals, including women facing illnesses such as breast cancer, face in relation to their families and others outside their families, such as physicians.",["34"]]]},{"sp":[["exemplification",[]]]},{},{"de":[["tends to prompt television news audiences to attribute responsibility for issues to individuals rather than social factors.",[]]],"rt":[["human interest frames",[]]]},{"de":[["The ideal of care is thus an activity of relationship, of seeing and responding to need, taking care of the world by sustaining the web of connection so that no one is left alone.",["32"]],["this examination of the particulars of Oskamp's daily life might evoke empathy for her suffering and consideration of the justice of the system of care for her",[]],["underlines the importance of relationships and responsibilities.",[]],["\"The ideal of care is thus an activity of relationship, of seeing and responding to need, taking care of the world by sustaining the web of connection so that no one is left alone.\"",["32"]]]},{"de":[["The relationship of persons and communities takes priority over either alone.",[]]],"rt":[["communitarian political theory",[]],["theology",[]]]},{"ex":[["taking an expensive gift from a news source-or, at the ethical end of the spectrum, accepting a free cup of c0ffee.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["exemplification",[]]]},{"sp":[["exemplification",[]]]},{},{"de":[["once a particular topic, issue, or event has received a critical mass of coverage, it is seen as more newsworthy and will therefore receive even more coverage",["Boydstun et al., 2014"]]]},{"de":[["hypothesis that intermedia agenda setting is present as storms migrate through the media ecosystem.",[]]],"rt":[["media storm",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Whereas news waves are identified based on an increase in coverage relative to the number of events, media hypes are defined by a self-reinforcing process of news production resulting in an increased number of articles pertaining to a single issue.",[]]],"rt":[["news waves",[]]]},{"de":[["explosive and long-lasting stories that arise in the news ecosystem",[]],["media storms play an important role in saturating coverage on a single story.",[]],["distinguish media storms as a phenomenon with distinct temporal and topical characteristics.",[]],["the typical storm follows a pattern of explosive coverage (peaking within the first few days), followed by a gradual decline in attention.",[]],["operationalized this concept as at least a 150% increase in coverage of an issue, lasting at least a week, and comprising at least 20% of a paper's coverage devoted to the issue during that time.",["Boydstun et al. (2014)"]]],"rt":[["news waves",[]],["media hypes",[]],["intermedia agenda setting",[]]],"ex":[["Some events, such as accusations of sexual assault against Joe Biden, trigger media storms involving hundreds of news articles across dozens of outlets.",[]],["Others, such as airlines cancelling flights due to staffing shortages, have a much smaller footprint, but still persist in the news cycle for more than a week.",[]]]},{"de":[["Working with the notions of a high volume of sustained coverage across multiple outlets for a sustained period of time",[]],["media storms tend to be more skewed towards certain issues than overall media coverage",[]],["Using the 98 storms in our data, we show how they migrate through the media ecosystem via structured lead-lag relationships between outlets and how their development is associated with increased interest in the broader topic or issue that the storm is about.",[]],["operationalized this concept as at least a 150% increase in coverage of an issue, lasting at least a week, and comprising at least 20% of a paper's coverage devoted to the issue during that time.",["Boydstun et al. (2014)"]]],"rt":[["storm mode",[]],["story cluster",[]],["multimedia-ness",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["media storms",[]]]},{"rt":[["cámaras de eco",["Jamieson y Cappella, 2008","Sunstein, 2009"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["los derechistas se refieren al individualismo, los mercados libres y una intervención gubernamental limitada para promover el crecimiento económico",[]]]},{"de":[["los izquierdistas abogan por una mayor intervención del gobierno en la sociedad para abordar las desigualdades y proteger a los grupos marginados, mientras que los derechistas se refieren al individualismo, los mercados libres y una intervención gubernamental limitada para promover el crecimiento económico.",["Kitschelt, 2004"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["it is promising to solve the data sparsity problem and improve the performance of all domains by exploiting data from multiple domains",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Sense-making is thus inherently co-created, through agents modifying their environment and reacting to changes made by others.",[]]],"rt":[["extended [6] and stigmergic [16] cognition",["6","16"]]]},{"de":[["play a central role in assessing epistemic quality of content, both for humans [13,16] and machines [14], due to the sheer volume of information as well as challenges in endogenous content interpretation.",["13","16","14"]],["can be thought of as digital traces of human attention, whose primacy as indicators of epistemic value makes them precious resources, whether for extractive (e.g., ad-tech) or constructive (e.g., collective sense-making) purposes.",[]],["Stigmergic markers may be explicitly left by users (e.g., likes) or implicitly recorded through their behavior (e.g., link click-through data, reading time).",[]]],"sp":[["stigmergy",[]]],"ex":[["likes, annotations, hyperlinking of text",[]],["link click-through data, reading time",[]]]},{},{"de":[["informational bias depends fundamentally on the context of the sentence (Guo and Zhu, 2022b;van den Berg and Markert, 2020), arises from manipulation of information or selective presentation of content in a factual way, e.g., use of quotes, to evoke reader's emotions towards news entities (Fan et al., 2019;van den Berg and Markert, 2020).",["Guo and Zhu, 2022b","van den Berg and Markert, 2020","Fan et al., 2019"]],["informational bias spans predominantly encapsulate entire sentences",["Fan et al., 2019","Maab et al., 2023a"]]],"rt":[["lexical bias",[]]],"sp":[["media bias",[]],["bias",[]]]},{"de":[["lexical bias spans are ob-served in concise words or phrases",[]]],"rt":[["informational bias",[]]],"sp":[["media bias",[]],["bias",[]]]},{"rt":[["informational bias",[]],["lexical bias",[]]],"sb":[["informational bias",[]],["lexical bias",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["hoaxes",[]],["satires",[]],["clickbaits",[]]]},{"de":[["Agenciamento significava ação, decisão e também, escolha, dentro das limitações técnicas oferecidas no momento da impressão do jornal e das limitações financeiras de cada grupo de propaganda anarquista, resultando num modelo que representasse o melhor custo-benefício no momento de confecção de cada edição do jornal.",[]]],"rt":[["posicionamento",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["instrumento de educação e não como fonte de lucro",[]]]},{"de":[["A imprensa burguesa, hoje, é instrumento direto do capitalismo.",["18"]]],"sy":[["imprensa burguesa",[]]],"rt":[["jornais comerciais",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["agenciamento",[]]]},{"de":[["search jointly for information online to evaluate the credibility of claims disseminated on social media.",[]],["making people's deliberations about the credibility of online information visible (audible).",[]],["Because they were fact-checking together online, using a shared screen, our participants were required to make their thinking explicit, as they planned their search, formulated terms, and so on.",[]],["how a participant fact-checked with this particular partner might differ from how they would factcheck with another partner or on their own.",[]]],"sy":[["joint fact-checking",[]]]},{},{"de":[["cultural identity -as both a motive and a constraint -in the investigation of fact-checking processes",[]],["dimensions of cultural identity, such as religion and ethnicity.",[]],["For the purposes of the present study, we defined cultural identity operationally as a person's selfcategorization in terms of gender and/or nationality",["Phinney and Ong, 2007"]],["We use the term cultural identity rather than social identity because we focus here on a particular subset of social identities, namely, gender and nationality.",[]]],"rt":[["social identity",[]]],"sb":[["gender",[]],["nationality",[]]],"sp":[["social identities",[]]]},{},{"de":[["it is not the evaluation of a specific claim that is adapted to cohere with the person's prior beliefs but rather the evaluative criteria themselves (Gottlieb and Wineburg, 2012, p.11)",[]]],"rt":[["confirmation bias",["Tversky and Kahneman, 1974"]],["cognitive dissonance",["Festinger, 1957"]],["confirmation bias (Tversky and Kahneman, 1974)",[]],["cognitive dissonance (Festinger, 1957)",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["cultural identity",[]]]},{},{"de":[["opening a new tab and checking that the format of the Forbes website corresponds to the format of the site they have just viewed",[]]]},{},{"de":[["At its core, CRML assists students in understanding that all media messages (a) are generated by people; (b) utilize specific and intentional language; (c) are perceived in different ways; (d) are created from a specific perspective and are value-laden; and (e) are designed with the purpose of obtaining and maintaining power and/or profit (Kellner & Share, 2005).",["Kellner & Share, 2005"]],["CRML offers a frame through which teachers and students can confront racist, colonial, classist, ableist, and heteronormative representations in media; interrogate the messages represented in problematic media messages; and navigate the complexities of representation in the classroom and society (Doerr-Stevens & Buckley-Marudas, 2019;Hawkman & Shear, 2017;Hawkman & Van Horn, 2019;Kellner & Share, 2005;King, 2017;Shear, 2018;Uzum, Yazan, Avineri, & Akayoglu, 2019;Yazbak Abu Ahmad & Hoter, 2019;Yosso, 2002).",["Doerr-Stevens & Buckley-Marudas, 2019","Hawkman & Shear, 2017","Hawkman & Van Horn, 2019","Kellner & Share, 2005","King, 2017","Shear, 2018","Uzum, Yazan, Avineri, & Akayoglu, 2019","Yazbak Abu Ahmad & Hoter, 2019","Yosso, 2002"]],["At its core, CRML assists students in understanding that all media messages (a) are generated by people; (b) utilize specific and intentional language; (c) are perceived in different ways; (d) are created from a specific perspective and are value-laden; and (e) are designed with the purpose of obtaining and maintaining power and/or profit",["Kellner & Share, 2005"]]]},{"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]],"ex":[["... information released by investigative reporter Laura Loomer proves that authorities have directly lied to the American people about the case at least once ...",[]]]},{"de":[["In some instances, it leverages prejudices to obtain the desired response.",["Da San Martino et al., 2019b","Dimitrov et al., 2021"]]],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]]},{"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]],"ex":[["... the likelihood that this disease will move to other more densely populated regions of the planet has become a huge concern for many.",[]]]},{"sb":[["dictatorship",[]]],"ex":[["Either you stand with BDS, Hamas, blood libels and those who want to destroy Israel or with Jews.",[]]]},{"de":[["In the extreme, it morphs into dictatorship when the choice is made for the audience, and all other options are considered impossible.",["Da San Martino et al., 2019b","Dimitrov et al., 2021"]]],"sb":[["dictatorship",[]]],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]]},{"de":[["The data also includes scapegoating in this category -moving the blame to a person or group without considering the issue's complexities.",["Da San Martino et al., 2019b","Dimitrov et al., 2021"]]],"sb":[["scapegoating",[]],["moving the blame to a person or group without considering the issue's complexities",[]]],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]],"ex":[["On the other hand, it knows that by seeking continued secrecy, it's essentially an implicit acknowledgment of guilt.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Black-and-white Fallacy",[]]]},{"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]],"ex":[["What happened during the 6 minutes between Campos being shot and Paddock opening fire, and why weren't the police rushing to the scene immediately?",[]],["Why is the U.S. singling out Iran ...",[]]]},{"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]],"ex":[["Whatever definition that one might put on that nebulous term, no reasonable person can honestly believe that the release of 50-year-old records are going to result in the United States falling into the ocean or even that the communists are going to take over the federal government.",[]]]},{"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]],"ex":[["\"I want to get our soldiers out. I want to bring our soldiers back home,\" Trump said.",[]],["it is time to take our government back ...",[]]]},{"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]]},{"de":[["It often exploits stereotypes and vagueness.",["Da San Martino et al., 2019b","Dimitrov et al., 2021"]]],"rt":[["metaphor",[]]],"sp":[["persuasion techniques",[]],["propagandist technique",[]],["propaganda techniques",[]]],"ex":[["... disastrous [nuclear deal]",[]],["On both of their blogs the pair called their bans from entering the UK \"a striking blow against freedom\" and said the \"the nation that gave the world the Magna Carta is dead\".",[]],["\"... disastrous [nuclear deal]\"",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This technique seeks a love or hate emotional response, and it could also alter the semantic frame (e.g., \"Crooked Hillary\" or \"Deep State officials\").",[]]],"rt":[["metaphor",[]]],"sp":[["persuasion techniques",[]],["propagandist technique",[]],["propaganda techniques",[]]],"ex":[["Crooked Hillary",[]],["Deep State officials",[]],["\"It's embarrassing for this so-called land of democracy and freedom of speech,\" he said.",[]],["\"Crooked Hillary\"",[]],["\"Deep State officials\"",[]]]},{"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]]},{"rt":[["persuasion techniques",[]],["political bias",[]],["misinformation",[]],["fake news",[]]]},{"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]],"ex":[["The jury of six men and six women, including three immigrants, found the Mexican national not guilty ...",[]]]},{"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]],"ex":[["Exactly what this \"special need\" is that can constitute a Gestapo like police state surveilling its own citizens is a moving target that has already been proven to be abused over and over again.",[]]]},{"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]],"ex":[["Take notice, Dutch Prime Minister Rutte. Take notice, Mrs. Merkel or President Macron. Take notice: the future is ours and not yours",[]]]},{"sp":[["Causal Oversimplification",[]]]},{"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]],"ex":[["Christianity is Europe's last hope.",[]]]},{"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]],"ex":[["No honor, no integrity, no principles, no morals, ...",[]]]},{"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]],"ex":[["His opinion is: \"Take it seriously, but with a large grain of salt.\" Which is just Allen's more nuanced way of saying: \"Don't believe it.\"",[]]]},{"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]],"ex":[["This whole idea of a two-state solution, it doesn't work.",[]]]},{"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]]},{},{"de":[["researchers have studied how partisan cues in the form of slogans, talking points, and political labels make it easier for individuals to reach decisions efficiently",[]]]},{"de":[["about science and society as major factors shaping public views of policy debates",[]]],"sb":[["scientific optimism",[]],["scientific reservations",[]]]},{"de":[["the science-related schema identified in this study are likely to be more stable over time, less volatile, and have greater predictive power in assessing public opinion and in pro-actively addressing sources of contention or controversy.",[]]],"rt":[["scientific reservations",[]]],"sb":[["scientific reservations",[]],["scientific optimism",[]]]},{"rt":[["science optimists",[]]],"sp":[["schema",[]],["science and society schema",[]]]},{"rt":[["science pessimists",[]]],"sp":[["schema",[]],["science and society schema",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["Media effect",[]]]},{"de":[["common thinking flaws",["Zagury-Orly (2020)"]]],"rt":[["confirmation bias",[]]]},{},{"de":[["common thinking flaws",["Zagury-Orly (2020)"]]],"rt":[["anchoring bias",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Framing has been shown to aid the formulation, establishment, and presentation of media coverage of events.",[]],["It is a process of presenting information (news items) from a focused angle to a target audience with the outcome being to achieve the desired perception of the event being presented (Entman, 2007).",[]],["characteristics of framing, where selection and salience are fundamental",["Entman (1993)"]]],"rt":[["frame in communication or media frame",[]],["frame in thought or individual frame",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["frame in communication",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Australian newspapers' representation of jihad in a particular context solidifies its meaning as a 'holy war' whereas the Qur'ān has an entirely different meaning for this concept.",[]],["The religious reasoning made for jihad to spread Islam is closely related to a Muslim's duty to not only spread the word of God but also to establish a just society.",["59"]],["referring to the taking of slaves as part of the jihad struggle",[]],["the use of jihad as a term synonymous with terrorism, radicalism and extremism is prevalent.",[]]],"sy":[["terrorism",[]],["radicalism",[]],["extremism",[]],["holy war",[]]],"rt":[["jihadism",[]],["jihadi",[]],["jihadis",[]],["jihadist",[]],["jihadists",[]],["terrorists",[]],["terrorism",[]],["radicalisation",[]]],"ex":[["hard work to achieve one's goals",[]],["struggle for noble causes like establishing charity organisations or orphanages",[]],["promoting peace and harmony through teachings and writings",[]],["helping and being kind to others",[]],["hard work to achieve one's goals, struggle for noble causes like establishing charity organisations or orphanages, promoting peace and harmony through teachings and writings, and helping and being kind to others",[]],["A few examples of jihad include hard work to achieve one's goals, struggle for noble causes like establishing charity organisations or orphanages, promoting peace and harmony through teachings and writings, and helping and being kind to others.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Said established that the West created a perception about Muslims that was not grounded in reality.",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["Cluster analysis",[]]]},{"de":[["This research establishes a model for analyzing collective consciousness not as a purely discursive or psychological phenomenon, but as an outcome of techno-social feedback loops.",[]]],"sy":[["public consciousness",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["It is a complex interweaving of facts, social, cultural, and political perceptions that can change depending on the context and audience.",[]]]},{"de":[["Online publications actively use narratives to manipulate public consciousness, reinforcing or distorting certain social or political positions, as well as forming dominant perceptions of current events.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["to detect fake news as soon as it is published",[]]]},{"de":[["the detection of fake news by using content is a difficult task.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["as there are multiple class labels like support, deny, query, and comment.