MBDef 1.0.0: Explorer data for exactly the released rows, map and topics made on them
714cbfe verified | [{"de":[["crisis in the normative white national population of European countries, rhetorically constructed on an ideological level",["Rodríguez, 2018"]],["establishing and reinforcing a semantic framework in which migration is thought of and referred to as an unmanageable event, as well as an exclusive European concern",["Chouliaraki and Georgiou (2022)"]],["convenient narrative for western governments, rendering obscure the real and complex challenges of global migration",[]],["chiefly a crisis for the normative white national populations that made visible ethnically and racially others among 'us'",[]]]},{"de":[["othering processes are a usual response to risks and threats",["Mannarini et al., 2020"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["real-world news is often modality-incomplete",[]]],"ex":[["MV: Missing Video, MA: Missing Audio, MT: Missing Text, MI: Missing Image",[]],["MV: Missing Video",[]],["MA: Missing Audio",[]],["MT: Missing Text",[]],["MI: Missing Image",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the principle of absence of power in communicative relations is related to multiple values, including autonomy, trust, and accountability.",[]]]},{"de":[["four ideal preconditions for deliberative communication to develop and thrive. These include mutual respect in communicative interactions, i.e., participants' readiness and willingness to listen to and understand each other's opinions (respect towards human dignity and non-violence). Moreover, the absence of power should grant these participants the freedom to express their differing opinions without fearing any sanctions or threats-this principle is closely related to trust in the media and their autonomy in terms of self-regulation and public accountability. The third precondition is equality; everyone should be equally free and able to express their stance (impartiality and diversity should be granted). Another important precondition to consider is the idea of reasoning-based arguments not disrupted by persuasive communication acts and hidden agendas (commitment to telling the truth, freedom of expression, media transparency).",[]],["These include mutual respect in communicative interactions, i.e., participants' readiness and willingness to listen to and understand each other's opinions (respect towards human dignity and non-violence).",[]],["Moreover, the absence of power should grant these participants the freedom to express their differing opinions without fearing any sanctions or threats",[]],["The third precondition is equality; everyone should be equally free and able to express their stance (impartiality and diversity should be granted).",[]],["Another important precondition to consider is the idea of reasoning-based arguments not disrupted by persuasive communication acts and hidden agendas (commitment to telling the truth, freedom of expression, media transparency).",[]],["Moreover, the absence of power should grant these participants the freedom to express their differing opinions without fearing any sanctions or threats-this principle is closely related to trust in the media and their autonomy in terms of self-regulation and public accountability.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["its purposes reach far beyond these boundaries, from stimulating domestic media production, through strengthening content diversity, to increasing programme quality.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The author defines media ethics as a complex phenomenon, analysing its functions and micro-and macro-levels.",["Remišová's (2010)"]]]},{"de":[["This process is complex and includes both direct interventions and the measures taken by government-appointed regulators.",[]],["Government regulation is typically understood as the imposition of restrictions (Chandler & Munday, 2011), but its purposes reach far beyond these boundaries, from stimulating domestic media production, through strengthening content diversity, to increasing programme quality.",["2011"]]]},{"de":[["Firstly, these include the previously non-existent, fairly recent adoption of legal measures which should improve the public availability, comprehensiveness, and accuracy of the information on media ownership and financing media outlets, i.e., media transparency.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["reasoning-based arguments",[]]]},{"rt":[["truth",[]],["freedom of expression",[]],["privacy protection",[]],["data protection",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Freedom of expression and the right to obtain information, i.e., the pillars of the principle of reasoning-based arguments in communication",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Its main purpose is to serve in favour of the principle of reasoning-based arguments in communication-specifically truth and transparency.",[]]]},{"rt":[["right to correction",[]]]},{"rt":[["right to correction",[]],["right to reply",[]]]},{"de":[["Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (n.d.) declares that self-regulatory mechanisms are independent from government control and designed to increase the quality of media. These mechanisms consist of codes of ethics, press, and media councils, complaints commissions, and in-house ombudspersons.",[]]]},{"de":[["These mechanisms consist of codes of ethics, press, and media councils, complaints commissions, and in-house ombudspersons.",[]]]},{"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["disinformation is a political tool, not only in Costa Rica but also worldwide",[]],["disinformation is harmful because citizens don't always count with the tools to unravel lies from truth. You can get lost trying to get to the truth. It leaves doubts in the collective unconscious, it leaves conspiracy theories",[]],["content that is purposely misleading",[]],["that which comes from a bad intention",[]],["works as a business due to the gains derived from clickbait, likes and visitation",[]]],"sy":[["false content",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]],["misinformative content",[]],["misleading content",[]]],"sb":[["political tool",[]],["business",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the term is, in itself, an oxymoron: the term \"news\" is based on the truth and pursues a series of normative ideals such as factuality, objectivity and neutrality",["Tandoc et al., 2018"]],["some spoke of sensationalism, others pointed to the media's political and economic interests",[]],["the purpose of deceiving or disorienting the audience based on totally false facts or half-truths",[]],["whichever is not well researched and verified from beginning to end",[]]],"sy":[["false",[]],["distorted",[]],["imprecise",[]],["decontextualized",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["misleading online content",[]],["misinformative content",[]],["Facebook's",[]],["the BBC's",[]],["The Guardian's",[]]],"sb":[["online fake news",[]]],"ex":[["meme",[]],["publications on social media",[]],["news on strange sites",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["the traditional one, carried out before publication by journalists in newsrooms",[]],["the new verification service, which monitors and denies false information that has already been published",[]]]},{"de":[["the majority referred to the media and not to rumors, chains or contents that go viral without being clear about their source",[]]],"sy":[["misleading content",[]]]},{"de":[["the new service expansion \"arises from a triple need: to verify speeches, evidence deception and lies, and improve the quality of public debate\" (p. 69)",[]]],"sp":[["journalistic verification