MBDef 1.0.0: Explorer data for exactly the released rows, map and topics made on them
714cbfe verified | [{"de":[["Populists separate society into two homogenous, antagonistic groups, the good people and the bad elite, and demand the sovereignty of the people be restored (Mudde, 2007).",["Mudde, 2007"]],["Populists separate society into two homogenous, antagonistic groups, the good people and the bad elite, and demand the sovereignty of the people be restored",["Mudde, 2007"]]]},{"sy":[["truth contestation",["Kluknavská & Eisele, 2023"]],["communicative untruthfulness",["Hameleers & Minihold, 2022"]]]},{"de":[["When facts and knowledge become relative and a matter of assertion, objective reality can become a mere construct, and any statement about the world can potentially become truthful (Waisbord, 2018).",["Waisbord, 2018"]],["Post-truth communication is rooted in a binary vision of society and conflict-centered politics, in which the two groups hold their own versions of the truth (Waisbord, 2018).",["Waisbord, 2018"]],["Firstly, it is characterized by anti-elite antagonism expressed through the evaluations of opponents' truthfulness (Kluknavská & Eisele, 2023).",["Kluknavská & Eisele, 2023"]],["Secondly, political actors use post-truth discourses to create truer versions of reality, which are framed as real, objective, and unbiased (Kluknavská & Eisele, 2023).",["Kluknavská & Eisele, 2023"]],["Post-truth communication is expressed by the appeal to people's sentiments and emotions, trying to prevail over reason, arguments, and evidence by shifting the meaning of true and false (Dahlgren, 2018).",["Dahlgren, 2018"]],["Firstly, it is characterized by anti-elite antagonism expressed through the evaluations of opponents' truthfulness",["Kluknavská & Eisele, 2023"]],["Secondly, political actors use post-truth discourses to create truer versions of reality, which are framed as real, objective, and unbiased",["Kluknavská & Eisele, 2023"]],["Post-truth communication is expressed by the appeal to people's sentiments and emotions, trying to prevail over reason, arguments, and evidence by shifting the meaning of true and false",["Dahlgren, 2018"]]],"sy":[["truth contestation",["Kluknavská & Eisele, 2023"]],["communicative untruthfulness",["Hameleers & Minihold, 2022"]]],"sb":[["truth evaluation",[]],["reference to truth or knowledge",[]]]},{"de":[["can also further foster societal polarization between those who feel right and those who are wrong",["Hameleers & Minihold, 2022","Kluknavská & Eisele, 2023"]],["make it harder to differentiate between actual and fabricated reality constructed by authority figures.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Post-truth communication",[]]],"ex":[["reality is totally different",[]],["whether this is the truth",[]],["these are pure facts",[]],["experts claim",[]]]},{"sp":[["Post-truth communication",[]]],"ex":[["a lie spread by pro-Brussels journalists",[]],["they are making up numbers of infected people",[]],["the mainstream media lie, lie, and lie",[]],["government propaganda",[]]]},{"de":[["These news products are advocative, onesided, or partisan, and intended to promote political goals or push for social change, as Janowitz (1975) argued.",["1975","Janowitz (1975)"]],["expressing a personal point of view or advocating one's worldview within and through one's work as a journalist.",[]],["expressing one's personal opinions, advancing an agenda, or an ideological stand.",[]],["The journalists referred to these two types of JI as both more common and more acceptable compared to partisan activism, which was criticized.",[]],["The common theme was expressing a personal point of view or advocating one's worldview within and through one's work as a journalist.",[]]],"rt":[["journalistic interventionism",[]]],"sp":[["journalistic interventionism",[]]],"ex":[["Journalists who employ interventionist practices can do so by promulgating their personal views or provoking public debates on various matters in opinion articles and news analysis",["Mellado, 2015","Reunanen & Koljonen, 2018","Russell, 2017","Standaert et al., 2021"]]]},{"sy":[["journalistic advocacy",[]]],"rt":[["peace journalism",[]],["interpretive journalism",[]],["partisan journalism",[]]],"sb":[["segmented advocacy",["Thomas, 2018, p. 396"]],["woven advocacy",["Thomas, 2018, p. 396"]]]},{"de":[["Journalists may do so by constantly trying to raise public awareness or to influence a public policy issue, such as climate change, data protection, inequality, etc (e.g., Russell, 2017).",["2017","Russell, 2017"]],["In their professional work, they knowingly uphold the issue that they care about over competing points of view and do not stand neutral between what they consider good and evil (see also, Konieczna & Santa Maria, 2023;Ruigrok, 2010, p. 86).",["2023","2010"]],["journalists who advance an agenda",[]],["push the same topic over and over",[]],["raise and stir public discourse",[]],["the advocacy activism and agenda setting types in which journalists express their views on social media, support and criticize politicians, and try to set the day's agenda and to influence public opinion.",[]]],"rt":[["obsessiveactivism",[]]],"sp":[["journalistic interventionism",[]]],"ex":[["The result is often one-sided reports, repeated advocacy pieces (e.g., op-eds), and value-laden news analyses on the same topic, aspiring \"to 'form,' 'set,' 'create,' or even 'dictate' the public agenda\"",["2021"]]]},{"de":[["They may try to personally influence the results of public policy issues and affect actual situations and outcomes.",[]],["This type may involve journalists' physical in-person actions or online calls for action.",[]],["journalists' attempts to influence public decisions",[]],["influence a certain reality",[]],["telling people what to do",[]],["forcing their opinion on the public",[]],["to create change in some area",[]]],"sp":[["journalistic interventionism",[]]],"ex":[["journalists can participate in public decision processes",[]],["They can also publicize their personal views on public affairs during working hours on Twitter and encourage people into action, such as in the BLM movement",["Barnard, 2018","Harlow, 2022"]]]},{"sb":[["advocate for social change",["Hanitzsch et al., 2019, p. 171"]],["influence public opinion",["Hanitzsch et al., 2019, p. 171"]],["motivate people to participate in politics",["Hanitzsch et al., 2019, p. 171"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["branding has become a common practice and that journalists use Twitter to promote themselves and to market their news outlets",["Barnard, 2016;Molyneux et al., 2018;Tandoc & Vos, 2016"]]],"rt":[["Journalistic Interventionism",[]]]},{"de":[["JI is the creation of journalistic content, and the physical activism of journalists, with the specific intention of advancing a cause whether it be social, political, or economic.",[]],["Intentionality is nevertheless a feature that distinguishes JI from other forms of bias that do not involve interventionism.",[]],["The element of intentionality was also central in the definition of JI, and it was clear to the interviewees that journalists' deviations from objective journalism were motivated by conscious, planned, and even strategic personal choices.",[]],["the journalists argued that by being openly interventionist, the journalists' positionality and ideology become more transparent so that audiences can better assess the story.",[]],["journalists legitimized interventionism as part of their professional mission to be a watchdog for the public and change agents (see also Harlow, 2022;Standaert et al., 2021).",["Harlow, 2022","Standaert et al., 2021"]],["Journalists seem to conceive of their profession as a public service that entails responsibility, which legitimizes the use of their positions to protect and serve the public and to be change agents on the public's behalf.",[]],["not being motivated purely by ideological or public goals and perhaps involving a personal need for attention and positive self-esteem",[]],["journalism is moving toward more involved and interventionist role perceptions",[]],["pressures on journalists to stand out and succeed in a competitive market, to find an audience that shares the journalist's values and appreciates his or her specific deviation from objective journalism",[]],["JI may be a self-marketing attempt that also caters to audience tastes and preferences, which is communicated on social media",["see also Tandoc & Vos, 2016, p. 953"]],["The element of intentionality was also central in the definition of JI",[]],["Journalists emphasized the journalist's intention or motivation as a defining characteristic of JI, consistent with the definition and conceptualization of JI that distinguishes it from other forms of media bias.",[]],["Journalistic interventionism is not a specific role or type of journalist; it is a set of practices and behaviors of journalists who, in certain contexts, intentionally deviate from objective journalism to advance a cause or position they personally uphold.",[]],["Journalists' definition of JI was not confined to a single type of intervention in news making or public life, thus reinforcing the conceptualization that the four types are complementary dimensions of the same phenomenon and share similar underlying motivations.",[]]],"sy":[["journalism in the service of ideology",[]],["activism",[]],["journalistic activism",[]]],"rt":[["media bias",[]],["journalistic branding",[]],["journalistic activism",[]],["partisan activism",[]],["advocacy interventionism",[]],["driving action",[]]],"sb":[["advocacy interventionism",[]],["agenda setting",[]],["driving action",[]],["partisan activism",[]]],"sp":[["monitorial role",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["These are the more blatant political manifestations of JI, such as when journalists participate in an election rally or a political commercial ad, or when they help to organize or join protest events.",[]],["committed to certain political sources",[]],["helping a politician and a certain political agenda",[]],["political activists",[]],["criticized",[]],["the journalists tended to add qualifications and leave out practices that involved being overtly partisan, directly helping politicians, and acting on their personal beliefs in politically contentious issues.",[]]],"sp":[["journalistic interventionism",[]]],"ex":[["participating in public events and rallies",["Shultziner & Shoshan, 2018"]]]},{"rt":[["self-promotion",[]]]},{"sp":[["advocacy journalism",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["social comparison tendency",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Assimilation to an upward comparison target can lead to feelings of inspiration and motivation",["Smith, 2000"]],["The selective accessibility model posits that assimilation and contrast occur through rapid cognitive judgments of similarity or dissimilarity to the comparison target",["Mussweiler, 2003"]]],"rt":[["contrast",[]]]},{"de":[["contrast can lead to negative emotions and lowered self-evaluations",["Smith, 2000"]],["The selective accessibility model posits that assimilation and contrast occur through rapid cognitive judgments of similarity or dissimilarity to the comparison target",["Mussweiler, 2003"]]],"rt":[["assimilation",[]]]},{"rt":[["upward comparison",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["social comparison appears to be ubiquitous and inevitable in such an environment.",[]],["social media can affect self-evaluations and emotions via the process of social comparison.",[]],["some researchers treat social comparison as a spontaneous and unintentional consequence of viewing other's performances",["Gilbert et al., 1995"]]]},{},{"sb":[["life satisfaction",[]],["positive affect",[]],["negative affect",[]]]},{"rt":[["downward social comparison",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["temporal situation of the paratext",["1997: 4-5"]]]},{"de":[["For media fans, paratextual memory facilitates a sense of \"having been there\" at key moments of T.V. broadcasting, sustaining fan authenticity and status.",[]],["circulating in and through people, their conversations, connections, relationships and travels",[]]],"rt":[["TV heritage",[]]]},{"rt":[["paratextual memory",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["The instances of influencing are shaped by the closeness of the audience and streamer, as well as the demands for authenticity that are notable within the game-oriented communities.",[]],["the influence of a streamer cannot simply be calculated by the size of their audience. Although it is clear that a celebrity streamer holds an impressive sway of (potential) influence over their large audience, smaller streamers can also be influential in much more direct ways with a smaller audience.",[]]]},{"rt":[["phoniness of PR work",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It also in turn refers to the broader trend of companies using these social media celebrities to promote, advertise, or market their brands.",[]]]},{"de":[["communication is inevitably the core of strategic communication",["van Ruler, 2018"]],["Strategic communication as a field would consequently do well to reflect on the effectiveness of these particular constellations of social and technical elements, and how developments in internet technology are enabling this new kind of media influencing.",[]],["What therefore differentiates it from other kinds of communication is that it is done in reference to a specific organisation, body or interest, and that it \"promotes the organization in all its utterances to the outside world\" (van Ruler, 2018, p. 372).",["van Ruler, 2018, p. 372"]],["the capacities and possibilities of modern digital technology enable us to see certain aspects of strategic communication as something of an \"agile management process\": they enable the testing of company decisions by continually presenting them to relevant publics and altering and negotiating them according to feedback (van Ruler, 2018, p. 367).",["van Ruler, 2018, p. 367"]],["it is done in reference to a specific organisation, body or interest, and that it \"promotes the organization in all its utterances to the outside world\"",["van Ruler, 2018, p. 372"]]],"rt":[["agile management process",[]],["organization theory, communication theory, leadership and management theory, message effects, narrative theory, crisis communication, public relations theory, socio-cultural theory, political science, organizational communication, communication philosophy, critical theory, branding, reputation management, ethics, and business",["Werder, Nothhaft, Verčič, & Zerfass, 2018, p. 334"]]]},{"rt":[["Schemas",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["Schemas",[]]]},{"de":[["The beliefs and attitudes about the Soviet Union held by most Americans were not based on direct experience, but on information and images emanating from other people and media.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["Strategy",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["out-group",[]]]},{"rt":[["Information Operations (IO)",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["in-group",[]]]},{"rt":[["measure of performance (MOP)",[]]]},{"sy":[["psychological warfare",[]]],"rt":[["Information Operations (IO)",[]],["strategic communication",[]],["information warfare",[]]],"sb":[["black operations",[]],["grey",[]],["white",[]]],"sp":[["strategic communication",[]]]},{},{"de":[["PSYOP is not necessarily a wartime activity.",[]],["It may be accomplished during both war and peace, as well as during different kinds of tensions and crises in between.",[]],["the specific media used for mediating the information is not specified, but can range from loudspeakers, posters and leaflets in the battlefield to internet and mainstream media or even face to face.",[]],["PSYOP does not necessarily involve disinformation or lies",[]],["it could be claimed that obvious lies are easily dismantled by the opposing side and consequently, these may be considered counterproductive.",[]],["PSYOP could imply the selection and framing of information, with the intent to persuade the target audience.",[]]],"rt":[["propaganda",[]],["persuasion",[]],["public information",[]]],"sb":[["\"black\" operations, denoting an activity that appears to emanate from a source other than the true one",[]],["\"grey\" and covert, meaning that the source is not evident",[]],["\"white\" and overt with an transparent and identified source",[]],["strategic",[]],["operative",[]],["tactical",[]]]},{"de":[["In contrast to PSYOP, it has no ambition to change attitudes or behavior.",[]]],"rt":[["PSYOP",[]]]},{"rt":[["confirmation bias",[]],["belief perseverance",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["public relations",[]],["communication management",[]]],"rt":[["propaganda",[]],["information warfare",[]],["Psychological operations (PSYOP)",[]],["Information Operations (IO)",[]],["psychological warfare",[]],["public relations",[]],["communication management",[]]]},{"rt":[["Tactics",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["PSYOP",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["out-group",[]]]},{"de":[["frames, as the organization of ideas in an issue, seldom occur in isolation in a message. It is more likely that people are confronted with a \"clash of arguments\" (p. 146)",["p. 146"]]]},{"rt":[["deproblematizing frame",[]],["problematizing frame",[]]]},{"de":[["Waller and Conaway (2011) also used the term for indicating actions aimed at reversing the dominant framing.",[]],["It can break through the social representation of poor people as responsible for their own social position.",[]],["indicating actions aimed at reversing the dominant framing.",["Waller and Conaway (2011)"]]],"ex":[["putting the child at the center of the debate on poverty is a form of counter-framing.",[]]]},{"de":[["deproblematization does not necessarily mean that something is not problematic in a normative sense.",[]]]},{"de":[["deproblematizing frames affected people with and without a personal history of living in poverty differently",[]],["the applied combination of frames led to an increase in a societal responsibility for poverty and a decrease in individual responsibility",[]],["deproblematizing frames represent unexpected approaches to a global society",[]],["deproblematizing frames can produce powerful effects when applied in isolation in a message",[]],["A deproblematizing frame that acts as a counter-frame, on the other hand, decreases the problematizing nature of the definition and shifts attention to a collective responsibility.",[]],["decreases the problematizing nature of the definition and shifts attention to a collective responsibility.",[]],["represent unexpected approaches to a global society",[]]],"rt":[["problematizing frame",[]],["counter-frame",[]],["collective responsibility",[]],["counter-frames",[]]],"sp":[["framing theory",[]]]},{"de":[["deproblematization does not necessarily mean that something is not problematic in a normative sense.",[]],["Especially deproblematizing frames could mitigate the disadvantages of problematization, such as stigmatization and a fatalistic view of a possible solution to an issue.",[]],["Deproblematizing frames then act as counter-frames to the dominant, problematizing framing.",[]]],"rt":[["counter-frames",[]],["problematizing framing",[]]],"sp":[["frame",[]]],"ex":[["Poverty can be seen as a sign of detachment from the material world, or from a consumer society.",[]],["growing up in poverty may be perceived as a school for learning how to deal with setbacks, how to stand up for oneself, and how to develop one's talents.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["A frame is, as it were, brought into a story 'from the outside'.",[]],["Once a frame is available in a given culture whereby people are familiar with it, it becomes engrained in the memory and may be used to give meaning to specific issues",[]]],"sb":[["frames that define an issue as a problem",[]],["deproblematizing frames",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["loss-frame",[]]]},{"rt":[["gain-frame",[]]]},{"de":[["In the case of poverty, a problematizing frame points to the responsibility of the person living in poverty, which may be stigmatizing.",[]]],"rt":[["deproblematizing frame",[]],["counter-frame",[]]],"sp":[["framing theory",[]]]},{"de":[["problematizing frames tend to dominate public discourse",[]]],"rt":[["deproblematizing framing",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["participants view, ''extreme positions as desirable and initially underestimate the extremity of others' position.''",["Eagly & Chaiken, 1993, p. 657"]],["the presence of an extreme member in the group is likely to cause more polarization as other members socially compare themselves to and shift towards this member's position.",[]]]},{"de":[["The group discussion is dominated by arguments from group members that support the alternative initially favored by most group members before the discussion. Upon hearing novel arguments in favor of the group's initially favored position, the group members tend to change their position in favor of those arguments and polarize in that direction.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["authenticity seen as a compromise",[]],["authenticity related to compromise",[]],["Today, it is mainly about multiple authenticities, rather than only one.",[]],["The word authentic could also paradoxically draw attention to the possibility that some aspects of the culture might be inauthentic and undermine the reader's trust in the cultural portrayal that is presented.",[]],["In this paper, a new way to conceptualize authenticity based on compromise is presented.",[]],["A view of authenticity based on compromise allows for principles of authentication to be applied, as well as leaving room for subjective interpretations and a certain performance of one's heritage.",[]],["This perspective on authenticity is a middle ground between historical and cultural accuracy, and individual expression.",[]]],"rt":[["otherness",[]],["tourism",[]],["heritage",[]],["sincerity",[]],["performance of culture",[]]],"sb":[["objective (something is either authentic or not)",[]],["constructive (authentic is what the visitor perceives as such)",[]],["existential authenticity",[]],["performative",[]],["Authenticity as compromise",[]],["staged authenticity",[]]]},{"de":[["This perspective on authenticity is a middle ground between historical and cultural accuracy, and individual expression.",[]]],"ex":[["The label Sápmi Experience (http://www.fjallhasten.se/sapmi-experience/) created and controlled by members of the Sámi population, is an expression of this compromise.",[]]]},{"de":[["This perspective on authenticity is a middle ground between historical and cultural accuracy, and individual expression.",[]],["Authenticity as a compromise allows for adopting several viewpoints, such as performance, and heritage, as well as a certain degree of authentication that provides a more ethical use of Sámi culture in tourism.",[]]],"ex":[["The label Sápmi Experience (http://www.fjallhasten.se/sapmi-experience/) created and controlled by members of the Sámi population, is an expression of this compromise.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["It is also seen as adapting, changing and growing, as well as being connected to the past",["Edson, 2004;Waterton, Watson, & Silverman, 2017"]],["Heritage is also adaptive (Edson, 2004) and, similar to authenticity, is connected to agency and doing.",["Edson, 2004"]],["Heritage development can be a constructive, empowering force for enhancing community-level resilience.",["Laven (2015, p. 176)"]]],"rt":[["authenticity",[]]]},{"de":[["Indigenous tourism is not necessarily a strong and emancipating industrial or societal development factor",["Müller & Viken, 2017, p. 4"]],["indigenous tourism is not neutral, as its activities are strongly influenced by politics, economy, and ideology.",["Viken and Müller (2017)"]]]},{},{},{},{"ex":[["My goal in my classes is to avoid performing poorly",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["assess interest in theoretical/philosophical discussions, solving complex problems, thinking about abstract ideas, and reading challenging material. Items also assess confidence in one's intellect, including being able to handle a lot of information and having a rich vocabulary.",[]]]},{"de":[["This assumes intellectually humble people understand and accept that their cognitive faculties are not perfect and that their viewpoints may, at times, be erroneous.",[]],["Thereby, IH involves openness to new information that may improve people's current knowledge.",[]],["In this conceptualization, IH involves a healthy independence between intellect and ego, meaning people will not feel threatened by intellectual disagreements, will not be overconfident about their knowledge, will respect the viewpoints of others, and will be open to revising their viewpoints when warranted (Krumrei-Mancuso & Rouse, 2016).",["Krumrei-Mancuso & Rouse, 2016"]],["The outcomes of IH are thought to include gaining insight into one's areas of ignorance, distinguishing what one does and doesn't understand about a subject, avoiding claims of knowledge that one doesn't have, admitting to mistakes in one's understanding, discovering one's false beliefs and misconceptions, and changing viewpoint when warranted (Elder & Paul, 2012).",["Elder & Paul, 2012"]],["associated with more accurate assessment of one's general knowledge",[]],["associated with a lower likelihood of claiming knowledge one doesn't have",[]],["IH is not only about awareness of the limits of one's knowledge, but also includes confidence in the knowledge one possesses.",[]],["Systematically underestimating one's knowledge is neither theoretically (Elder & Paul, 2012) nor empirically (Krumrei-Mancuso & Rouse, 2016) part of the presentation of IH.",["Elder & Paul, 2012","Krumrei-Mancuso & Rouse, 2016"]],["IH can be thought of as humility specific to the domain of thoughts, beliefs, ideas, and opinions.",[]],["This realization protects individuals from uncritically accepting current perspectives as necessarily accurate.",[]]],"rt":[["intellectual servility",["Haggard et al., 2018"]],["self-abasing humility",[]],["intellectual arrogance",[]],["intellectual diffidence",[]]],"sp":[["humility",[]]],"ex":[["believing in the tentative nature of knowledge",["Schommer, 1990"]]],"sy":[["IH",[]]]},{"de":[["involves being curious about many topics and having a variety of interests and is therefore likely to promote exposure to more information",[]]],"rt":[["open-minded thinking",[]]]},{},{"de":[["perceptions of one's knowledge.",[]],["estimates of one's cognitive ability",[]],["more accurate insight into what one does and doesn't know",[]]]},{"ex":[["I would prefer a task that is intellectual, difficult, and important to one that is somewhat important but does not require much thought",[]]]},{"de":[["a construct that has some conceptual overlap with IH, in that both constructs include openness to considering alternative evidence and a willingness to change perspectives",[]]],"rt":[["intellectual openness",[]],["flexible thinking, need for cognition, and a lack of need for closure",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["social desirability",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["I feel as if it is my duty to enlighten other people",[]]]},{"de":[["communication functionally constructs reality, exercises power and changes the world.",[]]]},{"ex":[["world views",[]],["ways of thinking",[]],["character",[]],["past experiences",[]]]},{"de":[["CDS is designed and dedicated to directing and practicing locally grounded and globally minded, culturally conscious and critical, study of cultural discourses, with a view to fostering cultural innovation in scholarship on the one side and facilitating cultural development, harmony and prosperity in society on the other side.",[]]],"rt":[["Communication Studies (CS)",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"ex":[["Chinese/ Asian/Developing/Third World",[]],["Western/Developed World",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["scholarly ethnocentrism",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["political participation",[]]]},{"rt":[["participation",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["political participation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["'Participation' was construed as being behavioural in nature",[]]],"rt":[["engagement",[]]]},{"de":[["an index of identity threat",[]]]},{"de":[["includes political knowledge, the amount of attention paid to political issues, internal efficacy and a sense of civic duty.",[]]]},{"rt":[["civic participation",[]]],"sb":[["conventional forms",[]],["nonconventional forms",[]],["conventional forms which involve electoral processes (e.g., voting, election campaigning, etc.)",[]],["nonconventional forms which occur outside electoral processes (e.g., signing petitions, participating in political demonstrations, etc.)",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["nationalism",[]],["populism",[]]]},{"sy":[["latent nationalism",[]]],"sp":[["latent nationalism",[]]]},{"rt":[["ethnic nationalism",[]]],"sp":[["nationalism",[]]]},{"rt":[["frames",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["These can change when topics are discussed differently in media or public debate.",[]]]},{"rt":[["Civic nationalism",[]]],"sp":[["nationalism",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["ethnic violence",[]]]},{"sy":[["autonomy",[]]]},{"de":[["nationalism requires an 'other' to define itself against, which might be either minorities within, neighboring nations or states, or global enemies, be they states (often great powers) or transnational groups or individuals",[]]],"rt":[["populism",[]],["authoritarianism",[]]],"sb":[["Civic nationalism",[]],["ethnic nationalism",[]],["banal nationalism",[]],["virulent nationalism",[]]]},{"rt":[["ethnic nationalism",[]]]},{"rt":[["nationalism",[]],["authoritarianism",[]]]},{"de":[["This can silence nationalist or xenophobic views in a social environment that discourages it.",[]]]},{"rt":[["endemic nationalism",[]]]},{"de":[["In the first case, the confrontation stands between a state actor and a non-state actor.",[]],["In the second instance, the conflict involves a strong actor, equipped with advanced armaments and technological, economic, demographic, and other structural resources that can be put to use on the battlefield, fighting a weak actor with a glaring lack of access to these same capabilities.",[]],["In the third and final conflict situation, one actor adheres to direct strategies targeting their opponent's fighting capabilities whereas the other actor makes use of indirect strategies targeting their opponent's fighting willingness.",[]]],"rt":[["different legal status",[]],["different capabilities",[]],["different strategies",[]]]},{"de":[["In practice, this implies warfare between a state actor and a nonstate actor; warfare between an actor possessing strong capabilities and an actor with scarce resources; or warfare between actors pursuing different strategic campaign plans in the confrontation.",[]]],"sy":[["asymmetric conflict",[]]]},{"rt":[["Clausewitzian",[]]]},{"rt":[["non-state actors",[]]]},{},{"de":[["attitudes serve a variety of psychological and social functions, such as serving as convenient summaries for beliefs, providing information about what to expect when exposed to an attitude stimulus, and expressing aspects of one's individuality.",[]],["the association between an attitude and a behavior is greater when an attitude (a) is strong and accessible, (b) bears specifically on the behavior that is being predicted, and (c) is connected to a personal goal",["Fishbein & Ajzen, 2010","Kruglanski et al., 2015","Petty & Krosnick, 1995"]]],"rt":[["behavioral intention",[]],["behavior",[]]],"sp":[["persuasion outcomes",[]]]},{"de":[["attitudes serve important social and psychological functions and can influence decisions and behaviors.",[]],["attitudes serve as convenient summaries for one's beliefs, emotions, and preferences regarding issues, objects, and people; they facilitate the differentiation of hostile from hospitable stimuli; they help us to know what to expect when exposed to a stimulus; they reduce the stress of decision-making; they help others to know what to expect from us and we from them; they help us accomplish our goals; and they serve to express important aspects of our individual personalities (e.g., value-expressive, utilitarian functions; e.g., see reviews by Cacioppo & Berntson, 1994;Fazio, 1995;Kruglanski et al., 2015;Petty & Wegner, 1998)",[]]],"rt":[["response costs",[]],["self-efficacy",[]],["goals",[]],["attitude accessibility",[]],["social norms",[]]],"ex":[["(e.g., person, object, issue, position, group; McGuire, 1969;Petty & Cacioppo, 1981)",[]]]},{"de":[["Behavioral intentions have been studied in addition to or instead of behaviors.",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["wanting to like exercise more and ice cream less",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["research was organized to investigate the influence of who (source factors) said what (message factors) to whom (recipient or audience factors) how (channel factors) on persuasion",[]]],"rt":[["source factors",[]],["message factors",[]],["recipient or audience factors",[]],["channel factors",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["refers to the active attempt by an individual, group, or social entity (e.g., government, political party, business) to change a person's beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors by conveying information, feelings, or reasoning.",[]]],"sp":[["social influence",[]]]},{"ex":[["common in social species including honeybees (e.g., Britton, Franks, Pratt, & Seeley, 2002), fish (e.g., Kendal, Coolen, & Laland, 2004;Webster & Laland, 2012), birds (e.g., Aplin et al., 2015), rats (e.g., Galef & Whiskin, 2008), chimpanzees (e.g., Whiten & van Schaik, 2007), and of course, humans.