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["grammar of visual content",[]]],"sp":[["grammar of visual content",[]]]},{"sp":[["bias",["2007"]]]},{"sp":[["bias",["2007"]]]},{"de":[["thus framing Podemos and, consequently the government, very differently.",[]]],"rt":[["repeated exposure",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["bias",["2007"]]]},{"de":[["associated with the ideological stance of the news organization",[]]]},{"de":[["journalists select some aspects of a perceived reality to make them more salient",["1993: 52"]],["organizing principles that are socially shared and persistent over time, that work symbolically to meaningfully structure the social world",["2001: 11"]],["Framing is related to gatekeeping processes as journalists select some aspects of a perceived reality to make them more salient",["Entman, 1993: 52"]]],"rt":[["gatekeeping",["Entman, 1993: 52"]],["polarization",[]],["bias",[]]]},{"de":[["In Baker's view the different interactions of the participants, including the news actors but also the journalists, can be presented in ways that will serve to allocate the frame space allocated to the writer and what is acceptable in each medium.",[]]]},{"rt":[["framing",[]]]},{"rt":[["framing",[]],["frame package",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["framing",[]]]},{"de":[["Finkel and his colleagues identified three core ingredients of political sectarianism, namely othering, aversion and moralization.",[]]],"rt":[["othering",[]],["aversion",[]],["moralization",[]]],"sb":[["othering",[]],["aversion",[]],["moralization",[]]]},{"rt":[["grammar of visual content",[]]],"sp":[["grammar of visual content",[]]]},{"rt":[["interpretive framework",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["knowledge-aware methods",[]]]},{"rt":[["content-based methods",[]]]},{},{"de":[["typically considered as a distinguishing capacity of humans",["Mercier and Sperber 2017"]]]},{"rt":[["human's information-processing model",[]]]},{"de":[["These events are seen as beyond human control, resulting from natural processes or unforeseen circumstances.",[]],["Some argue that the negative mental health impacts associated with social media, like increased feelings of loneliness or inadequacy, were unforeseen consequences of platforms designed merely to connect people.",[]],["Some attribute rising inequality to inevitable market forces, technological advancements, and globalization that inadvertently benefit the educated and skilled segments of the population.",[]]],"sp":[["causal stories",[]],["causal narratives",[]],["Causal Narratives in Politics",[]]],"ex":[["hurricanes",[]],["natural disasters",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["risk narratives",[]]]},{"de":[["influenced by the intersections of natural phenomena, human actions, politics, risk, and media",[]],["shape public understanding and policy directions",[]],["fundamental in framing societal issues, assigning responsibility, and guiding policy responses",[]]],"sy":[["causal stories",[]]],"rt":[["causal stories",[]]],"sb":[["Accidental Causes",[]],["Intentional Causes",[]],["Mechanical Causes",[]]]},{"de":[["Crafting narratives to serve political ends, often overlooking empirical data.",[]]],"sb":[["Accidental causes",[]],["Intentional causes",[]],["Inadvertent causes",[]],["Mechanical causes",[]]]},{"de":[["causal stories do more than just explain events; they also attribute responsibility and guide responses, both in public opinion and in the realm of policymaking",[]],["narratives can range from attributing phenomena to accidents, intentions, or systemic processes, each swaying the direction of public policy.",[]]],"sy":[["causal narratives",[]]],"rt":[["causal narratives",[]]],"sb":[["Accidental Causes",[]],["Intentional Causes",[]],["Mechanical Causes",[]]]},{"de":[["causal theories facilitate the attribution of responsibility to specific entities. This can result in mandates for cessation or alteration of activities, compensation to the aggrieved, or even punitive measures",[]]]},{"de":[["These are especially significant in policymaking, where well-intentioned actions can lead to unexpected and often undesirable outcomes.",[]]],"sp":[["Causal Narratives in Politics",[]]],"ex":[["the \"cobra effect\" during British rule in India",[]],["modern policies like promoting biofuels, intended to reduce emissions, inadvertently leading to increased deforestation",["Searchinger et al., 2008"]],["promoting biofuels, intended to reduce emissions, inadvertently leading to increased deforestation",["(Searchinger et al., 2008)","Searchinger et al., 2008"]]]},{"de":[["This includes a range of purposeful actions, such as government policies or military actions, where the focus is on the conscious choices made by individuals or groups.",[]],["there are narratives that place blame on specific policies, suggesting that tax cuts for the wealthy, deregulation, and austerity measures have been intentionally implemented to benefit the rich at the expense of the poor",[]]],"sp":[["causal stories",[]],["causal narratives",[]],["Causal Narratives in Politics",[]]],"ex":[["discussions about warfare, where motives are scrutinized to determine if actions were defensive or aggressive",["Schultz, 2010"]],["Economic issues like trade wars also fall under this category, where the narratives often portray nations as strategically engaging in economic maneuvers",["Irwin, 2017"]],["government policies or military actions",[]]]},{"de":[["Involves selection of stories, framing of issues, and emphasis on certain aspects over others.",[]],["Shapes public perception and understanding of political narratives.",[]]]},{"de":[["Involves politicization of risks and media sensationalism.",[]],["Influence on how risks are perceived and addressed in policy making.",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["distraction",[]],["concentration",[]],["rumination",[]]],"sp":[["emotion-regulation process model",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["reappraisal",[]],["perspective-taking",[]]],"sp":[["emotion-regulation process model",[]]]},{"sp":[["Attentional deployment",[]]]},{"de":[["that encourage deliberation",[]]],"sb":[["distraction nudges",[]]],"ex":[["distraction nudges",[]],["perspective-taking nudges",[]]]},{"de":[["disinformation is not only false but also includes fabricated information blended with facts",[]],["some is intended to provide correct information that is manipulated as a legitimate method to expose racism",[]]]},{"sp":[["Attentional deployment",[]]]},{"de":[["Participants were encouraged to imagine \"followers who always smile when they see your posts,\" creating a discrepancy with the emotional information [52] in the disinformation stimuli, which included anger, sadness, disgust, and surprise (see Table 3).",["52"]]],"sp":[["digital nudges",[]]]},{"rt":[["intuitive cognitive processes",[]],["deliberative cognitive processes",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["situation selection",[]],["situation modification",[]],["attentional deployment",[]],["cognitive change",[]],["response modulation",[]]]},{"de":[["Gross proposed an emotion-regulation process model comprising four modes of emotion generation: situation, attention, appraisal, and response",["40"]]],"sb":[["situation selection",[]],["situation modification",[]],["attentional deployment",[]],["cognitive change",[]],["response modulation",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["response modulation",[]]]},{"sp":[["Emotion regulation",[]]]},{"de":[["which can reduce the sharing of false information",["56"]]]},{"sp":[["Cognitive change",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Cognitive change",[]]]},{"sp":[["Attentional deployment",[]]]},{},{"de":[["give credibility to a statement that rich politicians are crooks",[]],["We consider the special case in which the reference is not an authority or an expert in this technique, although it is referred to as Testimonial in literature.",[]],["We also include here the special case where the reference is not an authority or an expert, which is referred to as Testimonial in the literature.",[]]],"rt":[["Testimonial",[]]],"sb":[["Testimonial",[]]],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]],"ex":[["Richard Dawkins, an evolutionary biologist and perhaps the foremost expert in the field, says that evolution is true. Therefore, it's true.",[]],["According to Serena Williams, our foreign policy is the best on Earth. So we are in the right direction.",[]],["\"According to Serena Williams, our foreign policy is the best on Earth. So we are in the right direction.\"",[]]]},{"de":[["In some cases, the support is built based on preconceived judgements.",[]]]},{"de":[["In some cases the support is built based on preconceived judgements.",[]],["Note that, this is also a Black and White fallacy.",[]]],"ex":[["Wither we go to war or we will perish.",[]],["We must stop those refugees as they are terrorists.",[]],["\"We must stop those refugees as they are terrorists.\"",[]]]},{"ex":[["Would you vote for Clinton as president? 57% say \"yes.\"",[]],["90% of citizens support our initiative. You should.",[]]]},{"de":[["We include dictatorship, which happens when we leave only one possible option, i.e., when we tell the audience exactly what actions to take, eliminating any other possible choices.",[]],["As an the extreme case, tell the audience exactly what actions to take, eliminating any other possible choices (Dictatorship).",[]]],"sy":[["dictatorship",[]]],"ex":[["You must be a Republican or Democrat. You are not a Democrat. Therefore, you must be a Republican.",[]],["I thought you were a good person, but you weren't at church today.",[]]]},{"de":[["As an the extreme case, tell the audience exactly what actions to take, eliminating any other possible choices (Dictatorship).",[]]],"rt":[["Dictatorship",[]]],"sb":[["Dictatorship",[]]]},{"de":[["This includes transferring blame to one person or group of people without investigating the complexities of the issue.",[]],["It includes transferring blame to one person or group of people without investigating the complexities of the issue.",[]]],"ex":[["\"President Trump has been in office for a month and gas prices have been skyrocketing. The rise in gas prices is because of him.\"",[]],["The reason New Orleans was hit so hard with the hurricane was because of all the immoral people who live there.",[]],["President Trump has been in office for a month and gas prices have been skyrocketing. The rise in gas prices is because of him.",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["A candidate talks about his opponent and says: \"Is he ready to be the Mayor?\"",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["Democrats bolted as soon as Trump's speech ended in an apparent effort to signal they can't even stomach being in the same room as the President.",[]],["We're going to have unbelievable intelligence.",[]],["\"Democrats bolted as soon as Trump's speech ended in an apparent effort to signal they can't even stomach being in the same room as the President.\"",[]],["\"We're going to have unbelievable intelligence.\"",[]]]},{"ex":[["patriotism mean no questions",[]],["Entering this war will make us have a better future in our country.",[]],["\"patriotism mean no questions\" (this is also a slogan)",[]],["\"Entering this war will make us have a better future in our country.\"",[]]]},{"de":[["Peace, hope, happiness, security, wise leadership, freedom, \"The Truth\", etc. are virtue words. Virtue can be also expressed in images, where a person or an object is depicted positively.",[]],["Peace, hope, happiness, security, wise leadership, freedom, \"The Truth\", etc. are virtue words.",[]]],"sy":[["Virtue",[]]],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]],"ex":[["The meme in (b) uses both Smears and Glittering Generalities",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["a lone lawmaker's childish shouting.",[]],["how stupid and petty things have become in Washington.",[]],["[...] a lone lawmaker's childish shouting.",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["Zebedee: What is your view on the Christian God? Mike: I don't believe in any gods, including the Christian one. Zebedee: So you think that we are here by accident, and all this design in nature is pure chance, and the universe just created itself? Mike: You got all that from me stating that I just don't believe in any gods?",[]]]},{"ex":[["Republican congressweasels, Bush the Lesser.",[]],["Republican congressweasels, Bush the Lesser. Note that here lesser does not refer to the second, but it is pejorative.",[]]]},{"de":[["For example, when an unclear phrase with multiple definitions is used within the argument and, therefore, it does not support the conclusion.",[]]],"sy":[["Intentional vagueness",[]],["Confusion",[]]],"ex":[["It is a good idea to listen to victims of theft. Therefore if the victims say to have the thief shot, then you should do that.",[]]]},{"de":[["For example, when an unclear phrase with multiple possible meanings is used within an argument and, therefore, it does not support the conclusion.",[]],["For example, when an unclear phrase with multiple definitions is used within the argument and, therefore, it does not support the conclusion.",[]]],"ex":[["It is a good idea to listen to victims of theft. Therefore if the victims say to have the thief shot, then you should do that.",[]]]},{"rt":[["Red Herring",[]]],"ex":[["In politics, defending one's own policies regarding public safety -\"I have worked hard to help eliminate criminal activity. What we need is economic growth that can only come from the hands of leadership.\"",[]],["\"You may claim that the death penalty is an ineffective deterrent against crime -but what about the victims of crime? How do you think surviving family members feel when they see the man who murdered their son kept in prison at their expense? Is it right that they should pay for their son's murderer to be fed and housed?\"",[]]]},{"de":[["Propaganda is one such communication tool to influence the opinions and the actions of other people in order to achieve a predetermined goal",["IPA, 1938"]]]},{"de":[["Presenting irrelevant data",[]]],"ex":[["In politics, defending one's own policies regarding public safety -",[]],["\"You may claim that the death penalty is an ineffective deterrent against crime -but what about the victims of crime? How do you think surviving family members feel when they see the man who murdered their son kept in prison at their expense? Is it right that they should pay for their son's murderer to be fed and housed?\"",[]]]},{"de":[["It can refer to any person or concept with a negative connotation.",[]]],"ex":[["Do you know who else was doing that? Hitler!",[]],["Only one kind of person can think in that way: a communist.",[]],["\"Do you know who else was doing that? Hitler!\"",[]],["\"Only one kind of person can think in that way: a communist.\"",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Slogans tend to act as emotional appeals.",[]]],"ex":[["The more women at war. . . the sooner we win.",[]],["Make America great again!",[]],["\"The more women at war. . . the sooner we win.\"",[]],["\"Make America great again!\"",[]]]},{"de":[["It can be applied to individuals or groups.",[]]],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]],"ex":[["suggest that Joe Biden's campaign is only alive because of mainstream media",[]],["the Clintons are crooks, which is also Smears",[]]]},{"ex":[["Zebedee: What is your view on the Christian God? Mike: I don't believe in any gods, including the Christian one. Zebedee: So you think that we are here by accident, and all this design in nature is pure chance, and the universe just created itself? Mike: You got all that from me stating that I just don't believe in any gods?",[]]]},{"de":[["They are typically short, generic sentences that offer seemingly simple answers to complex questions or that distract the attention away from other lines of thought.",[]],["They are typically short, generic sentences that offer seemingly simple answers to complex questions or that distract attention away from other lines of thought.",[]]],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]],"ex":[["It is what it is; It's just common sense; You gotta do what you gotta do; Nothing is permanent except change; Better late than never; Mind your own business; Nobody's perfect; It doesn't matter; You can't change human nature.",[]]]},{"de":[["using symbols (hammer and sickle) and colors (red), that are commonly associated with communism, in relation to the two Republicans shown in the image",[]],["It evokes an emotional response, which stimulates the target to identify with recognized authorities. Often highly visual, this technique often uses symbols (e.g., the swastikas used in Nazi Germany, originally a symbol for health and prosperity) superimposed over other visual images.",[]],["Often highly visual, this technique often uses symbols (e.g., the swastikas used in Nazi Germany, originally a symbol for health and prosperity) superimposed over other visual images.",[]]],"sy":[["association",[]]],"rt":[["association",[]]],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]]},{"ex":[["a nation deflects criticism of its recent human rights violations by pointing to the history of slavery in the United States.",[]],["\"Qatar spending profusely on Neymar, not fighting terrorism\"",[]],["Qatar spending profusely on Neymar, not fighting terrorism",[]]]},{"de":[["For the task of writing assistance, LLM issue bias can manifest in two main ways.",[]]],"sp":[["Issue bias",[]]]},{"rt":[["hedging",[]]],"sb":[["hedging",[]]],"sp":[["Issue bias",[]]],"ex":[["if a model prompted in many different ways to write a text about \"AI regulation being good\" consistently responded with texts that are neutral or negative about AI regulation",[]]]},{"de":[["while models can be steered to express any stance on most issues, stronger default stances are harder to overcome",[]],["which may in turn influence how users think about this issue.",[]],["An issue bias, for LLMs, is a consistent tendency to express a particular stance (pro, neutral, con) on a particular issue.",[]],["which may in turn influence how users think about this issue",[]]],"sb":[["Default Stance Bias",[]],["Distorted Stance Bias",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Issue-level model vs. partisan bias on the 20 issues in IssueBench for which we collected Republican and Democrat voter stances from iSideWith.com.",[]]],"rt":[["LLM issue biases",[]]]},{"de":[["political issues, which we broadly take to include any matter of public concern that is or has been the subject of societal debate or collective decision-making.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["a third which encompasses the impact of technology: (3) cognitive load theory (CLT)",[]],["Only small amounts of new information can be processed at a time, with findings suggesting that unclearly structured or too large packets of information make learning and acquiring the knowledge difficult for humans",["Sweller, 2011","Paas et al., 2003"]]]},{"de":[["Fake news articles that manage to spread far typically resemble real news to such an extent that it is difficult for both humans and algorithms to distinguish the two from each other",["Del Vicario et al., 2016"]]],"sy":[["misinformation",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"sb":[["cyberchondria",[]]]},{"de":[["misinformation poses a serious threat to public health during pandemics such as the COVID-19 (Zarocostas, 2020)",["Zarocostas, 2020"]],["misinformation poses a serious threat to public health during pandemics such as the COVID-19",["Zarocostas, 2020"]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["a natural consequence of a severe threat appraisal is to search for more information on the matter in order to cope with the situation",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The stance detection justifies whether the news article agrees, disagrees, discusses or is unrelated to the news title.",[]]]},{"de":[["The attention factor is one of the fundamental psychological factors in humans when interacting with their environment.",[]],["the attention factor is related to a person's level of awareness and focus when receiving and confirming information",["13"]]]},{"ex":[["The IAT content is related to how participants evaluate \"Misinformation vs. Fact Information or Positive vs. Negative Words.