practices",[]]]},{"sy":[["misleading online content",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["people, when exposed to a persuasive message, believe that the persuasive effect will be greater on other members of the audience than on themselves and/or the social group to which they belong",["Davison, 1983"]],["TPE correlates with social distance since the greater the perceived social distance with respect to the other is, the greater the perceived and expected TPE will be",["Jang & Kim, 2017"]]]},{},{"rt":[["fact-checking",[]]]},{"de":[["It is the agenda-setting first level",["McCombs, 2004"]]]},{"de":[["Such technique is not limited to frequency, that is, counting how many times a category appears in the material, but also includes the comprehension of meanings.",["Mayring (2000)"]]]},{"de":[["It refers to an institutional architecture that legitimates illegalities and co-opts its members to participate, or to be conniving, under penalty of sanction.",[]],["Such actions are institutionalized and perpetuate themselves in the organization structure, despite the board of directors' successions.",[]],["One factor contributing to its occurrence is when the corporate strategy prioritizes profits and operational goals that risk employees' and community members' safety and lives",[]],["In these cases, the level of legitimation may increase to the point that the whole society accepts these acts as part of a given reality, or worse still, not even perceive them as crimes",["Ruggiero, 2015"]]],"ex":[["Such practices range from using low-quality inputs to deliberately annihilating individuals and people in favor of capital interests",[]]]},{"de":[["It differs from individual or gang crimes, when felons act alone or in groups, eventually motivated strictly by the commitment of an offense.",[]]]},{"de":[["they influence how people interpret reality",["Linström & Marais, 2012"]],["The sources interviewed, the details selected to appear in the news, the data and information, and the illustrative material, among others, are part of the news framing; therefore, they will give sense.",[]]]},{"de":[["It postulates that such an actor, intentionally and following his own judgment, determines the media content and, therefore, interferes in the list of day-life events to which the audiences will have access",["Shoemaker & Vos, 2009"]]]},{"de":[["Idiotes, in this case, will proliferate, and with them the justifications of the crimes of the powerful",[]]]},{"rt":[["micro-politics",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Media cannot determine public opinion but can influence it, offering an interpretative structure through how they frame the stories",[]]]},{"rt":[["macro-politics",[]]]},{},{"de":[["this is a feature of online journalism, intensified by social networks, blurring even more the line that separates professional journalism from other forms of information.",[]],["flashpoints involve not only journalistic material but also different narratives about an event through various platforms.",[]],["this is a chaotic process, as the forms of information diffusion are intertwined and feed each other.",[]]],"rt":[["noise",[]]]},{"de":[["are measured according to sales volumes, not the relevance of an event to society.",[]],["it considers the level of the audience an event can generate, not its importance to society.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["criminal selectivity",[]]]},{"sp":[["criminal selectivity",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["criminal tragedy",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Although the communication of the primary results are donewith scientific approach.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["This content is checked withevidence published in scientific sources such as internationalscientific journals.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Reader comments represent the 'audience response'",[]]],"rt":[["source framing",[]]]},{"rt":[["Selective Reframing",[]]],"sp":[["Reframing",[]]]},{},{"de":[["as part of an interactive and dynamic process in which frames activate and reasonate (or fail to) with personal schemas through active meaning construction and intepretation",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Frames",[]],["Policy Frames",[]]],"ex":[["Same-sex marriage threatens the traditional concept of family that our culture has upheld for generations.",[]]]},{"de":[["We define the dominant frame as the one that covers the most sentences of an article, but at least 40% (see Section 6.2).",[]]],"rt":[["secondary frames",[]]]},{"sp":[["Frames",[]],["Policy Frames",[]]],"ex":[["Denying same-sex couples the right to marry is a clear violation of equal protection under the law.",[]]]},{"de":[["They highlight certain aspects of an issue while downplaying others, influencing how audiences understand and respond to news.",[]]]},{"de":[["comment frame being identical to the dominant article frame",[]]],"rt":[["dominant frame",[]]]},{"rt":[["reframing",[]]],"sp":[["media framing effects",[]]]},{"de":[["They highlight certain aspects of an issue while downplaying others, influencing how audiences understand and respond to news.",[]],["Think of frames as different \"lenses\" that focus attention on specific elements of a story while leaving others in the background.",[]]],"sb":[["Economic",[]],["Morality",[]],["Fairness and Equality",[]],["Legality and Crime",[]],["Health and Safety",[]],["Cultural Identity",[]],["Public Opinion",[]],["Security and Defense",[]],["Political and Policies",[]]]},{},{"de":[["an umbrella term that covers two phenomena",[]]],"rt":[["Frame retention",[]],["Reframing",[]]],"sb":[["Frame retention",[]],["Reframing",[]]]},{"sp":[["Frames",[]],["Policy Frames",[]]],"ex":[["Same-sex marriage is morally wrong and goes against the teachings of our faith.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Frames",[]],["Policy Frames",[]]],"ex":[["The governor vetoed a bill legalizing same-sex marriage, citing pressure from conservative lawmakers.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Frames",[]],["Policy Frames",[]]],"ex":[["A recent poll shows that 65% of Americans now support same-sex marriage, up from 30% a decade ago.",[]]]},{"de":[["either a minor frame in the article (selective reframing), or a completely new, unmentioned frame (complete reframing)",[]],["how readers reframe when they diverge from the dominant article frame -whether they introduce entirely novel frames or selectively emphasize non-dominant frames already present in the source",[]]],"rt":[["frame retention",[]]],"sb":[["selective reframing",[]],["complete reframing",[]]],"sp":[["media framing effects",[]]]},{"rt":[["dominant frame",[]]]},{"de":[["readers predominantly reframe in selective ways, providing empirical evidence for what framing theory has long posited: that news consumers reformulate and engage with content selectively based on their preferences",["Neuman et al., 1992","Scheufele, 1999"]]],"rt":[["complete reframing",[]]],"sp":[["Reframing",[]]]},{"de":[["news articles represent the 'source framing'",[]]],"rt":[["audience response",[]]]},{"rt":[["Cognitive response",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["Affective dynamics",[]]]},{"de":[["It manifests its power on the thinking, regulates and controls practice (ibid., p.44,49,303) and imposes authority (ibid., p.42) on our behaviour and decisions.",["ibid., p.44,49,303","ibid., p.42"]]]},{},{"de":[["It includes mass media presentations, information materials, museums, festivals, events in science, and science online and in social media, but excludes formal science education and fiction",["Davies & Horst, 2016"]],["It includes mass media presentations, information