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Active mediation has been found to mitigate the negative effects of media on children",["Collier, Coyne, Rasmussen, Hawkins, Padilla-Walker, Erickson, & Memmott-Elison, 2016"]]],"sp":[["parental mediation of TV",[]]],"ex":[["active mediation of TV advertising has been found to reduce the effect of advertising on children's purchase requests",["Buijzen & Valkenburg, 2005"]]]},{},{"de":[["Parents are the gate-keepers to children's media use in the home and have a major influence on children's use and susceptibility to both positive (e.g., educational, prosocial) and negative media effects via parental mediation.",[]]],"sb":[["active mediation",["Nathanson, 2001"]],["restrictive mediation",["Nathanson, 2001"]],["social coviewing",["Nathanson, 2001"]]]},{},{"de":[["Whether the parent uses TV as a reward or punishment also falls under the category of restrictive mediation",["Gentile & Walsh, 2002"]]],"sp":[["parental mediation of TV",[]]],"ex":[["Greater restrictive mediation of TV has been found to associate with lower amounts of TV watching in children",["Vandewater, Park, Huang, & Wartella, 2005"]]]},{"de":[["Social coviewing appears to enhance the effects of TV, which may be positive or negative for children, based on the content (e.g., prosocial or educational versus violent).",[]]],"sp":[["parental mediation of TV",[]]],"ex":[["coviewing in the context of violent TV is associated with greater aggressive tendencies in children",["Nathanson, 1999"]]]},{"de":[["The inclusion of this subcomponent builds upon the insight of traditional media literacy literature that cognitive structures alone are not sufficient to counter adversarial media effects (Austin & Pinkleton, 2016) and the importance of the capitalization of the positive outcomes that follow from social media interactions (Palmer, Ramsey, Morey, & Gentzler, 2016).",["Austin & Pinkleton, 2016","Palmer, Ramsey, Morey, & Gentzler, 2016"]]],"sp":[["social media literacy",[]]]},{"de":[["these structures guide the construction and interpretation of social media content.",[]],["Existing knowledge on the commercial intent of media industries (Potter, 2004) can help a user reflect upon the revenue strategies of social media companies, but also companies that use social media for profit purposes (Vanwynsberghe, 2014). Understandings of production techniques of traditional media, such as television and magazines (Potter, 2004), are relevant to interpret the sharing of traditionally produced messages on social media.",[]],["As such, these structures guide the construction and interpretation of social media content.",[]]],"sp":[["social media literacy",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["qualification",[]],["socialization",[]]]},{"de":[["trigger adverse consequences, such as a lowered self-esteem and depressed feelings",[]],["adolescents who do not act true to themselves in their day-to-day interactions are much more likely to experience harmful identity discrepancies",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Participatory mediation",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["positive self-presentation",[]]],"ex":[["someone who organizes a photoshoot of himself/herself with the sole purpose of selecting a good picture to post on social media",[]]]},{"de":[["A positivity bias in social media content especially occurs when presenting oneself on the platform to a larger audience as opposed to social media interactions with close friends",["Yau & Reich, 2018"]]],"ex":[["A typical example of an unspontaneous post is someone who organizes a photoshoot of himself/herself with the sole purpose of selecting a good picture to post on social media.",[]]]},{"de":[["Participatory mediation can thus be considered on a continuum including more or less interactions between the agent and the individual.",[]]]},{"ex":[["A typical example of an unspontaneous post is someone who organizes a photoshoot of himself/herself with the sole purpose of selecting a good picture to post on social media.",[]]]},{"de":[["The audience of social media messages is not conceptualized as heterogeneous or anonymous, but consists of individuals who are similar to the sender. Social media are said to be \"fundamentally media of one's peers\" (Perloff, 2014, p. 366).",["Perloff, 2014"]]]},{"de":[["social media literacy can be seen as a continuous variable with two subcomponents (i.e., cognitive and affective structures) that each are present in varying levels.",[]],["At a high level, adolescents actively use their cognitive structures and interpret, reflect on and understand social media content within its specific context. They thereby empower themselves during their social media experiences.",[]],["feeling in control over one's social media experiences is characteristic for social media literate users",[]],["social media literate users are expected to be able to use the idealized content as a source of inspiration and may find a healthy dose of goodwill to improve oneself when using social media",["Meier & Schäfer, 2018"]],["social media literate users know that they will not be able to get all benefits out of their social media experiences when posting too little positive information whereas posting too much information brings along enormous privacy risks",[]],["social media literate users are capable of pondering the opportunities and risks of positive online self-presentations and to make use of different strategies to achieve a precarious balance in this regard",[]],["social media literate adolescents understand the implications of (positively) presenting oneself in social media environments. Moreover, they have cognitive and affective structures to handle the effects of the positivity bias.",[]]],"rt":[["media literacy",[]],["positivity bias",[]]],"sb":[["cognitive structures",[]],["affective structures",[]],["Moderate literate social media users",[]],["cognitive and affective structures",[]]],"sp":[["media literacy",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["exposure to idealization is typically followed by social comparison processes",[]]],"sp":[["social comparison processes",[]]]},{"sy":[["critical-analytical journalistic discourses",[]]],"rt":[["cultural journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["the coverage and evaluation of art and culture",[]]],"sy":[["arts journalism",[]],["soft news",[]],["literary critiques",[]],["art reviews",[]]],"rt":[["soft news",[]],["literary critiques",[]],["art reviews",[]],["the cultural public sphere",[]]],"ex":[["food journalism",[]],["fashion journalism",[]],["music journalism",[]],["travel journalism",[]],["wine journalism",[]],["celebrity news",[]]]},{},{"de":[["debasement of arts and cultural journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["Service journalism later became a seminal term in research on journalism on culture, lifestyle, and consumption",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the alternative sector continually functions as a kind of unpaid \"Research and Development\" for the major commercial companies.",[]]]},{"de":[["the confines of the civic discourse mean that for many, the notion of making money is something of an anathema and potentially limits any prospect of further development of their projects.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["cultural capital is subject to change",[]]],"rt":[["economic capital",[]]]},{"de":[["A kind of ideational and practical orthodoxy thus defines the broad contours of a field, so that a discussion of journalistic doxa encompasses a set of implicit concepts tacitly held by news workers",["Schultz 2007"]]]},{"rt":[["cultural capital",[]]]},{"de":[["the emergence and promotion of something labeled \"entrepreneurial journalism\" thus implies the need for risk and revitalization, inherently signaling instability.",[]],["some of the discourse does speak of entrepreneurial journalism in messianic or apocalyptic terms, with its evangelists using the term to reference a new and better kind of journalism that they see as desperately needed.",[]],["These writers see entrepreneurialism as representing a fervent hope for the future in the midst of an uncertain present.",[]],["an emphasis on innovation and crafting new business strategies, including targeting niche audiences",[]],["construed as something of a necessity",[]],["It is defined broadly and loosely but generally in a positive way.",[]],["Indeed, entrepreneurial journalism was as likely to be described in terms of an \"entrepreneurial spirit\" as it was a specific practice or set of practices.",[]]],"sy":[["an emerging field, a set of skills, a spirit, a drive, and a serious act",[]]],"sb":[["non-profits",[]],["hyperlocal journalism",[]]],"ex":[["San Francisco Bay Citizen, an investigative journalism site",[]],["Sahara Reporters, a watchdog enterprise started up by a Nigerian living in New York",[]],["Faster Times, a general-interest publication built on the output of freelancers",[]],["the San Francisco Bay Citizen, an investigative journalism site",[]],["Sportspress Northwest, which was described as \"featuring veterans from traditional journalism as well as citizen journalism\" with \"the right business model, intellectual capital, advertisers, sponsors and fans to sustain entrepreneurial journalism in the digital arena.\"",[]],["defining entrepreneurial journalism as non-profits and \"hyperlocal journalism,\" generally online but sometimes including print publications or digital production studios.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["A kind of ideational and practical orthodoxy thus defines the broad contours of a field, so that a discussion of journalistic doxa encompasses a set of implicit concepts tacitly held by news workers (Schultz 2007).",["Schultz 2007"]]]},{},{"rt":[["independent watchdog",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["That maintenance often takes a discursive form, such as by calling attention to ways in which outsiders fail to meet journalistic standards or do not share journalism's values or ethics.",[]]],"rt":[["research on boundary work is also a useful framework in analysing how journalists respond to critical incidents in journalism.",[]]]},{"de":[["These events function as discursive opportunities for journalists to ensure the well-being of their interpretive community by reconsidering, rearticulating, and reinforcing their boundaries and authority.",[]]],"ex":[["The Watergate scandal, the Kennedy assassination, and the Vietnam War functioned as critical incidents for journalists",["Zelizer, 1992"]],["the September 11 terror attack in the US as a critical incident",["Parameswaran, 2006"]],["the rise of satire program \"The Daily Show\" as a critical incident that prompted journalists to reconsider their profession by focusing on the blurred lines between news and entertainment, the need to appeal to younger audiences, and the limitations of objectivity as a norm when considering how to best engage audiences.",["Feldman (2007)"]]]},{},{"de":[["They generally considered fake news as a social media phenomenon thriving on political polarization driven by mostly ideological, but sometimes also financial, motivations.",[]],["These definitions characterize fake news as forms of disinformation marked by high levels of intention to deceive and low levels of facticity that approximate the look and feel of real news",["Rochlin, 2017","Allcott and Gentzkow, 2017"]],["Fake news spreads through information-sharing among users on social media, as users receive information, including news, from fellow users, such as their friends or family.",[]],["Fake news also heavily relies on a web of social media and online bots that swarm the internet with fake content, thereby conferring these fabricated stories with a cloak of legitimacy",["Albright, 2016","Shao et al., 2017"]],["all sorts of information is being dumped into the cauldron of 'fake news.'",[]],["one person's fake news will be another person's strong opinion.",[]],["is being spun to mean any scrap of information someone doesn't like.",[]],["positioned fake news as a political strategy",[]],["These definitions characterize fake news as forms of disinformation marked by high levels of intention to deceive and low levels of facticity that approximate the look and feel of real news (e.g. Rochlin, 2017;Allcott and Gentzkow, 2017).",["Rochlin, 2017","Allcott and Gentzkow, 2017"]],["the journalistic discourse that emerged from the analysis mainly focused on differentiating fake news from what the journalists perceived as legitimate journalism.",[]],["What characterizes fake news in the current milieu is how it is facilitated by social media.",[]],["some editorials picked up on this use of \"fake news\" as an adjective to describe the media.",[]],["\"fake news\" also was employed as an adjective for terms such as \"trend,\" \"information,\" or, as in this example, \"disinformation:\"",[]]],"sy":[["propaganda",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["political propaganda",["Khaldarova and Pantti, 2016"]],["clickbait",[]],["propaganda",[]],["political satire",["Baym, 2005"]],["news parodies",["Berkowitz and Schwartz, 2016"]],["press releases",["Farsetta and Price, 2006"]],["photo manipulation",["Zubiaga and Ji, 2014"]]],"sb":[["political satire",[]],["news parodies",[]],["press releases",[]],["political propaganda",[]],["photo manipulation",[]],["fake stories posted on websites designed to look like news sites",[]]],"sp":[["disinformation",[]],["hybrid of disinformation and propaganda",[]]],"ex":[["the 20 top-performing fake news stories about the election collectively generated more shares, reactions, and comments on Facebook than the 20 best-performing real election stories combined",["Silverman, 2016b"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["propaganda and manipulations often seek deception as the main goal.",["Tandoc et al., 2017a"]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["ethical and responsible providers of real news",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["the mere fact that the alleged rapists are well-known footballers, and the alleged victims anonymous women, puts the complainants at an immediate disadvantage in terms of being believed",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the news media can also neutralize sexual victimization in as far as they shift the focus away from sexual assault and prioritize the case details as news events (for example, lawyer's statements or legal details of the case) or the collateral effects and unintended consequences of the sexual assault claim.",[]],["By establishing the main themes of these news as collateral damages and consequences or even as simple events around it, the media displaces or neutralizes the sexual assault allegation, its perpetrator and its victim.",[]]],"rt":[["distraction from the perpetrator and the crime",["Kathryn Royal (2019, 94-96)","94-96"]]],"ex":[["Twenty articles neutralize sexual victimization by focusing the case events, such as the US legal procedures, actions from the prosecution and from the defence, speculation about missing evidence and other incidents with news value.",[]]]},{"de":[["The term also highlights the sexual double standard of privileging male sexuality while limiting women's sexual agency.",[]]]},{"sb":[["celebrity rape",[]]]},{"de":[["that works to deny or justify aggressive sexual behavior",["Benedict 1992","1992"]],["works to deny or justify aggressive sexual behavior",[]]]},{"ex":[["women want to be raped",[]],["women deserve to be raped",[]],["women provoke rape",[]],["women enjoy being raped",[]]]},{"sy":[["stereotypical rape",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["proximity",[]]]},{"rt":[["spatial immersion",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Point of view",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["first-person perspective",[]],["omniscient perspective",[]]]},{"de":[["The notion of being an observer emphasises the users' invisible role in the story because the narrative does not directly address them",["Bordwell 1985"]]]},{"de":[["the omniscient perspective refers to being a tourist, when the initial task of the user is to direct attention according to the VO",[]]],"rt":[["observation",[]]]},{"de":[["The shots, which fall under the category of subjective interpretation, often involve multiple stimuli, creating a sense of perceptual realism.",[]]]},{"de":[["Physical proximity is typically utilised during the characters' vulnerable testimonials.",[]],["the user is positioned as if sitting beside the character, creating physical proximity between the user and the character",["Bordwell and Thompson 2010"]]]},{"de":[["Place has a history, a memory and a sense of community",["Ryan 2015, 89"]]],"rt":[["Space",[]]]},{"ex":[["the locations are emphasised in The Fight for Fallujah because the user is frequently positioned to witness the devastation of the city. The only common factor amongst the human characters in the story is the city of Fallujah: they are former residents of the city, militia fighters defending the city or journalists reporting about the city. The city is thus constructed as a victim that is being rescued from the ISIS fighters by the Iraqi militia.",[]]]},{"sy":[["POV",[]]],"sb":[["First-person POV",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["proximity",[]]]},{"rt":[["Distance",[]]]},{"de":[["place should be considered a fundamental element of journalism when narrating a news story.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Sensory perceptions emphasise experience, particularly when the user is positioned in the hectic London Victoria Coach Station after being kept locked inside for nearly 10 min with minimal human contact.",[]],["The user is immersed in stimuli, which overloads the mind but also creates a sense of being on a street in London.",[]]]},{"de":[["We have analysed how spatial narrative functions through formal elements and the inclusion and arrangement of different places and explored the ways spatial narrative simulates the emotional experiences of the characters.",[]],["spatial narrative eventually controls what is experienced and how it is experienced in VR journalism",[]],["spatial narrative tells a story, develops it and supports the characters' accounts",[]],["Spatial narrative primarily affects what is experienced and how by demonstrating the circumstances with aesthetical elements or selecting places in which the user is immersed",[]],["Spatial narrative demonstrates and enhances emotions, which enriches the character's VO by emphasising a sense of presence.",[]],["spatial narrative allows the user to extend their interpretation of a place to the character's story.",[]],["spatial narrative tells a story, develops it and supports the characters' accounts.",[]],["Spatial narrative primarily affects what is experienced and how by demonstrating the circumstances with aesthetical elements or selecting places in which the user is immersed.",[]]],"rt":[["personal space",[]],["physical proximity",[]],["sensory perception",[]]],"ex":[["In We Who Remain, Hannan Osman Kajo, a mother from Al Azark, explains how the villagers fled to the safety of caves when airplanes approached to bomb her village. During the VO narration, the user is located in a cave where many children are hiding.",[]],["Similarly, nine-year-old Chuol in The Displaced paddles a canoe in a swamp, and the user is located in the canoe with him. The camera movement follows the movement of the canoe, which creates a sense that the user is actually sitting in the canoe with him.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Boundary work provides a second conceptual lens to interpret our results.",[]]]},{"de":[["young journalists are increasingly expected to be \"change agents\" (Ottaway 1983) capable of shifting professional boundaries.",[]],["not always in the sense of being disruptors, but at least in terms of contributing to positive change that can help improve the odds of sustainability for the news company.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["journalistic innovation",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["attempting to improve the creative and economic strength of journalism within existing institutions, structures, and doxa",[]]],"rt":[["products",[]],["production and distribution processes",[]],["organization",[]],["marketing",[]]]},{"rt":[["entrepreneurial journalism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["we see this as a process of social interaction, and thus a mechanism through which journalists and audiences build mutual understanding.",[]],["Journalists and audiences gatekeep their conversations and build their own norms by determining what is appropriate or wanted content or action for the online forum.",[]],["the newspaper and its audience were jointly gatekeeping the news content in conversations and repairing the ways the interaction was unfolding between the conversationalists, i.e., in terms of appropriateness.",[]],["negotiate what kind of behaviour and conversations are socially acceptable related to news in the light of societal discussion-in other words to employ conversational gatekeeping.",[]],["the concept is formulated through two dimensions-gatekeeping of conversations and gatekeeping through conversation-that are dynamically interconnected but occasionally occur at the same time.",[]],["The concept could help researchers and media organisations to better understand audiences' viewpoints and which kinds of settings and topics need more guidance on behalf of media and platform companies",[]],["The concept explains how through social interaction journalists and social media audiences are able to build mutual understanding and create norms as well as decide on the content and action that is appropriate or wanted in the public news space formed on the particular online platform.",[]],["The former dimension explains how norms over behaviour and shared content are constructed among journalists and their audiences. The latter dimension explains how journalists and their audiences in conversations seek to repair misunderstandings and errors that occur on the forum.",[]]],"rt":[["post-publication gatekeeping",[]],["content moderation",[]]],"sb":[["gatekeeping of conversations",[]],["gatekeeping through conversation",[]]],"sp":[["post-publication practices of gatekeeping",[]],["post-publication gatekeeping",[]]],"ex":[["by commenting the journalist is engaging in gatekeeping of conversations.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["news items in circulation can be bounced back through the gate due to fact-checking outcomes",["Vos (2020, 92)"]]],"sp":[["post-publication gatekeeping",[]],["post-publication gatekeeping studies",[]]]},{},{"de":[["conversations are the target of gatekeeping.",[]],["dimension of gatekeeping through conversation",[]]],"rt":[["gatekeeping through conversation",[]],["conversational gatekeeping",[]]],"sp":[["conversational gatekeeping",[]]]},{"de":[["conversations are the means for gatekeeping",[]]],"rt":[["gatekeeping of conversations",[]],["conversational gatekeeping",[]],["repair",[]],["correction",[]]],"sp":[["conversational gatekeeping",[]]]},{"sp":[["post-publication gatekeeping",[]],["post-publication gatekeeping studies",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["traditional gatekeepers",[]],["conversational gatekeeping",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["gatekeeping",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["post-publication gatekeeping",[]],["post-publication gatekeeping studies",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["Data journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["can lead to biased results.",[]]]},{"de":[["Data journalism involves the use of statistical methods, data visualization tools, and other techniques to identify patterns and trends in large datasets, and to present this information in a way that is accessible to the general public.",[]],["The rise of big data, open data and data visualization technologies have enabled journalists to leverage data in innovative ways to tell more compelling stories.",[]],["Data journalism has emerged as an important field in contemporary journalism. The rise of big data, open data and data visualization technologies have enabled journalists to leverage data in innovative ways to tell more compelling stories.",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["naysayers",[]]]},{"de":[["Common connotations of apocalypse are influenced by pre-millennial theology, which foregrounds the world-ending moment that precedes the second coming of Jesus Christ.",[]]],"rt":[["apocalyptic rhetoric",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Brummett (1991) and O'Leary (1993) argue that apocalypse is so prevalent in secular as well as sacred discourse that it constitutes its own unique genre of rhetoric.",["Brummett (1991)","O'Leary (1993)"]],["suggests that received sense-making systems (i.e., common sense) cannot explain great changes, but that various prophets can",["Brummett, 1991"]],["Apocalyptic rhetoric typically takes shape in narrative form, emphasizing a catastrophic telos (end-point) somewhere in the future",["Brummett, 1991"]],["A cosmic or natural force drives the linear temporality in apocalyptic rhetoric, such that ''certain events and experiences are inevitable, unalterable, and determined by external forces beyond human control''",["Wojcik, 1996, p. 298"]],["A cosmic or natural force drives the linear temporality in apocalyptic rhetoric, such that ''certain events and experiences are inevitable, unalterable, and determined by external forces beyond human control'' (Wojcik, 1996, p. 298).",["Wojcik, 1996, p. 298"]]],"rt":[["apocalypse",[]]],"sb":[["tragic apocalypse",[]],["comic apocalypse",[]]]},{"de":[["The narrative in apocalyptic discourse typically posits a tragic ending*''a date or temporal horizon beyond which human choice is superfluous, a final Judgment that forecloses all individual judgments''",["O' Leary, 1993, p. 409"]]]},{"de":[["''Climate change'' suggests non-human (natural) agency as the driver for warming, while ''global warming'' positions human activities as the main cause (and comic ''cure'') of rising surface temperatures and their effects (Bolstad, 2007).",["Bolstad, 2007"]]],"rt":[["global warming",[]]]},{"de":[["discernible through its more forgiving outlook on humanity ''not as vicious, but mistaken'' (Burke, 1984, p. 41)",[]],["Taking a comic perspective, humans are responsible for a course of actions, giving them some play in influencing their fate (while not totally changing the disastrous outcome foretold, an outcome which is more ambiguous than the tragic telos).",[]]],"sp":[["apocalyptic frame",[]],["apocalyptic rhetoric",[]]]},{"de":[["Comically framed discourse posits that humans may mitigate the worst effects of climate change, or that they may adapt to the unchangeable telos.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Comic versions of the global warming narrative posit localized effects, as Clynes (2007) suggests: ''A one-meter rise in sea levels over the next 93 years would have enormous consequences, flooding low-lying coastal areas and megadeltas, such as the Nile and Brahmaputra in Bangladesh, where millions of people live'' (p. 52).",[]],["reinforces responsibility for making ethical choices, rather than resigning oneself to the foretold, total catastrophe.",[]],["indicates a time frame (93 years in the previous example) over which global warming will occur, rendering the temporality comic.",[]],["allows readers to experience a more manageable time period across which effects may occur.",[]],["promotes humanity as mistaken, rather than evil.",[]],["allows some space for bringing ideologically disparate communities together.",[]]],"sy":[["comic version",[]],["comic frame",[]]]},{"de":[["posits that humans may mitigate the worst effects of climate change, or that they may adapt to the unchangeable telos.",[]]]},{"rt":[["catastrophe",[]]]},{"de":[["Frames are ''familiar and highly ritualized symbolic structures'' which ''organize the content and serve to close off specific pathways of meaning while promoting others'' (Tucker, 1998, p. 143).",["Tucker, 1998, p. 143"]]],"rt":[["frames",[]]]},{"de":[["Frame analysis assumes that the press not only sets an agenda in terms of what issues are salient or important for the public, but also shapes how readers may define problems, attribute causes, and evaluate solutions",["Entman, 1993;Scheufele, 2006"]]]},{"de":[["''Climate change'' suggests non-human (natural) agency as the driver for warming, while ''global warming'' positions human activities as the main cause (and comic ''cure'') of rising surface temperatures and their effects (Bolstad, 2007).",["Bolstad, 2007"]]],"rt":[["climate change",[]]]},{"rt":[["alarmists",[]]]},{"de":[["characterized by ''resignation'' (Burke, 1984, p. 37) to a foretold ending",[]],["Viewing apocalypse tragically suggests that human agency is limited to ''following the divine will and behaving in ways decreed by God'' (Wojcik, 1996, p. 314), toward a catastrophic telos which is clear and unstoppable.",["Wojcik, 1996, p. 314"]]],"sp":[["apocalyptic frame",[]],["apocalyptic rhetoric",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Each feature forecloses human agency or frames climate change as a matter of Fate.",[]],["Within the tragic variation of apocalypse, global warming (not other ''natural'' or divinely ordained events or processes, such as a steady decline to extinction which inevitably befalls all earthly species) is viewed as the demise of humanity.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["a perspective that critiques the homogeneity and whiteness of AFMs (Alkon & Agyeman, 2011;Guthman, 2008a;Guthman 2008b;Harper, 2010;Slocum, 2007)",["Alkon & Agyeman, 2011","Guthman, 2008a","Guthman 2008b","Harper, 2010","Slocum, 2007"]],["Emphasizing not only the need for more just outcomes, but equities in participatory processes of advocacy, food justice posits intersectional thinking about the raced, classed, gendered, anthropocentric, and colonial dimensions of food systems.",[]],["While food justice often invokes a commitment to \"communities exercising their right to grow, sell, and eat healthy food\" that is \"fresh, nutritious, affordable, culturally-appropriate, and grown locally with care for the well-being of land, workers, and animals\" (Just Food, n.d.), it also emphasizes that these tenets should be led by the peoples most marginalized in the food system (Alkon & Agyeman, 2011).",["Just Food, n.d.","Alkon & Agyeman, 2011"]],["Although food justice is an orientation to the food system, it is also an orientation to the people, places, non-human animals, and the economic and ecological relations by which the food system is organized.",[]],["Food justice scholarship straddles orientations of both reform and transformation while challenging the food movement to better center power, history, and positionality in their advocacy.",[]],["food justice as a concept, orientation, and rallying cry for greater participation, equity, and justice within and beyond the food system.",[]],["takes the position that injustices within the food system continue to disproportionately impact poor and working-class communities of color.",[]],["a \"relatively unformed concept, subject to multiple interpretations\"",["Gottlieb & Joshi, 2010, p. 6"]],["Food justice is as much about grassroots tactics, policy, and action as it is about the cultural and communicative shifts needed to tackle all forms of injustice that intersect with food systems.",[]],["Therefore, focusing on the symptoms of these crises alone (food insecurity, nutrition, and affordability) can neglect more structural criticisms of poverty, uneven decision-making, and systemic racism.",[]]],"rt":[["social and environmental justice",[]],["just sustainabilities",[]]],"ex":[["labor justice, economic disparities, gentrification, housing, transportation, immigration, and climate change are often essential components of food justice",[]],["a food justice position advocates for intervention into the food system along four axes: trauma/inequity, exchange, land, and labor.",["Cadieux and Slocum (2015)"]]]},{},{"de":[["Food sovereignty may take shape and be communicated differently across various settler and postcolonial contexts (Grey & Patel, 2015;Peña et al, 2017), both utilizing and rejecting rights-based frameworks (Coté, 2016;LaDuke, 1999;Vía Campesina, 1996; U.S. Food Sovereignty Alliance, n.d.).",["Grey & Patel, 2015","Peña et al, 2017","Coté, 2016","LaDuke, 1999","Vía Campesina, 1996","U.S. Food Sovereignty Alliance, n.d."]