\"",[]]]},{"de":[["These \"false signifiers\" have different connotations in an online space than they might in more traditional media formats. A large part of this difference is a result of the platform and the visual homogeneity of its content.",[]],["The \"false signifiers\" of authenticity that are prevalent in mockumentaries clearly have a similar impact in mimic vlogs and are easily manipulated and exploited.",[]]]},{"de":[["Distinguishing between a well-executed amateur aesthetic and a legitimate amateur piece is difficult, and on a platform such as YouTube, -which hosts a combination of many types of content -mimicking an amateur aesthetic facilitates producers creating misleading media.",[]],["These \"false signifiers\" have different connotations in an online space than they might in more traditional media formats. A large part of this difference is a result of the platform and the visual homogeneity of its content.",[]]],"rt":[["replica content",[]]]},{},{"de":[["point to specific factors that define the vlog format -such as the direct mode of address utilised by vloggers, the focus of the video, and the domestic location that vlogs tend to be shot in -as being the cornerstone of the mimic vlog format",[]],["By exploiting the expectations of authenticity and intimacy that user-generated vlogs inspire, mimic encourage greater audience engagement and connection.",[]]],"sb":[["mimic vlogs are a form of mockumentary, as they are fictional in subject matter but resemble non-fiction media.",[]]],"sp":[["parody",[]],["mockumentary",[]]],"ex":[["Lonelygirl15",[]]]},{"de":[["draw on audience expectations to elicit a particular response.",[]],["use the conventions of an authentic format to tell a story in a way that resembles a genre audiences know and trust, much like mockumentaries and other forms of parodies.",[]],["draw on our desire for connection and authenticity, and at face value can look identical to a format audiences know and trust.",[]],["draw on audience expectations to elicit a particular response",[]],["By exploiting the expectations of authenticity and intimacy that user-generated vlogs inspire, mimic encourage greater audience engagement and connection.",[]]],"rt":[["mockumentaries",[]],["parodies",[]],["user-generated vlogs",[]],["parody",[]]],"sp":[["fictional web series",[]],["replica content",[]],["mockumentary",[]]],"ex":[["Lonelygirl15",[]]]},{"sb":[["mimic vlogs",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["intertextuality",[]]],"sb":[["mimic vlogs",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Mimic vlogs constitute a small part of a much larger phenomenon of replica content online",[]]],"rt":[["deep fakes",[]],["cheap fakes",[]],["fake news",[]],["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]],"sb":[["mimic vlogs",[]]],"ex":[["deep fakes, cheap fakes, fake news, misinformation and disinformation",[]],["deep fakes",[]],["cheap fakes",[]],["fake news",[]],["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["the focus of the video, and the domestic location that vlogs tend to be shot in",[]]]},{"ex":[["IcGAN",[]],["attGAN",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Neiger (2020) outlines six dimensions of media memory that include sociopolitical and technological mediation, highlighting the structural conditions through which media function as agents of remembrance.",["2020"]],["Artamonov (2022) situates media memory within the mediatized and digitalized environment, suggesting that memory today is not solely cultural or communicative but operates at their intersection.",["Artamonov (2022)"]]],"rt":[["collective memory",[]]],"sp":[["collective memory",[]]]},{},{"de":[["disinformation as a weapon to manipulate social behavior within a limited time span",[]]]},{"de":[["Those environments that fail to satisfy the norms that apply to them are, to varying degrees, epistemically unhealthy.",[]]]},{"de":[["Good informational content essentially involves the transmission of information.",[]]],"rt":[["performative",[]]],"ex":[["Examples of informative content on these platforms include non-fiction prose, personal newsletters, DIY videos, news, biography, etc.",[]]]},{"de":[["The function of informational content is to inform.",[]],["Fulfilling one's aims in consuming informational content requires that the content actually informs.",[]],["Good informational content essentially involves the transmission of information.",[]]],"sy":[["informational content",[]]],"rt":[["performative",[]]],"sp":[["long-form content",[]]],"ex":[["non-fiction prose, personal newsletters, DIY videos, news, biography, etc.",[]],["lecture",[]],["DIY instructional video",[]],["DIY YouTube videos",[]],["streamed lecture",[]],["audio books",[]],["deceptive content (Rini 2017)",["2017"]],["satirical content",[]],["bullshit (Frankfurt 2005)",["2005"]],["natural history museums",[]],["nature documentaries",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"ex":[["a juggling performance",[]],["rock show",[]],["comedy video",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Fake news is a symptom of deeper structural problems in our societies and media environments.",[]]],"rt":[["false news",["6"]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["false information",[]],["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["fact-checking",[]]]},{},{"de":[["an ability that is at the core of democratic processes.",[]]]},{"de":[["fact-checking is effective in preventing citizens from being influenced by disinformation, it can, paradoxically, induce more severe skepticism of the media because fact-checking raises citizens' awareness of the inundation of fake news.",[]],["While fact-checking does help people discover untruthful reporting, fact-checking cannot eliminate the fact that the media environment is infested with fake news.",[]],["fact-checking itself can reduce the cost of information processing because it makes it easier for people to verify the truthfulness of information of fake news.",[]]],"rt":[["debunking strategy",[]]]},{"de":[["Fake news aims not only to deceive citizens but also to induce media skepticism.",[]],["there still is an incentive to spread fake news as long as fake news leads citizens to be skeptical of all news reports.",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["media skepticism",[]]]},{"de":[["citizens are skeptical about news reports as a reliable source of new information about the incumbent.",[]],["Consequently, media skepticism leads D to make a decision similar to one that D would have made without new information gleaned from news reports.",[]],["D less seriously considers the piece of news (i.e., x) as D becomes more skeptical of the media environment, which results in D's posterior expectation of the incumbent's characteristic being more densely distributed around the initial expectation (i.e., μ).",[]],["weak media skepticism of D leads to a meanpreserving spread of D's posterior expectation about the incumbent's characteristic, while strong media skepticism of D leads to a mean-preserving contraction of it.",[]],["the piece of news from the media environment does not crucially change D's expectation about the incumbent's characteristic when D's media skepticism is strong.",[]]],"rt":[["deception",[]],["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["intentionally false information with the goal of misleading people",[]]],"sy":[["fake news",[]]],"sp":[["Rumor",[]]]},{"de":[["In other words, fake news is disinformation and always false during its propagation life.",[]],["fake news is disinformation and always false during its propagation life",["1","2"]],["always false during its propagation life",[]]],"sy":[["disinformation",[]]],"sp":[["hoax",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["can help to distinguish the fake statements",["17]- [20"]]]},{"de":[["believed and unintended false information that may be corrected during propagation",[]]],"sp":[["Rumor",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Rumor can be a believed and unintended false information that may be corrected during propagation (misinformation) or intentionally false information with the goal of misleading people (disinformation).",["1","2"]]],"sb":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["It can alleviate the fear and panic that false alarms and sensationalized headlines can trigger, promoting a more rational and measured approach to news consumption",["347","348"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["is in second place",[]],["Disinformation can render publics vulnerable to propaganda and influence attitudes and behaviors in target populations.",[]]],"rt":[["ID",[]],["misinformation",[]]],"sp":[["ID",[]],["ID types",[]]]},{"de":[["creates online communities that are strengthened by sharing interests, values, and worldviews, amplifying the pervasiveness of ideas that can thus find fertile ground (e.g., viral ideas and memes) [7,8].",["7","8"]],["The well-established phenomenon of homophily (i.e., the tendency to associate among similar individuals) creates online communities that are strengthened by sharing interests, values, and worldviews, amplifying the pervasiveness of ideas that can thus find fertile ground (e.g., viral ideas and memes) [7,8]",["7","8"]]]},{},{"de":[["accounts for a much lower proportion",[]]],"rt":[["ID",[]]],"sp":[["ID",[]],["ID types",[]]]},{"de":[["most prevalent",[]]],"rt":[["ID",[]],["disinformation",[]]],"sp":[["ID",[]],["ID types",[]]]},{"de":[["It is associated with authoritarianism, consumerism, and technological progress, leading to the colonization of human experience.",[]]]},{"de":[["In the context of fact-checking efforts on social media platforms, partisan bias can influence the way in which information is evaluated and classified as true or false",["369"]],["if a fact-checker has a political bias toward a particular party or ideology, they may be more likely to label information that corresponds with their beliefs as true and information that contradicts their beliefs as false.",[]]],"ex":[["one of the fact-checkers, who was affiliated with a conservative think tank, was found to have labeled true posts from leftleaning sources as false, while false posts from right-leaning sources as true.",[]],["in 2020, Twitter received criticism for labeling a tweet from a conservative commentator as \"manipulated media,\" while tweets with similar content from left-leaning sources were left unchecked",[]]]},{"de":[["This can lead to a widening gap between different groups in society, as each group becomes more entrenched in their own beliefs and less willing to consider alternative perspectives.",[]],["Polarization can be influenced by various factors, including media consumption, social networks, and political discourse.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Frames are used in mass media research to explain how media present the content (Tankard, 2001).",["Tankard, 2001"]],["By emphasizing and excluding information, a communicator can select textual information to communicate public issues (Entman, 1993).",["Entman, 1993"]],["By emphasizing and excluding information, a communicator can select textual information to communicate public issues",["Entman, 1993"]]],"rt":[["Frames",[]]]},{"sb":[["health gain-frame/low-risk",[]],["health loss-frame/ high-risk",[]],["no-tendency",[]]]},{"de":[["The content of these frameworks tends to include the fact that the diseases are controllable and risks can be effectively reduced by taking some actions.",[]],["gain-framed information is considered more convincing with clear event outcomes and low risks.",[]]],"sp":[["prospect theory",[]]]},{},{"de":[["These tweets often present the effects of ticks and their diseases in low-risk terms.",[]]],"sp":[["Gain-and loss-frames",[]],["preparedness response frame",[]]],"ex":[["it indicates that the chances of getting Lyme disease can be reduced through appropriate preventive measures and successfully developing a vaccine against it",[]]]},{"sp":[["prospect theory",[]]]},{"ex":[["indicating infected ticks are more likely to survive the cold or emphasizing tickborne diseases can be lethal",[]]]},{"sp":[["gain-/loss-frame",[]]]},{"rt":[["two-way",[]],["multidimensional",[]]]},{"de":[["Tweets in this frame are about the future plan.",[]]],"sp":[["preparedness response frame",[]],["preparedness response frames",[]]],"ex":[["vision, policy, or law development",[]]]},{"sb":[["situational awareness",[]],["specific prevention",[]],["research",[]],["modeling",[]],["training and exercises",[]],["policy development",[]]]},{"sb":[["gain-framed information",[]],["loss-framed information",[]]]},{"sp":[["preparedness response frame",[]]],"ex":[["research and development of new mRNA vaccines against the disease, and professional research outcome such as gene editing",[]]]},{"sb":[["general tick knowledge about ticks",[]],["syndrome and reaction after a tick bite",[]],["the risk/disease spread",[]]],"sp":[["preparedness response frames",[]]]},{},{"de":[["LLMs recall certain geographical knowledge inconsistently when queried in different languages-a phenomenon we term geopolitical bias.",[]],["a tendency to report geopolitical knowledge differently depending on the language of interaction",[]]]},{"de":[["which the LLM can associate with a certain biased or neutral geopolitical leaning",[]]]},{"de":[["Participants enhance the credibility of fake news by fabricating citations and/or quotes, often attributing them to well-known figures, reputable sources (e.g., Science Journal), and even non-existent authorities.",[]]],"sp":[["Secondary Optimization Strategies",[]]]},{"de":[["Participants instruct the AI models to add examples and specific details to the fake story, enhancing its contextual depth and relatability.",[]]],"sp":[["Secondary Optimization Strategies",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Primary Prompting Strategies",[]]]},{"de":[["may reduce news source credibility, foster cynicism, and drive users toward personal channels like messaging apps, which are less regulated and more prone to misinformation.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Primary Prompting Strategies",[]]]},{},{"de":[["neither LLMs nor humans alone are adequately equipped to tackle the complex challenge of fake news detection.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Primary Prompting Strategies",[]]]},{"ex":[["(Su et al., 2023) create fake news that include both human-written and machine-generated real and fake content.",["Su et al., 2023"]],["(Sun et al., 2023) use LLMs to add fake sentences to real articles.",["Sun et al., 2023"]],["(Jiang et al., 2024a) prompt ChatGPT to merge one real and one fake human-written article.",["Jiang et al., 2024a"]],["(Pan et al., 2023) modify real articles by using LLMs to insert incorrect answers to related questions.",["Pan et al., 2023"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["where fake news mimics the structure and tone of real narratives",[]],["Participants provide an existing article, or a URL, or datasets of real and fake news to instruct the AI in creating a similar but false story. This approach supplies the AI with more contextual information to enhance the accuracy of the generation.",[]]],"sp":[["Primary Prompting Strategies",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Some participants inject additional real facts into the fake news (manually or via the LLM) after the initial LLM output, making the story harder to detect.",[]]],"sp":[["Secondary Optimization Strategies",[]]]},{"sb":[["Direct Instruction",[]],["False Statement Expansion",[]],["Fact-driven Distortion",[]],["Narrative Imitation",[]]]},{"sb":[["Stylistic Adjustment",[]],["Authority Referencing",[]],["Contextual Enhancement",[]],["Post-Prompt Fact Injection",[]],["Iterative Refinement",[]],["Multiple-Output Selection",[]],["Manual Revision",[]]]},{"de":[["Participants prompt the AI to adopt specific styles, e.g., \"make it sound like a journal paper\" to shape the style and structure of the generated content.",[]]],"sp":[["Secondary Optimization Strategies",[]]]},{"sp":[["paracrisis",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["pre-bunking",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The term refers to a situation that is very similar to a crisis and may pose a threat.",[]],["a situation that is very similar to a crisis and may pose a threat.",[]],["Essentially, a paracrisis represents a situation in which unfavourable public opinion or criticism puts an organisation's reputation at stake because of controversial issues or perceived misconduct.",[]]],"rt":[["firestorms",["Hansen et al., 2018"]],["rhetorical arena",[]]],"sb":[["challenge paracrisis",[]],["refusal",[]],["refutation",[]],["repression",[]],["recognition",[]],["revision",[]],["reform",[]]]},{"sy":[["optimistic comments",[]]]},{"sp":[["strategic communication",[]]]},{"de":[["proved less positive in generating public engagement and involvement as they are aimed at rejecting the existence of a crisis",["Coombs and Holladay, 2015"]]],"sy":[["Refutation",[]],["Recognition",[]]],"sp":[["paracrisis",[]]]},{"de":[["leading us to reflect on how certain behaviours, even political ones, could limit the technological and innovative development of the industry. The latter strategy has mainly been used in the face of politically induced regulations and forces related to agricultural lobbying.",[]]],"sp":[["paracrisis",[]]]},{"de":[["which is particularly important in the digital arena, in which information, rumours, and misinformation can circulate very quickly.",[]]],"sp":[["paracrisis",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This communication aims to emphasise quality, safety, and compliance with high standards. The messages emphasise the work and dedication of experts within the company team, whose passion and precision are dedicated to ensuring the highest quality, larger capacity, and better taste.",[]],["This communication aims to emphasise quality, safety, and compliance with high standards.",[]]],"sp":[["paracrisis",[]]]},{"de":[["Debate is developing within what has been termed the rhetorical arena (Frandsen and Johansen, 2017)",["Frandsen and Johansen, 2017"]]]},{"de":[["As this mechanism induces the disclosure of a weakness or failure before a third party announces it, it is not always considered appropriate (Boman and Schneider, 2021).",["Boman and Schneider, 2021"]]]},{"de":[["strategic communication has become a critical organisational asset for survival.",[]],["can be a powerful tool to contain possible crises, cultivate favourable stakeholder relations, and ensure trust with the public in an ever-changing landscape.",[]],["has become an indispensable resource for organisations seeking to thrive in this digital transformation environment.",[]],["Strategic communication plays a role in directing social change and public behaviour",["Falkheimer, 2014"]],["Strategic communication plays a role in directing social change and public behaviour (Falkheimer, 2014).",[]]],"sb":[["proactive strategic communication",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Within this category, companies communicated their commitment to creating synergies with other organisations and planning events to increase the notoriety of the product and expand the audience.",[]],["the 'Supportive PR' strategy was particularly appreciated by the public as it involved using influencers known and liked by the public, a tool that enhanced credibility and nurtured corporate reputation, limiting negative electronic WOM in favour of positive.",[]]]},{"sp":[["discourse analysis",[]]]},{"de":[["Discourse analysis is based on social scientific approaches, as textual data are studied via qualitative research methods within their social, historical, and geographical context.",[]]],"sb":[["critical discourse analysis",["2003"]],["Foucauldian",[]]]},{"de":[["Framing theory can be applied to analyzing information and news by examining how the language, metaphors, and images used in news coverage can shape the way people perceive and understand events",["Kuan et al., 2021"]],["Overall, framing theory suggests that the way information is presented can be just as important as the content of that information itself",["López-Rabadán, 2021"]]]},{"de":[["Framing theory can be applied to analyzing information and news by examining how the language, metaphors, and images used in news coverage can shape the way people perceive and understand events",["Kuan et al., 2021"]],["Overall, framing theory suggests that the way information is presented can be just as important as the content of that information itself",["López-Rabadán, 2021"]],["framing theory suggests that the way climate change is framed can have a significant impact on how people perceive and respond to this issue",["Nisbet, 2009"]]],"sy":[["Framing",[]]]},{"de":[["It encompasses the language, images, and other forms of representation used in these media, as well as the ways in which these representations are organized and presented",["Barkemeyer et al., 2018"]]],"ex":[["news articles, television news broadcasts, talk shows, documentaries, and other forms of mediated communication",["Ramanathan & Hoon, 2015"]]]},{},{"sy":[["public trust",[]]]},{"de":[["The global trust is updated with information propagation to record the nodes involved in propagation, the credibility of the nodes and, the type of information being propagated.",[]],["In other words, it works as the public ledger for all information propagation.",[]]],"sy":[["global trust",[]]],"sp":[["Trust",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Trust in the network may be defined as the agreement to believe that some node (user in a social network) is good and honest and will not harm you, or that something is safe and reliable.",[]],["trust in social networks has attracted a lot of attention for opinion [8], recommendation [7].",["8","7"]]],"rt":[["opinion",[]],["recommendation",[]]],"sb":[["Local Trust",[]],["public trust",[]],["global trust",[]]]},{"de":[["These reframed narratives reflect cultural and contextual norms and ideologies, and translated texts have alterations that are tailored to readers' existing schemas and expectations, thereby influencing their reception of narratives.",["Baker, 2006"]],["These subtle reframings are executed in order for readers' to emotionally relate with accounts and/or resonate with texts, whilst simultaneously reinforcing Us-Them polarizations by presenting positive notions of one's own country and people, and negative notions of migrants'/refugees' and their home countries",[]]]},{"de":[["Public service or centrist European outlets operate in political and media contexts where security, integration, and policy debates are important, which pushes translators and editors toward bureaucratic and threat focused framing.