materials, museums, festivals, events in science, and science online and in social media, but excludes formal science education and fiction (Davies & Horst, 2016).",["Davies & Horst, 2016"]]],"ex":[["mass media presentations",[]],["information materials",[]],["museums",[]],["festivals",[]],["events in science",[]],["science online",[]],["social media",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["This is how we make sense of things in the wider categories as natural and inevitable",["Hall, 1997"]]]},{},{"de":[["The goal is to discover views of people articulated in the written language (text) in sentiment analysis or opinion mining",["9"]]],"sy":[["sentiment analysis",[]]],"rt":[["natural language processing",[]],["data mining",[]],["text mining",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The goal is to discover views of people articulated in the written language (text) in sentiment analysis or opinion mining",["9"]],["the sentiment analysis may be carried out with the modification of lexicon-based dictionary using a specific language.",[]]],"sy":[["opinion mining",[]]],"rt":[["natural language processing",[]],["data mining",[]],["text mining",[]]]},{"de":[["Gender bias, when it impacts training data, may decrease the performance of the system on certain gender groups",["Hovy et al., 2020"]],["When impacting evaluation data, it may push the system designers to deploy a system that causes harm by favoring one group over others",["Mehrabi et al., 2021"]]],"ex":[["a system that translates text that includes feminine nouns more poorly than text with masculine nouns may lead the end users to miss important information or misunderstand the sentence",["Savoldi et al., 2021"]],["A system that inaccurately translates a gender-neutral sentence in English e.g. they are professors to a sentence with a masculine noun ils sont professeurs in French may also lead to serious representational harm.",[]]]},{"de":[["In many languages, grammatical gender morphology appears on all nouns, regardless of whether they refer to persons, animals, plants, or inanimate objects (e.g., \"il libro\" the book is a masculine noun in Italian).",[]]],"sp":[["linguistic gender",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Linguistic gender refers to overlapping notions, such as grammatical, and semantic gender, depending on the properties of the language.",[]]],"rt":[["grammatical",[]],["semantic gender",[]]],"sb":[["grammatical, and semantic gender",[]],["grammatical gender",[]],["semantic gender",[]]]},{"de":[["Semantic gender then may be present in languages that do not morphologically mark grammatical gender, such as English, Turkish, or Mandarin Chinese.",[]]],"sp":[["linguistic gender",[]]],"ex":[["in English, the word \"men\" associated with masculine traits, \"woman\" with feminine ones, etc.",[]]]},{"de":[["data-driven analysis of genders in large corpora can only relate to social gender indirectly through linguistic notions of gender(s).",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["can undermine social trust by making it harder to tell the difference between real events and disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["AI is depicted as having both protective and adversarial uses simultaneously: while it enhances email security, it can also be used by cybercriminals to generate more effective phishing attacks.",[]]],"ex":[["Technologies like AI and synthetic biology can also be used for both beneficial and malicious purposes.",[]],["AI technologies designed to create text and media content can also be repurposed for harmful activities such as phishing and malware distribution.",[]],["AI voice generation technology can have beneficial uses but can also be repurposed for malicious activities such as scams and fraud.",[]]]},{"de":[["The misuse of such technologies has the potential to spread harmful advice or political propaganda. The malicious deployment of AI in sensitive areas such as healthcare or criminal justice, where the stakes involve public health and safety, showcases the ethical dilemmas faced in a risk society.",[]]]},{"rt":[["industrialization of risk",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["These are new types of risks resulting from technical and industrial innovations, which differ significantly from traditional risks.",[]],["Beck's theory of the risk society, which provided a theoretical lens through which to interpret emerging themes.",[]],["particularly in relation to global risk dynamics, reflexivity, and the distribution of technological risks and benefits across society.",[]]],"rt":[["reflexivity",[]],["global risk dynamics",[]]],"ex":[["Pollution",[]],["terrorism",[]],["climate change",[]],["nuclear accidents",[]],["AI risks",[]],["AI-mediated cybersecurity risks",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Our process involved carefully reading each article and noting any individual, organization, or entity whose viewpoint was explicitly shared.",[]],["This distinction was crucial to ensure we captured active contributors to the discourse rather than passive subjects of discussion.",[]]],"ex":[["We included a wide range of actors, from government officials and industry experts to academics and civil society representatives.",[]]]},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["A media literacy that seeks to promote learning, developing creative skills, communication, critical thinking, and the ability to participate in the public sphere",["Hobbs, 2022"]],["Media literacy efforts have bloomed during the last years, addressing strategies and practices for prevention, early identification, subsequent verification and combating misinformation and its dissemination.",[]],["Media literacy is part of the solution to tackle disinformation",[]],["A media literacy that seeks to promote learning, developing creative skills, communication, critical thinking, and the ability to participate in the public sphere (Hobbs, 2022).",["2022","Hobbs, 2022"]]],"sy":[["educommunication",[]]],"rt":[["lifelong learning",[]]]},{"rt":[["second-level agenda-setting function",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sb":[["generic frames",["(Semetko & Valkenburg, 2000)","Semetko & Valkenburg, 2000"]],["issue-specific frames",["(Semetko & Valkenburg, 2000)","Semetko & Valkenburg, 2000"]],["sensational frames",["McInerney et al., 2024"]]]},{"de":[["Frames operate as interpretative schemas, aiding audiences in understanding complex issues by simplifying and structuring information into recognisable patterns",["Reese, 2010;Scheufele & Iyengar, 2014"]]]},{},{"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"de":[["This is consistent with previous studies that showed how media tends to frame suicide through a lens of intrigue and sensationalism",["Banerjee, 2020","Duncan & Luce, 2022"]],["the gossip frame frequently centres on intimate personal drama, such as relationship conflicts, rebellious behaviours, marital strains, and career setbacks",[]],["reporting tends to isolate personal shortcomings or moral failings as principal explanations for the suicides, rather than engaging with the broader, multifactorial nature of mental health issues.",[]],["News media heavily emphasised Sulli's controversial history or Coco's marital issues in the posts aligning with the topics that were already trending or provocative on social media, thereby likely boosting the posts' visibility",[]]],"ex":[["news accounts, particularly the commercial media (e.g., Sina Entertainment, Phoenix Entertainment, and Toutiao News), revisited Sulli's much-publicised romantic relationship with a rapper, focusing on the details of their relationship such as producing photographs and songs with sexual