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["items in the latter camp target individuals for their personal lifestyle choices, tend to be authored by a select group of columnists and editorial boards, refer directly or indirectly to climate change denial, define behavioural choices as the prime driver of social change and use an inflammatory rhetorical style intended to solicit moral judgment, condemnation and outrage.",[]]]},{"de":[["the risk of hypocrisy in celebrity advocacy",[]],["the use of hypocrisy to attack the credibility of climate scientists and environmental activists",[]],["public and activist criticism of the hypocrisy of state actors and climate policy",[]],["hypocrisy's effect in shifting climate discourse into a moral, emotional register",[]],["representations of the general public as hypocritical",[]],["the hypocrisy of 'green' consumerism",[]],["overwhelmingly argued against the need to mitigate climate change",[]],["how it makes us feel and what we can do, individually and collectively, to address it",[]]],"sb":[["personalized",[]],["institutional-analytic",[]],["reflexive",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["climate hypocrisy",[]]]},{"de":[["it does not directly target individuals for moral sanction, but delivers a more analytic critique of structures and institutions, and mostly is used to promote rather than oppose action on climate change",[]]],"sp":[["hypocrisy discourse",[]],["climate hypocrisy",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["climate hypocrisy",[]]]},{"de":[["this version very closely resembles the 'ad hominem' attack of classical rhetorical analysis and is the one that most people would probably imagine if asked to define an attack using the logic of hypocrisy",[]]],"sp":[["hypocrisy discourse",[]],["climate hypocrisy",[]]]},{"de":[["Pieces in the former camp are tend to focus upon the duplicitous behaviour of institutions, are far more likely to appear in news or feature sections, accept the scientific consensus on global warming and adopt a detached and analytic mode of presentation.",[]]]},{"sp":[["climate hypocrisy",[]]]},{"sp":[["hypocrisy discourse",[]],["climate hypocrisy",[]]]},{"de":[["In this manner, the model learns to optimally predict the target category while minimizing the adversary's predictive power",["Zhang et al., 2018"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Thus, whether citizens learn from exposure to a medium depends on the availability of information but also whether citizens pay attention to it (i.e., motivation) and have the resources to understand it (i.e., ability).",[]]]},{},{"de":[["in the absence of motivation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["it does not lead to much more than feel-good participation (i.e., \"slacktivism\") without much impact",["Vitak et al., 2011"]]]},{"de":[["The gain of new current affairs knowledge about recent events (i.e., surveillance-general facts, see Barabas, Jerit, Pollock, & Rainey, 2014;Delli Carpini & Keeter, 1996) was examined rather than one's subjective perceptions of knowledge gain (Müller, Schneiders, & Schäfer, 2016) or specific knowledge about issues prominent on social media (see Gleason, 2013) to yield findings that are important to evaluate the democratic consequences of social network sites in general.",["Barabas, Jerit, Pollock, & Rainey, 2014","Delli Carpini & Keeter, 1996"]],["most likely to be learned through media attention",["Barabas et al. (2014)"]]]},{},{"de":[["commonly measured as support for certain types of political participation",[]],["individuals' expectations about a good citizen's ideal actions",[]]],"rt":[["political participation",[]]],"sb":[["dutiful citizenship norms",[]],["engaged citizenship norms",[]],["solidarity citizenship norms",[]]]},{"sp":[["high-threshold OCI",[]]],"ex":[["a hashtag activist group known as #jagärhär [#iamhere] in Sweden and #ichbinhier in Germany, which attempts to collectively fight hate speech through polite counterspeech (Ley, 2018).",["Ley, 2018"]]]},{"sp":[["citizenship norms",[]]]},{"sy":[["selfactualizing citizenship norms",["Bennett, 2008"]]],"sp":[["citizenship norms",[]]]},{"de":[["hate speech can also be more subtle, and the lines between solely disparaging acts of speech and hate speech may be blurry at times",[]],["In these user comments, the social groups were the subject of vulgar expletives and were threatened with violence.",[]],["the line between hate comments and those characterized somewhat innocuously as simply disparaging might be less obvious",[]]],"rt":[["subtle forms of disparagement",[]]]},{"sy":[["counterspeech",["Porten-Cheé et al., 2020"]]],"sp":[["online civic intervention (OCI)",[]],["Online civic intervention in online discussions",[]]],"ex":[["individuals enjoin the commenter to be respectful toward others",[]],["hashtag activist group known as #jagärhär [#iamhere] in Sweden and #ichbinhier in Germany, which attempts to collectively fight hate speech through polite counterspeech",["Ley, 2018"]]]},{"sp":[["online civic intervention (OCI)",[]],["Online civic intervention in online discussions",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Reporting abusive content to online platform providers, engaging in counterspeech, and rating user comments through social buttons constitute part of a wider spectrum of user activities that we refer to as OCI.",[]]],"rt":[["political participation",[]]],"sb":[["low-threshold OCI",[]],["high-threshold OCI",["Porten-Cheé et al., 2020"]]]},{},{"de":[["Watson, Peng, and Lewis (2019) conceptualized the response to deviant content through social buttons as a more direct type of social control than flagging as social buttons allow users to send immediate public signals to the commenter and the community.",["Watson, Peng, and Lewis (2019)"]]],"rt":[["flagging",[]]]},{},{"de":[["individuals who engage in OCI against hate speech come to the defense of vulnerable social groups and provide them with social support.",[]],["support for certain types of political participation",[]]],"sp":[["citizenship norms",[]]]},{"de":[["To preserve nature, the Arcadian discourse focuses on its intrinsic value and argues society's ethical responsibility to establish those relationships with nature that treat it as a non-resource.",[]],["Nature is a source of healing power and becomes something possessing qualities with intrinsic value.",[]],["the Arcadian discourse invites humans to take part in a unique relationship with all aspects of nature's biodiversity.",[]],["Instead of viewing humans as masters cultivating nature according to social deliberation",[]]],"rt":[["ecosystem discourse",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Through its involvement in ecological systems, society has disrupted natural relations in ways that have made a human presence necessary to uphold stability in many ecosystems. These disruptions have created a position of responsibility that, according to the ecosystem discourse, must now be fulfilled to avoid ecological disasters. To uphold the balance within nature and to secure biodiversity, human society needs to make use of the knowledge it has acquired to become a responsible caretaker.",[]]],"rt":[["scientific discourse",[]],["scientific knowledge",[]]]},{"de":[["implying the existence of conflicting discourses.",[]]]},{"de":[["the element thereby becomes a known object, i.e. a moment.",[]]],"rt":[["signifying chain",[]]]},{"de":[["The second narrative of nature, as an ethical entity, does not view it as a resource.",[]]]},{"de":[["To create harmony within nature, humanity needs to realise that society and human values are a part of nature and should therefore be treated as such, if nature is to survive.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["To be established, a storyline needs to earn credibility, acceptance and trust, conditions that are manifested through the re-articulation of the storyline's content",["Hajer 1995, p. 59"]],["A storyline that is credible, accepted and trusted has integrated competing discourses and turned them into complementary parts of one consistent narrative.",[]],["constructed by emphasising what is common to the discourses and disregarding the differences",[]],["the storyline highlights and integrates arguments that strengthen this idea in all three discourses",[]],["neutralises and disarms the conflict surrounding the floating signifier, and a single storyline offering one consistent narrative about biodiversity is constructed.",[]],["Story-lines are narratives on social reality through which elements from many different domains are combined and that provide actors with a set of symbolic references that suggest a common understanding.",["Hajer 1995, p. 56, 62"]]]},{"sp":[["discourse",[]]]},{},{"de":[["a cue in a frame is what makes sense, not the cue alone or the frame alone",["Weick (1995, 110)"]]]},{"de":[["discourse -language in use -is assumed not only to describe but also to constitute socio-political realities.",[]],["Discourse theory and analysis consider language as constitutive of power and dominance, and as intertwined with practice (Van den Brink and Metze 2006).",["Van den Brink and Metze 2006"]],["Discursive scholars consider discourse as a social practice, in other words, it is through structures in our language that taboos are created, biases are mobilized and dominant ideas get institutionalized (Hajer 1995).",["Hajer 1995"]],["Discourse analysts aim to understand the work discourses do.",[]],["discourse as a linguistic structure disciplines common-sense norms",[]],["Discourse theorists have different philosophical roots: many are building on post-structuralism and normative -deliberative theories.",[]],["Discourses are the expressions of power, ideology, dominance and resistance in policy, politics and society and at the same time discourses constitute social realities.",[]]],"rt":[["Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)",["Fairclough 1992(Fairclough , 2013)"]],["hegemonic discourses",[]],["countervailing discourses",[]]],"sb":[["hegemonic discourses",[]],["countervailing discourses",[]]]},{"de":[["It explores how power is embedded in language and (re)produces dominant social structures.",[]],["discourse analysis aims to understand power, dominance and resistance by studying language not as a neutral means but as a problematized medium through which actors not just describe but actively create the world (Wagenaar 2011).",["Wagenaar 2011"]],["Discourse analysts aim to understand the work discourses do.",[]],["Discourse theory and analysis have shown how discursive practices, techniques or mechanisms are produced and reproduced in institutional systems.",[]],["Discourse analysis aims not only to show how discourses become and remain dominant over time but also how alternative discourses contest dominations and open up new ways of understanding phenomena",[]],["discourse analysis can be conducted on three levels: textual, contextual and sociological",[]],["Discourse analysts aim to unveil these disciplinary linguistic structures, rather than examining the role of participants in a conversation that sustain these power dynamics.",[]],["The three approaches all include a critical stance toward the performativity of power in language-in -use.",[]],["In discourse analysis, the discursive networks around truth claims are the main focus -and how competing discourses struggle over dominance and create political meaning (Smith Ochoa 2020).",["Smith Ochoa 2020"]],["Scholars in discourse theory focus more on language as a disciplining structure than on the agency of actors speaking.",[]],["Discourse analysis comes out from political sciences, philosophy and linguistics.",[]],["In discourse analysis, the discursive networks around truth claims are the main focus -and how competing discourses struggle over dominance and create political meaning",["Smith Ochoa 2020"]],["In discourse analysis, the concept of power is central and (discursive) structures are expected to discipline agents.",[]]],"rt":[["structure of power",[]],["dominance",[]],["silence",[]],["hegemony",[]],["narrative analyses",[]],["framing analysis",[]],["deconstructing",[]]],"sp":[["interpretive approaches",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Discourse theorists have different philosophical roots: many are building on post-structuralism and normative -deliberative theories.",[]],["Discourse theory and analysis consider language as constitutive of power and dominance, and as intertwined with practice (Van den Brink and Metze 2006).",["Van den Brink and Metze 2006"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["something, like a notion of a problem or solution, can be understood in different ways, according to different frames, highlighting specific aspects and leaving out others.",[]],["frames are never neutral and can be powerful, they can influence public opinion and policymaking -and sort reality effects",["Entman 1993"]],["framing is a much more fundamental process than spinning, because language-based frames constitute socio-political realities, through which entitlements of powerful elites and precarity of vulnerable social groups can be repeatedly normalized as 'the way things are'",[]],["Ambiguity or the phenomenon that multiple possible frames can be connected to a cue, and multiple possible cues can be connected to a frame, is at the core of framing",["Stone 1997"]],["Framing, therefore, is an action influencing consequent interactions and actions (e.g. decisions, policies).",[]],["While most framing happens subconsciously, framing can thus be used as a strategy to reach communicational, commercial or political goals",["Benford and Snow 2000"]],["A frame, as it is used most often, is a definition of an issue or a situation.",[]]],"rt":[["frame polarization",["Dewulf and Bouwen 2012"]]],"sb":[["strategic framing",[]]],"ex":[["news about increased oil drilling in the Arctic Sea, which can be framed as environmental problem, economic opportunity for the region or the answer to global energy demands.",[]]]},{"de":[["It explores what elements of reality are strategically or tacitly foregrounded or backgrounded in conversations and text, and how this includes and excludes voices, ideas and interests in policy and decision-making.",[]],["By contrast to a discursive analysis, from a framing approach, 'power' is located in the talk-in-action.",[]],["The three approaches all include a critical stance toward the performativity of power in language-in -use.",[]],["The framing analyst shows a particular interest in what happens in the interaction, zooming in on the details of the exchanges between different actors: what is being articulated, what is not?",[]],["Framing analysis helps to better understand how interactions work, and how identities and relationships develop within these interactions.",[]],["framing analysis is much more interested in the framings and reframings that happens in relation between actors uttered in their conversations, speeches, media outlets and so on.",[]],["A framing analysis would first try to establish what is the issue, or what is it that is being framed.",[]]],"rt":[["interaction",[]],["identity",[]],["relationship",[]],["narrative analysis",[]],["discourse analysis",[]],["interactional focus on discursive devices",[]]],"sp":[["interpretive approaches",[]]]},{"de":[["frames are defined as transient communication structures, to be understood within the relevant interactional context.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It explores how people make sense of events through the selection and connection of story elements: events, settings and characters.",[]],["Narrative analysis, then, might 'help researchers parse through the swampland of entangled politics that often characterizes public policy discourse through all its stages and evolving dynamics' (Miller and Lofaro 2023, 46).",["Miller and Lofaro 2023, 46"]],["Because telling a narrative in policy contexts is a public and political act, it works to, for instance, assign blame and often has consequences for the way stories will be continued beyond the telling, 'in real life'.",[]],["In telling a story, different story elements can be selected (Van Hulst 2012). Actors, events and setting are the anchor points here.",["Van Hulst 2012"]],["The three approaches all include a critical stance toward the performativity of power in language-in -use.",[]],["In narrative analysis, the storyteller is granted (narrative) power or agency.",[]],["In telling a story, different story elements can be selected (Van Hulst 2012).",[]],["Actors, events and setting are the anchor points here.",[]],["narrative analysis might focus on the manner in which stories evolve and how they co-evolve traveling through narrative landscapes, being told, retold and edited.",[]],["The narrative analyst, finally, is interested in the interaction as well, but primarily focuses on the manner in which events, settings and characters beyond the interactional context can be subsumed under a particular plot, whilst wondering about the inequalities in access to the storytelling stage and the silencing of particular possible stories.",[]],["In telling a story, different story elements can be selected",["Van Hulst 2012"]],["Narrative analysists try to see how particular storytellers emplot events, settings and characters into particular, and with what consequences for sense made of what has been or is still happening.",[]]],"rt":[["story",[]],["setting",[]],["plot",[]],["character",[]],["discourse analyses",[]],["framing analysis",[]],["story elements",[]],["plot structure",[]]],"sp":[["interpretive approaches",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["narrative",["Riessman 2008"]]]},{"de":[["storytelling manifests itself most often as 'an exchange between two or more persons during which a past or anticipated experience [is] referenced, recounted, interpreted, or challenged'",["Boje 1991, 111"]],["Telling stories is not just listing events.",[]],["Stories thus can help us to understand the world and to act upon it through policy.",[]],["storytellers, through the use of story elements, suggest a certain way to make sense of events and in that way can get things done.",[]],["Storytelling, which also has some of its roots in (socio)-linguistics (Labov 1972), has a stronger embedding in organizational studies, where it seems to have replaced previously popular concepts such as organizational culture (Czarniawska 1997).",[]],["In everyday life, storytelling manifests itself most often as 'an exchange between two or more persons during which a past or anticipated experience [is] referenced, recounted, interpreted, or challenged' (Boje 1991, 111).",["Boje 1991, 111"]]],"sy":[["story",[]]],"rt":[["story",[]],["narrative analysis",[]]],"ex":[["How was your weekend?",[]],["What happened yesterday at that the meeting?",[]],["News reports, policy documents and political speeches",[]],["interviews",[]],["academic articles",[]]]},{"de":[["a vague headline that induces curiosity, which is then used to lure readers into clicking on the headline.",[]],["Often attributed to clickbait is the use of questions, numbers, forward referencing, spectacularization, and negativity.",[]]],"rt":[["Simplification",[]],["spectacularization",[]],["negativity",[]],["provoking content",[]],["questions",[]],["numbers",[]],["forward referencing",[]]]},{"de":[["Often signal words like \"this,\" \"why\" or \"what\" are used for forward referencing.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["repurposing content",[]],["models that enable the recycling and repurposing of news like never before, through the aggregation of information driven by algorithms",[]]],"sy":[["churning",[]]],"rt":[["wire service copy",[]],["public relations (PR) subsidies",[]],["news cannibalism",[]],["recycling and repurposing of news",[]]]},{},{"de":[["homophily in social networks is naturally caused by geographic proximity, shared organizational aspects (e.g. school, work), and shared leisure activities",["McPherson, Smith-Lovin, and Cook 2001"]],["interaction networks tend to be homogeneous, providing further evidence for a normalization of Twitter",["Lasorsa, Lewis, and Holton 2012"]],["homophily in social networks is naturally caused by geographic proximity, shared organizational aspects (e.g. school, work), and shared leisure activities (McPherson, Smith-Lovin, and Cook 2001)",["McPherson, Smith-Lovin, and Cook 2001"]],["journalists prefer to connect with those journalists on Twitter who are like them",[]]],"rt":[["marriage",[]],["friendship",[]],["mere contact",[]],["heterophily",[]]],"sb":[["Value homophily",[]],["status-or objective-homophily",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Mentions are mostly introduced as a way to directly interact with other users (Russell et al. 2015), engage them in a conversation (Cha et al. 2010), or merely to refer to another user (Conover et al. 2011).",[]]],"rt":[["retweets",[]]]},{"de":[["retweets usually refer to the content of the original tweet and indicate the perceived informational value (Cha et al. 2010).",[]],["as a retweet always refers to the original sender of a Twitter post it does not only connect a user to another user's content but also builds a relation between the user that retweets and the original sender.",[]],["research mainly points to retweets as a form of endorsement (Bruns and Burgess 2012;Conover et al. 2011), where the opinion expressed in the original tweet is shared (Boutet, Kim, and Yoneki 2013).",[]],["Retweets allow Twitter users to forward other users' posts, thus serving a \"broadcast function\" (Russell et al. 2015, 937) that raises the content's visibility (Conover et al. 2011). Consequently, retweets usually refer to the content of the original tweet and indicate the perceived informational value (Cha et al. 2010).",["Russell et al. 2015","Conover et al. 2011","Cha et al. 2010"]]],"rt":[["mentions",[]],["a form of endorsement (Bruns and Burgess 2012;Conover et al. 2011), where the opinion expressed in the original tweet is shared (Boutet, Kim, and Yoneki 2013).",["Bruns and Burgess 2012","Conover et al. 2011","Boutet, Kim, and Yoneki 2013"]]]},{"sp":[["homophily",[]]]},{"de":[["identified for different fields such as politics (e.g. Colleoni, Rozza, and Arvidsson 2014;Gerber, Henry, and Lubell 2013;Halberstam and Knight 2016) and sports (Clavio, Burch, and Frederick 2012;Phua 2012).",[]]],"sp":[["homophily",[]]]},{},{"de":[["web analytics companies are invested in the boundary object of news production.",[]]],"ex":[["specific news topics that connect journalism with multiple audiences (e.g. science journalism engaging general news audiences, policy-makers, scientists, and those interested in science) (Shanahan 2011)",["Shanahan 2011"]],["evolving forms of journalism such as \"localism\" that connect audiences in new and significant ways (Dunbar-Hester 2013)",["Dunbar-Hester 2013"]],["the process of making news wherein editors and reporters work collaboratively through a unifying exercise to create and disseminate the news (Anderson and De Maeyer 2015).",["Anderson and De Maeyer 2015"]]]},{"ex":[["specific news topics that connect journalism with multiple audiences (e.g. science journalism engaging general news audiences, policy-makers, scientists, and those interested in science)",["Shanahan 2011"]],["the process of making news wherein editors and reporters work collaboratively through a unifying exercise to create and disseminate the news",["Anderson and De Maeyer 2015"]]]},{},{"de":[["web analytics companies' primary goal is to solidify themselves as a necessity to journalism by providing disruptive analytics that help themselves and newsrooms understand news audiences while creating a more sustainable business model for news organizations.",[]]]},{"rt":[["gatekeeping",["Baack (2017)","1"]]]},{"rt":[["facilitation",["Baack (2017)","1"]]]},{},{"de":[["In positioning themselves as routinizers of web analytics into journalism practice, managers indicated that web analytics companies work within the context of news organization structures and norms and values on a daily basis, relying on a constant stream of web-based data, or feedback",[]],["This kind of coordination effort in routinizing web analytics within news production took multiple forms, including: training, support calls, webinars, corporate statements explaining particular processes and metrics, and routine check-ins with news organizations to see if all needs were being met.",[]],["Such tinkering is part of what managers said was a new form of routinization in newsrooms",[]]]},{},{"de":[["web analytics a collaborative and necessary tool for journalists",[]],["web analytics are disrupting the goals news organizations traditionally set, how they achieve those goals, and with what resources.",[]],["web analytics were still emergent innovations in journalism and already causing new organizations to rethink their approaches to news coverage",[]],["managers said their companies were coordinating with journalists to make web analytics more routine.",[]],["web analytics is for good journalism to the extent that it can enhance the visibility of good content and can form a sustainable business model for news",[]],["web analytics is for good journalism to the extent that it can enhance the visibility of good content and can form a sustainable business model for news. And when business is good for news organizations, business is good for web analytics companies.",[]]],"rt":[["news production",[]],["real-time data about news audiences and news content",[]]],"ex":[["on-the-fly adjustments to headlines, photos, audio clips, colors, filters, and even single words embedded in stories to enhance their penetration with audience across news platforms (e.g. newspaper, desktop article, mobile article, social media snippet).",[]]]},{},{"de":[["automated personalization based on a user's own behaviour",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["These decisions can be made by editors and journalists or by computer algorithms analysing information about what other content you have used, or on the basis of what you and your friends share and interact with on social media.",[]]]},{"de":[["pure peer filtering has been used by mainstream providers to personalize news",[]]],"rt":[["user tracking",[]],["peer-based personalization",[]]],"sp":[["selection by algorithms (guided by their or their friends' past consumption)",[]],["algorithmic news selection",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["high proportions of news consumers say they would like to receive personalized news (see e.g. Business Wire 2005), in practice smaller proportions invest the time in setting up personal preferences or use the sections of news websites and apps where stories have been tailored to their implicitly determined interests (see e.g. Thurman 2011).",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["peer filtering",[]]],"sp":[["selection by algorithms (guided by their or their friends' past consumption)",[]],["algorithmic news selection",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the fundamental right to privacy has been interpreted as containing a right to 'decisional privacy'",["4"]]],"sp":[["fundamental right to privacy",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["the filter bubble discourse warns of several effects, such as a reduction in the diversity of information and opinions that people are exposed to; the formation of echo chambers; the subsequent polarization and fragmentation of the public debate; and the disengagement of certain social groups from the political process.",[]]],"rt":[["echo chambers",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["diversity",[]]]},{},{"de":[["implicit, data-driven, algorithmic news personalization services",[]],["Instead of the artisanal cooperation of editors and the distribution professionals, abstract formulas interpret the audience metrics on an industrial scale. The automation transfers the task of translating audience metrics into who-gets-to-see-what decisions from humans to machines.",[]],["Instead of the artisanal cooperation of editors and the distribution professionals, abstract formulas interpret the audience metrics on an industrial scale. The automation transfers the task of translating audience metrics into who-gets-to-see-what decisions from humans to machines. This transfer of responsibility is also an at least partial transfer of authority: from human to machine, and from the traditional, in-house editorial expertise of a news organization to technologists who shepherd the algorithms, often as external contractors.",[]],["The automation transfers the task of translating audience metrics into who-gets-to-see-what decisions from humans to machines.",[]],["news organizations realized that for them this manipulation of demand is about selling quality information, cultivating a taste for hard news (Hindman 2017, 192), justifying public investment, or maintaining journalistic authority and reliability in the age of fake news, rather than competing with platforms in chasing audience engagement and selling ads.",["Hindman 2017, 192"]]],"sp":[["news personalization",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["customizable newsletters and RSS feeds; different front pages based on geographical location; widgets; and customizable \"My news\" sections.",["Thurman and Schifferes (2012)"]]]},{"rt":[["platform logic of personalization",[]]],"sp":[["personalization",[]],["news personalization",[]]]},{"de":[["news organizations realized that for them this manipulation of demand is about selling quality information, cultivating a taste for hard news (Hindman 2017, 192), justifying public investment, or maintaining journalistic authority and reliability in the age of fake news, rather than competing with platforms in chasing audience engagement and selling ads.",[]],["personalization cannot be reduced to a conflict between editorial values and user demand. Personalization is deeply embedded in the wider economic, social, political and technological contexts of news production and distribution",[]]]},{"de":[["turning casual, free-website visitors into paying customers requires personalization strategies that are different from those used to generate ad revenues",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["news logic of personalization",[]]],"sp":[["personalization",[]],["news personalization",[]]]},{"de":[["The underlying recommender logic increased reader engagement through the algorithmic identification and satisfaction of user demand.",[]]]},{"rt":[["coping strategies",[]],["loose coupling",[]]],"sp":[["coping strategies",[]]]},{},{"de":[["extends beyond feeling as a general way of sensemaking. It informs our general sensibility toward the world surrounding us.",["Papacharissi, 2015"]]],"rt":[["emotion",[]]],"sb":[["emotion",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["ecstatic witnessing",[]],["politicized witnessing",[]],["detached witnessing",[]]]},{"sy":[["accidental journalists",["Allan, 2013"]]],"rt":[["produsage",[]],["user-generated content",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["this opens up for audiences to care for and act on lives outside their own communities.",[]]],"rt":[["distant suffering",[]]]},{},{"de":[["subsumed within affect, and perhaps the most intense part of affect",["Papacharissi, 2015"]],["evolving out of the interactions of individuals with culture and underlying social structures",["Burkitt, 2014","Clay-Warner, 2014","Holmes, 2004","Stets and Turner, 2008"]],["evolve through ever-ongoing, dynamic and interactive processes",["Boiger & Mesquita, 2012"]],["closely aligned with a sociological approach which sees emotions as fundamentally relational; evolving out of the interactions of individuals with culture and underlying social structures (Burkitt, 2014;Clay-Warner, 2014;Holmes, 2004;Stets and Turner, 2008).",[]],["This also means that emotions evolve through ever-ongoing, dynamic and interactive processes (Boiger & Mesquita, 2012).",[]]],"rt":[["affect",[]]],"sp":[["affect",["Kleinginna & Kleinginna, 1981"]]]},{"de":[["associated with news production",[]],["the impact of covering crises and traumatic events",[]]]},{},{"de":[["this shift has taken place largely, but not exclusively, outside \"hard news\" genres, often in the context of human interest or confessional forms of journalism.",[]]],"sy":[["intimization",[]],["subjective and confessional journalism",[]]]},{"sy":[["subjective and confessional journalism",["Coward, 2013"]]],"rt":[["intimacy",[]]]},{"de":[["has been frequently discussed as the polar opposite of emotion",["Maras, 2013"]]],"rt":[["emotion",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["journalists do not tend to discuss their own emotions, but rather base their reports on observations of the emotions of others.",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["user-led content creation",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["on the basis of an allegiance to the ideal of objectivity",[]]]},{"de":[["This strategic ritual of emotionality works alongside and in tandem with the strategic ritual of objectivity and involves the frequent use of anecdotal leads and personalized storytelling -or the inclusion of human interest stories. By narrating the emotions of sources, award-winning journalism effectively \"outsources\" the expression of emotion, thereby complying with the demands of objective journalism.",[]]],"rt":[["strategic ritual of objectivity",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["as being opposed to structural diversitysimilar to the