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It simultaneously takes into account other factors, contexts, and disciplines such as sociology, political science, linguistics, and psychology etcetera.",["1995"]],["It reveals how language perpetuates and maintains power dynamics, sociocultural norms and ideologies, and influences text production, translation, interpretation, and reception",[]],["CDA details how media texts reproduce power asymmetries and reveals the linguistic choices, narrative structures, and ideologies behind it.",[]],["It simultaneously takes into account other factors, contexts, and disciplines such as sociology, political science, linguistics, and psychology etcetera. It reveals how language perpetuates and maintains power dynamics, sociocultural norms and ideologies, and influences text production, translation, interpretation, and reception",["Fairclough, 1995"]]]},{},{"de":[["demonstrates how ideology is reproduced through cross lingual mediation",[]]],"rt":[["Us vs Them",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["translators and editors balance the linguistic possibilities of each language with the ideological goals of their organizations and the expectations of their audiences.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Arabic outlets serve audiences familiar with displacement, war, and religious ethics of hospitality, making solidarity-driven, morally charged narratives both expected and effective.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It explains how narrators and translators employ an \"Us vs Them\" framework, preserving their own group's ideologies and mindsets, and othering groups that diverge from their own.",["1998"]],["They do so by emphasizing positive information about \"Us\" and negative information about \"Them,\" and, in tandem, deemphasizing negative information about \"Us\" and positive information about \"Them.\"",[]],["In doing so, they \"save face\" and preserve their own presentation while alienating others (i.e. outgroups).",[]],["Consequently, the \"Other\" group tends to be constructed with a negative connotation and pathologized, through the use of various linguistic phenomena such as lexical decisions, metaphors, comparisons, hyperbole etcetera",[]],["It explains how narrators and translators employ an \"Us vs Them\" framework, preserving their own group's ideologies and mindsets, and othering groups that diverge from their own. They do so by emphasizing positive information about \"Us\" and negative information about \"Them,\" and, in tandem, deemphasizing negative information about \"Us\" and positive information about \"Them.\" In doing so, they \"save face\" and preserve their own presentation while alienating others (i.e. outgroups).",["Van Dijk, 1998"]]],"rt":[["in-group out-group bias",[]]]},{"de":[["the authors suggest seven potential dimensions of algorithmic unfairness in India: Caste, Gender, Religion, Ability, Class, Sexual Orientation, and Ethnicity",[]],["the authors suggest seven potential dimensions of algorithmic unfairness in India",[]]],"rt":[["algorithmic fairness",[]]],"sb":[["Caste",[]],["Gender",[]],["Religion",[]],["Ability",[]],["Class",[]],["Sexual Orientation",[]],["Ethnicity",[]]]},{"de":[["Is the text associating positive/negative attribute to any caste?",[]]],"sp":[["Social Bias",[]]]},{"sy":[["class prejudice",[]]],"sp":[["Social Bias",[]]]},{"sp":[["Other Biases",[]]]},{"de":[["It also displays the preconceived belief against any vocation.",[]],["Does the post compare people from same profession / different profession based on attributes like wage/skill level/skill set/Position/policy/identity?",[]]],"sp":[["Social Bias",[]]]},{"de":[["Personal attacks also include verbal abuse, insults, or threats directed at the individual",["Vidgen et al., 2021"]],["Does the post refer to the negative traits of any famous personality(politician/celebrity) which are not factual?",[]]],"sp":[["Social Bias",[]]]},{"de":[["There are many instances of bias towards politicians and celebrities from the entertainment industry in our dataset.",[]]],"sp":[["Social Bias",[]]],"ex":[["There are many instances of bias towards politicians and celebrities from the entertainment industry in our dataset.",[]]]},{"de":[["Does the post favor or oppose the activities of a political group?",[]]],"sp":[["Social Bias",[]]],"ex":[["the major political parties with various philosophies are the BJP, Congress, and Shiv Sena, among others.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Other Biases",[]],["Social Bias",[]]]},{"sp":[["Social Bias",[]]],"ex":[["Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, etc.",[]],["such as Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, etc.",[]]]},{"de":[["social bias is inextricably linked to cultural and linguistic characteristics of the language",[]],["The presence of social bias in language representations is mostly caused by the undesired and skewed associations within the training data.",[]],["People typically have predetermined opinion or prejudice towards others who do not belong to their social group.",[]],["In this work, we focus on religion bias, political bias, occupation bias, and person-directed statements.",[]]],"rt":[["religion bias",[]],["political bias",[]],["occupation bias",[]],["person-directed statements",[]]],"sb":[["Religion Bias",[]],["Political Bias",[]],["Personal Attack",[]],["Personal Favor",[]],["Occupation Bias",[]],["Caste Bias",[]],["class bias",[]],["Race bias",[]]]},{"de":[["we define agency in the actor-network theoretical sense typically adopted in controversy mapping",["Venturini and Munk, 2021"]]]},{"de":[["in non-cybersecurity or misinformation contexts, fakes have nothing to do with deliberate deception but refers to some form of noise that AI can detect and filter out to improve a process.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["disruptive force",["Whatmore, 2009"]]]},{"ex":[["the difference in status between 'experts' and 'ordinary people' when they appear on current affairs television",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["the more general 'structures of expectations' (social, cultural, political, ideological) which people draw on in talk and action",["1994: 47, 65"]]],"sy":[["primary framework",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["'official' media coverage",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["an implicit constraint on action",[]],["draws on these wider senses of 'frame' as a wider interpretative structure which orientates behaviour in relation to the media, as well as specifically recalling at certain points Silverstone's illuminating 'mythic' analysis.",[]]],"rt":[["master frames",[]],["structures of expectations",[]]]},{"de":[["any attempt to analyse issues of 'mediation' implicitly involves questions of geography -physical, social, symbolic, and 'virtual'",[]],["how the social process of 'mediation' works in specific cases",[]]],"rt":[["field of mediations",[]]]},{"rt":[["media",[]]]},{"de":[["a proliferation of interconnected spaces and meanings: 'multiple realities' all focussed on the same event",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Those responses could be visible on the online platform on which the information was presented, e.g., reactions, retweets or likes, or could be more personal, e.g., change in opinion or stronger interpersonal connection.",[]]]},{"rt":[["article-user correlation",[]],["user-user correlation",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["fairness",[]],["prevention of harm",[]]]},{"de":[["is mainly limited to explainability and bias mitigation.",[]]],"rt":[["fact-checking",[]],["offence detection",[]],["explainability",[]],["bias mitigation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["fake news are seemingly legitimate news articles that contain intentionally inaccurate or misleading content.",[]],["In other words, fake news are seemingly legitimate news articles that contain intentionally inaccurate or misleading content.",[]]],"sy":[["disinformation",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["people's integrity and credibility should not be maligned",[]]],"rt":[["Respect for human autonomy",["High-Level Expert Group on AI, 2019"]]]},{"de":[["That online identity reflects the meta-image of the self and is part of an individual's self-commodification or personal branding",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["This should be carried out appropriately without interfering with the rights of others. Moreover, it was closely related to and inseparable from the rights of several individuals.",[]]],"ex":[["digital citizens should follow online community rules, comment politely, and not plagiarize others' work.",[]]]},{"de":[["This should be carried out appropriately without interfering with the rights of others.",[]]],"rt":[["rights",[]],["duties",[]]]},{"de":[["digital citizenship is expected to minimize discrimination and intolerance, which are sources of division through the unwise use of social media.",[]],["the mode of citizenship is conceptually used when citizens actively use the Internet for their daily activities.",[]]],"rt":[["online literacy",[]],["online access",[]],["commerce",[]],["communication",[]],["literacy",[]],["ethics",[]],["law",[]],["rights and obligations",[]],["health",[]],["safety",[]],["digital ethics",[]],["rights and responsibilities",[]]]},{"de":[["It is used to perform activities or behaviors, indicating that the daily implementation of the Internet is an event in the digital world",["Jesson et al., 2015","O'Connor et al., 2020","Weinberg & Flinders, 2018"]],["Conflicts based on religious, cultural, ethnic, racial, and skin color differences must also be avoided when implementing good ethics.",[]],["This ethic was the most important element because it reflects the characteristics of people in online activities.",[]],["interaction and communication in the Internet world had a relationship that required adherence to specific rules (McNaughton et al., 2022), including procedures for communicating, expressing opinions, and commenting on photos and videos.",["McNaughton et al., 2022"]],["applying digital ethics was critical to maintaining behaviors and attitudes in cyberspace (Barili & Byram, 2021).",["Barili & Byram, 2021"]],["Moreover, digital media should apply good ethics and focus on positive elements to achieve a common good.",[]]]},{"de":[["Digital rights are an implementation of online human rights that are securely and privately expressed, guaranteed, and sustainable.",["Hamer & Finlayson, 2015","Heikka, 2015"]],["This right proves that people cannot be shielded and limited to accessing digital media. They are also provided with the legal protections that apply in any digital world",["Hamer & Finlayson, 2015","Heikka, 2015"]],["This finding points to three main aspects of digital rights: the privilege to access the Internet, to express themselves, and to protect personal information in the digital space.",[]]],"rt":[["online human rights",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Most learners often spread fake news without determining its truthfulness and checking with other sources, leading to harmful online situations",["(Datta, 2018;Prasetiyo et al., 2021)"]],["fake news contains invalid information and negatively affects the community",[]],["This finding is one form of digital ethics everyone needs, as fake news often causes anxiety, hatred, and hostility to readers.",[]],["Moreover, fake news sources commonly contain fanaticism, where the title and introduction are very provocative.",[]]],"sy":[["hoax news",[]]]},{"sp":[["digital rights",[]]]},{"de":[["This abuse has reportedly led to the spread of violent messages, comments, and hate speech.",[]]]},{"de":[["Plagiarism is very bad behavior in the academic world, so this needs to be avoided.",["Student interview 5"]]]},{"de":[["the core learning material in Jakarta and Lampung",[]]],"sy":[["rights and obligations",[]]],"ex":[["privilege of Internet access, freedom of expression, and personal data protection",[]]]},{"de":[["Spreading fake news is one of the problems for many people.",[]]]},{"de":[["Individuals using binary pronouns do not necessarily have a binary gender identity.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["eg. cisgender, transgender, non-binary etc.",[]]]},{"sp":[["non-binary pronouns",[]]],"ex":[["singular they, them",[]],["they",[]]]},{"de":[["associated with a variety of harms",["Dev et al., 2021b"]],["Misgendering can be present in both human-written and model-generated content, especially towards non-binary and transgender individuals.",[]]],"rt":[["stereotyping",[]],["erasure of identities",[]],["dead-naming",[]]]},{"sp":[["non-binary pronouns",[]]],"ex":[["ze, xe, thon",[]],["xe",[]],["ze",[]],["zir",[]]]},{"de":[["note that using non-binary pronouns does not imply an individual has a non-binary gender identity",[]]],"sy":[["gender-neutral pronouns",[]],["neo-pronouns",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Such re-cycling of content constitutes \"content-chaining\" of digital media, including texts from across the spectrum of other virtual platforms (Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, etc.; Fig. 14) and media (TV, newspapers, blogs, etc.; Figs. 2, 3 , 7, 9, 12, 14).",[]],["Content-chaining is marked by the modality pluralism of languaging in digital spaces",[]],["Content-chaining often has the goal of presenting a convergence of a specific message (this includes, but is not restricted to, party slogans; Figs. 10, 14); it also highlights some news or event (Fig. 2).",[]]]},{},{"de":[["asks new questions that can potentially destabilize established Eurocentric models of language, media and identity",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["monolingual norm",[]]]},{},{"de":[["traditional understandings that regard identity as \"a stable structure located primarily in the individual psyche or in fixed social categories\"",["Bucholtz and Hall 2005: 586"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["its present connotation with respect to the government makes it a neologism in In political discourse",[]]]},{"de":[["languaging here thus needs to be accounted for (in the analysis) in terms of the access that participants have to resources across digital mediascapes.",[]],["the meaning-making and deployment of semiotic resources in contemporary political mediascapes",[]],["irrespective of the number of language-varieties or language-modalities (oral, written, signed, etc.) participants deploy across time and physical-digital practices",[]]],"sy":[["Communication",[]],["Meaning-making",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Namism, including other \"ISMs of oppression\" (Rivers and Zotzmann 2017), have tended to fix issues of power differentials in terms of historically colonized places.",["Rivers and Zotzmann 2017"]],["where references to key postcolonial texts in the Anglo-Saxion scholarship circulate",[]]],"rt":[["ISMs of oppression",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["equality of all faiths",[]]],"rt":[["secularism",[]]]},{"de":[["secularism is understood in global-North spaces in terms of the separation of religion from the state",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["reproduce real-life events",[]]],"rt":[["investigative reporting",[]]],"sp":[["immersive journalism",[]]],"ex":[["Hunger in Los Angeles",[]],["Project Syria",[]],["Kiya",[]]]},{"de":[["emotions are known to affect how users cognitively process information and events",["Barrett et al., 2007"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["we believe the term fairness better reflects the current philosophy of professional journalism while at the same time recognizing the subjective nature of decision-making throughout the entire journalistic process.",[]]],"sy":[["objectivity",[]]]},{"sb":[["breaking news",[]],["public service",[]],["investigative reporting",[]],["explanatory reporting",[]]]},{"de":[["Therefore, journalism \"involves notions of speed, fast decision-making, hastiness, and working in accelerated real-time\" (Deuze, 2005).",["Deuze (2005)"]]]},{},{"rt":[["explanatory reporting",[]]],"sp":[["immersive journalism",[]]],"ex":[["How Garbage Becomes 'Black Gold'",[]],["Alzheimer's Disease: Exploring The Brain",[]],["early immersive documentary explaining the events of the 1968 Columbia University student revolt",[]]]},{"de":[["the proliferation of inexpensive HWDs and 360° video cameras gave rise to what is more commonly presented as immersive journalism",[]]],"rt":[["immersive CG journalism",[]],["360° video journalism",[]]],"sb":[["interactive journalism or low-level immersive journalism",[]],["deep immersive journalism",[]],["360° breaking videos",[]],["mobile public service",[]],["CG investigative reporting",[]],["purposed explanatory reporting",[]]]},{"sp":[["hard news",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["hard news",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Ahram predominantly employs the historic right frame in their news stories. They cite the 1929 and 1959 colonial treaties, as well as mythical claims attributed to ancient philosophers, to support this frame.",[]]]},{"de":[["This approach allows researchers relative freedom to develop frames based on the nature of stories.",[]],["However, the inductive approach requires clear justification and transparency to ensure the reliability and validity of the study",["Matthes and Kohring, 2008","Semetko and Valkenburg, 2000","Vreese, 2005"]],["The inductive approach to frame analysis focuses on the quality of news text discourse and helps identify certain discourse elements that are said to be part of a frame.",[]],["Instead, this approach attempts to identify frames by providing an interpretative account of media texts.",[]]]},{"de":[["One of the frequently accentuated and scrutinized mechanisms the media perform such a function is through media framing",["Entman, 1989(Entman, , 1993;;Vreese, 2005"]]]},{},{"de":[["It asserts that Ethiopia's ultimate goal is to hoard the Nile water and force downstream countries to buy water in the long run.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Generally, the right to development frame stresses the fact that embarking on the dam project is the decision and commitment of all Ethiopians aimed at harnessing their own resources to alleviate poverty and ensure access to electricity to their citizens.",[]]],"sy":[["counter frame",[]]],"rt":[["unilateral act frame",[]]],"ex":[["No, by all means Ethiopia has all legal rights to utilize its natural resource for the sake of its economic development",[]],["Filling the dam and generating power is entirely within our right to fair use of our own water.",[]]]},{"de":[["This securitization is a consequence of the hegemony of Egypt, which seeks to maintain the status quo in the East Nile Basin.