innuendos.",[]],["Chinese media reports swiftly turned the spotlight onto Coco's personal relationships and career dramas in the wake of her suicide.",[]]]},{"de":[["social media platforms foster a reciprocal environment (Han, 2018), promoting a two-way process in which audiences actively contribute to both the construction and dissemination of frames",["Han, 2018","Civila & Lugo-Ocando, 2024","Ren, 2024"]]],"rt":[["user-generated content",[]]]},{"rt":[["counter-frames",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"ex":[["multiple news accounts reported that Sulli had experienced \"severe depression prior to her death\"",["Beijing News, 2019","Global Times, 2019"]],["News reports (e.g., China News, 2023; The Cover, 2023) noted that Coco had long struggled with depression in the years leading up to her death",["China News, 2023","The Cover, 2023"]]]},{"de":[["the nationalism frame emerged through subtle but significant cues in how the news was contextualised",[]],["changes from a top-down broadcast into a participatory event, co-constructed and reinforced by users in real-time",[]]],"ex":[["rooted in patriotism and national pride",[]],["highlighting her identity as a Chinese singer who made her mark on the world stage",[]],["suggesting that her death is a loss to China",[]]]},{"rt":[["negotiated and networked process",[]]]},{"de":[["reporting on suicide that emphasises help-seeking and coping can have a protective influence",["Domaradzki, 2021"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["framing",["Weaver, 2007"]]]},{},{"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"de":[["This deviation often manifests as dramatic or sensational language, a focus on personal scandals, or excessive details about suicide methods, leading to an increase in subsequent suicide",["Finkelstein, 2007","Niederkrotenthaler et al., 2020"]],["This deviation often manifests as dramatic or sensational language, a focus on personal scandals, or excessive details about suicide methods, leading to an increase in subsequent suicide (Finkelstein, 2007;Niederkrotenthaler et al., 2020), often referred to as the Werther effect (Phillips, 1974).",["Phillips, 1974","Finkelstein, 2007","Niederkrotenthaler et al., 2020"]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["paid interviews; sponsored content in chat, lifestyle, and infotainment programs; and sponsored blog posts; as well as celebrity endorsements and even embedded messages in TV dramas and sitcoms",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["two-way asymmetrical and two-way symmetrical models espoused in PR Excellence theory",[]]]},{},{"de":[["While the term 'spin' originated in politics, it is now applied generally to PR, with its implications of twisting and fabrication derived from its original reference to yarn and fabrics",["Andrews, 2006"]],["The term spin is applied so broadly that, like all generalizations, it masks diversity and presents a falsely coherent, unified view of PR that is a stereotype.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Framing essentially involves selection and salience. To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described.",["Entman (1993, p. 52)"]],["framing, while calling attention to some aspects of an issue in question obscures the others",["Smith et al., 2016"]]],"rt":[["agenda-setting",[]]],"sb":[["economic frames (costs and benefits)",[]],["moral frames (duty, honor and anything linked to ethics)",[]],["fairness and equality (equality between individuals and groups)",[]],["health and safety",[]],["quality of life",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["CSR-washing",[]]]},{"de":[["can prioritise certain views regarding legislation and promote them to the public",["Boydstun et al., 2014"]]]},{"sb":[["women forced into prostitution",[]],["a forced child labour",[]],["whole families working for nothing to pay off generational depts",[]]]},{"de":[["This is the only frame in the analysis that features the negative tone",["ibid."]]]},{"sp":[["frame",[]]]},{"sp":[["tone",[]]]},{"sp":[["tone",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["frame",[]]]},{"sp":[["tone",[]]]},{"sp":[["frame",[]]]},{},{"de":[["promoción de los derechos de los periodistas y la libertad de prensa en todo el mundo. Aboga por los valores democráticos y la lucha contra el autoritarismo",[]]],"sy":[["derecho inalienable del pueblo, libertad primaria del hombre",[]],["derecho inalienable del pueblo",[]],["libertad primaria del hombre",[]]],"rt":[["libertad de expresión",[]],["independencia de la prensa",[]]]},{},{"de":[["alineado con las políticas peronistas, sin declararse explícitamente partidista",[]],["alineado con el gobierno, sin declararse abiertamente partidista",[]]]},{"de":[["This line marks oppression, and the margins are managed through appropriation and violence.",["De Sousa Santos (2019)"]]]},{"rt":[["counternarrative",[]]]},{"de":[["respond to an oppressive narrative with another narrative, which helps to construct an alternative framework to interpret reality",["2017"]],["fights hate speech by discrediting and deconstructing its content and by basing their arguments on human rights",["2017"]]],"ex":[["Highlighting how extremist activities negatively impact the people they claim to represent.",["Tuck and Silverman (2016, p. 4)"]],["Demonstrating the hypocrisy of extremist groups and how their actions are often inconsistent with their own stated beliefs.",["Tuck and Silverman (2016, p. 4)"]],["Emphasizing factual inaccuracies used in extremist propaganda and setting the record straight.",["Tuck and Silverman (2016, p. 4)"]],["Mocking or satirizing extremist propaganda to undermine its credibility.",["Tuck and Silverman (2016, p. 4)"]]]},{"de":[["dehumanization allows, enables and legitimizes the exercise of violence on dehumanized or excluded groups from the very definition of what is human",["Sales Gelabert, 2015, p. 57"]],["a mechanism that allows the exercise of violence to be legitimized, while human rights are violated and democratic values are undermined",["p. 247"]],["emphasizing those elements that have been considered outside the norm of what is human in the groups that are excluded. On the other hand, erasing the traces of life beyond biology: denying personal history, affections, the name.",["p. 56"]]],"rt":[["denying, as Spillman and Spillman (1991) point out, the possibility of empathy.",[]]],"sb":[["emphasizing those elements that have been considered outside the norm of what is human in the groups that are excluded",[]],["erasing the traces of life beyond biology: denying personal history, affections, the name.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Othering",[]]]},{"sp":[["Othering",[]]]},{"de":[["Hate speech is constructed against individuals and groups.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["making up a combined 33.8%",[]]],"sb":[["demarcates and stigmatizes",[]],["Generalizes stereotypes",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["It serves as a protective \"buff er\" for Russia from the side of Europe.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["access to or control over public discourse and communication is an important 'symbolic' resource",["Van Dijk (2001, pp. 355-357)"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["framing devices",[]],["reasoning devices",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Also, this frame is oft en used in the topic of European integration for inner political struggle.",[]],["Europe is perceived as an example, a reference point or a pole of attraction.",[]],["Integration into the European Union is framed as an instrument for further political and economic development.",[]],["followers of Eurointegration present it as a way of modernizing the Ukrainian economy.