original conceptualization by Napoli (1999).",["Napoli (1999)"]]],"sy":[["information diversity",[]]],"rt":[["structural diversity",[]]],"sb":[["Diversity of entities",[]],["topic diversity",[]],["viewpoint diversity",[]]],"sp":[["media diversity",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sb":[["linguistic diversity",[]],["medium diversity",[]]]},{"de":[["It offers opportunities for a more detailed description of differences between the content dimensions measured or structural properties.",[]]],"rt":[["variety",[]],["balance",[]]]},{"de":[["Diversity is the term mostly adopted in communication science",[]],["Thus, the conceptual definition of diversity and its normative underpinnings significantly affects how it is operationalized and how findings are interpreted.",[]],["especially in empirical research, it is a common phenomenon to use diversity as term without a clear definition. In those cases, it is used as buzzword term (Raeijmaekers & Maeseele, 2015) without conceptualizing it.",[]],["most studies rely on a single-concept understanding of diversity (variety).",[]],["diversity is more used in communication and computational science.",[]]],"sy":[["pluralism",["Ciaglia 2013 A","Hibberd 2007 A","Hoffman et al. 2015 A","Woods 2007 A"]],["serendipity",[]],["variety",[]]],"rt":[["diversity-related term",[]],["pluralism",[]]],"sb":[["diversity in entities",[]]]},{"sy":[["perceived diversity",[]]],"rt":[["media diversity",[]]]},{},{"de":[["whether individuals are actually exposed to this diversity",["Napoli 2011"]],["exposure diversity requires additionally a measure of which of the content a person actually was exposed to or consumed.",[]]],"rt":[["Supply diversity",[]]],"sp":[["locus of diversity",[]],["media diversity",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["internal diversity",["McQuail 1992"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["external diversity",["McQuail 1992"]]]},{"de":[["consumer satisfaction",[]]]},{},{"de":[["can be used to account for an online landscape that is less bound to traditional patterns of journalistic reporting and where multi-modality influences news experiences.",[]]],"rt":[["diversity in entities",[]]],"sp":[["dimensions of diversity",[]],["diversity",[]]]},{"sb":[["Supply diversity",[]],["Exposure Diversity",[]]]},{"de":[["media diversity is seen as crucial element or even synonym of media pluralism",["Karppinen 2013","2013"]],["Diversity can be seen as \"mega-concept\" (McLeod and Pan 2005) that is very much entangled with several other concepts and is inherently normative, which poses a potential communication problem between different strands of literature.",["McLeod and Pan 2005","2005"]],["media diversity has been discussed in the context of algorithmic curation (\"filter bubbles\"; Pariser 2011) or like-minded friend groups (\"echo chambers\"; Sunstein 2009).",[]]],"sy":[["media pluralism",[]]],"rt":[["media diets",[]],["media repertoires",[]],["filter bubbles",["Pariser 2011"]],["echo chambers",["Sunstein 2009"]],["serendipity",[]]],"sb":[["Content diversity",[]],["source diversity",[]],["exposure diversity",[]]]},{"de":[["can be used to account for an online landscape that is less bound to traditional patterns of journalistic reporting and where multi-modality influences news experiences.",[]]],"rt":[["diversity in entities",[]]],"sp":[["dimensions of diversity",[]],["diversity",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the main challenges for diversity in an online environment are not necessarily related to the supply or exposure anymore (as there are endless possibilities for content online) but rather related to what the user is actually willing and capable of experiencing.",[]]],"sy":[["diversity experience",[]]],"rt":[["diversity experience",[]],["media diversity",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["pluralism is mostly used in legal scholarship",[]],["pluralism is mostly used in articles related to law and political science",[]],["the term pluralism is mostly used in articles related to law and political science",[]]],"sy":[["diversity",[]]],"rt":[["diversity-related term",[]],["diversity",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["media diversity",[]]]},{},{"de":[["it avoids being reduced to either \"outlets\" and \"channels\" or questions of ownership, but rather expresses that it is about structural features of the market proposed to influence diversity",[]]],"rt":[["content diversity",[]]]},{"rt":[["exposure diversity",[]]],"sp":[["locus of diversity",[]]]},{"sy":[["issue",[]]],"sp":[["content diversity",[]]]},{"sp":[["content diversity",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["In an age of information abundance, efficient and effective selection has become one of the most viable business models for digital environments; search engines represent a particularly successful example of automated curation.",[]]],"sb":[["strategic curators",[]],["social curators",[]],["algorithmic curation",[]]]},{"de":[["curatorial practices such as following a news organization on Twitter or hiding news content from a Facebook friend are common among news users on social media.",[]]],"ex":[["following a news organization on Twitter",[]],["hiding news content from a Facebook friend",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the social media news environment has been discussed as a \"low choice media environment\" (Bode 2016) where users may \"encounter current affairs information when they had not been actively seeking it\" (Tewksbury, Weaver, and Maddex 2001, 534).",["Bode 2016","Tewksbury, Weaver, and Maddex 2001, 534"]]],"rt":[["low choice media environment",["Bode 2016"]]],"ex":[["stumble across a breaking news story posted by a contact",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["incidental exposure",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["diversity of their repertoire",[]]]},{"de":[["Individuals who are actively trying to avoid news more often (independent of specific news sources)",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Acts of personal news curation can be employed to pull in more content",[]],["adding a user or organization because of the news they have posted",[]],["changing settings for more news content",[]]],"sp":[["personal news curation",[]]]},{"de":[["news-boosting curation are news interest and the willingness to engage in other news-related activities on social media.",[]]],"sp":[["personal news curation practices",[]]],"ex":[["following a journalistic outlet on Twitter",[]]]},{"de":[["delete a user or organization",[]],["changing settings to see less news",[]]],"sp":[["personal news curation",[]]]},{"de":[["News-limiting practices on social media are linked to general news avoidance and, in the case of the US, political extremism, which might decrease the chances of incidental news exposure.",[]]],"sp":[["personal news curation practices",[]]],"ex":[["blocking news content from a Facebook friend",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["individual users can modify their information environment by including and excluding preferred sources, topics, or opinions.",[]],["By curating one's news repertoire on Twitter or Instagram individual users are able to select and filter their own \"newspaper edition\", thereby becoming an editor or gatekeeper in their own right through practices of personal news curation.",[]],["overlaps will occur between the engagement with practices of personal news curation and the engagement with news-related activities on social media.",[]],["practices of overall curation, news-boosting, and news-limiting behavior",[]]],"rt":[["selective exposure",[]]],"sb":[["news-limiting",[]],["news-boosting",[]],["news-boosting curation",[]],["news-limiting curation",[]]],"ex":[["Deleted or blocked another user or organization because of news they had posted or shared",[]],["Added, followed or became friends with a user or organization because of news items they had posted or shared",[]],["Changed their settings so that they would see more news from a user or organization",[]],["Changed their settings so that they would see less news from a user or organization",[]],["following a news organization on Twitter",[]],["hiding news content from a Facebook friend",[]]]},{"de":[["Users play a decisive role in customizing their information repertoires on social media. Users can subscribe to news organizations or hide user accounts, topics, and pages in their news feed and thereby have a certain kind of leverage in determining its composition.",[]],["Personal news curation practices can be conceptualized as forms of news engagement that have the potential to complement or counteract algorithmic news selection or partisan selective exposure, yet, these practices can also solidify existing divides in news use related to interest and avoidance.",[]]],"rt":[["algorithmic filtering",[]],["algorithmic news selection",[]],["partisan selective exposure",[]]],"sb":[["news-boosting curation",[]],["news-limiting curation",[]]],"sp":[["curation",[]]],"ex":[["following a journalistic outlet on Twitter or blocking news content from a Facebook friend",[]],["following a journalistic outlet on Twitter",[]],["blocking news content from a Facebook friend",[]]]},{"de":[["has been demonstrated for various issues and situational contexts",["Stroud 2008","Garrett and Stroud 2014"]]]},{"sp":[["curation",[]]],"ex":[["contacts on the platform",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["curation",[]]],"ex":[["companies or politicians",[]],["companies",[]],["politicians",[]]]},{"de":[["can leave the audience feeling alienated, disempowered, helpless and, worst of all, apathetic, insensitive, and even hostile to learning about our world.",["Beckett and Deuze (2016, 2)"]]]},{},{"de":[["These include both the information environments and the collective values, perceptions, and norms shared around them",["Toff and Kalogeropoulos 2020"]]]},{"de":[["Emotional reactions to news lead to content selectivity, and in some cases, even motivate respondents to completely opt out of being informed.",[]]]},{"sp":[["intentional news avoidance",[]]]},{"sb":[["habitual",[]],["situational",[]]],"sp":[["news avoidance",[]]]},{},{"de":[["is key to describing and evaluating the patterns of contemporary news consumption.",[]],["actions that involved some level of proactivity or change in their media-use behaviours, thus reflecting a high level of intentionality in their news avoidance.",[]],["temporary or situational practice",["Portwood-Stacer 2013","Woodstock 2014b","Skovsgaard and Andersen 2020"]],["not habitual",["Skovsgaard and Andersen 2020"]],["One way to conceptualize news avoidance and non-use is vis-a-vis degree of motivation and proactivity to not encounter content, with greater motivation, aversion, and action on the avoidance side",[]],["News avoidance is a value-laden concept with a normatively negative connotation, and news avoidance can even be demonized",[]]],"rt":[["news non-use",[]]]},{},{"de":[["individuals do not always intend to actively avoid the news, but instead simply bypass it due to their preference to other types of contents, such as entertainment.",[]],["news non-use implies behaviour that may not simply derive from the consumers' choices in relation to the characteristics of news, but instead could be forced, for example, by a 'technological divide' of class, age, gender, or race",["Woodstock 2014b","Wyatt, Thomas, and Terranova 2002"]],["News non-use derives from various constraints that inhibit news consumption, from the management of time and money to technological considerations such as user-friendliness of a news platform.",[]],["One way to conceptualize news avoidance and non-use is vis-a-vis degree of motivation and proactivity to not encounter content, with greater motivation, aversion, and action on the avoidance side, and unintentionality and incidentality on the non-use side of the spectrum.",[]]],"rt":[["technology non-use",["Bauer 1995","Baumer et al. 2015","Portwood-Stacer 2013","Wyatt 2003"]],["news avoidance",[]]]},{"de":[["News overload induces news avoidance by increasing news fatigue and news paralysis",["Song, Jung, and Kim 2017"]]]},{"sp":[["news avoidance",[]]]},{"sp":[["intentional news avoidance",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["news avoidance",[]]]},{"de":[["In this article, we treat accountability as a commitment by journalistic organizations to account to society for their actions by engaging in dialogue with their audience about news production and distribution, including the use of ANRs (Chaparro-Dom ınguez, Su arez-Villegas, and Rodr ıguez-Mart ınez 2020).",[]]],"rt":[["responsibility (Plaisance 2000)",["Plaisance 2000"]]]},{"de":[["Combining AI-driven techniques with data about content (e.g. topic) and audience features (e.g. user's age), ANRs learn users' news preferences to predict what content might be interesting for them (Karimi, Jannach, and Jugovac 2018) or even to help them achieve their epistemic goals (Sullivan et al. 2019)",["Karimi, Jannach, and Jugovac 2018","Sullivan et al. 2019"]]]},{"de":[["ANRs are often associated with lesser bias compared with human editors and are thus viewed as more objective, although this perception is more common among the audience than professional practitioners (Thurman et al. 2019).",["Thurman et al. 2019"]],["Within newsrooms, by contrast, there is broader recognition of the limitations of algorithmic objectivity, which translates into calls to keep humans \"in the loop\" (Carlson 2018) and to retain options for manual intervention by editors (Bucher 2017).",[]]],"rt":[["objectivity",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Unlike more inward-looking organization-centred values, which deal primarily with internal journalistic practices and their products, outward-looking audience-centred values concentrate on interactions between journalistic organizations and their audiences, in particular as these values undergo fundamental changes caused by evolving distribution practices (e.g. using ANRs).",[]],["The integration of ANRs into journalistic routines moves audience-centred perspectives more to the fore, as the technology is typically implemented in such a way as to shape (or reshape) and manage the relationship with the audience, and to do so in a more fine-grained and personalized way (Guzman 2019).",["Guzman 2019"]],["In contrast to organization-centred values, audience-centred ones (i.e. those explicitly concerning the audience and its needs) are currently less prominent in journalistic norms and standards.",[]],["privacy/data protection, broad information offer/personal relevance, usability/enjoyment of usage/surprise, and user agency",[]]],"rt":[["organization-centred values",[]],["organization-centred",[]]],"sb":[["privacy/data protection",[]],["broad information offer/personal relevance",[]],["usability/enjoyment of usage/surprise",[]],["user agency",[]],["privacy",[]]],"sp":[["journalistic values",[]]],"ex":[["privacy",[]],["user agency",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The value of diversity can be applied to multiple aspects of media practitioners' work, varying from their choice of topics (Carpenter 2010) to political attitudes and cultural aspects (Van Cuilenburg 2000).",[]],["diversity can mean different things, in part depending on the news outlet in question and its editorial mission.",[]]],"sb":[["newsroom diversity (i.e. the presence of practitioners of different genders or races)",[]],["source diversity (i.e. the visibility of different perspectives and opinions; Deuze 2005)",["Deuze 2005"]],["exposure diversity; i.e. the diversity of content users are exposed to (Napoli 1997)",["Napoli 1997"]],["newsroom diversity",[]],["source diversity",[]],["exposure diversity",[]]],"sp":[["organization-centred values",[]]]},{"sp":[["diversity",[]]]},{"de":[["fairness encapsulates the balance between the consequences of publishing news stories for individuals and groups mentioned in them with the public interest.",[]]],"sy":[["objectivity",[]]],"rt":[["objectivity",[]]]},{"rt":[["actuality",[]],["speed",[]]]},{},{"de":[["These values guide both the behaviour of individual practitioners (e.g. objectivity determining what to include or not to include in a news story) and media organizations (e.g. transparency requiring the organization to disclose how individual data about online readers is collected and processed, see: Van Drunen, Helberger, & Bastian 2019).",["Van Drunen, Helberger, & Bastian 2019"]]],"sy":[["journalistic DNA",[]]],"rt":[["objectivity",[]],["transparency",[]]],"sb":[["organization-centred",[]],["audience-centred",[]]],"ex":[["organization-centred (e.g. transparency)",[]],["audience-centred (e.g. usability)",[]],["public service",[]],["objectivity",[]],["autonomy",[]],["immediacy",[]],["ethics",[]],["diversity",["Porto 2005"]],["credibility",["Hayes, Singer, and Ceppos 2007"]],["transparency",["Ziomek 2005"]]]},{"ex":[["unambiguity",[]],["consonance",[]]]},{"sp":[["diversity",[]]]},{"de":[["Often viewed as a key occupational value in the field of journalism (Schudson 2001), objectivity is a highly contested concept that has attracted multiple interpretations down the years.",[]],["While the practical realization of objectivity can be complicated by multiple factors, varying from self-censorship (Lee and Chan 2009) to changing production practices (e.g. Aitamurto 2019), this value remains a cornerstone of journalistic credibility.",[]],["one major disagreement between interviewees (regardless of their professional background) was how these two values should be implemented. Their opinions varied from a classical approach, meaning that neutrality and objectivity are the sole responsibility of journalists working on news stories, to calls to implement them as part of ANR design and for their use as overarching principles for the functioning of the media organization.",[]],["conceptualized as fairness in the context of recommender design",[]]],"sy":[["fairness",[]]],"rt":[["algorithmic objectivity",[]],["neutrality, which is frequently interpreted in the same vein as objectivity",[]],["fairness",[]]],"sp":[["organization-centred values",[]]]},{"sb":[["objectivity",[]],["diversity",[]]],"sp":[["journalistic values",[]]]},{"de":[["privacy is a highly complex phenomenon that takes on different meanings in different contexts",["Nissenbaum 2011"]],["In the context of journalism, privacy was for a long time part of the debate on what aspects of individual life should be reported",["Loosen 2011"]],["the ongoing transformation of news organizations into data enterprises that utilize personal data about their audiences when deploying algorithmic systems such as ANRs is expanding this value to include the privacy of readers as well as that of news subjects",["Eskens 2020"]]],"rt":[["audience-centred values",[]]],"sp":[["audience-centred values",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["diversity",[]]]},{"de":[["In the case of ANRs, transparency can be treated as the ability to monitor and check the functionality of algorithmic systems involved in the news distribution.",[]],["Some practitioners claimed that it should be enough to show that news delivery is personalized, so that the users are aware that not everyone might be obtaining the same information.",[]],["Other interviewees argued that it is also important to explain to users how their recommendation profiles are compiled and what data is used for this purpose, so as to foster trust among them.",[]],["it is important to explain how ANRs work from a technical perspective",[]],["clarifying how a particular recommendation is made based on user data",[]],["elaborate on the organization's motivation for using ANRs",[]],["transparency was referenced as a key factor in convincing users of the relevance of new technical features.",[]],["Transparency is understood as a prerequisite for the implementation of user agency",[]]],"rt":[["accountability",[]],["user agency",[]]]},{"de":[["users need to be aware that their news delivery is personalized and, ideally, need to understand why a specific article is recommended to them.",[]],["trust can be treated as \"kind of a checkpoint\" that determines if the organization or brand is performing well in general; that is, as a factor that relates first of all to the organization or brand, and only by extension to the way it uses ANRsa",[]]],"rt":[["transparency",[]],["user agency",[]],["credibility",[]]]},{"de":[["closely related to realization of the value of accountability",[]]],"sp":[["audience-centred values",[]]]},{},{"de":[["different from traditional and mainstream outlets in organizational and editorial structures, but also in their norms and values, content, and audience",["(Atton, 2001(Atton, , 2004;;Atton & Hamilton, 2008;Bailey et al., 2007;Forde, 2011;Heft et al., 2020)"]],["less incentives to produce news coverage that is diverse and multiperspectival, compared to their mainstream counterparts",[]],["more imbedded in ideological communities and hold stronger ties with civil society",["Bailey et al., 2007"]],["attract and engage news consumers with pre-existing attitudes that are congruent with those of the medium",["Leung & Lee, 2014"]],["facilitate a counterpublic for people with more radical viewpoints and a heightened sense of skepticism towards mainstream news media",["Figenschou & Ihlebæk, 2019"]]]},{"de":[["digital media that are met with lower thresholds for organization and distribution in the online information environment.",[]],["common perception of alternative news media as one-sided, ideologically and politically slanted forums for radical discourse on politicized issues",[]]],"sy":[["alternative media",[]]],"rt":[["mainstream news media",[]],["mainstream news outlets",[]]]},{"rt":[["Actor diversity",[]],["news diversity",["(Hendrickx et al., 2020)"]]]},{"sy":[["external diversity",[]]],"rt":[["media pluralism",[]]]},{"sy":[["internal diversity",[]]],"rt":[["external diversity",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["People tend to trust news stories shared by a trusted news outlet (Tandoc 2019), their friends (e.g. Bene 2017a; Turcotte et al. 2015) and celebrities they already trust (Sterrett et al. 2019).",[]]]},{"de":[["the channel conveying the message, is no longer restricted to the original news platform",[]]],"sb":[["intermediary platform credibility",[]],["intermediary sender credibility",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["source credibility",[]],["media credibility",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["message credibility",[]],["media credibility",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["news credibility",[]]]},{"de":[["news media intentionally write eye-catching and sensational headlines to gain more clicks",[]],["drama and sensation are used to capture and keep their attention",["Tully et al. 2021"]],["focusing on dramatic, attention-grabbing coverage",[]],["assigned a more active role to the media in misinforming the public",[]],["digital phenomenon",[]],["The clickbait PSA primarily tapped into the more familiar digital phenomenon of how news outlets write eye-catchy and sensational headlines to make readers curious about the linked content.",[]]]},{"de":[["This selection bias has predominantly been applied to explain how audiences' prior attitudes determine the selection of political news that favors one position over the other (e.g., opposing or support welcoming refugees).",[]],["a widely studied filter mechanism to explain the persistent selection of ideology congruent news over incongruent information",[]],["a process by which prior attitude and identities function as a perceptual screen",[]],["intrinsically motivated to select information that reassures prior identities and beliefs",[]]],"rt":[["selective exposure",[]]],"sp":[["selective-exposure bias",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["episodic frames",[]]]},{"de":[["news media, in their sensational coverage, predominantly focus on episodic news of negative incidents",[]],["Crime news is also commonly presented in an episodic way where isolated incidents are portrayed as a common world image in a sensationalized way (Grundlingh 2017), therewith presented with clickbait headlines.",["Grundlingh 2017"]]],"rt":[["thematic news",[]]]},{"sp":[["Frames",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["Episodic news framing primarily concentrates on individual cases and more discrete events",["Gilliam and Iyengar 2000","Iyengar 1994"]],["thematic framing puts emphasis on the broader and general context in which news events are embedded",["Gross 2008","Iyengar 1994"]],["Episodic news framing",[]],["thematic framing",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Overall, compared to positive information, negative news is considered more appealing as it is seen as unambiguous, consensual, unexpected, dramatic, sensational, entertaining, eye-catching, interesting, and short-dated",["Lengauer, Esser, and Berganza 2012"]],["selection of negative and episodic headlines over positive and thematic headlines",[]],["emphasized how media coverage can end up being overly negative",[]],["Overall, compared to positive information, negative news is considered more appealing as it is seen as unambiguous, consensual, unexpected, dramatic, sensational, entertaining, eye-catching, interesting, and short-dated (Lengauer, Esser, and Berganza 2012).",["Lengauer, Esser, and Berganza 2012"]]]},{"de":[["This measure of negativity bias in news selection within an experimental design is comparable to measures used in prior work (Bachleda et al. 2020;Knobloch-Westerwick et al. 2005;van der Meer, Hameleers, and Kroon 2020).",["Bachleda et al. 2020","Knobloch-Westerwick et al. 2005","van der Meer, Hameleers, and Kroon 2020"]]],"rt":[["episodic",[]],["thematic",[]]]},{"de":[["When people are more literate, they know more about biases in both the production and consumption of news, which may also help them to distinguish false information from authentic news (Flynn, Nyhan, and Reifler 2017;Jones-Jang, Mortensen, and Liu 2021).",["Flynn, Nyhan, and Reifler 2017","Jones-Jang, Mortensen, and Liu 2021"]],["news literacy requires an understanding of both the content and contexts of news production and consumption and that NML knowledge and skills therefore should be conceptualized across five domains: context, creation, content, circulation, and consumption.",[]]],"sy":[["Media literacy",[]],["news literacy",[]]],"rt":[["context",[]],["creation",[]],["content",[]],["circulation",[]],["consumption",[]]]},{"de":[["NML interventions or messages can be used as a communicative instrument to stimulate NML-related skills and control in a digital setting (Vraga et al. 2021).",["Vraga et al. 2021"]],["NML interventions typically provide news users with short, easy to comprehend and low-effort suggestions on how to (1) be skeptical toward news coverage, (2) reflect on their personal biases, and (3) recognize biases in the production of information, such as political motivations or biases in the tone of coverage (e.g., Guess et al. 2020;Hameleers 2020).",["Guess et al. 2020","Hameleers 2020"]]],"sb":[["NML interventions that highlight either more the creation domain or the content domain of NML knowledge and skills",["Tully et al. 2021","Vraga et al. 2021"]]],"ex":[["stimulate cross-cutting news exposure",["van der Meer and Hameleers 2021","Vraga and Tully 2019"]],["reduce the selection of only attitudinal-congruent news",["van der Meer and Hameleers 2021","Vraga and Tully 2019"]],["lower hostile media perceptions",["Vraga and Tully 2015"]],["alter misinformation perceptions",["Guess et al. 2020","Hameleers 2020","Tully, Vraga, and Bode 2020","Vraga, Bode, and Tully 2020"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Here, collective outcomes, base-rate information, and statistics of over time trends play a more central role than individual cases.",[]]],"sy":[["thematic news",[]]],"sp":[["Frames",[]]]},{"de":[["On the contrary, the topic of crime can also be covered thematically when factually reporting on decreasing trends in crime rates.",[]]],"rt":[["episodic news",[]]]},{"de":[["in the form of peer-review, where colleagues help assess the accuracy of the information by sharing their skills and competencies (e.g. critical thinking, knowledge outside the journalistic field, social media skills)",[]]],"sy":[["peer-review",[]]],"ex":[["critical thinking, knowledge outside the journalistic field, social media skills",[]]]},{"de":[["critical thinking is deeply integrated into visual competence and data literacy",[]]]},{"de":[["sent by ordinary people or someone with an agenda to disseminate false information",[]],["online and radio newsrooms, with their shorter publishing cycle, were more prone to publishing misinformation and disinformation",[]],["multimodal and data-driven disinformation is perceived as more credible than textual disinformation",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["malinformation",[]]],"sb":[["textual disinformation",[]]],"sp":[["information disorder",[]]]},{},{"de":[["starts with the selection and verification of sources.",[]]]},{"de":[["classified under back-stage news reporting processes",[]]]},{"rt":[["information disorder",[]]]},{"de":[["forms of disinformation and malinformation sent by ordinary people or someone with an agenda to disseminate false information",[]],["other forms of information disorder used to impact public opinion",[]],["it covers several forms of false and misleading information that journalists need to process.",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]]],"sb":[["misinformation",[]],["malinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]],["information operations",[]]],"ex":[["Social media and emails in the press list were also mentioned forms of information disorder.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sb":[["advertising",[]]]},{},{"de":[["materialises in an effect we call the transfer of responsibility",[]]],"rt":[["blind trust",[]]]},{},{"de":[["journalists adapt to the industrial logics of digitalization, i.e. adaptation to platform logics, optimization and return of investments",["Feenberg 2000"]]]},{"sp":[["journalistic habitus",[]]]},{"rt":[["doxa",[]]]},{"de":[["A certain orientation towards reality dominates others, i.e. what technology \"is\", is intertwined with values, rationalities and normative practices and \"a complete understanding of technology must show how the 'orientation towards reality' characteristic of technology is combined with the realization of technology in the social world\" (Feenberg 2000, 232-233).",["Feenberg 2000"]]]},{},{"de":[["the choices between for instance efficiency and professionalism are made somewhere by someone. This illustrates the struggles between what Feenberg refers to as technological masters with dominant subject-positions, and subordinate subject-positions (Feenberg 2000, x).",[]]],"sb":[["technological masters",[]],["subordinate subject-positions",[]]]},{"rt":[["online capital",[]]],"sp":[["field-specific journalistic capital",[]],["field-specific capital",[]]],"de":[["Field-specific, journalistic, capital is supplemented with a virality capital.",[]]],"ex":[["credentials or degrees in digital journalism, data journalism, social media etc.",[]],["simply in being a millennial",[]]]},{"de":[["Fact-checking outlets also have an explicit institution-building mission-or are projects of organizations with such a mission-tied to reforming or strengthening democratic institutions including the press",[]]]},{},{"de":[["diversity of meanings that terms such as misinformation or fake news have for people",["Tully et al. 2021"]],["addressing context when researching misinformation: from digital materialities, institutions, practices, politics, economics, and culture shaping the field of fighting fakes.",[]]]},{"de":[["Alternative journalism is an umbrella term that covers categories of journalism outside legacy media structures",[]],["Alternative journalists are the peripheral actors whose practices and norms challenge established professional standards.",[]],["Alternative journalism occupies a liminal position between journalism and activism",["Atton and Hamilton 2008"]]],"sy":[["alternative news media",[]]],"sb":[["engaged journalism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["combine strong media criticism and counterhegemonic discourses",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Engaged journalists possess the expertise to produce high-quality journalistic work while positioning themselves as politically progressive vis-a-vis their far-right governments.",[]],["The journalists' decisions derive from their desire to position themselves as allies to progressive movements in politically polarised climates with increasing far-right, authoritarian trends.",[]],["Instead of seeking objectivity, engaged journalists counter the imbalances in legacy media, which they perceive as favouring those in power.",[]],["Engaged journalists prioritise marginalised actors' perspectives and perform a watchdog function with regard to the powerful.",[]],["In both countries, engaged journalists oscillated between their positions within and outside the journalistic field. The Intercept Brasil and MadaMasr simultaneously rebelled against and reproduced professional norms and practices, re-establishing and reinventing professional tensions and struggles outside established institutions.",[]],["to redefine what journalism is about, and expand boundaries of journalism",[]],["Engaged journalists' self-perceptions incorporate journalistic practices in the normative and political dimensions; competence, made evident by their journalistic know-how, and material elements of novel digital infrastructures that are crucial to dissemination, crowdfunding, community building, and mobilisation",["cf. Shove et al. 2012","Medeiros 2019"]],["results in openly embraced and acknowledged political stances, which engaged journalists do not see as contradictory to journalism.",[]],["This conceptualization concentrates on the work of journalists in authoritarian contexts, who, unlike their colleagues in Western democracies, must routinely pre-empt governmental repression resulting from critical coverage of the authorities.",[]],["engaged journalism does not constitute a complete rupture with established journalism, but a professional response that seeks to strengthen the journalistic field from the margins.",[]],["radical normative engagement does not contradict established journalistic competence.",[]],["a particular form of alternative journalism practiced by professional journalists outside traditional newsrooms",["Medeiros (2019)"]],["the degree to which a news organization actively considers and interacts with its audience in furtherance of its journalistic and financial mission",[]],["This article has developed the concept engaged journalism outside the Global North by focusing on professional journalists outside traditional newsrooms at the margins of the journalistic field.",[]],["Engaged journalists' self-perceptions incorporate journalistic practices in the normative and political dimensions; competence, made evident by their journalistic know-how, and material elements of novel digital infrastructures that are crucial to dissemination, crowdfunding, community building, and mobilisation (cf. Shove et al. 2012;Medeiros 2019).",["cf. Shove et al. 2012;Medeiros 2019"]],["The self-proclaimed high normative dimension for engaged journalism, as typical in alternative news media, (Holt, Ustad Figenschou, and Frischlich 2019), results in openly embraced and acknowledged political stances, which engaged journalists do not see as contradictory to journalism.",["Holt, Ustad Figenschou, and Frischlich 2019"]],["Alternative journalists with professional backgrounds combine strong media criticism and counterhegemonic discourses, both central characteristics of alternative media (Holt, Ustad Figenschou, and Frischlich 2019), with their credentials.",[]],["they propose radical paths for journalism's further engagement, protecting the field's autonomy from politics and the economy.",[]]],"sy":[["advocacy or partisan journalism",[]]],"rt":[["advocacy",[]],["partisan journalism",[]],["legacy journalism",[]],["watchdog function",[]],["alternative news media",[]],["alternative media",[]]],"sp":[["alternative journalism",[]]],"ex":[["to take readers on a journey to explore possibilities and to reimagine reality",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The metaphor refers to journalists' feeling confined or trapped in journalism by their own commitment and dedication to journalistic values, practicing engaged journalism out of intrinsic motivation",["Badr 2020c","Schapals, Maares, and Hanusch 2019"]]]},{"de":[["The Intercept Brasil defined its raison d'être and purpose in the journalistic field by claiming a watchdog function",[]],["motivation to practice",[]]]},{"de":[["The Intercept Brasil located itself in the tradition of watchdog journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["retains deeper meanings of authenticity, truth and naturalness.