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"de":[["the progression of the project without reaching an agreement",[]]],"rt":[["right to development frame",[]]]},{"sp":[["Normative information",[]],["normative influence",[]]]},{"de":[["lower belief in the false claims",[]],["reliance on misinformation was lower (i.e., greater belief updating)",[]],["high fact-check endorsement associated with greater belief updating.",[]]],"sy":[["reduced CIE",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["can influence individual decision making",[]]],"sb":[["bandwagon heuristic",[]]]},{},{"de":[["in the form of \"likes\" or \"shares\"",["Peters et al., 2013"]]]},{"de":[["Contextualization can be used to describe the state of content production and dissemination in the media and can be used to explain how the media builds up context and exerts influence on society and audiences",["2015","2020","Dahlberg, 2015","De Wolf, 2020"]],["Contextualization can be used to describe the state of content production and dissemination in the media and can be used to explain how the media builds up context and exerts influence on society and audiences (Dahlberg, 2015;De Wolf, 2020).",["Dahlberg, 2015","De Wolf, 2020"]]],"ex":[["the headline of a news article might cite a movie scene, mixing the movie context with the news context, thus triggering greater audience attention and empathy",[]]]},{"sb":[["middle regionalization of news contexts",[]],["personalized production of important news",[]],["equal dialogue with the public",[]]]},{"rt":[["middle region",[]]]},{"de":[["created by the internet",[]]]},{"rt":[["media context",[]],["reality context",[]]]},{"de":[["People's Daily's live news on the Weibo platform differs significantly from live TV news broadcasts. Traditional live TV newscasts have distinct journalistic boundaries. They require pre-scheduling in a news program, where the subject matter, presenter, location, connecting journalists, and duration are all designed and confirmed in advance.",[]]]},{"de":[["media context theory emphasizes that electronic media and the social context interact",["1985","Meyrowitz, 1985"]],["the more blurred the boundary between media and reality, the more likely it is that context crossover and integration will occur",[]],["In media context theory, the so-called context refers to information systems (Meyrowitz, 1985). Information systems blur the boundaries between the private and public contexts, resulting in corresponding changes in people's social behaviors and roles (Ilan, 2022;Meyrowitz, 1990).",["Ilan, 2022","Meyrowitz, 1990"]],["media context theory emphasizes that electronic media and the social context interact (Meyrowitz, 1985).",["Meyrowitz, 1985"]]]},{"de":[["The sharing of time and space between journalists and audiences aligns with Meyrowitz's \"middle region\" theory",[]]]},{"de":[["It aims to record the process and details of the reporter's participation in the news event, and to lead the audiences to enter the news events and behind the scenes from the first-person perspective.",[]]]},{"de":[["Weibo commentaries are expressed in a very approachable way; some have even begun to use internet buzzwords in recent years.",[]]],"ex":[["what does it say about six academicians teaching one course?",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["These sentences present complex cases where positive sentiment is paired with derogatory terminology.",[]],["These findings indicate fundamental disagreements between moderation systems about whether the presence of a slur alone constitutes hate speech, or whether positive sentiment can effectively neutralize otherwise harmful terminology.",[]]],"ex":[["sentences with the structure \"All [SLUR] are great people.\"",[]]]},{"de":[["que remite a figuras públicas con experiencia",[]]],"sb":[["relacionada con la costumbre",[]],["autorización por reconocimiento",[]],["una relacionada con la costumbre, la cual puede ser expresada en relación con la tradición y la conformidad",[]],["otra relativa a la autoridad ya sea personal (encarnada en actores sociales) o impersonal (relativa a leyes o regulaciones)",[]],["la autorización por reconocimiento ya sea de expertos o modelos a seguir",[]]],"sp":[["estrategias de legitimación",[]],["legitimación",[]]],"ex":[["(6) Carmen Frei diciendo las cosas como son en la #FranjaElectoral, su padre Eduardo Frei Montalva se opuso a la Constitución de Pinochet y lo MATARON. Así es la derecha, así es la gente que rechaza. #Apruebo #ConvenciónConstitucional",[]]]},{"sy":[["second screen",["Gil de Zúñiga, García-Perdomo & McGregor, 2015"]],["two-screen",["Anstead & O'Loughlin, 2015"]]]},{},{"de":[["Esta estrategia da cuenta de conocimiento que es parte del conocimiento social y se refiere a \"cómo son las cosas\".",[]],["Esas 'cosas' terminan siendo racionales e identificadas con lo correcto a través de un proceso de 'naturalización', como en estos casos a partir del uso de las inferencias lógicas que se proveen como argumento.",[]],["este tipo de estrategia desacredita de cierta forma a la opción contraria justificando el actuar de los usuarios en pos de determinada elección en este contexto. Esta estrategia da cuenta de conocimiento que es parte del conocimiento social y se refiere a \"cómo son las cosas\". Esas 'cosas' terminan siendo racionales e identificadas con lo correcto a través de un proceso de 'naturalización', como en estos casos a partir del uso de las inferencias lógicas que se proveen como argumento.",[]]]},{"sb":[["evaluación moral",[]],["autorización",[]],["racionalización",[]],["mitopoiesis",[]]]},{},{"de":[["puede contribuir a explorar cómo diversas acciones se vuelven aceptables socialmente.",[]],["pretende dar cuenta de cómo los hablantes/escritores justifican sus acciones sociales",["Hansson & Page, 2022"]],["puede ayudar en la comprensión de fenómenos políticos y las relaciones de poder que se establecen entre distintos grupos, ya que permite explorar cómo se justifican diversas acciones que pueden ser cuestionadas o perjudiciales.",[]],["se presenta como un instrumento de control que manifiesta el poder simbólico tanto en el discurso como en la sociedad.",[]],["Este tipo de análisis pretende dar cuenta de cómo los hablantes/escritores justifican sus acciones sociales",["Hansson & Page, 2022"]]],"rt":[["estrategias discursivas utilizadas en los discursos para legitimar",[]]]},{"de":[["relacionada principalmente con la valoración de la franja electoral y el proceso constitucional",[]],["Este tipo de estrategias serviría para dar a conocer una postura en relación al plebiscito y justificar esta elección.",[]],["evaluación moral como estrategia de legitimación refiere a discursos de ambas opciones plebiscitadas y variados contenidos, como el proceso constituyente y la franja en sí.",[]]],"sb":[["la evaluación que se relaciona con atributos asignados a procesos",[]],["la abstracción",[]],["las comparaciones",[]],["la evaluación que se relaciona con atributos asignados a procesos, generalmente a través de adjetivos",[]],["la abstracción, que se refiere a la denominación de prácticas (o a una o más de sus acciones o reacciones componentes) en formas abstractas que 'moralizan' en relación con un modelo de valores",[]],["las comparaciones que se relacionan con analogías que permiten justificar llevar a cabo (o no) ciertas acciones",[]],["las comparaciones que se relacionan con analogías que permiten justificar llevar a cabo (o no) ciertas acciones.",[]]],"sp":[["estrategias de legitimación",[]],["legitimación",[]]],"ex":[["(1) Horrible la franja del fracaso: miedo, ignorancia y falta de educación ciudadana.",[]]]},{"de":[["fuente importante de información para la ciudadanía",["Uribe et al., 2018"]],["fuente de información electoral eficiente y atractiva para los televidentes, pero también para los usuarios de otras plataformas.",[]]]},{"rt":[["autorización",[]],["evaluación moral",[]],["racionalización",[]],["mitopoiesis",[]]]},{"de":[["La mitopoiesis se refiere específicamente a las justificaciones realizadas a través de diversas narrativas que establecen ciertos marcos de acción conocidos culturalmente.",[]]],"sb":[["relatos morales",["van Leeuwen, 2007"]],["relatos de advertencia",["van Leeuwen, 2007"]]],"sp":[["legitimación",[]],["estrategias de legitimación",[]]],"ex":[["(10) No fueron 30 pesos, fueron 30 años y faltan solo 30 días...#Apruebo",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["racionalización",[]]]},{"de":[["que cuestiona los argumentos de los adversarios",[]]],"sb":[["racionalidad instrumental",[]],["racionalidad teórica",[]],["La racionalidad instrumental, la cual legitima las prácticas en referencia a sus fines, usos y efectos",[]],["la racionalidad teórica que legitima prácticas por referencia a un orden natural de las cosas.",[]]],"sp":[["estrategias de legitimación",[]],["legitimación",[]]],"ex":[["(18) Estoy viendo la franja y el PDG cita el artículo 299 diciendo que las fuerzas armadas no podrán actuar frente a la inmigración descontrolada. What the fuck? Tengo el texto al frente, cómo tan descarados para mentir? #AprueboCrece #FranjaElectoral",[]]]},{"sp":[["mitopoiesis",[]]]},{"sp":[["mitopoiesis",[]]]},{"de":[["use of ascriptive definitions is strongly associated with hostile beliefs about immigrants, for example, that immigrants are likely to be criminals and to steal American jobs",["Casarez, 2020"]],["can all be used to incite subjugation.",[]]],"rt":[["Misused generic language",[]],["implication of disposition",[]],["language of opposites",[]]],"sp":[["linguistic tools",[]]]},{"rt":[["undifferentiated language",[]]]},{},{"de":[["generic statements do not imply that a category is a good predictor of having a property, just that it is in a persistent state of possibly manifesting a property",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["natural kinds (e.g., the rabbit species)",[]],["races, ethnicities, or nationalities",[]]],"sb":[["cultural essentialism",[]]],"ex":[["An essentialist view of rabbits, for example, would include the beliefs that there is something inside a rabbit that makes it a rabbit, and that it will always be a rabbit.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["internal inconsistency can be seen as trustworthy.",[]],["can all be used to incite subjugation.",[]]],"rt":[["Misused generic language",[]],["implication of disposition",[]],["ascriptive definitions",[]]],"sp":[["linguistic tools",[]]],"ex":[["immigrants may be seen as lazy, unskilled parasites expecting benefits in return for nothing or as fierce competitors in the job market.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["essentialist thought",[]]]},{"sp":[["messages",["43"]]]},{"de":[["the introduction of artistic ways of thinking and doing into non-art domains typically happens because the host domain recognises that art has something to offer of value that the host domain lacks, for example, creative experimentation and personal address",[]],["traits such as displacement, renaming, and individualisation are central to artification",[]],["the introduction of artistic ways of thinking and doing into non-art domains typically happens because the host domain recognises that art has something to offer of value that the host domain lacks, for example, creative experimentation and personal address.",[]],["traits such as displacement, renaming, and individualisation are central to artification.",[]]],"rt":[["artifying processes",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["alternative facts",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["While in the early post-war period MPs had set aside their partisan differences to discuss a common media strategy to increase their collective visibility, MPs in later decades rather pursued partisan media tactics to enhance their party's individual visibility.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["These pillars include infrastructure, states, interstate organisations, the military, market, media, labour, meaning, practices, and users.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["to avoid any negative connotations.",["1"]]],"sy":[["cultural propaganda",[]]],"rt":[["commercial diplomacy",[]],["cultural propaganda",[]]]},{"de":[["The term \"cultural propaganda\" was actively used by the Council to describe its work, although it recognised that the word \"propaganda\" might suggest being underhand or deceitful.",[]],["it had a strategy of creating a positive cultural exchange between peoples and to promote \"British life and thought\" -that is, Britain's cultural achievements, progress, and institutions.",[]]],"sy":[["cultural diplomacy",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["messages",["43"]]]},{},{"de":[["fits with the standard liberal political categories which oppose secrecy and the autocratic power of the state in favour of transparency and the power of democratic citizenship.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["immediacy",[]]]},{"rt":[["hypermediacy",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The search for information that could cater to the demand for emotion-driven empathy, identification, and personal address can be related to what Shapiro identifies as individualisation, in artifying processes",[]]]},{},{"de":[["channelled through NGOs and opinion-making individuals",[]],["supporting artistically enhanced information by proxy-creators",[]],["information-by-proxy projects created through collaborations between the Delegation on Healthcare Education and cultural workers often had a strategic focus on school children and youths.",["55"]],["information-by-proxy creations were used as a basis for discussion and to increase engagement and reflection among the receivers of the information.",[]]]},{"de":[["strategy that could decentralise and debureaucratise the information and create a buffer zone between the pleading intentions of the agency, and citizens on the receiving end.",[]],["Citizens were deemed more susceptible to information that stemmed from a proxy, as the content could better dovetail with the recipient's ideological horizon.",[]],["employment of a buffer between agency and citizenry, gave the information-by-proxy strategy several layers of ambiguity",[]],["the Swedish public was thought to perceive pleading information as more personalised, decentralised, and less bureaucratic.",[]],["the Swedish public was thought to perceive pleading information as more personalised, decentralised, and less bureaucratic",[]],["establishing a \"buffer\" between SIDA and the people, making it possible for SIDA \"to back progressive and challenging projects without risking political critique\"",[]]],"sy":[["operations by transferred information",[]],["överflyttad informationsverksamhet",[]]],"rt":[["cultural proxies",[]],["non-transparency",[]]],"ex":[["stage plays, cinemas, galleries, comics, illustrated children's books, and TV documentaries experienced in your own living room",[]]]},{},{"de":[["cultural policy research on instrumentalisation has been characterised by a unidirectional perspective on how cultural policy governance tends to reach outward, attaching itself to, and legitimising itself through, better resourced political sectors.",["10"]]]},{},{"de":[["In the last two decades, however, a growing body of research has pointed to a different mode of exchange, at the personal, community or institutional level, in official and unofficial culture, that clearly undermines the idea of isolation -and called for other metaphors to describe the limited but existing cooperation and transfer between the two sides.",[]]],"rt":[["Holes",[]],["penetration",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["core strategy of the manufacturing of reality and consent to facilitate and sustain the political and economic interests of elites",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the latter signifying the values, norms, uses, and practices surrounding media technologies",[]],["the latter referring to the social and cultural practices surrounding the technology.",["37"]]]},{},{"sy":[["media for freedom",[]]],"rt":[["media for freedom",[]],["modernisation theory",[]]]},{"rt":[["media for development",[]],["modernisation theory",[]]]},{"de":[["an important strand of media studies scholarship that developed in the 1970s.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["strategic communication",[]]],"sp":[["strategic communication",[]]]},{"de":[["the overall media strategy of the British Parliament",[]],["Parliament's media strategy of seeking democratic visibility constituted an equilibrium resulting from pulling and pushing tactics both within parliament and vis-à-vis the government.",[]]],"rt":[["media tactics",[]]]},{"de":[["As the down-to-earth implementation of strategies, tactics are open to constant negotiation and change. They are operational, preliminary, and always deeply embedded in existing social, political, cultural, economic, and discursive realities -and thus often less easy to discern and they do not always leave archived traces behind.",[]],["the contributors draw attention to the fascinating, messy world of media and communication 'tactics' and the many ways in which these tactics can expand, adapt, and sometimes subvert and resist strategic goals.",[]],["specific media tactics of subgroups of MPs",[]],["media tactics both supported and subverted overarching media strategies",[]],["media tactics were messy in practice",[]],["the media tactics of individual MPs both reinforced and jeopardised the overarching media strategy of their collective parliamentary institution",[]],["the actions, practices, and vocabulary of the historical actors",[]],["media tactics have an obvious ephemeral dimension",[]],["bottom-up media tactics of comparatively powerless parliamentarians",[]],["the study of media tactics, informed by historical methods, illustrates that communication more often than not is a messy and complex undertaking.",[]]],"sy":[["individual media tactics",[]]],"rt":[["strategies",[]],["media strategy",[]],["media strategies",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["appeals",["43"]],["exhortations",["43"]],["explanations",["43"]]]},{"rt":[["media for development",[]],["media for freedom",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["MPs in later decades rather pursued partisan media tactics to enhance their party's individual visibility.",[]]],"sy":[["partisan tactics",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Such information -directly communicated from agency to citizen -could be perceived as too unidirectional and thus too paternalistic.",[]]],"sy":[["pläderande information",[]]]},{"de":[["cultural policy governance tends to reach outward, attaching itself to, and legitimising itself through, better resourced political sectors.",["10"]]]},{},{"de":[["The propaganda apparatuses that governments established during the World Wars were only nominally dismantled afterwards.",[]]],"rt":[["public relations",[]]]},{"ex":[["filmmakers, authors, visual artists, poets, theatre groups",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["enabled by negotiations at the politico-cultural level and are part of a more general strategy of international cooperation between communist parties but are subject to a number of circumstances of mutual relations, and also to the contingencies of everyday practices and operations",[]]],"rt":[["regimes of visibility",[]]]},{"de":[["The management of visibilities is a social enterprise whose output is a field of interactions created by the acts that draw cones (from few to many or from many to few) and vectors (from one to one or from many to many) of visibility, defining the reciprocal constitutions of subjects through their positioning within a field of visibility symmetries and asymmetries",["7"]]],"rt":[["regimes of (in)visibility",[]]]},{"de":[["in how a non-cultural policy area became dependent on the cultural sector in search of what the assumed qualities of art could bring to governmental information",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["served the interests of dominant powers seeking to impose their agenda.",[]]],"rt":[["tactical communication",[]]]},{},{"de":[["While strategies are usually concerned with the destination and direction, tactics handle the bumps along the way.",[]],["strategies and tactics are often deeply entangled",[]],["Strategies and tactics are always embedded in the historical situation",[]],["This also prompts an epistemological tilt: from plans to practices, and from theoretical models to archival sources.",[]]],"rt":[["tactics",[]]]},{"de":[["scholars working within the disciplines of advertising, public relations, strategic communications, and marketing have placed a much greater emphasis on strategy than tactics",[]],["knowing where you want to go",[]]],"rt":[["tactics",[]]]},{"de":[["Moreover, student journals should be non-profit, operating outside commercial media, and should act as the organiser, mobiliser and agitator of the student movement.",[]]],"sy":[["student journals",[]]]},{"de":[["the operational nuts and bolts of communication operations, and the pragmatic country cousin labouring in the shadows of elevated strategic thinking.",[]],["the point where tactics unfold into a strategy is, at the very least, blurred.",[]]],"rt":[["strategy",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["Strategic communication",[]]]},{"de":[["placing particular emphasis on the \"transient and temporary dimension\" in media interventions questioning power relations.",["14"]],["expressions of dissent that rely on artistic practices and 'do it yourself' (DIY) media created from readily available, relatively cheap technology and means of communication (for example, radio, video and Internet)",["13"]]],"rt":[["media activism",[]],["expressions of dissent",[]]],"ex":[["radio, video and Internet",["13"]]]},{"rt":[["strategies",[]]]},{"rt":[["strategic forms of communication",[]]]},{"de":[["the more practical, hands-on work of tactics",[]],["tactics are often part of day-to-day and off-the-cuff everyday decisions",[]],["foreground tactics as a study object in itself, not just the effects or outcomes of strategic thinking",[]],["the actions, practices, and vocabulary of the historical actors",[]],["manifestations of who is actually doing what, when, and to which effect",[]],["tactical actions of those in power as well as of those opposing established regimes",[]]],"rt":[["strategies",[]],["strategy",[]]],"sb":[["campaigns",[]],["channels",[]],["messages",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["cross-lingual transfer",[]],["claim detection",[]],["evidence gathering",[]]],"sp":[["fact-checking",[]]]},{"de":[["The first two levels of narratives are typically used to target foreign audiences",["Miskimmon, O'Loughlin, Roselle, 2013: 15-27"]]],"sp":[["strategic narrative",["Miskimmon, O'Loughlin, Roselle, 2013: 15-27"]]]},{"de":[["The first two levels of narratives are typically used to target foreign audiences",["Miskimmon, O'Loughlin, Roselle, 2013: 15-27"]]],"sp":[["strategic narrative",["Miskimmon, O'Loughlin, Roselle, 2013: 15-27"]]]},{"de":[["the third one domestic ones, but by no means exclusively",["Miskimmon, O'Loughlin, Roselle, 2013: 15-27"]]],"sp":[["strategic narrative",["Miskimmon, O'Loughlin, Roselle, 2013: 15-27"]]]},{"de":[["Propaganda should be understood as a tool: it can be applied toward ends that may be immoral or moral",["(Lasswell, 1927: 627;1951: 66-78)"]],["By reducing complicated facts to straightforward clichés, propaganda produces black-and-white, \"us\" and \"them,\" good-and-evil dichotomies that are frequently connected to calls to despise or dislike an adversary",["(Schmid, 2014)","Schmid, 2014"]]]},{"de":[["builds on that of soft power (Nye Jr, 1990: 153-171), but puts it in a contemporary environment",["Nye Jr, 1990: 153-171"]]],"sb":[["geopolitical narratives",[]],["national (identification) narratives",[]],["Political issue narratives",[]]],"sp":[["soft power",["Nye Jr, 1990: 153-171","153-171"]]]},{"de":[["AI literacy, as part of media literacy, entails understanding how these systems function and their ethical and societal implications.",[]],["it is an essential component of media literacy.",[]]],"rt":[["media literacy",[]],["digital literacy",[]]],"sp":[["media literacy",[]]]},{"de":[["Many social media platforms and streaming services utilize AI-based recommendation algorithms to provide content suggestions based on user's previous actions and the material they enjoy.",[]]]},{"de":[["algorithmic bias in content creation and curation.