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Meta-frame",[]]]},{"de":[["Framing theory suggests that the way media present certain information strongly infl uences the perception of events by readers.",[]],["media impact comes not only from the information brought to the audience, but also from the way the media organize and package this information.",[]]]},{"rt":[["reasoning devices",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In the frame of geopolitical confrontation the Euro-integrational aspirations of Ukraine are determined, fi rst of all, by the relations between the EU and the USA with Russia.",[]],["Ukraine is seen by both the West and Russia as a key battleground, not only over the country's geopolitical placement, but also between liberal and autocratic development in the entire post-Soviet region.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Its followers stand for pragmatism in the evaluation of the European perspectives of Ukraine and for the building of foreign policy of Ukraine, refusing \"ideological\" directives of confrontation between Europe and Russia.",[]]],"rt":[["non-alliance",[]]]},{"sy":[["causal statements",[]]],"rt":[["framing devices",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Bias happens because human beings have a tendency to avoid information which can disprove their already held beliefs and throw their decisions into question.",[]],["In other words, bias allows people to see the world around them the way they want to see it.",[]],["Bias happens because human beings have a tendency to avoid information which can disprove their already held beliefs and throw their decisions into question. In other words, bias allows people to see the world around them the way they want to see it.",[]]],"rt":[["Information processing shortcuts, in which people make educated guesses instead of fully considering the information.",[]],["Social influences or beliefs, which assume that something is true because their belief system tells them so.",[]],["Motivational factors, which lead people to search for information which supports their current ideas.",[]]],"sb":[["Bias source 1: Information processing shortcuts, in which people make educated guesses instead of fully considering the information.",["33"]],["Bias source 2: Social influences or beliefs, which assume that something is true because their belief system tells them so.",["33"]],["Bias source 3: Motivational factors, which lead people to search for information which supports their current ideas.",["33"]]],"ex":[["A social platform which disseminates news to its users can estimate a particular user's bias in a given subject by looking through the news pieces they have clicked on and the time they have spent reading those news pieces.",[]],["A social platform which disseminates news to its users can estimate a particular user's bias in a given subject by looking through the news pieces they have clicked on and the time they have spent reading those news pieces. The social platform can then expose this user to news pieces from other sources with alternative stories and viewpoints so that the user can also have access and probably read these news pieces and possibly change their biased viewpoint.",[]]]},{"de":[["Achieving bidirectional transparency is beneficial for stakeholders as it can increase trust between them. It also keeps the information exchange channel open between stakeholders in which they can keep each other updated with relevant information.",[]]],"sy":[["dynamic transparency",[]]],"rt":[["unidirectional transparency, e.g., in the form of computer-mediated transparency",[]]],"ex":[["A university lecturer marks their students' assignments and provides comments on their assignments to them. However, he does not get any feedback on their marking and comments from the students. Consequently, the lecturer might think that everything is satisfactory and he does not deem it as necessary to modify their marking process or the depth and breadth of their comments.",[]]]},{"rt":[["opaque transparency",["39"]]],"sp":[["transparency",[]]]},{"de":[["Information asymmetry has been shown to have adverse effect on information consumers",["34","35"]],["One way to cause information asymmetry is for information providers to restrain information (or part of it) from information receivers. Information asymmetry can also happen when different information receivers have different amounts of information received by them. Information asymmetry has been shown to have adverse effect on information consumers [34,35].",["34","35"]]],"ex":[["An insurance company may talk hours about the benefits of a new service, while deliberately refraining from discussing its long-term costs or limitations.",[]],["Also, when different people watch different news networks or read different newspapers, the information they obtain will vary from one another, which will lead to information asymmetry.",[]],["when different people watch different news networks or read different newspapers, the information they obtain will vary from one another, which will lead to information asymmetry.",[]],["An insurance company may talk hours about the benefits of a new service, while deliberately refraining from discussing its long-term costs or limitations. Also, when different people watch different news networks or read different newspapers, the information they obtain will vary from one another, which will lead to information asymmetry.",[]]]},{"ex":[["privacy policy statements, mortgage documents, and application forms",[]],["privacy policy statements, mortgage documents, and application forms.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Minimising information overload helps reduce the cognitive overload of the stakeholders and can help them in their decision making processes.",[]]],"sy":[["infobesity",["28"]],["infoxication",["29"]]],"ex":[["An employee of an organisation receives several work-related emails per hour, and they have to answer them all. However, they cannot cope with the amount of information they get, and sometimes miss certain emails as a result. The employee may have to develop certain coping strategies, e.g., prioritising, multitasking, satisficing, refusing, queuing, and delegating [30,31], but the main problem, i.e., information overload, remains unsolved.",[]],["An employee of an organisation receives several work-related emails per hour, and they have to answer them all. However, they cannot cope with the amount of information they get, and sometimes miss certain emails as a result.",[]]]},{"de":[["Investigating the four reference models for transparency, it can be observed that Transparency Depth Pyramid can capture information overload. Infobesity can happen both horizontally across the model, i.e., disclosing too much data than one needs or disclosing too much process than one needs. It can also happen vertically along the model, i.e., disclosing processes and policies when one only needs data, or disclosing policies when one only needs data and processes. The latter case also leads to transparency meaningfulness mismatch, which was discussed in Subsection 3.6.1.",[]],["Minimising information overload helps reduce the cognitive overload of the stakeholders and can help them in their decision making processes.",[]]],"sy":[["infobesity",["375","28"]],["infoxication",["29"]]],"ex":[["An employee of an organisation receives several work-related emails per hour, and they have to answer them all. However, they cannot cope with the amount of information they get, and sometimes miss certain emails as a result.",[]]]},{"de":[["Minimising information overload helps stakeholders in their decision making processes by providing them with the appropriate amount of information which is complete for the task at hand.",[]]],"sy":[["inforexia",[]]],"rt":[["infobesity",[]]],"ex":[["A customer is in the process of buying a car. They need certain information before they can decide whether to buy a particular car (e.g., the price, the number and amount of instalments, the final calculated price, possible mileage restrictions). If they do not have access to all the information they need and some of their questions remain unanswered, then information starvation will happen, which will impair their decision making.",[]]]},{"de":[["software is transparent if it makes both the information it deals with and the internal functioning process transparent, called information transparency and process transparency respectively",["13","14"]]],"sb":[["process transparency",[]]],"sp":[["Transparency",[]]]},{"rt":[["clear transparency",[]]],"sp":[["transparency",[]]]},{"sp":[["transparency",[]]],"ex":[["Assuming that the charity organisation puts enough information for all its stakeholders on its website, organisational transparency is also achieved.