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["with some actors seeing their existence and role in the newsroom as one of utility, and others seeing technological interlopers as exacerbating the worst tendencies of journalism, eroding audience trust over time.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Content creation is a labor-intensive and continual endeavor where producers focus on making the most out of the attention and time a consumer might give them in an information saturated digital space.",[]]],"rt":[["attention economy",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["media diversity",[]],["recommender design",[]]],"ex":[["concentrating on including the representation of voices that are less popular",["Abdollahpouri, Burke, and Mobasher 2017"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Whilst the press must not overstep the bounds set, inter alia, for the \"protection of the reputation of others,\" it is nevertheless incumbent on it to impart information and ideas on political issues just as on those in other areas of public interest",[]]],"sy":[["freedom of expression (or speech) doctrine",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["journalistic AI",[]]],"rt":[["machine learning",[]],["automated decision making",[]]],"sb":[["machine learning",[]],["automated decision making",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["journalistic AI-driven tools",[]]]},{"sy":[["ex post fact-checking",[]]]},{"de":[["understands audiences algorithmically, attending to patterns of downstream interaction as input for future editorial decisions.",[]]]},{"de":[["rests on an idealized, habermasian public sphere in which information-hungry citizens rely on news accounts for reasoned discussions and informed political choices",["achen and Bartels 2016; Kreiss 2018; Wahl-Jorgensen 2019"]]]},{},{"de":[["boundary work encompasses expansion to incorporate new actors and practices as well as protection of autonomy from powerful interests outside the field.",[]]]},{"de":[["once a minor focus, now dominates the agenda of leading outlets and accounts for the bulk of fact-checks produced worldwide, driven in part by commercial partnerships between fact-checkers and platform companies.",[]],["this discourse reflected a broad sense that debunking is defined by 1) a focus on viral, anonymous, and often ridiculous content on social media (as opposed to more serious claims by politicians), and also by 2) forensic techniques such as image verification and network analysis (as opposed to conventional reporting methods, although in practice these prove important).",[]],["Debunking carries specific connotations arising from the focus on misinformation circulating anonymously on social media.",[]],["Debunking was linked to varying degrees with material that is outlandish; that is less overtly political; that therefore can seem less important or serious; and that is often easier to refute than nuanced political claims.",[]],["a debunk is different to a fact check, because a debunk looks at something that's gone viral on social media or being shared on social media, but we can't find where the claim originally came from.",[]],["much or most debunking work relies on basic reporting skills, such as interviewing authoritative sources",[]],["informants highlighted practical differences arising from viral misinformation typically having no clear origin.",[]],["policing viral misinformation on social networks",[]],["form-fitting response to a new style of hoax",["Warzel 2014"]],["a basic principle in debunking work is harm reduction",[]],["What practitioners call \"debunking,\" once a minor focus, now dominates the agenda of leading outlets and accounts for the bulk of fact-checks produced worldwide, driven in part by commercial partnerships between fact-checkers and platform companies.",[]],["debunking often consists of \"false frame\" fact-checks in which genuine evidence is used to support a false conclusion that only \"officials\" and \"experts\" can refute",[]]],"sy":[["fact-checking",[]]],"rt":[["political fact-checking",[]],["verification",[]]],"sb":[["debunking manipulated images and video, often using sophisticated forensic tools to spot suspicious content that turns out to be fake",[]],["paid debunks targeting ridiculous hoaxes",[]]],"sp":[["fact-checking",[]]],"ex":[["determining whether an image has been doctored",["Mantzarlis 2017(Mantzarlis , 2018)"]],["on how it's not true that if you put sliced onions in your socks, it'll detoxify you overnight",["DeB7, North america"]],["something like, 'the woman in this photo gave birth to a child at age of 54′",[]]]},{"sp":[["debunking",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["traditional concerns over newsworthiness and balance, deeply woven into political fact-checking",[]]],"rt":[["debunking",[]]]},{"de":[["understands audiences algorithmically, attending to patterns of downstream interaction as input for future editorial decisions",[]],["the goal is to constrain engagement by strategically withholding information",[]]],"rt":[["public reason",[]]]},{"ex":[["snopes and hoax-slayer were an answer to ungoverned email hoaxes",[]],["Politifact and Factcheck.org arose in response to…false statements by public figures",[]]]},{"de":[["such a mix will seek to balance between market concerns measured by clicks and values of providing content serving the public",[]]],"ex":[["a public service provider's front page will thus have a different mix than a tabloid newspaper, the latter typically featuring more stories on entertainment and gossip",[]]]},{"de":[["data driven and shaped by data science epistemic practices but also differed from the traditional journalistic gut feeling",[]],["struggled to incorporate softer and less numerical values when using their gut feeling to evaluate what the models did.",[]],["tensions also engender new algorithmic gut feelings for ethics.",[]]],"rt":[["journalistic doxa",[]],["data science doxa",[]]]},{"sy":[["data journalism",[]],["data-driven journalism",[]],["robot journalism",[]],["journalism as programming",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["computational journalism",[]],["data-driven journalism",[]],["robot journalism",[]],["journalism as programming",[]]]},{"sy":[["computational journalism",[]],["data journalism",[]],["robot journalism",[]],["journalism as programming",[]]]},{"rt":[["having a feel for the game",["1998,81"]],["habitus",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["doxa",[]]]},{"sy":[["computational journalism",[]],["data journalism",[]],["data-driven journalism",[]],["robot journalism",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["relevance has been identified as a news value",[]]],"rt":[["news value",[]]],"sp":[["news value",[]]]},{"sy":[["computational journalism",[]],["data journalism",[]],["data-driven journalism",[]],["journalism as programming",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["the audience lacks concentration, the attention economy is unscrupulous, there is a constant information overload and they, as news professionals, need to help the young audience grasp what is important",[]]],"rt":[["visual frame",[]],["sharpening the point of the news",[]]],"ex":[["picture carousels, polls, bullet lists, short videos, and images with short headlines",[]],["videos, which not only represents a condensed manner of conveying news but is also the favoured format for both users and algorithms",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Thus, our definition of visuality extends to both format and content.",[]]]},{"de":[["visuality serves both as an affordance and a necessity on Instagram.",[]]],"rt":[["algorithmic curation",[]],["hypertextuality",[]],["interactivity",[]],["news storytelling",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["humanising communication by displacing some of the artificiality and alienation inherent in mass communication",[]]]},{"de":[["By their nature, these developments introduced structures and formality into communication that limited who could speak and be heard.",[]],["Not everyone could participate because communication was unidirectional.",[]],["Some were denied the ability to use the systems, or be represented in them, because of elite control.",[]],["Mass media made interaction impossible between those expressing and those attending to the expression.",[]],["It stole individual voices from the majority of people and gave voice to only a select few.",[]],["Media removed capabilities for public discussion of public issues, produced communicative passivity, stultified though with popular entertainment, and became a mechanism for social influence and control.",[]]]},{"de":[["It thus dehumanised our communication and altered our relationships with others.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["thus affecting journalists' self-perceptions and professional roles",["Wintterlin et al., 2022"]]]},{"de":[["this approach minimizes platform intervention in user content, except in explicit calls for violence or terrorist activities.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["engagement with interlopers unfolds through extended discursive moves that contest their legitimacy while reaffirming journalism's authority",[]]],"sb":[["explicit",[]],["implicit",[]],["intralopers",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["facilitate discussion and debate, with group-specific rules and norms fostering both news sharing and collective sense-making",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["In traditional media, this balance is carefully maintained, and indeed, it represents another major principle in the Israeli Code of Ethics. However, among Israeli Telegram news groups, the implementation of privacy guidelines is nuanced. Although several channels caution when managing sensitive personal information, the drive to capture exclusive details during conflicts can compromise the privacy of individuals, particularly those involved in violent events.",[]]],"ex":[["a post from November 30, 2023, by Telegram News from the Field, raises questions about the potential violation of dead soldiers' privacy, as it reveals details about their service and circumstances of death before families had the opportunity to decide what information they wished to make public.",[]],["a report posted on the same channel on December 10, 2023, which warns users not to join groups where sensitive content is published by the enemy for \"psychological terrorism\" purposes, thereby demonstrating the potential for privacy breaches on the platform.",[]],["a post on Telegram News from the Field from November 25, 2023 reads: \"Attention, I ask you not to publish the list [of casualties and/or hostages] . . . . Users who would post the list or share it with others privately will be removed. I ask that you respect the families.\"",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["considered to be more damaging for EU legitimacy than specific negativity which may indicate dissatisfaction with particular institutions but not necessarily a delegimisation of the integration project as a whole",[]]],"rt":[["negativity that fosters distrust in the EU",[]]],"sp":[["negativity",[]]]},{"rt":[["non-directional negativity",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The greater visibility of EU and European actors in the public debates the more Europeanised the public sphere is considered to be",[]]]},{"de":[["These are not particular story lines or interpretive frames to be reconstructed through qualitative discourse analysis (see Patterson, 2000, p. 11), nor a measure of evaluation or opinion, but a simple measurement of the conflict dimension.",[]]],"rt":[["policy",[]],["politics and polity",[]],["scope of article",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["This is an incentive for journalists, who work in an increasingly competitive environment, to apply negativity filters to political news as a way to increase the value of their product (Galtung & Ruge, 1965).",["Galtung & Ruge, 1965"]]]},{},{"de":[["journalists would relate EP election news articles to the constitutional make-up of the EU, often but not necessarily in nationalist terms or through identity conflicts, rather than ideological or partisan contestations, and select sources that discuss the EU in these terms",[]]]},{"de":[["the tendency for selecting bad news over good news generally means that the EU will be reported in terms of 'crisis' or 'failure' instead of successful outcomes or achievements",[]]]},{"rt":[["directional negativity",[]]]},{"rt":[["negativity and polity biases in the media representation of EU elections",[]]]},{},{"de":[["polity bias in generic article framing and source selection",[]],["It is in combination with the polity bias that negativity in the UK becomes highly damaging to EU legitimacy.",[]],["when EU negativity intersects with polity debates the news media risks systematically translating EU legitimation campaigns into Eurosceptic opinion.",[]]],"sy":[["The media polity bias",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["may indicate dissatisfaction with particular institutions but not necessarily a delegimisation of the integration project as a whole.",[]]],"rt":[["diffuse negativity",[]],["negativity that fosters distrust in the EU",[]]],"sp":[["negativity",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["diversity as received",["van der Wurff, 2011"]]]},{},{"sy":[["misinformation",["Rojecki & Meraz, 2016"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["At a minimum, this implies that political news should be substantial, factual and diverse",["Jandura & Friedrich, 2014"]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["factitious informational blends",["Rojecki & Meraz, 2016"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The supply side encompasses the quantity and quality as well as the structure of political news and information available through various old and new media.",[]],["The demand side encompasses how various segments within a society make use of political news and information and the quality of that information.",[]],["link it to the opportunity structures for accessing and learning from the news.",[]],["has a significant impact on people's media use and knowledge of politics and current affairs",[]],["The supply side encompasses the amount and quality of political news and other political information provided by the media in a specific political information environment, as well as the opportunity structure to access and learn from political information.",[]],["The demand side encompasses the amount and quality of information that people are interested in consuming and the skills they require to comprehend and retain this information.",[]]],"sy":[["information environment",["Aalberg, Van Aelst, & Curran, 2010;Jerit, Barabas, & Bolsen, 2006;Williams & Delli Carpini, 2011"]],["media environment",["Aalberg, Van Aelst, & Curran, 2010;Jerit, Barabas, & Bolsen, 2006;Williams & Delli Carpini, 2011"]]]},{},{"de":[["characterize many media systems in Southern and Eastern Europe and South America",["Hallin & Mancini, 2004, 2011","Hallin & Papathanassopoulos, 2002"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["tabloidization",[]],["popularization",[]],["softening of the news",[]],["hard news",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["While the first strand is based on the classical assertion that news tells us what to think about, the second argues that news also tell us how to think about things",[]]],"rt":[["framing",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["increase in labour force",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["issue-specific frames",[]]]},{"de":[["While the first strand is based on the classical assertion that news tells us what to think about, the second argues that news also tell us how to think about things",[]]],"rt":[["agenda setting",[]]]},{"ex":[["victimization",[]],["conflict",[]],["negativity frame",[]]]},{"sb":[["negativity frame",[]]],"ex":[["victimization",[]],["conflict",[]],["negativity",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["welfare frame",[]],["multiculturalism frame",[]],["economic threat frame",[]]],"ex":[["welfare frame",[]],["multiculturalism frame",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In practice, the salience of immigration related topics on the media agenda is frequently conceptualized as the volume (e.g. Akkerman, 2011;Lawlor, 2015) or intensity (e.g. Boomgaarden & Vliegenthart, 2007, 2009) of reporting, compared to other policy topics at a given point in time or in a diachronic perspective.",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["increased crime rate",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In the European context, this frame is mainly applied in relation to women, refugees, and asylum seekers, and portrays immigrants as in need of help",["Horsti, 2008","van Gorp, 2005","Vliegenthart & Roggeband, 2007"]]],"rt":[["perpetrator frame",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["ultimately is what sets journalism apart from other types of media content such as, for example, entertainment, propaganda, or art",["Kovach & Rosenstiel, 2014, p. 71"]],["which ultimately is what sets journalism apart from other types of media content such as, for example, entertainment, propaganda, or art",["Kovach & Rosenstiel, 2014, p. 71"]]],"ex":[["entertainment, propaganda, or art",[]]]},{"de":[["media credibility includes more components than expertise and trustworthiness",["Gaziano & McGrath, 1986","Kohring & Matthes, 2007","Meyer, 1988","West, 1994"]],["Some components that have been identified are the degree to which the media are perceived to be fair, unbiased and accurate",["Gaziano & McGrath, 1986","Meyer, 1988","West, 1994"]]],"sy":[["news credibility",[]]],"rt":[["news media trust",[]]]},{"rt":[["news media trust",[]],["media skepticism",[]],["mistrust",[]]]},{"rt":[["news media trust",[]],["media cynicism",[]],["mistrust",[]]]},{"de":[["most of the time, the terms refer to trust in traditional news media such as newspapers.",[]]],"sy":[["news media trust",[]]],"rt":[["trustors",[]],["trustees",[]]]},{},{"de":[["most of the time, the terms refer to trust in traditional news media such as newspapers.",[]],["In this article, if nothing else is stated, we refer to traditional news media such as newspapers, television news and radio newsin their offline or online formatswhen writing about news media and news media trust.",[]],["news media users do not have at their disposal the resources and capabilities to evaluate thoroughly the reliability of news … Thus, somehow they have to find clues to legitimate their trust and to compensate for this inevitable risk.",["Kohring (2019, p. 1)"]],["what matters is people's trust in the information coming from news media, regardless of the level of analysis",[]],["the items should be adapted to explicate that the statements deal with the news media's coverage rather than the news media as organizations or institutions",[]]],"sy":[["media trust",[]],["news credibility",[]]],"rt":[["media credibility",[]],["media trustworthiness",[]],["distrust",[]],["media cynicism",[]],["media skepticism",[]],["trust in the information coming from news media",[]]],"sb":[["trust in the selectivity of topics",["Kohring & Matthes, 2007, p. 239"]],["trust in the selectivity of facts",["Kohring & Matthes, 2007, p. 239"]],["trust in the accuracy of depictions",["Kohring & Matthes, 2007, p. 239"]],["trust in journalistic assessment",["Kohring & Matthes, 2007, p. 239"]]]},{},{"de":[["it is common to distinguish between source credibility and medium credibility",["Kiousis, 2001"]]],"rt":[["medium credibility",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["in an attempt to construct a favorable public image for the field by contrasting it with what it is not",["Carlson, 2015"]]]},{},{"de":[["different from misinformation which relates to 'unintentional behaviors that inadvertently mislead'",["Chadwick & Vaccari, 2019, p. 14","Benkler et al., 2018, p. 24"]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]],["misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["According to Graves (2016), fact-checking is instead all about deciding whether he or she are right or wrong. This goes beyond merely describing the world, as it entails interpretation and elaboration, selection of information sources that represent 'the truth,' against which the new information should be cross-examined, and a true/false verdict that necessitates journalists to give up a constructivist point of view that offers the option of 'objectively' presenting to audience competing notions of truths.",["Graves (2016)"]]],"rt":[["verification",[]],["correction",[]]]},{"de":[["the use of journalistic rhetoric, formats and reporting styles for the intentional dissemination of false, invented, information.",[]],["the use of journalistic rhetoric, formats and reporting styles for the intentional dissemination of false, invented, information",["Egelhofer & Lecheler, 2019"]]],"sy":[["false news",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["misinformation",[]],["fake news genre",[]]],"ex":[["the Pizzagate story--connecting the Clinton campaign to a pedophile ring",["Frankovic, 2016"]],["false news stories that were shared on social media",["Arnaudo, 2017"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["These fact-checking outlets act as 'information subsidies' (Gandy, 1980) for news organizations who cover the intersection of the online and political world.",["Gandy, 1980"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["In most psychological research misinformation is considered a broader category that also includes disinformation, and no differentiation is made between mis-and dis-information.",[]],["no differentiation is made between mis-and dis-information",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["When it comes to value-laden beliefs and polarizing issues, research suggests that information is processed with directional rather than accuracy goals in mind.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Affective polarization assesses the extent to which people like (or feel warmth towards) their political allies and dislike (or feel lack of warmth towards) their political opponents (Iyengar et al., 2012).",["Iyengar et al., 2012"]],["In terms of affective polarization, many followed standard measures developed by Iyengar and colleagues (2012), using warmth/favorability ratings of political allies vs. political opponents (e.g. Garrett et al.,2019).",["Iyengar and colleagues (2012)","Garrett et al.,2019"]],["these constructs are distinct from one another",[]],["we find most use warmth/favorability ratings, however others use very different constructs (e.g. strength of leaders).",[]],["Affective polarization assesses the extent to which people like (or feel warmth towards) their political allies and dislike (or feel lack of warmth towards) their political opponents",["Iyengar et al., 2012"]],["Measures focused on favorability/and likeability of ingroup and outgroup were considered as measuring affective polarization.",[]],["Affective polarization assesses the extent to which people like (or feel warmth towards) their political allies and dislike (or feel lack of warmth towards) their political opponents (Iyengar et al., 2012)",["Iyengar et al., 2012"]]],"rt":[["warmth and favorability ratings",[]],["ideological polarization",[]]],"sp":[["political polarization",[]]]},{"de":[["where people become even more entrenched in their belief systems, and thus more polarized",[]],["exposure to counter-attitudinal information actually increased ideological polarization",[]]],"rt":[["counter-attitudinal content",[]]]},{"sp":[["Political polarization",[]]]},{"de":[["In terms of how ideological polarization is measured in surveys and experiments, the most common types of measurement include Likert scales where people report the extent to which they are liberal or conservative (e.g. Melki & Sekeris, 2019), or the extent to which they support/agree or do not support/agree (with) a specific political topic (e.g. climate change; Newman et al., 2018).",["Melki & Sekeris, 2019","Newman et al., 2018"]],["Ideological placement on a Likert scale is not necessarily synonymous with how one views a specific issue.",[]],["these constructs are distinct from one another",[]],["Measures focused on a political stance or ideological position were considered as measuring ideological polarization.",[]]],"rt":[["ideological extremity",[]],["affective polarization",[]]],"sp":[["political polarization",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Political polarization",[]]]},{"rt":[["selective exposure",[]]],"sp":[["media exposure",[]]],"ex":[["algorithms",[]]]},{"rt":[["counter-attitudinal",[]]]},{"rt":[["pre-selective exposure",[]]],"sb":[["selective exposure to social media",[]],["selective exposure to pro-attitudinal information",[]],["selective exposure to counter-attitudinal information",[]]],"sp":[["media exposure",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Clicking on the link will generate income to the owner of that link in the form of a pay per click (Alina et al., 2017;Biyani et al., 2016).",["Alina et al., 2017","Biyani et al., 2016"]],["They define 8 types of clickbait such as Exaggeration, Teasing, Inflammatory, Graphic, Formatting, Baitand-Switch, ambiguous, Wrong and contend that clickbait articles usually have misleading information in form of gossip with low quality that is usually not related to the headlines",["Biyani et al., 2016"]],["clickbait articles usually have high CTR due to it enticing and appealing nature",[]],["clickbait which has two ways of detecting it; firstly, it can be easily detected because the content is different from the headline and secondly, based on the fact that the content is of low quality",[]],["most clickbait has misleading information such as gossip and most appealing headlines aimed at enticing the reader to click on the link",[]],["the dividend that this fake news pays makes the practice rampant especially in form of clickbait.",[]],["clickbait articles usually have misleading information in form of gossip with low quality that is usually not related to the headlines",["Biyani et al., 2016"]],["most clickbait has misleading information such as gossip and most appealing headlines aimed at enticing the reader to click on the link.",[]]],"sb":[["Exaggeration",["Biyani et al., 2016"]],["Teasing",["Biyani et al., 2016"]],["Inflammatory",["Biyani et al., 2016"]],["Graphic",["Biyani et al., 2016"]],["Formatting",["Biyani et al., 2016"]],["Baitand-Switch",["Biyani et al., 2016"]],["ambiguous",["Biyani et al., 2016"]],["Wrong",["Biyani et al., 2016"]],["Exaggeration, Teasing, Inflammatory, Graphic, Formatting, Bait-and-Switch, ambiguous, Wrong",["Biyani et al., 2016"]],["Bait-and-Switch",[]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]],"ex":[["Exaggeration, Teasing, Inflammatory, Graphic, Formatting, Baitand-Switch, ambiguous, Wrong",[]]]},{"sb":[["Time-dependent collaborative filtering",[]]]},{},{"de":[["human beings are generally not good at detecting what is real and what is authentic and posit that due to the gullible nature of human being, they are prone to fake news.",["Kai & Huan, 2019"]],["people usually tend to believe something that conforms to their view",[]]]},{"sb":[["time-order dependent content-based filtering",[]]]},{"de":[["Brabham (1982) see crowdsourcing as, 'an online, distributed problem-solving and production model that leverages the collective intelligence of online communities to serve specific organizational goals'.",["Brabham (1982)"]]],"sy":[["wisdom of the crowds",[]]],"ex":[["laypeople got a similar rating with professional fact-checkers.",["Pennycooka and Rand (2019)"]]]},{"de":[["Deception cues are identified in the text which is extracted and clustered",["Klyuev, 2019"]],["deceivers produce more total words-count and sense-based words such as those that show lower cognitive complexity, the use of more negative emotion words, extreme positive words",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This aspect is further exacerbated using social bots and trolls (malicious accounts).",[]]],"rt":[["social bots and trolls (malicious accounts)",[]],["fake news",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["the strength of expert-based fact-checking techniques lies in the fact that they are small in number thus, easy to manage and have a high accuracy rate.",[]],["an expert-facts checker is a natural approach to verifying fake news which uses professional fact-checkers to determine which content is false, and then engaging in some combination of issuing corrections, tagging false content with warnings, and directly censoring false content .g., by demoting its placement in ranking algorithms so that it is less likely to be seen by users.",["Pennycook and Rand (2019)"]]]},{"de":[["The key idea behind this approach is that where experts failed, the crowdsourced approach can complement and vice versa",["Mahid et al., 2018"]],["The expert-based has often been accused of being politically biased, not independent and very slow in detecting fake news",["Vedova et al., 1957"]],["the crowd is limited in many areas since they are composed of laypeople and at such, they will give the wrong prediction to content which they are unfamiliar with.",["Pennycook & Rand, 2019"]],["the crowd is unbiased and acting independently, larger in number and thus can easily work on a large volume of information",[]]]},{"de":[["Fake news has different types and motives, for instance, a clickbait type of fake news aimed at getting clicks for financial gain and a politically motivated type fake news aimed at supporting a candidate in an election.",[]],["Fake news, especially in countries with highly centralized partisan politics such as the USA, political discourse within the ranks of Republicans and Democrats will always spark backlash unless since contents favouring one party will be deemed authentic and vice versa and this one of the challenges for these social media owners to deal with.",[]],["fake news witnessed unprecedented growth during the 2016 US presidential election.",[]],["the proliferation of fake news on social media has often made people reluctant to engage in genuine news and information sharing for fear that such information is false and misleading.",[]],["the complex and dynamic nature of fake news.",[]],["a clickbait type of fake news aimed at getting clicks for financial gain",[]],["a politically motivated type fake news aimed at supporting a candidate in an election",[]],["malicious or misleading information is rapidly spread.",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["misinformation",[]]],"sb":[["Knowledge-based which includes manual facts checking as well as automatic facts checking",[]],["style-based, i.e. How fake news is written",[]],["user-based fake news analyses study which investigates fake news from a user's perspective",[]],["propagation-based study",[]],["credibility-base analyses",[]],["clickbait",[]],["hoax",[]],["propaganda",[]],["satire",[]],["parody",[]],["Hoaxes",[]],["Name-theft",[]],["framing",[]],["journalistic deception",[]]],"ex":[["a clickbait type of fake news aimed at getting clicks for financial gain",[]],["a politically motivated type fake news aimed at supporting a candidate in an election",[]],["during the 2016 US elections, popular fake's news sites had 159 million visits triggering a lot of reverberation within the online social media ecosystem.