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["dangerous weapons for the propagation of falsehoods and disinformation",[]]],"rt":[["GANs",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{"sy":[["filter bubbles",[]]],"rt":[["filter bubbles",[]]]},{"de":[["reduce the amount of exposure to multiple viewpoints and might polarize public dialogue",[]]],"sy":[["echo chambers",[]]],"rt":[["echo chambers",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["erroneous information",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This bottom-up process of collective reproduction attracts new supporters and sustains dissatisfaction with the authorities",["Parsloe and Holton 2018"]],["this article introduces a new conceptual framework called the \"collective reproduction\" process, which includes three processes: (1) production, (2) circulation, and (3) reproduction.",[]],["In other words, reproduction involves a self-motivated process by ordinary audiences to re-create satirical messages. This bottom-up process of collective reproduction attracts new supporters and sustains dissatisfaction with the authorities (Parsloe and Holton 2018).",["Parsloe and Holton 2018"]]],"sb":[["(1) production",[]],["(2) circulation",[]],["(3) reproduction",[]],["production",[]],["circulation",[]],["reproduction",[]]]},{},{"de":[["follows a three-phase process: (1) production (e.g., messages from The Daily Show and The Colbert Report), (2) message delivery (e.g., experiments and surveys), and (3) response (e.g., response of audiences).",[]],["However, the existing literature on political satire primarily adopts a linear perspective, focusing on the effects on audiences and their responses to satirical messages.",[]]],"ex":[["The Daily Show with Jon Stewart",[]],["The Colbert Report",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["collective reproduction",[]]]},{"de":[["the most direct way is to make use of this sign to generate new forms, meanings, and combinations for online circulation",[]]],"sp":[["operative signs",[]]]},{"de":[["Internet users are not passive audiences but active reproducers who infuse new meanings into political signs, leading to the creation and circulation of continuous satire.",[]],["In nondemocratic regimes, political satire can serve as a potential outlet outside the confines of a restricted public sphere",[]],["By encompassing a broader range of voices, memes possess the potential to challenge and authenticate the state's ideological positions",["Miazhevich 2015"]]],"ex":[["the image of Winnie the Pooh was censored due to its humorous resemblance to President Xi Jinping",["Gueorguiev and Malesky 2019"]]]},{"de":[["serves as a communicative method to deliver persuasive criticisms against opponents in a \"soft\" manner, aiming to attract attention and foster civic engagement",[]],["functions as a \"medium of value\" that connects supporters with similar political values in the political sphere",[]],["To expand their influence, prodemocracy media often employ satirical messages to criticize the authorities.",[]],["One crucial function of political satire is to wait for people to discover, circulate, and engage with it",["Yang and Jiang 2015"]],["Effective political satire can reduce the time costs associated with learning about political issues by providing entertainment",["Baum 2003"]],["highlights the ongoing nature of satire as a means of continuous denouncement and dissatisfaction with political leaders.",[]],["political satire can serve as a potential outlet outside the confines of a restricted public sphere",["Shomova 2022"]]],"rt":[["political signs",[]],["continuous satire",[]]],"ex":[["The Daily Show with Jon Stewart",[]],["The Colbert Report",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["collective reproduction",[]]]},{"de":[["supporters involve in transferring online memes into real-life political participation",["Veg 2016"]]],"sp":[["operative signs",[]]]},{"de":[["This bottom-up process of collective reproduction attracts new supporters and sustains dissatisfaction with the authorities",["Parsloe and Holton 2018"]]],"sp":[["collective reproduction",[]]]},{"de":[["Community-based fact-checking is increasingly adopted by social media platforms (YouTube 2024; Meta 2025; TikTok 2025)",["YouTube 2024","Meta 2025","TikTok 2025"]],["community-based fact-checking reduces engagement with misleading content once it is flagged",["Chuai et al. 2024a"]],["a faster, more scalable, and more trusted approach to addressing misinformation",[]]],"sy":[["community-driven approaches",[]]],"rt":[["expert-led efforts",[]],["misleading content",[]]],"sb":[["community notes",[]]]},{"sy":[["community-based fact-checking",[]]]},{"rt":[["homophily",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["echo chambers",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["expert-led efforts",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["conservative layout",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["this priming effect may be canceled out by a strong political message in the text",[]]]},{},{"de":[["evaluation can be influenced by layout style",[]],["could unconsciously bias recipients' perception of political messages and communicators and thus affect political opinion formation",[]]],"rt":[["priming",[]],["framing",[]]],"ex":[["Layout style could, for instance, cause extreme political communicators to appear more moderate.",[]]]},{"de":[["Being more accessible, these concepts may subsequently influence recipients' perception and evaluation of further information",["Roskos-Ewoldsen et al., 2007"]]]},{"sy":[["progressive design",[]]]},{},{"de":[["recursos tecnológicos para rastrear el origen de imágenes y vídeos, detectar posibles deepfakes y transcribir o traducir contenidos audiovisuales.",[]]],"sp":[["técnicas de desinformación",["Marta-Lazo, 2024, p. 108"]]]},{"de":[["En estas áreas, las redes sociales tienen aún más relevancia como medio de información",[]]]},{},{"de":[["panorama internacional del fact-checking",[]],["distintos protocolos de actuación y modelos de negocio",[]],["la aparición de nuevos perfiles profesionales en el ámbito de la Comunicación y el Periodismo, especialmente en el área de la verificación de hechos o fact-checking",["Cantón-Correa et al., 2025"]]],"sy":[["verificación de hechos",[]]],"rt":[["verificación",[]]],"sb":[["fact-checking colaborativo",[]]]},{"sb":[["deepfakes",["Marta-Lazo, 2024, p. 108"]]]},{"de":[["iniciativas de verificación",[]],["práctica esencial y recurrente para la verificación",[]]],"sb":[["detection",[]],["reporting",[]],["debunking",[]]]},{"sy":[["fact-checking",[]]]},{"de":[["No se trata únicamente de la relevancia del tema en sí, sino de su alcance y capacidad de propagación.",[]]]},{"de":[["By maintaining the boundary between the in-group of co-partisans and the out-group of opposing partisans, the psychological need of belonging and orientation is fulfilled",["Tajfel, 1978"]],["pervasive societal divide",["Iyengar et al., 2012"]],["Applied to party identification in the United States, this process of social differentiation has been labeled affective polarization",[]]],"rt":[["social differentiation",[]]]},{"de":[["In populism, the elites are frequently lumped together as a homogenous out-group. The elites are accused of only filling their own pockets at the cost of the people they should represent",["Laclau, 1977","Weyland, 2001"]]],"sp":[["populism",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["populism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["in which the society was seen as ultimately separated between ''us'' and ''them''",[]]]},{},{"de":[["constructed the boundary between the ''real'' British people and others with differing values and norms",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["Partisanship",[]]]},{"de":[["In populism, the concept of the people most saliently refers to a ''silenced majority'' of ordinary citizens whose will should be central in political decision-making",["Canovan, 1999"]]],"sp":[["populism",[]]]},{"de":[["Populist messages concretize this Manichean outlook on society by blaming the elites or societal outgroups for the problems experienced by the ordinary people",["Hameleers et al., 2017","Laclau, 1977"]],["Being chameleonic in nature, populism is argued to adapt itself to different contexts and to stick to any sense of urgency",["Mazzoleni et al., 2003"]],["In the midst of a perceived crisis situation, populist ideas emphasize a specific causal and moral interpretation. More specifically, members of the in-group of ordinary citizens are ''helpless'' victims. Out-group members, in contrast, are depicted as ''culpable'' others. Morally, ordinary citizens are ''good'' and innocent, whereas out-groups are ''evil''",["Taggart, 2000"]]],"rt":[["peoplecentrism",[]],["anti-elitism",[]],["exclusion of societal outgroups",[]]],"sb":[["right-wing populism",[]],["peoplecentrism",[]],["anti-elitism",[]],["the potential exclusion of societal outgroups",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The binding moral foundations should correspond to cultural conservatism",[]]],"rt":[["cultural conservatism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["cultural conservative individuals strive for security and stability and try to prevent loss.",[]],["Preserving traditional lifestyles or a pre-existing social order allows one to maintain what is familiar and known, while social change is a potential risk (i.e., a risk of losing something valued; Jost et al., 2003;Jost et al., 2009).",["Jost et al., 2003","Jost et al., 2009"]],["cultural conservatism should be related to the prevention focus",[]]],"rt":[["conservation versus openness to change value dimension",[]]],"sp":[["political conservatism",[]],["two dimensions of conservatism",[]]],"ex":[["authoritarian parentchild relationships, traditional work ethics, and conventional female roles",["Kossowska & Van Hiel, 2003, p. 508","Middendorp, 1978"]]]},{"de":[["people high in economic conservatism \"adhere to capitalist ideology and believe that private initiative and competition should not be limited\" (Kossowska & Van Hiel, 2003, p. 508), while they would reject governmental economic intervention or concerns about worker participation.",["Kossowska & Van Hiel, 2003, p. 508"]],["economic conservatism should correspond to the self-enhancement versus self-transcendence dimension from Schwartz' model of basic human values (Schwartz, 1994) because this dimension is concerned with the conflict between gaining personal wealth and status (power, achievement) versus promoting the welfare of others (benevolence, universalism).",["Schwartz, 1994"]],["economic conservatism should be related to the promotion focus",[]]],"rt":[["cultural conservatism",[]],["social dominance orientation",[]]],"sp":[["political conservatism",[]],["two dimensions of conservatism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["loss and security arguments were repeatedly found to be more persuasive for prevention-focused individuals",[]]],"sp":[["Regulatory Focus Theory",[]],["promotion and prevention",[]]]},{"de":[["promotion focus is related to openness and creativity",["Friedman & Förster, 2001"]]],"sp":[["Regulatory Focus Theory",[]],["promotion and prevention",[]]]},{"rt":[["message framing",[]],["promotion and prevention",[]]],"sb":[["promotion focus",[]],["prevention focus",[]],["promotion",[]],["prevention",[]]]},{"rt":[["Cultural conservatism",[]]]},{"rt":[["economic conservatism",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Over time, this foundational concept has evolved into a broader typology of deterrence strategies, each defined by the mechanisms it employs.",[]]]},{"de":[["In international relations, hard deterrence (power) refers to coercive behavior through force or penalties",[]]],"ex":[["Removal is a hard deterrence mechanism because it operates through direct coercion with high perceptibility: it imposes a high cost on the violator by erasing their content or presence, thereby unequivocally signaling that the behavior is prohibited.",[]]]},{"sb":[["Removal",[]]]},{"de":[["Providing users with information, context, or warnings about content",["Center for an Informed Public et al., 2021"]],["These include warning labels, fact-check notices, banners, contextual panels, and interstitial pop-ups that appear before viewing or sharing flagged posts, along with other messages designed to educate or caution users",["Center for an Informed Public et al., 2021"]],["Informing interventions aim to educate users or provide additional context without removing content.",[]]],"sp":[["social media interventions",[]],["Soft deterrence mechanism",[]]],"ex":[["Warning",[]],["For example, Facebook and Instagram apply labels to posts debunked by fact-checkers, often covering the post with a warning that must be clicked through.",[]]]},{"de":[["These measures allow the content to remain accessible (no deletion or reach reduction in many cases), thus fully preserving the user's ability to speak and others' ability to hear them, but they inject additional information to steer perception.",[]]],"sp":[["soft deterrence mechanism",[]]],"ex":[["warning labels, fact-check notices, banners, contextual panels, and interstitial pop-ups that appear before viewing or sharing flagged posts, along with other messages designed to educate or caution users",["Center for an Informed Public et al., 2021"]],["Facebook and Instagram apply labels to posts debunked by fact-checkers, often covering the post with a warning that must be clicked through.",[]],["Twitter has used interstitial warnings on tweets and prompts",["Geeng et al., 2020"]],["TikTok has added banners on COVID-19 or vaccine-related posts with reminders and links to authoritative information",["Morgan, 2020"]]]},{"sb":[["Composite intervention",[]]]},{"de":[["Unlike integrated intervention, which bundles two actions on a single piece of content, mixed deterrence mechanisms span across different levels (post, account, community, network, and off-platform), creating a repetitive or structural reinforcement.",[]],["a mixed deterrence mechanism means deploying multiple interventions that work together to form a robust deterrent and mitigation structure, thereby leveraging varying degrees of coerciveness, restrictiveness, and persuasiveness.",[]]],"sb":[["Multimodal intervention",[]]]},{"de":[["Unlike other interventions, which typically target specific entities such as a post, a user, or a community, multimodal interventions operate across multiple levels of the platform.",[]],["They may simultaneously combine actions at the post, account, and community levels, creating a layered strategy that reinforces deterrence across the broader information environment.",[]],["multimodal interventions operate across multiple levels of the platform. They may simultaneously combine actions at the post, account, and community levels, creating a layered strategy that reinforces deterrence across the broader information environment.",[]],["This distinction frames multimodal interventions as a comprehensive moderation approach that operates across multiple layers of the platform, rather than a tactic aimed at a single entity.",[]],["Multimodal intervention refers to strategies that strengthen the overall information environment or user resilience against misinformation through multiple interventions.",[]]],"sp":[["mixed deterrence mechanisms",[]],["social media interventions",[]],["Mixed deterrence mechanism",[]]],"ex":[["Overall, a mixed deterrence mechanism means deploying multiple interventions that work together to form a robust deterrent and mitigation structure, thereby leveraging varying degrees of coerciveness, restrictiveness, and persuasiveness.",[]]]},{"de":[["The content remains on the platform, but it is harder to encounter.",[]],["In terms of coerciveness, it is less coercive than hard deterrence yet more coercive than soft deterrence.",[]],["Notably, reduction measures are low perceptibility.",[]]],"sp":[["situational deterrence mechanism",[]]],"ex":[["Facebook's feed algorithm downranks posts identified as containing \"exaggerated or sensational health claims\" so that they appear to far fewer users",["Yeh, 2019"]],["Twitter has in the past downranked replies or tweets deemed misleading",["Roth & Harvey, 2018","Roth & Pickles, 2020"]]]},{"de":[["Tactics include downranking or demoting posts in algorithmic feeds, limiting the distribution of certain URLs or stories, or placing frictions on sharing",["Center for an Informed Public et al., 2021"]],["Reduction refers to interventions that curtail the reach or visibility of content and accounts associated with misinformation, without fully removing them (Center for an Informed Public et al., 2021).",["Center for an Informed Public et al., 2021"]]],"sp":[["social media interventions",[]],["Situational deterrence mechanism",[]]],"ex":[["Downranking",[]],["For example, Facebook's feed algorithm downranks posts identified as containing \"exaggerated or sensational health claims\" so that they appear to far fewer users (Yeh, 2019).",["Yeh, 2019"]]]},{"de":[["This represents the most restrictive form of intervention, as it fully blocks access to content, the offending user, or the community sharing misinformation.",[]]],"rt":[["hard deterrence",[]]],"sp":[["hard deterrence mechanism",[]]],"ex":[["YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter (now X) removed the \"Plandemic\" video-a viral COVID-19 conspiracy theory-in May 2020 to staunch its spread",["Culliford, 2020a"]],["Entire pages or accounts dedicated to spreading falsehoods have been taken down as well.",[]]]},{"de":[["Deletion of content or the suspension/removal of user accounts",["Center for an Informed Public et al., 2021"]],["Removal is a hard deterrence mechanism because it operates through direct coercion with high perceptibility: it imposes a high cost on the violator by erasing their content or presence, thereby unequivocally signaling that the behavior is prohibited.",[]],["Removal refers to deleting content or suspending and removing user accounts or online communities that disseminate misinformation (Center for an Informed Public et al., 2021;Cima et al., 2024).",["Center for an Informed Public et al., 2021","Cima et al., 2024"]]],"sp":[["social media interventions",[]],["Hard deterrence mechanism",[]]],"ex":[["Account suspension",[]],["For instance, YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter (now X) removed the \"Plandemic\" video-a viral COVID-19 conspiracy theory-in May 2020 to staunch its spread (Culliford, 2020a).",["Culliford, 2020a"]]]},{"ex":[["Reduction is a situational deterrence mechanism: it imposes restrictions on the opportunity of misinformation spread but not an absolute ban.",[]]]},{"sb":[["Reduction",[]]]},{"de":[["soft deterrence relies on persuasive strategies by appealing to users' values, beliefs, or understanding of consequences",[]]],"ex":[["Informing is the epitome of a soft deterrence mechanism: it relies on persuasion