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["one can still consider process transparency to be a subcategory of information transparency.",[]]],"sp":[["information transparency",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["transparency",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["transparency",[]]],"ex":[["The same organisation also provides a portal for their gift aid donors and regular registered donors to track how their monetary and commodity donations have been spent on the cause of the charity, therefore attempting to achieve target transparency.",[]]]},{"de":[["Transparency is 20 by nature a property that includes different stakeholders as it incorporates the communication of information in essence.",[]],["Such a communication would then need to be carefully designed so that it fits its purpose and avoids properties like redundancy and overload.",[]],["transparency would not only mean making information available but indeed doing that in a way that makes it useful with a secured effort and time from the perspective of both the providers and receivers.",[]],["Transparency is meant to provide targeted or public audience with information that helps their decisions about using services and products or dealing with certain social parties.",[]],["Transparency is one of those socio-technical properties involving the provider(s) of information, the receiver(s), and the communication channel.",[]],["Transparency could be seen as a sharing of responsibility mechanism, which means that the communicating parties are collectively accountable when the information related to decision making and the collaborative process is made available.",[]]],"rt":[["privacy",[]],["security",[]],["accessibility",[]],["usability",[]],["informativeness",[]],["understandability",[]],["auditability",[]],["information transparency",[]],["process transparency",[]]],"sb":[["information transparency",[]],["process transparency",[]]],"sp":[["socio-technical properties",[]],["regulatory requirements",[]],["non-functional requirement (NFR)",[]]],"ex":[["a customer of an insurance company may need to get some information from the company about their cancellation policies, so that the customer can decide whether to take that insurance product from that company.",[]],["a bank provides information on different current account products and their comparison with each other to the bank customer, so that the bank customer can make an informed decision on what current account product to choose.",["3"]]]},{"de":[["Eliminating transparency leakage can increase trust in stakeholders. It can also decrease privacy and security concerns related to the disclosed information.",[]]],"ex":[["A human resources report includes a list of employees who have been working fewer hours than they should. The report is meant for high level managers, and not for the employees of the organisation. In particular, it must not be viewed by the employees whose names appear in the list. However, if the report is accidentally put in the public domain and allows employees to access it, it leads to transparency leakage.",[]]]},{"de":[["Failure in reaching the required transparency level (e.g., disclosing the actions without giving the rationale behind them) may reduce accountability, while exceeding the required transparency level (e.g., disclosing the reasons for a particular action when only the data obtained from the action is needed) may introduce various workarounds in the information system [26].",["26"]],["Eliminating transparency meaningfulness mismatch means that stakeholders get the information depth they require which in turn can minimise information overload.",[]]],"ex":[["An employee is asked through an email to send their bank account details to the finance department of their organisation (i.e., they are provided with \"data\"). However, the employee needs to know why this information has been requested (i.e., they need \"policy\").",[]]]},{"sy":[["static transparency",[]]]},{"de":[["the performance narrative frames how athletes and media alike represent grief and loss",[]],["the dominant performance narrative which frames winning as the only accepted and valued goal of the athlete",[]],["the pervasiveness of the performance narrative means that following the death of a parent an athlete is expected to continue with their sport, regardless of their pain and grief.",[]]],"rt":[["counterstories",[]],["alternative narrative maps",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["individuals who possess strong attitudes are not only more likely to recognize which side of an issue is consistent with their values, but they are also more likely to engage in motivated reasoning",[]]]},{"de":[["the negative framing overrides perceptions of economic insecurity.",[]],["the negative framing significantly reduced support for, and increased opposition to, greater welfare spending in all three countries.",[]],["the effect of the negative frame of immigration on the welfare state is greater in these conditional models than the effect of the positive frame.",[]]],"rt":[["framing effect",[]]],"sp":[["framing effect",[]]]},{"de":[["Some theories posit that negativity bias is a built-in predisposition or an inherent characteristic in the central nervous system.",[]],["The desire for survival implies that humans may be genetically predisposed to pay more attention to negative events.",[]],["some accounts suggest that negativity bias operates automatically at an early (evaluative-categorization) stage of reasoning",["Ito et al. 1998"]],["negative information tends to be more salient and memorable than positive information",["Ledgerwood & Boydstun, 2014","Boydstun et al, 2017","Sparks & Ledgerwood, 2017"]],["Previous research shows that individuals appear to be predisposed to give greater weight to negative information",["Baumeister et al. 2001;Rozin and Royzman, 2001"]],["negative information is usually stronger and more memorable than positive information",["Ledgerwood & Boydstun, 2014;Boydstun et al, 2017;Sparks & Ledgerwood, 2017"]],["it is both more difficult to overturn negative preconceptions and easier to override previously-held positive beliefs.",[]],["negativity bias is a built-in predisposition or an inherent characteristic in the central nervous system.",[]],["Moreover, negative information is usually stronger and more memorable than positive information (Ledgerwood & Boydstun, 2014;Boydstun et al, 2017;Sparks & Ledgerwood, 2017). This means that it is both more difficult to overturn negative preconceptions and easier to override previously-held positive beliefs.",["Ledgerwood & Boydstun, 2014","Boydstun et al, 2017","Sparks & Ledgerwood, 2017"]]],"ex":[["negativity bias can be a powerful influence on individual level attitudes.",[]]]},{"de":[["the two concepts are related, they differ both theoretically and empirically.",[]]],"rt":[["framing effect",[]]]},{"de":[["valenced frames tend to be more effective in influencing attitudes than neutral frames because they present information in a more accessible way",["Baumeister et al, 2001","Chong and Druckman, 2007"]]],"rt":[["neutral frames",[]]]},{"de":[["behavioral advertising, which runs the business model of \"free\" services such as search engines and social networks, is a dedicated type of recommender system (Yun et al., 2020).",[]]],"sp":[["recommender system",[]]]},{"de":[["a term of trade in nudge theory (Thaler et al., 2010), referring to the types of choices that are offered to end-users, as consumers of goods, political opinion or whatever else.",["Thaler et al., 2010"]],["The objective of creating a particular choice architecture is to exploit one or more cognitive biases to lure human agents into whatever behavior is preferred by the provider.",[]],["referring to the types of choices that are offered to end-users, as consumers of goods, political opinion or whatever else.",["Thaler et al., 2010"]]],"rt":[["nudge theory",["Thaler et al., 2010"]],["affordance",[]],["capability",[]]]},{"sp":[["filtering techniques",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["The seminal example is the civil servant declaring a couple husband and wife, thus instituting their marriage, with all the legal effects attributed by the law of the land to the status of a marriage.",[]]]},{"rt":[["rational choice theory",[]],["nudge theory",[]]]},{"de":[["MR was mostly grounded in unsubstantiated claims about how to manipulate the irrational unconscious of consumers or citizens (voters). In fact, MR was mainly deployed to persuade advertisers to buy into pseudoscientific claims about how to persuade people to purchase what they may neither need nor want.",[]]],"sy":[["MR",[]]]},{"de":[["the latter's caveat that humans suffer from cognitive biases that distort their ability to make the right choice",[]]],"sp":[["methodological atomism",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["compressing the rich and dynamic reality of human interaction to discrete sets of supposedly given (and manipulable) indicators of their future behaviors",[]],["whether latent or explicit",[]]]},{"ex":[["click-surf-or purchasing behavior",[]]]},{"sp":[["methodological atomism",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["These accounts including terrorist supporter accounts, water armies, and fake news writers seek to promote or degrade certain ideas through social media in order to reach their goals.",[]]],"sb":[["terrorist supporter accounts",[]],["water armies",[]],["fake news writers",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Arguably, this confirmation bias is particularly strong when the underlying belief or attitude is also particularly strong, in which case counter-attitudinal evidence is frequently dismissed uncritically.",[]]]},{"ex":[["An early example of this strategy was the 1995 \"Leipzig Declaration\", a document purporting to refute the scientific consensus on climate change. However, among the 105 signatories, many worked in fields unrelated to climate, and 12 even denied signing the document altogether",["32"]]]},{"de":[["false-balance media coverage",[]]]},{},{"de":[["perceived consensus, given its status as a gateway belief",["30"]]]},{"de":[["are frequently applied when evaluating claims and evidence",[]]]},{"de":[["explaining the techniques used to sow doubt about the science",[]],["an inoculation explaining the technique employed by misinformers, prior to receiving the misinformation.",[]],["pre-emptively explaining the potentially misleading effect of false-balance media coverage",[]],["general inoculations that explain common misinforming techniques",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"ex":[["an inoculation might include (1) a warning that there exist attempts to cast doubt on the scientific consensus regarding climate change, and (2) an explanation that one technique employed is the rhetorical use of a large group of \"fake experts\" to feign a lack of consensus.",[]],["participants responding positively (compared to a control group) to inoculations against arguments justifying alcohol consumption",["45"]],["the threat of peer-pressure leading to smoking initiation",["46"]],["pro-sugar arguments from soda companies",["47"]]]},{"de":[["One promising approach, derived from inoculation theory [13,14], is to prepare people for potential misinformation by exposing some of the logical fallacies inherent in misleading communications a priori.",["13","14"]]]},{"sy":[["agnotology-based learning",["75"]],["learning from refutational texts",["76"]]]},{"de":[["can have significant societal consequences",[]],["misinformation in the form of 'false balance' media coverage, which misinforms by conveying the impression of evenly balanced discourse in the scientific community regarding climate change.",[]],["explicit misinformation that seeks to manufacture doubt about the scientific consensus by employing the 'fake experts' strategy.",[]]],"rt":[["false-balance",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["If testimony is generally associated with life narratives built upon personal experience, the fiction on child soldiers is also often constructed around the act of witnessing (Bulte 2014).",["Bulte 2014"]],["On the textual level, a clear distinction between \"real\" testimony and fictional testimony is not possible.",[]],["This applies to all referential texts that claim to be based on life experience: the consciously or unconsciously imagined or fantasized part remains at the discretion of the author-narrator.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It is a narrative of survival, in the lexicon of Valérie Dusaillant-Fernandes (107).",["107"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Такая альтернативная форма распространения информации имеет отличные перспективы в демократических обществах, но при этом она способна распространять и ложные новости с оттенком правды, а не просто способствовать повышению информированности граждан",["Dorf & Tarrow, 2017"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Users reframe narratives to align with their ideological positions, sometimes completely inverting the intended message.",[]]],"rt":[["alternative framing devices",["Liu and McLeod (2019)"]]]},{"de":[["While traditionally seen as harmful, some scholars argue that incivility can increase audience engagement. However, the cost is a reduction in institutional trust and the quality of deliberative discourse.",[]]]},{"de":[["journalistic frames of the political situation are recontextualized by the audience until they lose their informative character and transform into emotional narratives of opposition and contempt.",["Canevez et al. (2022)"]],["The architecture of the platform contributes to the viral nature of discursive drift, amplifying hate speech and discriminatory expressions.",[]],["It is not merely a semantic phenomenon, but a social structure where meaning is redefined through interaction and conflict.",[]],["This discursive drift constitutes a form of collective appropriation of public discourse, where the news ceases to be a point of arrival and becomes a narrative trigger for political, emotional, and moralizing expressions.",[]]],"ex":[["On YouTube, each comment rewrites the news story from an affective or ideological perspective, transforming communication into a networked and emotionally charged process.