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Logically, people will understand certain concepts based on the way it is coined, consumers will normally perceive something differently if framed in two different ways although it all meant the same thing.",[]],["Framing is meant to give misconceptions and conceal the fact, framing became more popular during the US presidential debate when most media will give misconceptions about what the political aspirant actually said.",[]],["consumers will normally perceive something differently if framed in two different ways although it all meant the same thing.",[]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]],"ex":[["suppose a leader X says 'I will neutralize my opponent' simply meaning he will beat his opponent in each election. Such a statement will be framed such as 'leader X threatens to kill Y' such a framed statement has given a total misconception of the original meaning.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Some author refers to this type of fake news as large-scale fabrications and alludes that hoaxing has often caused serious material damage to its victim. It is usually aimed at a public figure",["Rubin et al., 2015"]],["Since they are done deliberately, it is well coined such that at times, the mainstream media report it is believing it to be true.",[]],["Some author refers to this type of fake news as large-scale fabrications and alludes that hoaxing has often caused serious material damage to its victim.",[]],["It is usually aimed at a public figure",["Rubin et al., 2015"]],["alludes that hoaxing has often caused serious material damage to its victim.",[]]],"sy":[["large-scale fabrications",[]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["resemble those who are not driven by financial benefit in participating in fake news but are fabricated to enhance unique principles as well as beliefs",["Brummette et al., 2018"]]]},{"de":[["The different between journalistic deception and framing lies with the author, framing can be done by anybody, but journalistic deceptions are done by journalists usually in a wellknown media outlet.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["malicious or misleading information is rapidly spread",[]],["smearing misinformation which is contrary to other people's belief and principles",["Brummette et al., 2018"]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["This is usually done with the creation of a website that mimics an already existing authentic news website, for instance, a producer of fake news in order to deceive the public may use credible news source websites such as (cnn.com to cnn1.net, foxnews.com to foxnewss.com).",[]],["This is usually done with the inclusion of the site logo which easily deceives consumers into believing that such information is coming from the site they already recognized as genuine.",[]],["There is also the manipulation of video to suit their narrative as well as photoshop all aimed at deceiving the public.",[]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]],"ex":[["cnn.com to cnn1.net, foxnews.com to foxnewss.com",[]]]},{},{"de":[["News is generally regarded as an output of journalism, a discipline deemed to give relevant, independent, and credible information",["Tandoc et al., 2018"]],["any authentic information, any development or recent happenings that are not yet known, and such information is brought to the attention of the public.",[]]],"sy":[["authentic news",[]]]},{"de":[["both satire and Parody uses comedy to pass out information in the form of entertainment",[]],["both satire and Parody uses comedy to pass out information in the form of entertainment, satire uses factual information and modified or frame it to mean something else, contrary to parody",[]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]],"ex":[["The Onion and Daily Mash",[]]],"rt":[["satire",[]]]},{"de":[["States are usually seen as the main actor of propaganda, and recently it has taken a different turn with politicians and media organs using it to support a certain position or view",["Alina et al., 2017"]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["most recommendation system uses human emotions to recommend content.",[]]],"sb":[["collaborative filtering recommendation method",[]],["content-based method",[]]]},{"de":[["the authors or the host present themselves as a comedian or as an entertainer rather than a journalist informing the public.",[]]],"rt":[["Parody",[]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]],"ex":[["The John Stewart Show",[]],["The Daily Show with Trevor Noah",[]],["The John Stewart Show and The Daily Show with Trevor Noah",[]]]},{"de":[["social bots have been created for malicious functions such as spreading false information.",[]],["social bots were initially created to respond to customers' needs by some companies, some ill-minded individuals have used social bots to spread malicious and misleading information, Social bot easily retweets and follow thousands of account on twitter as well as share a post on Facebook within a very short time.",[]],["Social bots and trolls account have often acted as a catalyst in generating and spreading fake news which is a potent challenge.",[]],["The use of social bots in sharing fake news makes it go viral and it has further exacerbated the proliferation of fake news as these contents are shared and like automatically making it difficult for experts to detect.",[]]]},{"de":[["Detecting the position of someone is a fundamental step in knowing if such a person is for the truth or against it",["Islam et al., 2019"]]]},{},{"de":[["social bots and trolls (malicious accounts)",[]],["they are so many accounts that are trolls account control by human beings also meant to spread malicious and distorted information.",[]]],"rt":[["social bots",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Cascades can explain the process by which society switches from one equilibrium to another.",[]]],"ex":[["he ignores his private information and starts a cascade",[]]]},{"de":[["Informational cascades can explain how such social conventions and norms arise, are maintained, and change.",[]]]},{"de":[["the operative logic is, roughly, that '25,000 solid New Hampshirites (probably) can't be too far wrong.'",["Bartels (1988, p. 110)"]]]},{"de":[["we still assume a true underlying value that is independent of the actions of participants",[]]]},{"de":[["seemingly whimsical shifts in behavior occur because an initial cascade may aggregate very little information.",[]]],"ex":[["Early medical reports indicated that oat bran lowers cholesterol levels, which suddenly increased the popularity of oat bran products; a new study contradicted this result, killing the fad.",[]]]},{"de":[["We argue that localized conformity of behavior and the fragility of mass behaviors can be explained by informational cascades.",[]],["If an individual i is in a cascade, then his action conveys no information and individual i + 1 draws the same inference from all previous actions.",[]],["The uniformity that cascades cause can be similar to and coexist with that brought about by the other forces discussed in the Introduction (sanctions, payoff externalities, and conformity preference).",[]],["once a cascade has started, further adoptions are uninformative.",[]],["The arrival of a little information or the mere possibility of a value change (even if the change does not actually occur) can shatter an informational cascade.",[]],["If an individual i is in a cascade, then his action conveys no information and individual i + 1 draws the same inference from all previous actions. Since the signal Xi+,1 is drawn from the same distribution as Xi, individual i + 1 is also in a cascade. Thus, by induction, all individuals after i are in a cascade. Consequently, a cascade once started will last forever, even if it is wrong.",[]]],"rt":[["sanctions",[]],["payoff externalities",[]],["conformity preference",[]],["herd behavior",[]]],"ex":[["adoption of hybrid corn by Iowa farmers from 1928 to 1941",[]]]},{"de":[["cascades can explain not only conformity but the rapid spread of new behaviors.",[]],["fragility arises systematically because cascades bring about precarious equilibria.",[]],["seemingly whimsical shifts in behavior occur because an initial cascade may aggregate very little information.",[]],["individuals are not very confident that the original cascade was correct.",[]],["individuals ignore their own information and merely follow suit.",[]]],"rt":[["conformity",[]],["fads",[]],["fashions",[]]]},{"rt":[["Peer pressure",[]]]},{"de":[["stigma is local (i.e., group-specific) and is learned by observing the behavior of others such as parents",[]],["Akerlof (1976) provides a model of stigma based on ostracism.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["we already are docile, obedient biopolitical subjects.",[]]]},{"de":[["address it as a historical event that still defines, at least in part, the way in which we are governed, the way in which we think about politics and about ourselves.",[]],["biopolitics is always a politics of differential vulnerability.",[]],["A permanent concern that defines what Foucault also calls the \"étatisation du biologique\" (the \"nationalization of the biological\") (\"S,\" p. 240; trans. mod.).",[]]],"rt":[["differential vulnerability",[]],["biopower",[]],["biopolitical governmentality",[]]],"sb":[["biopolitics through mobility",[]]],"ex":[["biopolitics through mobility",[]]]},{"rt":[["biopolitics",[]]]},{"de":[["racism becomes a way of fragmenting the biological continuum-we all are living beings with more or less the same biological needs-in order to create hierarchies between different human groups, and thus (radical) differences in the way in which the latter are exposed to the risk of death.",[]],["Racism, in all of its forms, is the \"condition of acceptability\" of such a differential exposure of lives in a society in which power is mainly exercised to protect the biological life of the population and enhance its productive capacity (\"S,\" p. 255; trans. mod.)",[]],["with the emergence of biopolitics, racism becomes a way of fragmenting the biological continuum-we all are living beings with more or less the same biological needs-in order to create hierarchies between different human groups, and thus (radical) differences in the way in which the latter are exposed to the risk of death.",[]]],"rt":[["biopolitics",[]]]},{"de":[["It is a logical structure that uses the truth of one or more claims (called premises) to establish the truth of some other claim (called the conclusion).",[]],["In short, arguments give us reasons to believe a claim is true, in a way not linked to the identity, social position, tenor, or rhetorical ability of the person making the claim.",[]],["It is a logical structure that uses the truth of one or more claims (called premises) to establish the truth of some other claim (called the conclusion). In short, arguments give us reasons to believe a claim is true, in a way not linked to the identity, social position, tenor, or rhetorical ability of the person making the claim.",[]]]},{"de":[["Given the meaning of the terms, it could never have been the case that necessarily true statements were false but contingently true propositions could have been.",[]]],"ex":[["'Berlin is the capital of Germany' or 'The Sydney Swans won the 2012 AFL grand final'.",[]],["'Berlin is the capital of Germany'",[]],["'The Sydney Swans won the 2012 AFL grand final'",[]]]},{"ex":[["P1: All swans are white. P2: My pet is not white. C: My pet is not a swan.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["A common form of ambiguity is equivocation",[]],["A common form of ambiguity",[]]],"rt":[["ambiguity",[]]]},{"de":[["These hidden premises must be made explicit for the argument to become valid.",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["P: I once saw a white swan. C: All swans are white.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This approach applies the concept of vaccination to knowledge-it is possible to build resistance to misinformation by exposing people to a weak form of the misinformation.",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["'All bachelors are unmarried men' or 'Deciduous trees shed their leaves'.",[]],["'All bachelors are unmarried men'",[]],["'Deciduous trees shed their leaves'",[]]]},{"de":[["Whilst the term non sequitur is sometimes used as a synonym for any invalid inference, here we use it in its more common sense as a failure of relevance.",[]]],"sy":[["invalid inference",[]],["any invalid inference",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["'over 90% of climate scientists believe in anthropogenic climate change' (true)",[]],["'New York City is the capital of New York state' (false)",[]],["'it will rain tomorrow' (unknowable today)",[]],["like 'over 90% of climate scientists believe in anthropogenic climate change' (true), 'New York City is the capital of New York state' (false), or 'it will rain tomorrow' (unknowable today).",[]]]},{"de":[["Provisionally true claims do not require such support. Because they are always open to refutation, the arguments that support them need only be defeasible. Inductive inference is therefore indicative of provisionally true claims.",[]]]},{"de":[["Others may take minutes, hours, days, or even months to reply. Not having to cope with someone's immediate reaction disinhibits people.",[]],["People don't interact with each other in real time. Others may take minutes, hours, days, or even months to reply. Not having to cope with someone's immediate reaction disinhibits people.",[]],["Not having to cope with someone's immediate reaction disinhibits people.",[]]],"sp":[["online disinhibition effect",[]]],"ex":[["In real life, the analogy might be speaking to someone, magically suspending time before that person can reply, and then returning to the conversation when one is willing and able to hear the response.",[]]]},{"sp":[["online disinhibition effect",[]]]},{"de":[["In a process of dissociation, they don't have to own their behavior by acknowledging it within the full context of an integrated online/offline identity. The online self becomes a compartmentalized self.",[]]],"sp":[["online disinhibition effect",[]]]},{"de":[["They split or dissociate online fiction from offline fact.",[]]],"rt":[["dissociative anonymity",[]]]},{"de":[["This invisibility gives people the courage to go places and do things that they otherwise wouldn't. Although this power to be concealed overlaps with anonymitybecause anonymity is the concealment of identity-there are some important differences.",[]],["Even with everyone's identity known, the opportunity to be physically invisible amplifies the disinhibition effect. People don't have to worry about how they look or sound when they type a message. They don't have to worry about how others look or sound in response to what they say.",[]]],"sp":[["online disinhibition effect",[]]]},{"de":[["Authority figures express their status and power in their dress, body language, and in the trappings of their environmental settings.",[]],["While online a person's status in the face-to-face world may not be known to others and may not have as much impact. Authority figures express their status and power in their dress, body language, and in the trappings of their environmental settings.",[]]]},{"de":[["a term has surfaced for it: the online disinhibition effect.",[]],["At least six factors are involved. For some people, one or two of them produces the lion's share of the disinhibition effect. In most cases, however, these factors intersect and interact with each other, supplement each other, resulting in a more complex, amplified effect.",[]],["But online, in what feels more like a peer relationship-with the appearances of authority minimized-people are much more willing to speak out and misbehave.",[]],["They loosen up, feel less restrained, and express themselves more openly.",[]]],"sy":[["disinhibition effect",[]]],"sb":[["benign disinhibition",[]],["toxic disinhibition",[]]]},{"de":[["Absent face-to-face cues combined with text communication can alter self-boundaries. People may feel that their mind has merged with the mind of the online companion.",[]]]},{"de":[["We witness rude language, harsh criticisms, anger, hatred, even threats.",[]]],"sp":[["online disinhibition effect",[]]]},{"de":[["alternative terminology with the aim to be more precise and inclusive than traditional medical model language.",["[14]","[15]","[16]"]],["neuro-affirming language replaces terms that may presume incapability with more affirming alternatives.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["IFL has regained popularity as a means to reclaim labels integral to one's identity, similar to preferences in the Blind and Deaf communities.",["26","27","28","29"]]],"rt":[["person-first language (PFL; e.g., ''person with autism'')",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["using wording such as ''non-speaking'' or ''nonvocal'' instead of ''minimally verbal'' or ''nonverbal,''",["45","46"]],["describing ''likelihood'' rather than ''risk'' of being autistic,",["47"]],["other conditions being ''co-occurring'' versus ''co-morbid.",["48","49"]]]},{},{"de":[["versus use of non-PCL labels (''disabled person'' or other adjectives identified as stigmatizing)",[]]],"rt":[["non-PCL labels",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["social bots",[]]]},{"de":[["This certainly also includes chat bots.",["Frischlich, Boberg, and Quandt (2017)"]],["chat bots are only as intelligent as their scripts and the databases behind those scripts are.",[]],["they are often developed only for specific topics.",[]],["created to communicate in dialogs with specific users or customers",[]],["The bots partly replace human interaction and are often used to do simple preprocessing tasks",[]]],"rt":[["social bots",[]]],"sp":[["social bot",[]]],"ex":[["Joseph Weizenbaums ELIZA",["Weizenbaum, 1966"]]]},{"de":[["For them, a central content generation becomes dispensable.",[]]],"rt":[["Hybrid social bots",[]]]},{"de":[["For them, a central content generation becomes dispensable.",[]]],"sy":[["bot army",[]]]},{"de":[["This includes performing activities in a typical day-night-cycle, carefully measured actions at the social media platform, as well as variability in actions and timing.",[]]]},{"de":[["designed by politically oriented groups to represent their opinions and mindsets.",[]],["A typical goal of political bots is, e.g., boosting the popularity of a specific idea or person on a (social) media platform, by generating 'likes' or 'follows'.",[]],["intervene or flood them with own (propagandistic) content.",[]]],"rt":[["chat bots",[]],["spam bots",[]]],"sp":[["social bots",["Woolley (2016)"]]]},{"de":[["These agents are designed to fulfill a specific purpose by means of one-or many-sided communication in online media.",[]]],"sb":[["Hybrid social bots",[]]]},{"de":[["Social bots are currently regarded an influential but also somewhat mysterious factor in public discourse and opinion making. They are considered to be capable of massively distributing propaganda in social and online media and their application is even suspected to be partly responsible for recent election results.",[]],["the imitation of human communication (behaviour) is a key feature of social bots.",[]],["fully automated as well as partly human-steered bot action",[]],["autonomous action (agent-like)",[]],["an orientation towards a goal",[]],["multiple modes of communication",[]],["a wider ecosystem (all online media)",[]],["Some social bots just substitute their users by assuming duties or handle simple preprocessing tasks.",[]],["The application of social bots for multiple purposes (from advertisement to propaganda) implies different technical challenges as well as economic considerations to be handled.",[]],["Every online medium where human communication through publicly visible posts, chats, comment-functions, direct messages, etc., takes place, is a possible point of connection for the involvement of social bots.",[]],["Geiger (2016) defines social bots-in a more exact but still very general way-as automated software agents.",[]],["Emmer (interviewed in Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung (2017)) adds properties like artificial intelligence and the ability to autonomously act in the web.",[]],["Woolley (2016) states that social bots \"mimic human social media users\" and \"manipulate public opinion and disrupt organizational communication\".",["Woolley, 2016"]],["Hegelich (2016) highlights that social bots are hidden actors with a political agenda.",[]],["A wider definition which specifically considers the communication behavior is given by Frischlich, Boberg, and Quandt (2017). The authors point out, that the imitation of human communication (behaviour) is a key feature of social bots.",["Frischlich, Boberg, and Quandt (2017)"]],["Kollanyi, Howard, and Woolley (2016) consider interaction with other users through automated social media as key property of social bots.",["Kollanyi, Howard, and Woolley (2016)"]]],"rt":[["chat bot",[]],["political bots",[]],["spam bots",[]],["curator bots",[]],["game bots",[]],["Service-Level-Agreement (SLA) negotiators",[]]],"sb":[["chat bot",[]],["political bots",["Woolley (2016)"]],["spam bots",[]]]},{"rt":[["chat bots",[]],["social bots",[]]],"sp":[["social bots",[]]]},{"de":[["computational propaganda has two important parts: the technical and the social.",[]],["shining a light on the functioning of computational propaganda in understudied non-democratic contexts",[]],["turns attention back to the modern phenomenon of computational propaganda",[]]],"sp":[["propaganda",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["the most straightforward means of detecting it is to find clues in a news article to detect fake news",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["network intervention",[]]]},{"sb":[["social bots",[]],["trolls",[]],["cyborg users",[]]]},{"sp":[["network intervention",[]]]},{"sb":[["Influence Minimization",[]],["Mitigation Campaign",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Social bots can give a false impression that information is highly popular and endorsed by many people, which enables the echo chamber effect for the propagation of fake news.",[]]]},{"de":[["Generally, there are three major aspects of the social media context that we want to represent: user profiles, user posts, and network structures.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["can help people make sense of ambiguity.",[]],["act as an ongoing sense-making procedure.",["10"]],["constructed and spread discursively, evolving and changing over time as new information comes along.",["10"]],["characterized by uncertainty themselves.",[]],["often vague and uncertain, perhaps better understood as manifestations of broad suspicions than as definitive, free-standing beliefs.",["6","12","13"]],["conspiracy theories can provide an immediately understandable picture of a situation: why something happened, who benefits from it, and who should be blamed.",[]]],"rt":[["rumors",[]],["counter-narratives",[]],["rumor",[]]],"sp":[["rumor",[]]],"ex":[["conspiracy theories alleging secret government persecution of African-Americans (e.g., HIV/AIDS as a bioweapon created for racial genocide)",["3"]],["One theory is that the virus is a bioweapon rather than a natural occurrence.",[]],["Another is that the virus is actually harmless and the microcephaly epidemic is instead caused by pesticides, genetically modified mosquitoes, or vaccine side effects.",[]],["Yet another claim is that Zika vaccine development efforts are part of a broader plan for global depopulation.",[]],["the biotechnology corporation Monsanto or the Rockefeller business empire are sometimes presented as the most likely perpetrators of the conspiracy, a typical pattern in conspiracy discourse.",["12"]]]},{"de":[["As a sense-making process, they can reduce anxiety and uncertainty, and help people to come to grips with unfamiliar situations.",["1"]]],"rt":[["conspiracy theories",[]]]},{"de":[["When researchers have a bias in favor of \"X causing Y,\" they are more likely to cite papers that found evidence to support their view. Conversely, when researchers harbor a bias against a hypothesized association, they may selectively cite papers that report null findings.",["5"]]]},{},{"de":[["deceptive because the displayed beliefs, identities or interpretations are not really held by the ones communicating them.",[]],["mislead recipients by creating the false belief that certain interpretations are held by a majority of people.",[]],["Astroturfing is deceptive because the displayed beliefs, identities or interpretations are not really held by the ones communicating them.",[]],["Moreover, such techniques mislead recipients by creating the false belief that certain interpretations are held by a majority of people.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["coordinated inauthentic behavior typically involves profiles that only exist around an election or other key event, or correspond to a simultaneous peak in publishing and engagement behavior",["Cao et al., 2014"]]]},{},{"de":[["at the core of deepfakes is deception, which involves intentionally, knowingly, and/or purposely misleading another person.",["Hancock & Bailenson, 2021 p. 149"]],["The creation of such AI-generated synthetic videos is deceptive as the intention is to attack/delegitimize opponents or create support for/mobilize congruent viewpoints",["Hancock & Bailenson, 2021"]]]},{"de":[["For Wardle and Derakhshan (2017), the intention to harm an individual, group, organization or country is central-which assumes that disinformation is intended to exert a negative influence on the targeted recipients.",["Wardle & Derakhshan, 2017"]],["Its practices of deception may range from the decontextualization of known facts to the fabrication of alternative narratives.",[]],["a disruptive form of communication that has to be understood in the setting of the media and political landscape it is created and consumed in.",[]],["disinformation may strategically exploit socio-political cleavages to create confusion, amplify conflicts and further divide societies.",[]],["disinformation involves a close interaction between senders and receivers. Actors of disinformation, for example, may deliberately target recipients that they perceive to be most susceptible to their message, for example, as they already demonstrate moderate levels of doubt in the established order.",[]],["disinformation is created and disseminated to solve problems in an efficient manner, and employed when covert deception is the best-fitting strategy to maximize utility.",[]],["disinformation may involve different practices of altering, decontextualizing and fabricating information.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["malinformation",[]]],"ex":[["Leaving out information to strategically guide perceptions of recipients",[]],["the complete fabrication of deceptive narratives (lies)",[]],["using available associations related to the phenomenon to create a deceptive narrative that fits the political goals of the disinformation actor whilst resonating with the associations that the recipient has available",[]]]},{"de":[["The creation or dissemination of disinformation to gain financially can first of all be connected to the spread of deceptive narratives by online (alternative or hyper-partisan) information platforms, who may amplify deceptive content as such information sells better in a competitive market.",[]]],"ex":[["health disinformation where deceptive content is created to induce anxiety which may stimulate purchasing behavior (i.e., medicines or alternative treatments that allegedly alleviate the threat)",[]],["deception has been associated with fossil fuel companies and associated actors who aim to mislead the public about climate change developments",["Mulvey et al., 2015"]]]},{"de":[["the socio-political embeddings and regional contexts of disinformation are crucial to consider.",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["medicines or alternative treatments that allegedly alleviate the threat",[]]]},{"de":[["Ideologically-motivated disinformation may deceive out of the conviction that the supported ideology is morally good and superior.",[]]],"rt":[["politically motivated disinformation",[]]],"ex":[["information about refugees entering a host country may intentionally be manipulated to exaggerate the threat posed by non-native citizens, hereby reflecting a nativist anti-immigration ideology.