rather than any material restriction.",[]]]},{"sb":[["Informing",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the objective of determining whether a specific tweet is true or fake",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Media coverage and public recognition go hand-in-hand (Wayne, 2001), with strong correlations between the attention of news media and both public salience and attitudes toward presidential candidates (Kiousis & McCombs, 2004).",["Wayne, 2001","Kiousis & McCombs, 2004"]]]},{"sp":[["hostile media effect",[]]]},{"sy":[["annotated archive of Web data",[]]]},{"de":[["The observable attention and attitude toward the candidates served as proxies of editorial slant.",[]]]},{"de":[["Explanations for this hostile media effect range from selective recall (preferentially remembering hostile content), selective categorization (perceiving the same content differently), and conflicting standards (considering hostile content as invalid or irrelevant).",[]]],"sb":[["selective recall",[]],["selective categorization",[]],["conflicting standards",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Such a condensed representation of the information space is a valuable tool to classify organizations.",[]]]},{"sp":[["hostile media effect",[]]]},{"sp":[["hostile media effect",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["Bayesian topic modeling",[]],["Latent Dirichlet Allocations (LDA)",[]]]},{"de":[["Discourse analysis often is concerned with deeper meaning, beyond counting words",[]],["some practitioners might reject a positivist methodology.",[]]],"rt":[["content analysis",[]]]},{"de":[["False rumors are thus intentionally and verifiably wrong (see [57] for a definition).",["57"]]],"ex":[["the so-called Pizzagate that erroneously alleged Hillary Clinton of running a child sex ring [21].",["21"]]]},{"de":[["False rumors are thus intentionally and verifiably wrong (see [57] for a definition).",["57"]]],"rt":[["true rumors",["57"]]],"ex":[["An example of a false rumor is, for instance, the so-called Pizzagate that erroneously alleged Hillary Clinton of running a child sex ring [21].",["21"]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["selection",[]],["control",[]]]},{},{"de":[["a balanced media environment in between",[]]],"rt":[["omission bias",[]]]},{"de":[["is a theoretical construct; in practice, the electorate is always exposed to multiple sources and adjusts its media consumption as a function of the environment",["Durante and Knight, 2012"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["A media outlet N 's report is free from omission bias if and only if s N (ω) = ω.",[]],["news reports suffer from some omission bias in a biased media environment as N R hides bad news for the incumbent and N L good news.",[]],["with news story",[]]],"sy":[["news filtering",[]]],"rt":[["presentation bias",[]]]},{},{"de":[["reporting biases: 'presentation bias' (or 'news distortion') with editorials",[]],["With presentation bias, the incumbent's first-period policy choice influences the voter's electoral decision.",[]],["with editorials",[]]],"sy":[["news distortion",[]],["'news filtering'",[]]],"rt":[["omission bias",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["A media outlet N 's report suffers from severe presentation bias if its editorial provides no information about the incumbent's type (i.e., outlet N babbles).",[]]]},{},{"de":[["First, consider outlet N U 's reporting strategy. At the time of its report, the outlet can only influence the voter's electoral decision. Since it shares the voter's preferences, the outlet seeks to maximize the probability that the second-period office-holder is moderate. N U thus reveals the incumbent's type in its editorial. Further, it also discloses any news story it uncovers.",[]],["In an unbiased media environment, in equilibrium, in all states ω 1 ∈ {l, c, r}, a moderate R's first-period policy choice is his preferred policy x R (ω 1 ).",[]],["the voter is best informed in an unbiased media environment",[]]]},{"de":[["This process involves three interconnected domains: attitude (affect, judgment, and appreciation), engagement (monogloss and heterogloss types), and graduation (force and emphasis).",["Martin & White, 2005"]]],"sb":[["attitude (affect, judgment, and appreciation)",[]],["engagement (monogloss and heterogloss types)",[]],["graduation (force and emphasis)",[]]],"sp":[["appraisal system (AS)",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["discourse analysis",[]]]},{"rt":[["critical discourse analysis (CDA)",[]]]},{"de":[["According to framing theory, the media manipulates public consciousness by connecting particular occurrences to a domain of significance",["Arowolo, 2017"]],["According to framing theory, the media manipulates public consciousness by connecting particular occurrences to a domain of significance (Arowolo, 2017).",["Arowolo, 2017"]]],"sb":[["media framing",[]],["individual framing",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["Systemic functional linguistics (SFL)",[]]]},{"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{"sp":[["Systemic functional linguistics (SFL)",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{"sp":[["transitivity",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["Transitivity analysis (TA)",[]]],"sb":[["material process (MP)",[]],["behavioral process (BP)",[]],["mental process (Men. P)",[]],["verbal process (VP)",[]],["relational process (RP)",[]],["existential process (EP)",[]]]},{"de":[["The TA focused on investigating the participants represented in the news",[]]],"rt":[["transitivity",[]]]},{"sp":[["transitivity",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["the theory, like other dominant IR theories, is Eurocentric and that it is narrowly focused on discourses",[]],["securitization theory emphasizes rhetoric but overlooks the sociopolitical process of practices, institutions, and material conditions under which securitization can take place",[]],["It commands a broad analytical reach (issues gain security status through discourse and political framing)",[]],["draws attention to a critical lens on power (how elites use security language to mobilize support and justify exceptional policies)",[]],["provides policy insights (when issues can be desecuritized, treating them as usual governance problems)",[]],["It commands a broad analytical reach (issues gain security status through discourse and political framing), draws attention to a critical lens on power (how elites use security language to mobilize support and justify exceptional policies), and provides policy insights (when issues can be desecuritized, treating them as usual governance problems)",["Buzan and Waever 2003"]]],"rt":[["speech acts",[]]],"sp":[["Copenhagen School's securitization theory",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["framing",[]]]},{"de":[["involves state and non-state cooperation in activities like book translation programs, book donations, book exchanges, and the like.",["11"]],["Franklin's book diplomacy projects in countries like Egypt and Iran, which had comparable literacy rates of around 15 percent in the 1950s, achieved much of their objectives, notably in developing a robust translation and publishing infrastructure.",[]],["This subliminal book diplomacy strategy paved the way for more cooperative international relations.",[]],["involves state and non-state cooperation in activities like book translation programs, book donations, book exchanges, and the like",["11"]]],"rt":[["cultural diplomacy",[]]],"sp":[["cultural diplomacy",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Fake News Detection is an essential problem in the field of Natural Language Processing.",[]]]},{"de":[["can effectively curb the spread of misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["A positive value of c reflects a conservative bias",[]]],"rt":[["response bias (c)",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["a negative value of c reflects a liberal bias",[]]],"rt":[["response bias (c)",[]]]},{"de":[["a perspective offering explanatory power for the current findings.",[]]]},{"rt":[["social influences, such as perceived norms and peer approval",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["how films say what they say",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["people even adopt the emotions portrayed on television, show empathy for the characters, become immersed in the narrative, or go through other affective processes",["Tapias Hernándezn (2019)"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["corporate fake news is more likely than corporate non-fake news to be spread by foreign accounts.",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]],["disinformation",[]]],"ex":[["Victoria's Secret bras' tracking devices are part of a sex-trafficking conspiracy.",[]],["The COVID-19 vaccine from Moderna uses an ingredient called SM-102 to deliver the mRNA that carries instructions for how to develop antibodies against the novel coronavirus. A widely shared video is now spreading the falsehood that SM-102 is harmful.",[]],["A tooth left in a glass of Coca-Cola will dissolve overnight.",[]],["Starbucks is replacing single-use plastic straws with paper straws wrapped in single-use plastic packaging.",[]],["McDonald's hamburgers are only 15 percent 'real beef.' The other 85 percent is meat filler cleansed with ammonia, which causes stomach and intestinal cancer.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["He claimed that because mainstream media consider themselves as credible, serious, and influential, so this 'loud' frame make a strong effect on the viewers.",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["Delegitimizing riot frame",["Mourão et. al., 2021"]],["legitimization protest frames",["Mourão et. al., 2021"]]]},{"sy":[["connotative",[]]],"rt":[["visuals as denotative",[]]],"sp":[["levels of visual analysis",[]]],"ex":[["a police officer hugging a black male during the protest will have a different connotation to a police officer hugging a white male",[]]]},{"rt":[["confrontational news frames",["Mourão et. al., 2021"]],["legitimization protest frames",["Mourão et. al., 2021"]]]},{"de":[["a network of individuals with a heightened interest in a particular issue",["Davis (2013)"]]]},{"sy":[["ideological representations",[]]],"rt":[["visuals as denotative",[]],["Stylistic-semiotic systems",[]],["connotative",[]]],"sp":[["levels of visual analysis",[]]],"ex":[["do the images present and confirm a perpetuated stereotype of the protestors?",[]]]},{"rt":[["Delegitimizing riot frame",["Mourão et. al., 2021"]],["confrontational news frames",["Mourão et. al., 2021"]]]},{},{"de":[["Entman (1993) asserted that in the context of visual framing, photographs help readers to understand the in-depth meaning of the news event.",[]]],"rt":[["visual rhetoric",[]],["photography",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It is heavy emotional labor rather than merely anecdotal, technical work",[]],["It is heavy emotional labor rather than merely anecdotal, technical work.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["not only individual or technical, but a feminist counter-power. It insists on women's continued presence in public life.",[]],["relational, collective process, rooted in care, solidarity, and infrastructural repair",[]]]},{"de":[["Digital vigilantism, at its most dangerous, reflects broader hostility to women beyond party lines.",[]],["operates as extralegal punishment of individuals for perceived social or political transgressions",[]]]},{},{"de":[["should be considered violence rather than merely a falsehood problem",["Gehrke & Amit-Danhi, 2025"]],["thrives in upheavals, particularly when women challenge dominant political narratives",["Judson et al., 2020","Otieno, 2024","Sen & Jha, 2025","Veritasia et al., 2025"]],["serves strategic political goals",[]],["both spreads falsehoods and mobilizes shame and humiliation to weaken resilience",[]],["differs from hate speech, harassment, and incivility, which are abusive or discriminatory but do not necessarily involve intentional deception, reputational fabrication, or coordinated circulation.",[]],["deliberately using force or power to intimidate or suppress participation for political ends and likely to cause psychological harm or coercion",["Krug et al., 2002"]],["not incidental hostility but a modality of violence enacted through digital infrastructures",[]],["a specific form of violence against women in politics",[]],["linguistic and visual signs reproduced gendered power and harm (Krook, 2020, Chapter 16), i.e., moral positioning, delegitimization, and multimodal cues (e.g., news-template mimicry)",["Krook, 2020, Chapter 16"]],["Disinformation campaigns are not isolated. They draw legitimacy from patriarchal beliefs that make punishing women appear \"common sense.\"",[]],["The coordination of digital vigilantism and the cultural framing of networked misogyny facilitate gendered disinformation.",[]],["It thrives in upheavals, particularly when women challenge dominant political narratives (Judson et al., 2020;Otieno, 2024;Sen & Jha, 2025;Veritasia et al., 2025), and serves strategic political goals. It both spreads falsehoods and mobilizes shame and humiliation to weaken resilience.",[]],["violence that weaponizes visibility, mobilizes audiences as enforcers, and reconfigures reputations across online/offline spheres",[]],["a modality of violence enacted through digital infrastructures",[]],["enacted through vigilantism and misogyny",[]]],"rt":[["hate speech",[]],["harassment",[]],["incivility",[]]],"ex":[["pornified deepfakes, impersonation, and fabricated scandals",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["This modality is not spontaneous but an organized backlash.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["intermedia agenda-setting",[]]],"sb":[["intermedia agenda-setting",[]]]},{"de":[["intermedia agenda-setting potential",[]],["intermedia agenda-setting process",[]],["intermedia agenda-setting to make sense of news story diffusion in networked media space",[]],["online news networks do not create fundamentally new channels of intermedia agenda-setting. Instead, online news networks tend to mirror existing power relationships in these two distinct media landscapes.",[]]],"sy":[["intermedia agenda building",[]]],"rt":[["agenda-setting",[]],["intermedia agenda building",[]]],"sp":[["agenda-setting",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["actor-network theory (ANT)",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["strategic subframes",["Stromback and Shehata, 2007"]]]},{"de":[["framing is inescapable, and is at work every time someone crafts a message",[]]]},{"de":[["It included references to polls, but also references to public opinion outside of polls when in the context of winning or losing public support.",[]]]},{"de":[["Stories containing this element directly imply that politicians are interested primarily in outflanking their rivals and garnering votes, not sincerely pursuing solutions for important social problems",["Cappella and Jamieson, 1997"]]]},{"de":[["This subframe also included reporting on the use of public relations and communication strategies by politicians in order to look good.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["journalists need to visualise events as part of a larger storyline and must move the plot along from one episode to the next.",[]]]},{"rt":[["political cynicism",[]]]},{"rt":[["strategic news",[]]],"sb":[["winning and losing as the central concern",[]],["the language of wars, games, and competition",[]],["a story with performers, critics, and audience (voters)",[]],["centrality of performance, style, and perception of the candidate",[]],["heavy weighting of polls and the candidate's standing in them",[]]],"sp":[["generic news frame",[]],["strategic metaframe",[]]]},{"rt":[["strategic frames",[]]],"sp":[["generic news frame",[]]]},{"rt":[["issue-based topics",[]]]},{"de":[["by framing EMU around strategy, the suggestion is that the motives of political actors involved (especially in government) are perhaps cynical and self-serving.",[]]],"sy":[["strategy frame",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Fact-checking on social media",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Fact-checking on social media",["9"]]]},{},{},{},{"sb":[["expert",[]],["automated",[]],["community-based",[]]]},{"de":[["users primarily do intra-domain fact-checking, i.e., cite other tweets in their fact-checking notes.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["rumour detection",[]],["rumour tracking",[]],["stance classification",[]],["rumour verification",[]]],"sb":[["rumour detection",[]],["rumour tracking",[]],["stance classification",[]],["rumour verification",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The input to the task is a source tweet reporting a rumour.",[]],["Optionally, the source tweet may have replying tweets. Based on the source tweet and the optional replying tweets the task is to label the rumour with a class label.",[]]],"sp":[["rumour analysis",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["Health Belief Model (HBM)",[]]]},{"de":[["It is designed to explain, predict, and influence health-related behaviors",[]],["Initially put forward by Hochbaum, Rosenstock, and Kegels in the 1950s, the HBM aimed to account for why individuals refrain from adopting preventive health behaviors",["23"]]],"sb":[["perceived susceptibility",[]],["Perceived severity",[]],["Perceived benefits",[]],["Perceived barriers",[]],["Perceived self-efficacy",[]],["cues to action",[]]]},{"rt":[["credibility of the source",[]]]},{"de":[["Accepting a persuasive message from a heuristic route can occur based on simple cues, such as emotions, stereotypes, or straightforward cues that do not necessitate excessive cognitive effort",["34","35","34,35"]]],"sp":[["Heuristic-Systematic Model (HSM)",[]]]},{"de":[["The model posits that people could use systematic and heuristic information-processing strategies to process information",["33"]]],"sb":[["Systematic processing",[]],["heuristic processing",[]]]},{"de":[["Providing accurate health information is crucial for maintaining the credibility of information sources.",[]],["Morever, the accuracy of information will affect the correctness of individual decisions",["40","41"]]],"sp":[["information quality",[]]]},{"de":[["Information quality is usually measured by accuracy and completeness",["39,40"]]],"rt":[["information accuracy",[]],["information completeness",[]]]},{"sp":[["Health Belief Model (HBM)",[]]]},{"de":[["Research has shown that knowledge about the benefits of exercise during pregnancy will lead to more positive attitudes toward exercise",["25","26","27"]]],"sp":[["Health Belief Model (HBM)",[]]]},{"sp":[["Health Belief Model (HBM)",[]]]},{"rt":[["information completeness",[]],["accuracy",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["Black English",[]]]},{},{"de":[["race and gender discriminations caused by exciting biases in dataset or classifiers lead to unfairness against the same groups that the classifiers are trained to protect.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["If it is yes, how our proposed bias alleviation mechanism reduces this tendency.",[]]]},{"rt":[["spatial proximization",[]],["temporal proximization",[]]],"sp":[["Proximization Theory (PT)",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["environmental discourses",[]],["environmental discourse",[]]]},{"rt":[["political discourse",[]]]},{"rt":[["Introverted Domestications",[]],["Counter-domestication",[]]]},{"sy":[["ecological linguistics",[]],["the Hallidayan approach",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["introverted domestications, where the climate issue is deprived of its global character",["ibid.: 715"]],["extroverted domestications, connecting local phenomena to their global ramifications",["ibid.: 717"]],["counterdomestication, which constructs a borderless world [where] local anchoring and discursive constructions of the domestic are absent",["ibid.: 720"]]]},{"de":[["Meta-proximization might further the analysis in a direction the framework has not yet fully explored by addressing the threat to the cognitive and discursive capacity to recognize environmental threats.",[]]]},{"de":[["how climate change discourse constructs Latvia's position. The discourse systematically positions Latvia as a passive recipient of external environmental threats.",[]]],"rt":[["temporal proximization",[]],["axiological proximization",[]]],"sp":[["Proximization Theory (PT)",[]],["Lexicogrammatical Strategy",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["spatial proximization",[]]],"sp":[["Proximization Theory (PT)",[]]],"ex":[["Indefinite NPs, such as 'episodes,' 'pronounced episodes,' frame climate impacts as recurring and routine and make threat feel ordinary.",[]],["The Past/Present Perfect Contrast blurs the line between what happened and what is happening.",[]]]},{"de":[["the structural economy of television forces many channels to focus on",[]]],"rt":[["television rating panels",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["soften or hedge a statement by indicating the uncertainty of the actual amount, degree, or time frame",[]]]},{"de":[["Hedges reduce the force of a statement, allowing for greater flexibility signaling that the writer or speaker is not making a fully assertive or definitive claim",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["the intentional use of hedges in political speeches, concentrating on the impact of these linguistic choices on message transmission and comprehension",[]],["The study confirms that political articles frequently use hedges, varying depending on the writer's political views or party affiliation.",[]],["These hedges can be applied to extended speeches and are used in different types of commentary.",[]],["The authors strategically use a mix of hedges to engage audiences and persuade them.",[]],["It looks at how utterances of caution and certainty change the tone, the way the audience reacts, and the speaker's perspective.