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["covert presentation of false information",["McCornack et al., 2014"]]]},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["It may first of all involve the deceptive pairing of a real image to a real text to deliberately decontextualize visual information and alter its meaning (i.e., showing real footage of a large number of boat refugees in a different context paired with a real story on immigrants entering a country with the intention to overstate the negative impact of an alleged \"flood\" of refugees). It may also involve the manipulation and fabrication of either the visual (i.e., photoshopping or cropping) or textual component of information with the intention to create a deceptive narrative.",[]]]},{"de":[["enable disinformation campaigns through practices such as sponsored content and (micro) targeting.",["Kim et al., 2018"]]],"ex":[["sponsored content and (micro) targeting",[]]]},{"rt":[["social bots",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the extant literature on audience favorability [see Allen (1991), O'Keefe (1999), and Shen & Bigsby (2013) for meta-analyses and reviews] suggests that existing attitude is one way through which audience favorability manifests",[]],["which represents one's predisposed partisanship (Pratkanis & Aronson, 1992), or latent readiness for biased processing of related incoming messages.",["Pratkanis & Aronson, 1992","1992"]]],"rt":[["accuracy motive",[]],["defense motive",[]],["political orientation",[]],["stages of change",[]]]},{},{"de":[["negative mechanisms expected among unfavorable individuals-message fatigue and counterarguing",[]]],"rt":[["message fatigue",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["During this biased processing, information consistent with one's existing beliefs is judged favorably, while counter-attitudinal content is scrutinized, resulting in counterarguing, or generation of thoughts that dispute the message arguments, in an effort to derogate the validity of the message (Chen et al., 1999).",["Chen et al., 1999"]],["During this biased processing, information consistent with one's existing beliefs is judged favorably, while counter-attitudinal content is scrutinized, resulting in counterarguing, or generation of thoughts that dispute the message arguments, in an effort to derogate the validity of the message",["Chen et al., 1999"]]],"rt":[["counterarguing",[]]]},{"de":[["Unlike the systematic one, heuristic processing requires minimal cognitive efforts as it involves the use of simple heuristics as mental shortcuts in processing messages.",[]],["the default mode of heuristic processing",[]],["born out of cognitive miser motive",[]]],"rt":[["systematic processing",[]]]},{"de":[["According to the HSM's sufficiency principle, the defining characteristics of the two processing modes involve one common criterion, which is cognitive elaboration.",[]],["Thus, message elaboration was adopted as a theoretically valid indicator of the relative dominance of one processing mode over the other.",[]]],"rt":[["heuristic processing",[]],["systematic processing",[]]]},{"de":[["message fatigue sheds light on the other side of the same picture by showing how message familiarity induced by accumulated exposure may result in counterproductive outcomes such as decreased favorable attitude and increased levels of active (i.e., reactance) and passive forms of resistance (i.e., inattention) toward persuasion (Kim & So, 2018).",["Kim & So, 2018"]],["The primary antecedent to message fatigue has been commonly understood as overexposure to similar messages (So et al., 2017), which inevitably accompanies increased message familiarity.",["So et al., 2017"]],["these findings show that message fatigue may be more complex than a simple, linear function of familiarity caused by accumulated exposure and may be prone to motivational considerations (e.g., defense motive).",[]],["negative mechanisms expected among unfavorable individuals-message fatigue",[]]],"rt":[["message familiarity",[]],["counterarguing",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["HSM postulates accuracy, defense, and impression motives as three major motivations that may determine the nature of processing.",[]]],"sb":[["accuracy",[]],["defense",[]],["impression motives",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["transtheoretical model",[]]]},{"de":[["Processing fluency, which refers to \"the subjective experience of ease with which people process information\" (Alter & Oppenheimer, 2009, p. 219), has been the primary focus of research concerning the impact of experiential aspects of message processing (Schwarz, 2015).",["Schwarz, 2015"]],["processing fluency, which is the most basic metacognition associated with processing of familiar stimuli (Schwarz, 2012)",["Schwarz, 2012"]],["On a conceptual level, it is also possible that processing fluency exerts positive influence via misattribution of pleasant subjective experience of ease only in noninvolving, nonpersuasion context.",[]],["positive mechanisms-processing fluency",[]]],"rt":[["interest",[]]]},{},{"de":[["shifts the focus from emissions at the individual level, to issues of inequality that put vulnerable communities at increased risk and focuses change on ensuring accessible, affordable, culturally relevant, and climate-friendly food.",["Gunster 2017"]],["A climate justice frame may also lend itself to make more visible other social power relations that perpetuate the climate crisis by attending to social groups that disproportionately create GHG emissions, such as 'heavy meat eaters'. Moreover, by adopting a climate justice frame, justice for animals and the commodification of animals for food could be argued",[]]]},{},{"de":[["these recognized government inaction and the political and economic challenges of meat.",[]],["Images of groups protesting have a strong emotional appeal and work to establish shared responsibility.",[]],["Collective responsibility is built by a rational and emotional appeal that implies if the audiences 'sit up and think' about the protest action of children, they will conclude collective action is required.",[]],["Collective responsibility is represented as a way to engender government support to solve the issue of climate change.",[]]],"rt":[["political responsibility",[]]]},{"rt":[["Logos appeals",[]]],"sp":[["Logos appeals",["Voci 2022"]]]},{},{"de":[["Frame analysis attends to identifying and analysing which aspects are included within a frame, and what is absent.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["social progress",[]]]},{},{"de":[["this served to limit understanding of how to mobilize collective action and hold powerful groups to account.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["docere",[]],["probare",[]],["monere",[]]],"sb":[["docere",["Voci 2022"]],["monere",["Voci 2022"]],["probare",["Voci 2022"]]]},{"sb":[["disaster",[]],["risk",[]],["opportunity",[]],["public health frames",[]],["climate change frame typology",[]]]},{"sp":[["Logos appeals",["Voci 2022"]]],"ex":[["An example of monere might link eating meat to high GHG emissions, which exacerbates climate change, therefore providing a logical argument against eating meat.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["meat reduction was framed as a 'risk' that had the potential to undermine the nutritional health of people, particularly those who have vulnerabilities, such as young people, girls and women, or elderly people.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Its proponents argued that it was possibleand desirableto establish a political hierarchy based on biological markers, either visible (as in skin color) or according to bloodline (as in who counts as Jewish, black or Chinese).",[]],["These ideas allowed Europeans to racially demarcate zones within imperial territories, as well as homogenize diverse indigenous peoples, such as Native Americans, into a single category of 'Indians'.",[]]]},{"rt":[["savages",[]]]},{"rt":[["unprivileged belligerents",[]]]},{"rt":[["barbarians",[]]]},{"de":[["The standard of civilization determined which parts of the world lay outside the 'civilized' realm of white, Christian peoples.",[]],["The idea that people around the world could be ranked, culturally and/or racially, was the hallmark of the 19 th century 'standard of civilization'.",[]],["The standard of civilization determined which parts of the world lay outside the 'civilized' realm of white, Christian peoples",[]]],"ex":[["Distinctions between the 'civilized' world of the white West, 'barbarians' (mostly lightskinned peoples with an urban 'high culture') and 'savages' (mostly dark skinned peoples without an urban 'high culture') formed the basis for a range of international practices, such as the rules of war.",[]]]},{"de":[["Even the basic terminology through which we describe much of the contemporary world has 19 th century origins, from the idea of 'the West', to framings such as 'the Middle East' and 'Latin America'",["73-86"]]],"rt":[["the Middle East",[]],["Latin America",[]]]},{"rt":[["privileged belligerents",[]]]},{"de":[["The theory establishes a correlation between the rate at which the media cover a story and the value people place on such a story.",["11"]],["This indicates that the media determine what issues should be considered more important by society",["12"]],["This is accomplished through frequency of reporting, prominence given to the reports through headline display, pictures, layout in newspapers, magazines, films, graphics or timing on radio and television",["13"]]]},{"de":[["warnings for severe outbreaks are alarming as are updates on the number of patients, hospitalizations and fatalities. The same goes for descriptions of the virus as 'extremely contagious' or 'deadly'.",["9"]]],"ex":[["'NCDC raises pandemic alert level'",[]],["'more Nigerians cases feared'",[]]]},{"sb":[["long",[]],["short",[]],["medium",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["mode of spread, signs, symptoms, risk factors as well as where and when to report for medical care.",[]],["precautions that the public can take to reduce chances of exposure to COVID-19, such as using face masks, washing of hands, using hand sanitizers and social distancing.",[]]]},{"ex":[["'COVID-19 is not a death sentence; it is treatable'",[]]]},{"sb":[["'straight news'",[]],["'features'",[]],["'editorial pages'",[]],["'opinion'",[]],["columns",[]]]},{"de":[["a report was judged as alarming when the situation is defined in terms of risk and hazard.",[]],["A report is reassuring when risks related to COVID-19 are put in a broader perspective that downscale the risk (also because of effective preparations by health authorities).",[]],["Stories were coded as neutral when they contain both perspectives or when the tone is undecided.",[]]],"sb":[["'alarming'",[]],["'neutral'",[]],["'reassuring'",[]]],"ex":[["'NCDC raises pandemic alert level'",[]],["'more Nigerians cases feared'",[]],["warnings for severe outbreaks are alarming as are updates on the number of patients, hospitalizations and fatalities",[]],["descriptions of the virus as 'extremely contagious' or 'deadly'",[]],["'COVID-19 is not a death sentence; it is treatable'",[]]]},{"de":[["Belief is not the opposite of reason; it is a state of conviction that is reached in a different way, with different evidence",["Magliocco 2012, 11-12"]]]},{"de":[["Understood as a way of both knowing and sensing",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["teorie del complotto",[]]]},{},{"de":[["moving from psychological, cognitive, and social dynamics of beliefs in conspiracies to the sensory, aesthetic, and performative dimension of conspiracy-believing.",[]],["Conspiracy-believing here becomes a political act and a performative one, one that seeks sensory and artistic recognition and that-provocatively, maybe-pursues inclusion.",[]],["the second, by focusing on the aesthetic (i.e., sensory and artistic) and performative dimensions, problematizes that same binarism.",[]],["conspiracy-believing is not always a synonym of believing in conspiracies.",[]]],"rt":[["belief in conspiracies",[]],["magic",[]],["participatory experience",[]]]},{"de":[["As an emergent movement or semi-separate trend within contemporary 'occulture' . . . conspirituality may be construed as fairly recent. As a broader phenomenon, the integration of conspiracy theories and spirituality has a long history in esoteric discourse, with conspiracy theory playing the role of, among other things, theodicy",["2015, 269"]],["a politico-spiritual philosophy based on two core convictions, the first traditional to conspiracy theory, the second rooted in the New Age: (1) A secret group covertly controls, or is trying to control, the political and social order . . . (2) Humanity is undergoing a \"paradigm shift\" in consciousness, or awareness, so solutions to (1) lie in acting in accordance with an awakened 'new paradigm' worldview.",["Ward and Voas 2011, 104"]]],"rt":[["New Age spirituality",[]],["conspiracy theories",[]],["conspiracy theory",[]],["New Age",[]],["occulture",[]]],"sp":[["occulture",[]]]},{"rt":[["Western esotericism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["not different from a political ideology",["Silva Castanho et al. 2017, 426"]]],"sy":[["belief system",["Silva Castanho et al. 2017, 426"]]]},{"de":[["Occulture is something, in other words, that characterizes contemporary post-secularism.",[]]],"rt":[["spiritual",[]],["esoteric",[]],["paranormal",[]],["conspirational",[]],["cultic milieu",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["regimes of perceptions",["Panagia 2009, 7"]],["common sense",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["reliability",[]]]},{"sy":[["likelihood",[]]]},{"sp":[["external threats",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Habits develop over time in in stable environments, when repeated behavior becomes automatic",["Ouellette and Wood 1998"]]]},{"ex":[["A potential informational threat is the possibility that a consumer's local newspaper will go out of business",[]],["an actual threat arises when two governmental agencies provide conflicting information on the efficacy of the same drug",[]]]},{},{"de":[["may lead to various outcomes relevant to consumers, including increased indulgence (Ferraro et al. 2005), increased purchase and consumption (Mandel and Smeesters 2008), and materialism (Rindfleisch et al. 2009)",["Ferraro et al. 2005","Mandel and Smeesters 2008","Rindfleisch et al. 2009"]]]},{"de":[["consumers move along a continuum between ontological security and insecurity",["Banham INTRODUCTION 2020; Bondi 2014"]]],"rt":[["ontological security",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["external threats",[]]]},{"de":[["can arise from social, spatial, temporal, or experiential distance (Trope and Liberman 2010); each of these can create a sense of a small, moderate or large gap between the self and the threat.",["Trope and Liberman 2010"]]],"rt":[["felt involvement",["Celsi and Olson 1988"]]],"sb":[["social, spatial, temporal, or experiential distance",["Trope and Liberman 2010"]]],"ex":[["A prediction that a hurricane will hit your town produces smaller psychological distance from the threat as compared to a prediction that a hurricane will hit the next town, or the next state, over.",[]]]},{"ex":[["participants were unwilling to pay more for a set of 10 used Madonna CDs than for a set of five",[]]]},{"ex":[["A potential social threat would include worry about terrorism or social unrest",[]],["an actual social threat might entail facing racial discrimination or losing connection to your family",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Individuals pursuing personal wants through consumption are perceived to serve the general good",["Cohen 2004","Giesler and Veresiu 2014"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["Wit",[]],["Satire",[]]]},{"de":[["satire is itself a phenomenon that resists definition and description.",[]],["satire's moral ambivalence made it such a good topic for the conventionalized discourse of the periodicals and, at a personal level, for commonplace books.",[]],["We think of it as a literary genre, but a glance through this handbook suggests that it works more like cultural virus, a 1 See",["1"]],["it works more like cultural virus",[]],["social description and moral anatomization",[]]],"rt":[["literary genre",[]],["raillery",[]],["libel",[]],["burlesque",[]],["Wit",[]]],"sp":[["literary genre",[]]],"ex":[["Gulliver's Travels",[]],["The Beggars Opera",[]],["The Dunciad",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Automated content methods can also estimate the location of actors in policy space, or produce a scaling.",[]],["This ranges from classifying documents-either into existing or yet to be determined categories-or scaling political actors into policy space.",[]]],"rt":[["natural language processing tools",[]]],"sb":[["supervised classification methods",[]],["unsupervised classification and scaling methods",[]]]},{"de":[["measures the attention senators allocate to press releases",[]]]},{"de":[["But in other political speech, this may not be true-we show below that the ideological dominance assumption appears to not hold in Senate press releases, where senators regularly engage in nonideological credit claiming.",[]]]},{"de":[["Grimmer (2010) argues that the leaders of Senate committees-committee chairs and ranking members-should allocate more attention to issues that fall under the jurisdiction of their committee than other senators. This straightforward expectation provides a test of the predictive validity of the estimated priorities.",[]]],"rt":[["semantic validity",[]]]},{"de":[["When political actors are engaging in heavily ideological speech-as in German party platforms-unsupervised methods appear to retrieve reliable position estimates. But when political actors can avoid ideological speech-as in Senate press releases-scaling methods retrieve some other, nonideological scaling.",[]]],"rt":[["scaling algorithms",[]]]},{"de":[["A method that could use this text to place actors in a political space would facilitate testing some of the most important theories of politics. We describe two methods for scaling political actors using texts.",[]]]},{"rt":[["predictive validity",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["scaling",[]]]},{"rt":[["scaling",[]]]},{"de":[["The decision to follow is considered a costly signal",[]]]},{"de":[["individuals are being increasingly exposed to only information that reinforces their existing views, thus avoiding challenging opinions",["Sunstein 2001","Garrett 2009","Iyengar and Hahn 2009"]]]},{"de":[["if we were to find perfect polarization (i.e., users interacting only with those of identical ideology), we would find a pattern that would resemble a line with a slope coefficient equal to one.",[]]],"rt":[["echo-chamber",[]]]},{},{"de":[["is an effective persuasion strategy ( r = 0.17)",["11"]],["is an effective persuasion strategy",["11"]]]},{},{"de":[["Acknowledging that the media can exercise considerable discretion over which stories are worthy of publication and which are worthy of oblivion, Agenda Setting Theory forms and situates public's mind on the relevance of the information that is extensively accessible to them.",["8"]],["Accessibility, priming and framing of information are crucial in agenda setting framework since the processes generate important life's issue or concern and present these constantly and repetitively to people.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["correlation neglect",[]]],"de":[["correlation neglect predictably produces overshooting beliefs",[]]]},{"rt":[["correlation neglect",[]]]},{"de":[["the excessive confidence swings caused by correlated signals give rise to predictable price bubbles and crashes.",[]],["beliefs in the correlated information structure overshoot in the predicted direction, an effect that is sizeable, significant, and causes lower payoffs.",[]],["disregarding the correlation among their pre-movers' actions, agents thus double-count early signals",[]],["The updating rule of thumb which generates these results can naturally be understood as an extreme form of correlation neglect.",[]],["subjects neglect correlations",[]],["double-count the base signal of computer A and hence hold systematically biased (overshooting) beliefs relative to the uncorrelated condition",[]],["correlation neglect distorts beliefs in both directions, i.e., subjects' estimates overshoot upwards or downwards depending on the base signal.",[]],["Correlation neglect is very stable between rounds and does not seem to depend on the magnitude of the true state.",[]],["subjects' tendency to disregard correlations",[]],["produces distorted aggregate outcomes",[]],["also predicts individuals' trading behavior",[]],["neglecting correlations is not the outcome of a \"rational\" decision to sacrifice correct beliefs for the sake of economizing on scarce cognitive resources",[]],["correlation neglect seems to be driven primarily by a general in-capability to understand the implications of statistical correlations",[]],["neglecting correlations causes overshooting beliefs which predictably drive price bubbles and crashes",[]],["The distinction between failure to notice and failure to process correlations is important, as it points to two different approaches to help people reduce the bias caused by neglecting correlations.",[]],["alternates between one and (-1) depending on whether correlation neglect implies overoptimism or -pessimism.",[]],["In consequence, people's beliefs are excessively sensitive to well-connected information sources, implying a pattern of \"overshooting\" beliefs.",[]],["correlation neglect seems to be driven primarily by a general in-capability to understand the implications of statistical correlations.",["21"]],["many people neglect these correlations in the updating process and treat correlated information as independent.",[]],["the bias is instead driven by an inability to adequately infer from correlations.",[]],["neglecting correlations causes overshooting beliefs which predictably drive price bubbles and crashes.",[]]],"sy":[["ignoring correlations",[]],["neglecting correlations",[]]],"rt":[["overshooting beliefs",[]],["cognitive bias",[]],["overoptimism",[]],["overpessimism",[]],["bubbles",[]],["crashes",[]],["correlation neglect bias",[]],["overshooting",[]],["cognitive biases",[]],["base-rate neglect",[]],["gambler's fallacy",[]]],"sp":[["cognitive bias",[]],["cognitive biases",[]]],"ex":[["If a relatively low (high) base signal realizes, the repeated emergence of this signal through other signals leads many people to \"double-count\" the base signal and hence to become overpessimistic (overoptimistic).",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Once information is assumed to be true, this conviction is subsequently difficult to change.",[]],["The continued influence effect occurs even with nonpoliticized misinformation and at least in part reflects the inherent difficulty of updating one's mental model of an event or a causality",["10","11"]],["Once information is assumed to be true, this conviction is subsequently difficult to change. The continued influence effect occurs even with nonpoliticized misinformation and at least in part reflects the inherent difficulty of updating one's mental model of an event or a causality",["10","11"]]]},{"de":[["For example, Jost et al. [24] suggested that psychological variables such as dogmatism (that is, intolerance of ambiguity, avoidance of complexity and a need for closure) are predictive of conservatism and increase the likelihood that an individual engages in 'black-or-white' assessments of information.",["24"]]]},{},{"sy":[["motivated reasoning",[]]]},{"de":[["suggests individuals are more critical when evaluating information that is counter to their beliefs than belief-congruent information, and conclusions that people reach are likely to be consistent with their prior assumptions about how the world functions",["16","17","18"]]],"sy":[["motivated cognition",[]]]},{"de":[["This overcorrection for biases appears to also influence the judgement of veracity when it comes to correcting misinformation and affirming factual information that stems from a polarizing source.",[]],["occur for mood-related biases when people assume their feelings are affecting their judgement and attempt to correct for their influence",["50"]]],"ex":[["For example, Isbell & Wyer [51] found that participants rated political figures less favourably when participants were happy than when they were not, in an attempt to adjust for what they perceived to be an irrelevant affective influence.",["51"]]]},{"sb":[["expertise",[]],["trustworthiness",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["worldview backfire effects have been documented with attempts to promote vaccine safety",["21"]],["attempts to correct misconceptions regarding anthropogenic climate change or the existence of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) in Iraq immediately prior to the invasion of 2003",["22","23"]],["worldview backfire effects have been documented with attempts to promote vaccine safety [21], as well as attempts to correct misconceptions regarding anthropogenic climate change or the existence of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) in Iraq immediately prior to the invasion of 2003 [22,23].",["21","22","23"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["used as a motivation for developing resilient strategies for dealing with unforeseen future events",[]],["the idea can also apply to epistemic uncertainty about possible explanations or facts when it takes the form of a 'none of the above' category, meaning an eventuality that cannot currently be given a label.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["such as the processing, interpretation and retrieval of information, including attention, memory, judgement and evaluation",[]]]},{"de":[["people selectively seek out information that is consistent with their prior beliefs and sometimes process it more fluently than information that is inconsistent with their prior beliefs",["85","87","88"]]],"sy":[["motivated cognition",["85","87","88"]]],"rt":[["motivated cognition",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This can be communicated either in absolute quantitative terms, say a probability distribution or confidence interval, or expressed relative to alternatives, such as likelihood ratios, or given an approximate quantitative form, verbal summary and so on.",[]],["Direct uncertainty may be assessed through modelling or through expert judgement, involving aspects of both first-and second-order uncertainty, and may be quantified to a greater or lesser extent",[]]],"rt":[["indirect uncertainty",[]],["sampling errors",[]]],"sb":[["absolute uncertainty",[]],["relative uncertainty",[]]],"sp":[["Levels of uncertainty",[]],["epistemic uncertainty",[]]],"ex":[["direct absolute uncertainty may be expressed as 'beyond reasonable doubt'",[]],["direct relative uncertainty may be communicated by saying some forensic evidence 'supports' or 'is consistent with' the guilt of the accused",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Epistemic uncertainty generally, but not always, concerns past or present phenomena that we currently don't know but could, at least in theory, know or establish. 1 Such epistemic uncertainty is an integral part of every stage of the scientific process: from the assumptions we have, the observations we note, to the extrapolations and the generalizations that we make.",["1"]],["Such probabilities are expressing epistemic uncertainty rather than future randomness",[]],["our focus in this paper is uncertainties about facts, numbers and science due to limited knowledge or ignorance-so-called epistemic uncertainty.",[]],["Epistemic uncertainty generally, but not always, concerns past or present phenomena that we currently don't know but could, at least in theory, know or establish.",[]]],"sy":[["scientific uncertainty",[]]],"rt":[["Uncertainty",[]],["aleatory uncertainty",[]]],"sb":[["direct uncertainty",[]],["indirect uncertainty",[]]],"ex":[["a graph of a probability distribution of the historic global temperature change",[]],["a range around an estimate of the number of tigers in India",[]],["a statement about the uncertainty arising from poor-quality evidence, such as a contaminated DNA test in a criminal court",[]],["'your cardiovascular risk' is actually a measure of the current health of your cardiovascular system",[]],["a graph of a probability distribution of the historic global temperature change, a range around an estimate of the number of tigers in India, or a statement about the uncertainty arising from poor-quality evidence, such as a contaminated DNA test in a criminal court",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["verbal quantifiers",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This will generally be communicated as a list of caveats about the underlying sources of evidence, possibly amalgamated into a qualitative or ordered categorical scale.",[]],["indirect uncertainty is a reflexive summary of our confidence in the models or the experts.",[]],["communicating indirect uncertainty (quality of evidence) deserves a separate treatment elsewhere",[]],["the strength of the underlying evidence (indirect uncertainty) is communicated through caveats which may or may not be read and understood by their audiences.",[]],["indirect (underlying) uncertainties are expressed through a qualitative expression of confidence in the validity of a finding based on the type, amount, quality and consistency of evidence (which can include theory, models and expert judgement)",["38, p. 36","38"]]],"sy":[["meta-uncertainty",[]]],"rt":[["direct uncertainty",[]],["Direct expressions of uncertainty",[]],["Non-sampling errors",[]]],"sp":[["Levels of uncertainty",[]],["epistemic uncertainty",[]]],"ex":[["querying the competence of the forensic expert or their access to appropriate data",[]],["indirect uncertainty can be expressed as the confidence in the claim of '10 million', which would be based on the quality and size of the database relevant to this case, and other factors such as potential contamination.",[]]]},{"de":[["do not give quantitative information about absolute values or facts, but summarize the subjective confidence we have in any claim.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["strategically deployed uncertainty",[]]]},{"de":[["people selectively seek out information that is consistent with their prior beliefs and sometimes process it more fluently than information that is inconsistent with their prior beliefs",["85","87","88"]]],"sy":[["confirmation bias",["85","87","88"]]],"rt":[["confirmation bias",[]]]},{"de":[["people's interpretation of numerical ranges can be influenced by motivated reasoning",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Note that this would not mean there was a 1 in 10 million chance that the suspect was innocent-this error in interpretation is known as the 'prosecutor's fallacy'.",[]]]},{"de":[["In other words, it describes the subjective feeling of 'not knowing' [92,93].",["92","93"]],["In other words, it describes the subjective feeling of 'not knowing'",["92","93"]]],"rt":[["epistemic or scientific uncertainty",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Uncertainty is all-pervasive in the world, and we regularly communicate this in everyday life. We might say we are uncertain when we are unable to predict the future, we cannot decide what to do, there is ambiguity about what something means, we are ignorant of what has happened or simply for a general feeling of doubt or unease.",[]]],"rt":[["aleatory uncertainty",[]],["epistemic uncertainty",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["a feeling of trust",["138","139"]]],"rt":[["competence",[]]],"sp":[["near-universal aspects of human social cognition that assist people in determining whom and what information to trust",["137"]]]},{"de":[["Bar charts can lead to biased interpretations: they suffer from 'within-the-bar-bias'",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Debunking interventions involve retroactively correcting misinformation after it has been encountered",["33","34"]]]},{},{"de":[["Generative AI models that specialize in text production-so-called large language models (LLMs; e.g. ChatGPT)-not only produce responses that may reflect the human biases present in the data on which they are trained, but often also fabricate information, a phenomenon known as 'hallucinations'",[]]]},{"de":[["Inoculation involves pre-emptively warning people about an impending deception and providing an explanation of the misleading persuasive techniques that might be used",["31","32"]]]},{},{"de":[["Retroactive debunking interventions that specifically counter the misinformation, however, are likely to be somewhat effective at reducing AI-misinformation reliance.",[]]],"rt":[["retroactive content-focused debunking",[]]]},{},{"de":[["source discreditation can be effective at countering human-generated misinformation",[]],["misinformation interventions include both source discreditation and content-focused correction",[]],["Source discreditation may also increase the effectiveness of content-focused interventions by reducing the psychological discomfort associated with processing corrections or by making corrections more memorable",["48","105"]],["e.g. the source tried to manipulate recipients due to a hidden agenda, or the source does not have the expertise to present accurate information on a topic",[]],["One recommended-but rarely used-strategy for combatting misinformation is to discredit sources of biased or inaccurate information [46][47][48].",["46","47","48"]]],"rt":[["pre-emptive interventions",[]],["retroactive interventions",[]],["content-focused correction",[]]],"ex":[["the source tried to manipulate recipients due to a hidden agenda, or the source does not have the expertise to present accurate information on a topic",[]]]},{"de":[["the aim of the source-focused inoculation was to reduce reliance on the misinformation by undermining the source's credibility and explaining why it sometimes provides inaccurate information.",[]]],"rt":[["source discreditation",[]]]},{"rt":[["source-focused inoculation",[]]]},{"sy":[["the 'being there' qualia that was referred to as 'presence' in the original literature",[]]],"sp":[["presence",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Psi is the second and orthogonal concept to consider. This is concerned with the 'reality' of the situation depicted. It is maintained through correlations between actions and reactions, and correlations between events that can be perceived within the VE that are directed at the participant. It also includes the notion of the credibility of events in comparison with what would be expected in reality in similar circumstances. Psi relies on the process of inference from evidence (perceptions) to issues concerning the 'reality' of the situation.",[]],["This is concerned with the 'reality' of the situation depicted. It is maintained through correlations between actions and reactions, and correlations between events that can be perceived within the VE that are directed at the participant. It also includes the notion of the credibility of events in comparison with what would be expected in reality in similar circumstances. Psi relies on the process of inference from evidence (perceptions) to issues concerning the 'reality' of the situation.",[]]]},{"de":[["Fake news is a historical crisis of human communication that produces tension, disharmony, and misunderstanding in human society.",[]]],"sy":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]],["false news",[]],["inaccurate news",[]],["rumor",[]]]},{"de":[["Orso et al. (2020) propose to use \"inaccurate news\" instead of \"fake news\" to address most of the news with false information.",[]]],"sy":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["Health-related uncertainties give birth to a new phenomenon that is addressed as infodemic",[]],["Health-related uncertainties give birth to a new phenomenon that is addressed as infodemic (a portmanteau of \"information\" and \"epidemic\").",[]],["a portmanteau of \"information\" and \"epidemic\"",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The mainstream media mainly includes television channels, newspapers, and radio channels. They are national media outlets.",[]],["They are national media outlets.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["online media includes online versions of mainstream television channels and newspapers, online news portals, blogs and websites, and social media platforms.",[]]]},{"rt":[["religious fake news",[]]]},{"rt":[["religiopolitical fake news",[]]]},{"rt":[["opinion dynamics",["8"]]]},{"de":[["the zealot is the only individual in the system allowed to change his state from -1 to +1 (with rate γ > 0) without regards to his neighbors, with whom he nevertheless interacts.",[]]],"sy":[["a biased individual who favours one opinion",[]]],"rt":[["voter dynamics",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["The interaction takes place in the traditional or virtual media.",[]],["The actors can be active or passive, one could say 'on the stage' or 'in the audience'.",[]],["The arena is dynamic; actors may be more or less active when time passes or leave entirely to go to another arena.",[]],["An organization can be active in multiple arenas, monitoring actions of other parties and/or engaging in actively in the interaction.",[]],["As the arenas are interrelated an organization needs to coordinate and balance its communication strategies.",[]]]},{"de":[["Issue arenas are often outside the organization's control; hence the role of corporate communications is broadening beyond the traditional relationship management to issue arena monitoring.",[]],["Aula and Mantere (2008) define arenas as places of interaction between an organization and its publics, where the reputation of the organization is created.",[]],["organizations and stakeholders should be seen as having an equal stake in the issues discussed in arenas.",[]],["The issue arenas are like stages or platforms (Goffman, 1959) in virtual or tangible surroundings; the scenery changes continuously as a result of the interactions between the players and developments in the social environment.",[]],["Issue arenas are dynamic and require ongoing attention.",[]],["Organizations can 'shop' for the best suited arenas to participate in and express their point of view",["Baumgartner & Jones, 1993"]],["strategies and tactics used in the issue arenas could attempt to either expand or shrink the scope of the issue arena",["Schattschneider, 1960"]]],"sp":[["arenas",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["The role of public relations is thus to keep the virtues of 'public discourse'",["Heath, 2006"]]]},{"de":[["Similar to an economic market arena where buyers and suppliers meet",[]]],"rt":[["market arena",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["the ability to access, retrieve and evaluate information should constitute a significant part of today's definition of literacy",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Some of these, for example library, media and computer literacies, are based largely on specific skills, but have some extension beyond them.",[]],["the library literate can follow a systematic path or search strategy to locate texts and evaluate the relevance of the information",["Fatzer(1987)"]],["The term has somewhat fallen into disrepute as being too much, even exclusively, centred on library resources, though in practice it has often encompassed a broader scope: 'good library instruction has always transcended what its name implies' (Breivik1989).",[]],["Dusenbury (1989) emphasises self-sufficiency as an essential part of library literacy, arguing that this allows 'the ability to make an intelligent decision about the best way to answer an articulated question, to pursue a more or less efficient organised search for the answer, and to know when the intervention of a specialist is necessary'.",[]],["Fatzer(1987) regards library literacy 'not as the presence or absence of skills, but as progressive stages .. the library literate can follow a systematic path or search strategy to locate texts and evaluate the relevance of the information'.",[]]],"sy":[["bibliographic instruction",[]],["library skills",[]]],"rt":[["information literacy",[]],["digital literacy",[]]],"sb":[["pre-library literacy (library illiteracy)",[]],["semi-library literacy",[]],["library literate",[]],["library fluent",[]],["pre-library literacy (library illiteracy): the individual cannot find a book on the shelf without assistance",[]],["semi-library literacy: the individual can find books in a catalogue and on the shelf, and find articles in simple readers' guides",[]],["library literate: the individual can follow a systematic search strategy to locate and evaluate the most relevant information on a given topic",[]],["library fluent: understands patterns of communication and publication and is able to generalise and modify a search strategy to meet a variety of information needs",[]]],"sp":[["skill based literacies",[]]]},{"sp":[["library literacy",[]]]},{"de":[["Some of these, for example library, media and computer literacies, are based largely on specific skills, but have some extension beyond them.",[]],["Media literacy has an obvious overlap with more general concepts of information literacy, since the information gained from these sources often overlaps with, and complements, that from more formal library sources",[]],["This view of information literacy as the ability to obtain an individual and independent view of news events does not seem to have been followed subsequently, though it has something in common with media literacy, as noted above.",[]],["There seems here to be a strong flavour of media literacy, though these authors do not use the term.",[]],["This term is used to imply critical thinking in assessing information gained from the mass media: television, radio, newspapers and magazines, and (increasingly) the Internet",[]]],"rt":[["information literacy",[]]],"sp":[["skill based literacies",[]],["information literacy",[]]]},{},{"de":[["allowing information to be presented in alternative media, and examined interactively, 'couples fixity and novelty in a fertile oscillation', and 'recaptures the expressivity of oral cultures'.",[]]],"sy":[["digital literacy",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["computer literacy",[]]]},{"sp":[["computer literacy",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["filter bubbles",[]]]},{"rt":[["refugee crisis",[]]]},{"de":[["cultivating or ignoring the racialised threat which will destroy your cultural identity and interests",["Hawley, 2017"]]]},{"de":[["the ethnopluralist insistence on the inevitability of conflict between incompatible cultures",["Copsey, 2013"]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["fake news",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["problem area",[]]]},{"de":[["any criticism from the mainstream increases the \"truth value\" of the story under official denial",[]],["what is clear from this data is that the structuring conceit of telling the untellable truth also produces formulaic, repeated story forms.",[]],["emerging as a predictable commodity in the nascent political economy of radical right media.",[]],["any criticism from the mainstream increases the \"truth value\" of the story under official denial.",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]],["information laundering",[]]]},{"de":[["individuals who had a high level of awareness of disinformation were less likely to believe political fake news. These individuals displayed an inherent distrust of news reporting and constant vigilance to incorrect information",[]]],"ex":[["My friend, she's really aware of fake news being around and she knows what to look for. I think she enjoys trying to find things that aren't correct and call it out. Because she worries about fake news and the effect it has on the world, she's vigilant. She questions everything she hears and reads; she takes nothing at face value and will question things.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["higher levels of conspiracy mentality make individuals susceptible to believing fake news",[]],["Research demonstrates that individuals of all political orientations are equally susceptible to conspiracy mentality (Anthony and Moulding, 2019) and that conspiracy mentality is a stronger predictor of belief in fake news than political or ideological motivation (Baptista and Gradim, 2022).",["Anthony and Moulding, 2019","Baptista and Gradim, 2022"]],["individuals have a conspiratorial mindset that predisposes them to believing political fake news, which often has a negative conspiratorial slant (Anthony and Moulding, 2019).",["Anthony and Moulding, 2019"]],["conspiracy mentality can be conceptualised as a generalised, stable political attitude that describes one's mental preparedness to believe in conspiracy theories",["Imhoff and Bruder, 2014"]]],"ex":[["Some kinds of people are minded to believe conspiracies more easily than others; they are more open to being persuaded to think or act a certain way. I think these kinds of people are more likely to believe fake news stories. (P4, female, 34 years old)",[]],["Some people are easier to persuade and lie to than others; they have a mindset that takes things in. They don't question what they see. They believe stories that tell them the world is going to end and everyone has it out for them, then they see stories like this one and they believe it's true. (P10, female, 52 years old)",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Measuring discernment thus captures the overall accuracy of an individual's beliefs",["Pennycook and Rand, 2021"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["more media literate individuals are less likely to believe fake news because they are more able to accurately discern between real and disinforming content",["Hameleers, 2022","Hopp, 2022"]],["In the context of fake news, media literacy captures how well an individual can critically process disinformation they encounter",["Jones-Jang et al., 2021"]],["Media literacy is widely accepted to be one of the most effective defences against belief in fake news because it \"inoculates\" individuals from the effects of disinformation",["Jones-Jang et al., 2021"]],["Improved media literacy allows individuals to read fake news more critically",["Jones-Jang et al., 2021"]],["media literacy is a learned skill that is actively developed in formal education in the UK.",[]],["Respondents reported that they perceived that individuals high in media literacy were more likely to be \"inoculated\" from political fake news, while individuals low in media literacy were perceived to be vulnerable.",[]],["Specifically, this measure sought to gauge participant's sense of self-efficacy regarding critical media consumption.",[]],["gauge participant's sense of self-efficacy regarding critical media consumption",[]],["In the context of fake news, media literacy captures how well an individual can critically process disinformation they encounter (Jones-Jang et al., 2021).",["Jones-Jang et al., 2021"]]]},{},{"de":[["Patriotism is distinct from political orientation or ideology, which is conceptualised as how conservative or liberal an individual believes themselves to be (Faragó et al., 2020).",["Faragó et al., 2020"]]],"sy":[["national identification",[]]],"ex":[["An individual who cares about protecting their country might be more open to this disinformation. Thinking back to the Cold War, individuals were threatened [because] their way of life was under attack, and they believed they had to protect the US and everything that makes an American. It was the same here in England too and harks back to the Second World War. Individuals felt the need to protect what it meant to be English and the English way of life. This disinformation attempts to chip away and [raise] a reaction from the reader. (P6, male, 65 years old)",[]],["The West is always trying to paint Communists as trying to invade our spaces or do things they shouldn't, so it fits with that aura. (P5, male, 25 years old)",[]]]},{"ex":[["This story plays on making someone feel that they in danger, that they have something to fear and that their country is under attack in some way. It stirs up emotions. (P9, male, 43 years old)",[]],["This story plays on making someone feel that they in danger, that they have something to fear and that their country is under attack in some way. It stirs up emotions.",[]]]},{"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"sy":[["ideology",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["concealed form of engagement",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The theory posits that individuals derive self-esteem from group membership(s) because groups provide social identity and a sense of belonging to the social world.",[]],["To develop a social identity, individuals initially categorise people into social groups. By placing oneself into a category, \"other\" categories are immediately created and a desire to view one's own group(s) positively is activated",["Rousseau and Garcia-Retamero, 2007"]],["Members of in-groups will seek out negative characteristics of out-groups to enhance their self-image, particularly when faced with a powerful out-group",["Rousseau and Garcia-Retamero, 2007"]]]},{"ex":[["freelance or employed photographers, paparazzi, journalists, reporters, etc.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Deepfake videos are far more realistic and much easier to make than traditional Hollywood-like fake videos which are typically done manually using image manipulation tools like Adobe Photoshop.",[]],["Deepfake videos make use of deep learning techniques with input of large samples of video images to achieve face swapping.",[]],["can be a scary and dangerous phenomenon and can have the potential of altering the truth and eroding trust by giving false reality.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Identification of trending rumors requires efficient models that can capture large-range dependencies among posts and produce distinct representations for accurate detection.",[]]]},{"sy":[["false news",[]]],"rt":[["rumor",[]]]},{"sp":[["rumor",[]]]},{"sp":[["rumor",[]]]},{"sp":[["rumor",[]]]},{"de":[["rumors are a particular form of misinformationfoot_0 that are characterized by two features. First, the rumors are statements that lack specific standards of evidence. Secondly, rumors acquire their power through widespread social transmission",["Berinsky [6]","6"]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]]],"sb":[["objective rumor",["8","Cao et al. [8]"]],["general rumor",["8"]],["subjective rumor",["8"]],["General rumors",["8","Cao et al. [8]"]],["subjective rumors",["8","Cao et al. [8]"]]],"sp":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["According to Zubiaga et al. [74], there are four types of rumor classification tasks, namely, rumor detection, rumor tracking, stance detection, and veracity.",["74"]]],"sb":[["rumor detection",[]],["rumor tracking",[]],["stance detection",[]],["veracity",[]]]},{"sp":[["rumor",[]]]},{"sp":[["rumor",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["LP",[]]]},{"sy":[["PC",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["PP",[]]]},{"de":[["Sarcasm is often used to express a negative opinion using positive or intensified positive words in social media.",[]]]},{"rt":[["sentiment analysis",[]]]},{"de":[["This cyberbehavior affects the social group in which it occurs and can hinder peer relationships, damaging the victim of such process",["92"]]],"rt":[["cyberbullying",["91"]],["cyber-victimization",["91"]]]},{"de":[["could provoke discriminatory and unfair attitudes that could affect the victims.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["Deep Web",[]],["Dark Web",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["ESM is a digital platform that facilitates individuals to post, share, edit, and view several types of information with other individuals",["3","26","27"]],["ESM usage refers to the extent in which employees use ESM inside enterprises for business-and work-related communications.",[]]]},{"de":[["Meta-knowledge enables an individual to utilize more knowledge than they personally have by facilitating them to locate and thus access the domain-specific knowledge of others.",[]],["It facilities other individuals to develop more knowledge than they individually possess by helping them to access other domain-specific knowledge",["37"]],["It facilities other individuals to develop more knowledge than they individually possess by helping them to access other domain-specific knowledge [37].",["37"]]]},{"de":[["Both of these factors assure that the content is not written by an anonymous user and links to the profile can assist verifying credentials of the author.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Many researchers have defined credibility, where it depends on two or more credibility categories consisting of one or more credibility factors.",[]]],"rt":[["credibility categories",[]],["credibility factors",[]]]},{"sb":[["correctness",[]],["authority",[]],["currency",[]],["professionalism",[]],["popularity",[]],["impartiality",[]],["quality",[]]],"ex":[["correctness",[]],["authority",[]],["currency",[]],["professionalism",[]],["popularity",[]],["impartiality",[]],["quality",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This helps in rating Web pages depending upon how recent the Web page is.",[]]]},{"de":[["The conditions for scoring impartiality based on its sentiment score is shown in Appendix-I.",[]]],"sy":[["Sentiment score",[]]]},{"de":[["This is evaluated using the SpotSigs technique that shows a similarity percentage between the two documents. The system rates originality of search result among each other, where a content already covered in the ranked search result list is considered original and the other search result referring to the same content is not.",[]]]},{"de":[["The research used three techniques for evaluating the readability of a document including 1) Flesch-Kincaid reading-ease tests, 2) Flesch-Kincaid grade-level tests and 3) Dale-Chall readability formula [45].",["45"]]]},{"de":[["to increase the revenue generated by clicking",["4"]],["to affect major events such as political elections",["5"]]]},{},{"rt":[["analyzing online debates",["13","15"]],["determining the authenticity of rumors on twitter",["16","17"]],["understanding the argumentative structure of persuasive essays",["18"]],["fake news detection",[]],["claim validation",[]],["argument search",[]],["stance prediction",[]]],"sb":[["target-specific stance prediction",["37","40","41"]]]},{"sp":[["Stance Detection",[]]]},{"sy":[["stance features",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Consequently, it is more difficult to be captured than the explicit one",["34"]],["Consequently, it is more difficult to be captured than the explicit one [34].",["34"]]]},{"de":[["All these definitions agree that irony has an intended and unintended meanings.",["35","36"]]],"sy":[["sarcasm",["15","33"]]],"sb":[["sarcasm",["17"]]]},{"ex":[["stylistic features such as exclamation, question, and quotation marks",[]]]},{"de":[["This contradiction produces incorrect polarity of sentiments which lead to poor performance of SA systems",["6","15","29","33","47","63","79"]],["This contradiction produces incorrect polarity of sentiments which lead to poor performance of SA systems [6], [15], [29], [33], [47], [63], [79].",["6","15","29","33","47","63","79"]]]},{"de":[["The sarcastic text frequently reverses the polarity of the sentiment.",[]],["sarcasm tends to be harsher, humiliating, degrading, and more aggressive",["5","10","15"]],["sarcasm deals with the implicit sentiments, which usually turns the positive into negative and vice versa.",["6","14","17","26","29","30"]]],"sy":[["irony",["15","33"]]],"rt":[["irony detection",[]],["sarcasm detection",[]],["satire",["10","34","37"]],["parody",["10","34","37"]],["humour",["10","34","37"]]],"sp":[["sentiment analysis",[]],["irony",["17"]]]},{"de":[["sarcasm detection and analysis as a sub-task of Sentiment Analysis (SA)",[]],["Nowadays, sentiment analysis includes more than reviewing products and services. It has expanded to include dealing with politics and technology [24].",["24"]]],"rt":[["sarcasm detection",[]]],"sb":[["sarcasm detection",[]]]},{},{"de":[["is seen as a threat to the stability of democratic systems, diminishing public trust in government institutions, and having a profound effect on critical societal aspects such as elections, economic condi-tions, and public opinions on matters like wars",["4","5"]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["situational accessibility",[]]],"sp":[["Group membership accessibility",[]]]},{"de":[["either because they think they are wrong or because it seems easier to go along with the group rather than disagree.",["2"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["nimbus",[]]]},{"sp":[["Social norms",[]]]},{"de":[["highly contextual and required context to be considered as first class modeling concept",[]],["our notion of salience is highly contextual and required context to be considered as first class modeling concept",[]]]},{"sp":[["Social norms",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Social context is relevant to human interactions as it influences or constraints individual's behaviours.",[]],["It captures the context and history surrounding social interactions.",[]]]},{"de":[["the existence of a social group is dependent on the context.",[]]],"ex":[["the case study described in I identifies the set of drivers slowing on the slow lane as a group of drivers adhering to the normative queuing behavior.",[]],["people waiting at a bus stop could be identified as a group but the member of the group did not explicitly agreed to be part of such a group.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Social Identity Theory (SIT)",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Social norms can be described as conventions emerging from a group of people that direct or specify how people must, should or could behave in various situations.",[]],["Social norms generally are the rules or regulations that groups adhere to as opposed to rules or regulations that only one individual might adhere to.",[]],["The existence of a social norm may provide an individual with information on the extent of external cost/benefits associated with a behavior.",[]]],"sb":[["formal norms",[]],["Informal norms",[]]]},{},{"de":[["created by splicing synthesized face region into the original image, and in doing so, introducing errors that can be revealed when 3D head poses are estimated from the face images",[]],["created by inserting faces synthesized using deep neural networks into original images/videos",[]]],"sy":[["AIgenerated fake face images or videos",[]],["Deep Fake",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["fake-news images are more visually striking and emotional provocative than realnews images, even though they describe the same type of event such as fire (a), earthquake (b) and road collapse (c).",[]],["Fake news is defined as news articles that are intentionally and verifiably false and could mislead readers [26], which has been widely adopted in recent studies [2].",["26","2"]]],"sy":[["fake-news",[]]],"rt":[["real-news image",[]],["fake-news images",[]]],"ex":[["a fake news which says that juice drinks can cause leukemia in children",[]],["a fake news story about a huge snake which is just a mock-up",[]]]},{"sb":[["tampered images",[]],["misleading images",[]]]},{"de":[["These misleading images usually derive from artworks or outdated images which are published on an early event",["8"]],["These misleading images usually derive from artworks or outdated images which are published on an early event [8].",["8"]]],"sy":[["misrepresented",[]]],"sp":[["fake-news images",[]]],"ex":[["Three misleading images: the left one is an artwork which is reposted as a photo of solar eclipse (March 2015); the middle one is a real image captured in 2009 New York plane crash, but it is claimed to be the wrecked Malaysia Airlines MH370 in 2014; the right one is a real image used to misinterpret Trump's behavior while he is just imitating Abe.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["fake-news images",[]]]},{"ex":[["block artifact grids (BAG)",[]]]},{"de":[["This has been widely observed in various social networks [55,56].",["55","56"]]],"sy":[["autocorrelation",["57"]]],"rt":[["autocorrelation",["57"]]]},{},{"ex":[["fear of punishment, guilt",[]]]},{"sy":[["Deepfake voice phishing",["8"]]]},{"de":[["For each target verb (predicate), all constituents in the sentence which take a semantic role of the verb are recognized.",[]]]},{"rt":[["fake news",[]]],"sp":[["digital deception",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["Fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["Generally, fake news can be understood as distorted signals uncorrelated with the truth.",[]]],"sp":[["disinformation",[]],["digital deception",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["Bias in modelling",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["Bias in modelling",[]],["Bias in training",[]],["Bias in usage",[]]]},{"sb":[["algorithmic processing bias",[]],["algorithmic focus bias",[]]],"sp":[["bias",[]]]},{"sp":[["bias",[]]]},{"sb":[["transfer context bias",[]],["interpretation bias",[]]],"sp":[["bias",[]]]},{"rt":[["Similarity measures",[]]],"sp":[["Similarity measures",[]]]},{"sb":[["Causal fairness",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["discrimination",[]]]},{"rt":[["Technical literature in the area of discrimination typically refers to the related issue of bias.",[]]],"sb":[["digital discrimination",[]]]},{"rt":[["Similarity measures",[]]],"sp":[["Similarity measures",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["statistical parity",[]]],"sp":[["statistical measures",[]]],"ex":[["For instance, if four out of five applicants of the advantaged group were given a mortgage, the same ratio of applicants from the protected group should obtain the mortgage as well.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Bias in usage",[]]]},{"de":[["multiple identities and experiences of exclusion and subordination start interacting",[]]],"ex":[["the multiple ways that race and gender interact with class in the labour market, effectively generating new identity categories",["10"]]]},{"de":[["Procedural approaches focus on identifying biases in the algorithmic \"logic\".",[]]]},{"ex":[["sex",[]],["gender",[]],["ethnicity",[]]]},{"ex":[["weightlifting ability (strongly correlated with gender)",[]]]},{"de":[["While procedural approaches attend to the algorithmic process, relational approaches measure biases in the dataset and the algorithmic output.",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["group fairness (also named statistical parity)",[]]]},{"sp":[["Bias in usage",[]]]},{},{"de":[["That audience could include the audit target, regulators and the public [36,56]-but could also include internal stakeholders within the organization such as a legal, business, product or engineering team [19].",["36","56","19"]]]},{},{"de":[["The type of audits regulators carry out tend to be procedural rather than substantive.",[]]],"rt":[["civil society audits",[]],["independent audit",[]]],"ex":[["ex ante and in media res audits, as well as ex post audits",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["power asymmetries",[]]]},{"de":[["The information is manipulated so that the reader feels it is correct.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]],"sp":[["fake information",[]]]},{"de":[["Fake news detection is a popular research topic in social network analysis.",[]]],"rt":[["Fake news detection",[]]],"ex":[["rumors, satire, false advertisements, cyberbullying, hate speech, etc.",["2"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]]],"sp":[["fake information",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["aspect term",[]],["aspect category",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["supervised ACD",[]],["unsupervised ACD",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["Opinion term extraction (OTE)",[]]]},{"sy":[["aspectbased/-targeted/-level sentiment classification",[]]],"sb":[["aspect term-based sentiment classification",[]],["aspect category-based sentiment classification",[]]]},{"de":[["which tells what the opinion target is, how its sentiment orientation is, and why such a sentiment is expressed (through the opinion term)",[]]]},{"de":[["When the target is implicitly expressed (e.g., \"It is overpriced!\"), we can denote the aspect term as a special one named \"null\".",[]]],"sy":[["opinion target",[]],["target",[]],["aspect",[]],["entity",[]]],"rt":[["target",[]],["aspect",[]],["entity",[]]],"ex":[["\"pizza\" in the sentence \"The pizza is delicious.\"",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In the ABSA problem, the concerned target on which the sentiment is expressed shifts from an entire sentence or document to an entity or a certain aspect of an entity.",[]],["ABSA is thus the process of building a comprehensive opinion summary at the aspect level, which provides useful fine-grained sentiment information for downstream applications.",[]]],"sy":[["opinion target",[]],["target",[]],["aspect",[]],["entity",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["compound ABSA tasks",[]]]},{"ex":[["\"delicious\" is the opinion term in the running example \"The pizza is delicious\".",[]]]},{"rt":[["aspect opinion co-extraction (AOCE)",[]],["target-oriented opinion words extraction (TOWE)",[]]],"sb":[["aspect opinion co-extraction (AOCE)",[]],["target-oriented opinion words extraction (TOWE)",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["Opinion term extraction (OTE)",[]]]},{"de":[["a concept deeply investigated in the field of causal inference literature",["37"]]]},{},{"de":[["has garnered significant attention",[]]]},{"de":[["visual memory bias can be shaped by various factors, including the language, location, time, and cultural context of annotators.",[]],["Memory bias is not only about the diversity of content but also how the same visual stimulus can be interpreted differently.",[]]],"sy":[["visual memory bias",[]],["experience bias",[]]],"ex":[["a visual illusion where a single image can be perceived in multiple ways, such as seeing a vase or two faces.",[]],["visual illusion challenge depicted in Figure 1",[]],["visual illusion where a single image can be perceived in multiple ways, such as seeing a vase or two faces.",[]],["a single image can be perceived in multiple ways, such as seeing a vase or two faces.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["propensity to shortcut directly from vision or language inputs to answers without fully leveraging the interplay between these two modalities",[]],["results in an overdependence on one of these modalities",[]]]},{"de":[["biases that arise from the learning of specific visual elements, such as color and pixel patterns, or the overall context of the image.",[]],["VQA systems may bypass essential visual analysis, relying instead on contextual cues such as color or spatial information",["50"]],["vision-answer bias, a critical and often overlooked component of visual bias in VQA systems.",[]]]},{"de":[["can affect an annotator's decision-making process",[]]],"ex":[["Rubin's vase (1916)",[]]]},{"de":[["Most people associate the word modality with the sensory modalities which represent our primary channels of communication and sensation, such as vision or touch.",[]]],"ex":[["vision",[]],["touch",[]],["natural language which can be both written or spoken",[]],["visual signals which are often represented with images or videos",[]],["vocal signals which encode sounds and para-verbal information such as prosody and vocal expressions",[]]]},{"de":[["This methods, initially devoted to the creation of adult content, has not been presented in any academic publication.",[]],["The core idea lies in the parallel training of two autoencoders.",[]],["The last step is to take the target video, extract and align the target face from each frame, use the modified auto-encoder to generate another face with the same illumination and expression, and then merge it back in the video.",[]]],"rt":[["Face2Face",[]]]},{"de":[["Audience can be categorized from various perspectives such as national or international (Imani & Habil, 2015), or whether the audience is 'addressees' (those directly addressed), 'hearers' (those not addressed directly, but assumed to be part of audience), and 'overhearers' (those who do not constitute part of the 'official' audience but are known to be de facto consumers (Fairclough, 1992: 79-80).",["Imani & Habil, 2015","Fairclough, 1992: 79-80"]]],"sb":[["hearers",[]],["overhearers",[]]]},{"ex":[["in the metaphorical expression ‹America has friends and enemies›, the conceptual metaphor is ‹America is a person›. Since America is a nation, one can infer that NATION IS A PERSON as the conceptual key which is higher and more general than ‹America is a person›.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the conceptual metaphor represents the conceptual basis, idea, or image that underlies a set of metaphors",["Charteris-Black, 2004"]],["In this sense, the conceptual metaphor represents the conceptual basis, idea, or image that underlies a set of metaphors",[]],["conceptual metaphor is perceived as the original image, while metaphorical expressions are simply a verbal-linguistic reflection of that image",["Lakoff, 1993"]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["Audience",[]]]}] |