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The objective of early detection is to identify rumors at an early stage before they propagate widely and subsequently lead to notable social consequences.",[]]]},{"de":[["In some cases, rumor detection is defined as a four-category task, accordingly, y 2 {N,F,T,U} (i.e.: Non-rumor, False rumor, True rumor, Unverified rumor).",[]]]},{"de":[["can mislead the public and cause significant economic and social disruption",["1"]]],"sp":[["misinformation",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Another way that one can determine media slant is to directly analyze the content of articles.",[]],["This reflects not only differences in definition, but also the fact that news outlets can differ in the extent of their slant.",[]],["For example, a television station's slant might change over time, or a paper's news pages might have a different slant from its editorial pages.",[]],["Note that we deliberately use the term \"media slant\" instead of \"media bias\", for the reason that our measures are relative rather than absolute.",[]],["we deliberately use the term \"media slant\" instead of \"media bias\", for the reason that our measures are relative rather than absolute.",[]]],"rt":[["media bias",[]],["journalistic slant",[]],["editorial slant",[]]],"sb":[["content slant",[]],["editorial slant",[]],["slant in content",[]],["editorial",[]]]},{},{"de":[["somewhat loosely defined term",[]]],"ex":[["academics, think tank researchers, authors, and former political advisers",[]],["academics",[]],["think tank researchers",[]],["authors",[]],["former political advisers",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["we understand misinformation as an umbrella-term that may capture both \"honest\" mistakes and intentionally misleading information.",[]],["we understand misinformation as an umbrella-term that may capture both \"honest\" mistakes and intentionally misleading information",[]],["the inaccuracy and dishonesty of information",[]]],"sy":[["inaccurate information",[]],["fake news",[]],["false information",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["fake news",[]],["digital disinformation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Optimistic bias is not a complete disregard of potential risks, but rather the failure to respond to information about risks in a consistent way when assessing one's own versus others' vulnerability to potential harm",["Branstrom et al., 2005"]],["This bias can be functional since it helps to reduce feelings of anxiety and can boost perceived levels of control",["Taylor & Brown, 1988"]],["in the context of health risk for example, biased optimism can be maladaptive: The illusion of invulnerability can demotivate people to engage in protective behavior",["Cho et al., 2013","Weinstein, 1989"]],["The difference between the estimated risks for oneself and others",[]],["This phenomenon is generally known as the optimistic bias hypothesis, which holds that people generally believe that they personally are less likely to experience negative consequences than others",["Weinstein, 1980(Weinstein, , 1989)"]]],"sy":[["biased optimism",[]]],"rt":[["egocentric thought",[]],["self-esteem enhancement",[]],["psychological distance",[]],["illusion of control",[]],["cognitive errors",[]]],"ex":[["biased optimism can be maladaptive: The illusion of invulnerability can demotivate people to engage in protective behavior",["Cho et al., 2013","Weinstein, 1989"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["the third-person perception is argued to be a biased judgment specifically related to media influence, while optimistic bias entails a social psychological mechanism of bolstering self-esteem in self-other comparisons regarding the likelihood of experiencing a risk",["Wei et al., 2007"]],["third-person perceptions regarding the extent to which they and others are influenced by misinformation",[]],["individuals tend to believe that misinformation about COVID-19 impacts others more than it impacts themselves",[]]],"rt":[["comparative control illusion",["McKenna, 1993"]],["third-person perceptional gap",[]]],"ex":[["the effects of electronic cigarette advertising are perceived to be stronger on others than on oneself",["Pardun et al., 2017"]],["the perceived influence of H1N1 news on others was found to be greater than the perceived influence on oneself",["Lee & Park, 2016"]]]},{"de":[["Third-person perceptions are generally stronger for undesirable content, and sometimes, but not always, even reversed for positive content",["Perloff, 1999"]]]},{"de":[["covering (a) the significance of understanding it, (b) theories surrounding it, and (c) its application in advertisements, news, and movies",[]],["divided into three aspects: to inform, persuade, and entertain.",[]]],"rt":[["reasons or purposes behind writing the news",[]]],"sb":[["to inform",[]],["persuade",[]],["entertain",[]]]},{"de":[["the process of teaching CT was done in three parts: a) encouraging students to have an open mind, b) helping students make connections, and c) teaching students about reliable information.",[]],["a critical thinker employs reasoning, reflection, and responsible skills to assess accepted beliefs",[]],["Fisher elucidates that the CT skill set as encompassing the ability to interpret, analyze, and evaluate ideas and arguments.",["30"]]],"rt":[["problem-solving",[]],["creative thinking",[]],["communication",[]],["collaboration skills",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["When DEI is applied to journalism, it goes beyond conventional notions of impartiality and bias and instead democratizes the journalistic practice of sourcing -who is quoted or interviewed, who is not, how often, from which demographic group, gender, and so forth.",[]]]},{"rt":[["DEI",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["the emergence of automated news raises crucial questions, such as challenging the traditional role of human journalists as sole content creators in journalistic narratives.",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["evaluator bias",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The author of Automating the News (Diakopoulos, 2019) uses the term 'hybrid journalism' to refer to",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["journalists are themselves assumed to actively frame issues along the lines of a populist distinction in society",["Krämer, 2014","Mazzoleni, 2008"]],["This implies that, beyond disseminating the hard facts of events, journalists who engage in media populism actively emphasize or frame an interpretation of the background, causes, moral evaluations, and treatment recommendation when reporting on the news",["Entman, 1993"]],["Specifically, media populism attributes causal responsibility for negative developments while emphasizing the moral divide between the \"good\" people and the \"evil\" others. The treatment recommendation is to remove the elites or out-groups.",[]],["This implies that, beyond disseminating the hard facts of events, journalists who engage in media populism actively emphasize or frame an interpretation of the background, causes, moral evaluations, and treatment recommendation when reporting on the news (e.g., Entman, 1993).",["Entman, 1993"]]]},{},{"de":[["The elites are constructed as a corrupt enemy that deprives the people from their deserved earnings, and are accused of failing to represent the people's will.",[]],["Populist discourse addresses the in-group of the people as being victimized by the corrupt elites. These elites do not represent ordinary citizens' will and deprive them from cultural and material resources.",[]]]},{"de":[["We used confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) to estimate a two-dimensional structure of populist attitudes, consisting of anti-establishment and exclusionist populist attitudes.",[]]],"sb":[["anti-establishment",[]],["exclusionist",[]]]},{"de":[["Populist blame attribution differs from general attributions of responsibility by emphasizing both an antagonistic causal and moral divide between the good people and the culpable other.",[]],["Beyond highlighting which actors are responsible, populist blame attributions emphasize that the elites are failing to represent the people's will, depriving them from what they deserve.",[]],["Populist blame attribution was manipulated by emphasizing the ideational core of populism in the article's framing of the news event",[]]],"rt":[["general attributions of responsibility",[]]]},{"de":[["Populist communication provides citizens with an influential heuristic cue that helps them to translate complex socio-political issues into black and white terms",["Hewstone, 1989","Iyengar, 1989"]]]},{"de":[["the perception that the out-group opposed to the people's in-group unfairly receives economic and cultural resources at the cost of the in-group of ordinary citizens",["Elchardus & Spruyt, 2012, 2016"]],["a salient prior belief driving people's selection of attitudinalcongruent populist media content",[]],["Specifically, those attracted to populist communication are described as a discontented (Mazzoleni, 2008) and relatively deprived group of citizens (Elchardus & Spruyt, 2016).",["Mazzoleni, 2008","Elchardus & Spruyt, 2016"]],["citizens who feel relatively deprived are more likely to hold populist perceptions",["Elchardus & Spruyt, 2016"]],["Put differently, relative deprivation entails the perception of an unjust distribution of the society's wealth: ordinary people \"like us\" never get what they deserve from society, whereas others always seem to profit",["Hogg, Meehan, & Farquharson, 2010"]],["relative deprivation entails the perception of an unjust distribution of the society's wealth: ordinary people \"like us\" never get what they deserve from society, whereas others always seem to profit",["Hogg, Meehan, & Farquharson, 2010"]]]},{"de":[["people select media content that reassures their existing interpretations of reality",[]]]},{"de":[["people are expected to select and filter novel information based on their prior beliefs",["Festinger, 1957"]],["people pay attention to information that confirms their prior attitudes and beliefs while circumventing information that counters their priors.",[]],["people's desire to adhere to their prior beliefs weighs more than getting it right, or making the most accurate decision based on an elaboration on all the factual information available to them",["Lodge & Taber, 2013"]],["people engage in selective processing strategies that avoid or counterargue inconsistent information",["Festinger, 1957"]],["the role of giving people the freedom to self-select into media exposure",[]],["the freedom to select reassuring content",[]],["Doing so, people pay attention to information that confirms their prior attitudes and beliefs while circumventing information that counters their priors.",[]]]},{"de":[["recognised as a widespread phenomenon of the digital information age",[]],["They found different forms of 'fake news' which manifest based on the dimensions of facticity and deception",["13"]]],"rt":[["Allcott and Gentzkow (2017) [1] introduce the \"cousins of fake news\" (p. 214), including as such: intentional reporting mistakes; rumours that do not originate from news articles; conspiracy theories; satire that is unlikely to be misinterpreted as genuine; false statements by politicians; and reports that are biased or misleading although not absolutely false.",["1"]],["intentional reporting mistakes",["1"]],["rumours that do not originate from news articles",["1"]],["conspiracy theories",["1"]],["satire that is unlikely to be misinterpreted as genuine",["1"]],["false statements by politicians",["1"]],["reports that are biased or misleading although not absolutely false",["1"]]],"sb":[["news satire and parody",["13"]],["manipulation",["13"]],["fabrication",["13"]],["advertising",["13"]],["propaganda",["13"]],["They found different forms of 'fake news' which manifest based on the dimensions of facticity and deception, namely: news satire and parody, manipulation, fabrication, advertising, and propaganda [13].",["13"]]]},{},{"ex":[["truncated axes",[]],["misleading color encodings",[]],["fabricated data",[]]]},{"de":[["can significantly distort a viewer's perception of the underlying data",["4","11","34"]],["MisVisFix addresses the challenge of misleading visualizations through a comprehensive system that leverages multimodal LLMs for detection, explanation, and correction.",[]]],"sy":[["misleading representations",[]]],"sb":[["structural issues",[]],["contextual issues",[]]],"ex":[["subtle distortions such as inappropriate encoding choices or unjustified data filtering",["21","26","36","46"]]]},{"ex":[["specialized encoding choices",[]],["technical terminology",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["misleading content remains largely unchecked, particularly when delivered in culturally nuanced ways that evade straightforward classifications of misinformation or disinformation",[]],["Our approach is not meant to make a distinction between opinion and information (see Zaller, 1991) and instead focuses on dimensions of power.",["Zaller, 1991"]],["we have sought to code data points as disinformation to the extent they are situated in structures of power, grievance, and racism in Australia.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["truthfulness",[]],["political bias",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The concept of crisis is often related to keywords such as \"unrest\", \"conflict\", \"revolution\" and \"uncertainties\" (Koselleck, 2006), \"catastrophic (Filippini, 2017), and \"threat\" (Jacques, 2014).",[]]],"rt":[["unrest",["Koselleck, 2006"]],["conflict",["Koselleck, 2006"]],["revolution",["Koselleck, 2006"]],["uncertainties",["Koselleck, 2006"]],["catastrophic",["Filippini, 2017"]],["threat",["Jacques, 2014"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["reproducing the powerful ruling agenda due to the power controls and restrictions imposed on the journalist",["Bruggemann (2014)"]]]},{"de":[["In times of crisis, frame setting is crucial as it provides salience to the issue and how the audience should react and respond to the crisis.",[]],["News frames serve as schemata in telling people how to interpret certain events/ issues.",["Entman (1993)"]]],"rt":[["News frames",[]]]},{"de":[["It organizes ideas that provide meanings in telling the audience what the problem of the crisis is or in short, it tells the essence of the issue.",[]],["This is explained in detail by Entman (2004) that framing involves problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and treatment recommendation which play a vital role in organizing ideas as well as shaping the news story while providing meaning to the news.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["The media may report the incident as preventable (humanerror accident), accidental (e.g. technical error), or unprecedented (e.g. natural disaster).",[]]],"rt":[["Frame setting",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["flashbacks (analepses)",[]],["flashforwards (prolepses)",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["story",[]]]},{"de":[["the plot is always constructed retrospectively through narrative techniques, in an attempt to bring coherence and closure to the chronological sequence of events.",["White (1980, 23-24)"]],["it is only through emplotmentand by describing how individual events fit into a particular causal chain of eventsthat individual events acquire meaning.",[]],["Emplotment thus requires engaging with questions such as: What happened next? How did that happen? Why did things happen this way rather than some other way?",[]]],"rt":[["plot",[]],["masterplots",[]]]},{"rt":[["homodiegetic",[]]]},{"rt":[["heterodiegetic",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["omniscient narrator",[]]]},{"de":[["Master narratives project present national identities onto the past, thereby naturalizing the nation as an essentialist and timeless entity.",[]],["To endow the nation with specific qualities, master narratives connect historical events through simplified, monocausal explanations",[]]],"rt":[["masterplots",[]],["specific narratives",[]]],"ex":[["the nation has always been driven by its search for freedom",["cf. Carretero and van Alphen 2017"]]]},{"sb":[["homodiegetic",[]],["heterodiegetic",[]],["omniscient",[]],["limited",[]],["overt",[]],["covert",[]]]},{"rt":[["limited narrator",[]]]},{"sy":[["preferred reading",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["repetitive narrative",[]],["iterative narrative",[]]]},{"de":[["master narratives are still at work below the surface, providing \"schematic narrative templates\" (Wertsch 2008) for the organization of specific narratives.",["Wertsch 2008"]],["specific narratives will differ in terms of the historical events that they focus on, but the abstract core idea (e.g., the freedom-seeking nation) will remain relatively constant.",[]]],"rt":[["master narratives",[]]]},{"de":[["story refers to the \"what\" of the narrative.",[]]],"sy":[["recit",[]]],"rt":[["narrative discourse",[]],["discourse",[]]]},{"rt":[["masterplots",[]]]},{"de":[["by describing narratives in terms of their formal properties, structuralism enables us to distinguish narratives from other forms of discourse.",[]],["structural narratology alerts us to the fact that the author of a given narrative chose from a larger repertoire of narrative tools, which helps reveal storytelling as a goal-oriented and strategic practice.",[]]]},{"de":[["First, there is the temporal order of events, which urges us to ask whether the events of the story get narrated in the exact order they occurred or whether the narrator employs disorderly (anachronous) narration.",["Bal 2009, 95-96"]]],"sb":[["temporal order of events",[]],["frequency",[]],["duration",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["media impact on bureaucracies",[]]]},{"de":[["new, hypersensitive environment",["Hood, 2011"]]]},{"rt":[["mediatization",[]]]},{},{"de":[["a long-term structural shift has taken place in the relationship of government to media since the 1980s, accelerating after 1997, and that this is best understood as a process of mediatization. This may include both permanent and cyclical change but has still not been sufficiently examined or theorised as a long-term historical process.",[]],["the illumination of some of the shifting relations between and across multiple actors and the media",["1325"]],["This is neither a passive nor an inevitably irreversible process, and goes beyond the idea of 'media logic'.",[]],["the embedding of media within the governing process",[]]],"rt":[["political spin",[]],["feed-forward",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Although some individuals or organizations referenced may not be universally considered an authority on a viral outbreak (e.g., political leaders), we decided to code such references as an authority appeal because the authority referenced may have influence on their supporters.",[]],["If the tweet included an image of a medical professional or the logo of an organization, we coded the tweet as including an authority appeal.",[]]],"sy":[["authority reference",[]]],"rt":[["authority reference",[]]],"sb":[["specific authority appeal",[]],["non-specific authority appeal",[]]],"ex":[["emergency room doctors, nurses, research centers, empirical studies, news outlets, political leaders, and universities",[]],["Snopes",[]],["BBC",[]],["World Health Organization",[]]]},{"de":[["If a tweet indicated skepticism of the claim or disbelief of the myth, the tweet was labeled debunking.",[]]],"rt":[["debunking tweets",[]]],"sb":[["overt debunking",[]],["merely expressed suspicion of the myth",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["false claims",[]]]},{}] |