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Framing",[]]]},{"rt":[["episodic frames",[]],["thematic frames",[]]],"sb":[["episodic frames",[]],["thematic frames",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This psychological tendency is especially pronounced in polarized political climates and can result in aggressive backlash even when journalistic content strives for balance.",[]]],"ex":[["in highly polarized environments, the interpretation of the message is filtered through the recipient's political predispositions, which triggers defensive or accusatory responses.",["Liu (2023)"]]]},{},{"sp":[["Framing",[]]]},{"sp":[["Framing",[]]]},{"de":[["The difference between Instagram and Twitter is thus the visual and textual mode, respectively.",[]]],"rt":[["visual modality",[]],["textual mode",[]]],"sb":[["visual modality of engagement-through photos and video",[]],["visual mode",[]],["textual mode",[]]]},{"de":[["Mood detection is performed using the tool from (Celli et al., 2016), which analyses tweets from five different angles: amused, disappointed, indignant, satisfied and worried.",["Celli et al., 2016"]]],"ex":[["amused, disappointed, indignant, satisfied and worried",[]]]},{"de":[["The tool returns a range from 0 to 4 with 0 indicating \"very negative\" and 4 \"very positive\".",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["attitude",[]]],"ex":[["showing support, denying, commenting on or querying an existing claim or fact",[]]]},{"sy":[["Stance detection",[]]],"rt":[["rumour resolution",[]],["rumour analysis",[]]],"sb":[["support",[]],["deny",[]],["query",[]],["comment",[]]]},{"sy":[["Stance classification",[]]],"rt":[["Stance classification",[]]]},{"de":[["In the latter task, the target has already been extracted, from e.g. conversational cues.",[]]],"rt":[["open stance classification",[]]],"ex":[["Target-specific stance classification is suited to situations where the target is already known, such as analyses of a specific product or political actor.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["rumour resolution",[]]]},{"de":[["The heart of the problem is developing a method to estimate the counterfactual popularity of an article in a world without bias from observed popularity data.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Instead we study how externally popular content, that is content whose popularity is being driven by another site, gets discovered on Reddit.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["structured vocabularies of specific intentions and motives, moral languages we use to make our acts significant, meaningful, attractive and persuasive to others.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"ex":[["a woman's veil is the curtain covering the face of democracy",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["nationalism",[]]]},{"de":[["a field of debates about the symbol of the nation",[]],["nationalism is both cultural and at the same time political.",[]],["Nationalism marks the meeting point, a grey-zone, a permeable hazy boundary between the cultural and political.",[]]],"sy":[["nation-ness",[]]],"rt":[["national identity",[]],["national character",[]]],"sp":[["culture",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["morality frame",[]]]},{},{"de":[["News as a narrative form relies on various codes of culture to communicate to the audience.",[]],["news is a negotiated process of shared values and ideas, of shared culture",[]]]},{"sb":[["thematic",[]],["episodic",[]]]},{"de":[["It presents a specific news event or a number of such events in terms of a broader concept",["1981, p. 102","Fishman, 1981, p. 102"]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["Modi for 3 days in Kashi, opposition anxious, Ganga, cow service and prayer will result in the communion to success",[]],["Lord Ram will help sail through the river of election",[]],["Talibani fatwa for how long under Mamata's rule?",[]],["how beneficial is the cow: adding cow butter to yagna increases the oxygen content of air",[]],["action on accused after considering their religion in UP?",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The concept of analyzing the audience's feelings, attitudes, and interaction with different topics and issues is related to big data",[]],["reveal whether users' comments express positive or negative feelings",[]],["It is an effective research area in natural language processing (NLP). It is one of the ways of communication between humans and machines through text and conversation.",[]]],"rt":[["comment mining",[]],["one of the dimensions of comment mining",[]]]},{"sp":[["Big Data",[]]]},{"rt":[["framing analysis",[]]],"sb":[["Textual analysis (micro-level): lexical choices, metaphors, presuppositions, modality",["Fairclough, 1995"]],["Discursive practice (meso-level): production, circulation, and intertextuality (e.g., quoted officials, reposts)",["Fairclough, 1995"]],["Social practice (macro-level): links to broader ideologies such as Islamic solidarity, humanitarianism, or diplomacy",["Fairclough, 1995"]]]},{},{"de":[["news texts are often \"replete with metaphors, catchphrases, and other symbolic devices\" that implicitly guide audience interpretations. These symbolic frames are not neutral; they foreground certain meanings while silencing others, thereby producing interpretative repertoires that shape how conflict is understood.",[]],["its flexibility enables this research to capture the prevailing state led narratives and the counter-discourses that arise because of digital activists, providing a delicate insight into the process of constructing, challenging, and preserving meanings in several different media spaces (Bany Mohammed et al., 2025).",[]]],"rt":[["priming",[]],["agenda-setting",[]]]},{"de":[["Scholars such as Papacharissi (2016), Gerbaudo (2012), Bennett & Segerberg (2012), and Tufekci (2017) highlight how hashtags function as rallying points for collective action, allowing dispersed individuals to form communities and amplify marginalized voices.",["Papacharissi (2016)","Gerbaudo (2012)","Bennett & Segerberg (2012)","Tufekci (2017)"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["reproducing the gaze of an observer determined by world news conventions",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["we are still alive",[]],["martyrs",[]],["genocide",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["resistance",[]],["struggle",[]]]},{"rt":[["media framing theory",[]]]},{"sb":[["confirmation bias",[]]]},{"sp":[["Cognitive biases",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["it is considered a mixture of several concepts like misinformation, disinformation, propaganda, and satire",[]]],"sb":[["fabrication",[]],["satire",[]],["parody",[]],["manipulation",[]],["misleading content",[]],["propaganda",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Knowledge practices revolve around assessing and questioning the role of authority in knowledge.",[]]],"ex":[["define different authority types, use research tools to assess authority, understand that disciplines have authorities questioned by other authorities, recognise that authority may be packaged formally or informally; may include other media, acknowledge that they are developing their own authority, and understand the social nature of information ecosystems",["pp. 12-13"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Critical IL arose to understand how libraries may participate in systems of oppression and imagine how information professionals can intervene.",[]],["Critical information literacy operates to inculcate a \"theoretically informed praxis\" which facilitates a tactical, critical engagement with information",["Elmborg, 2006, p. 198","2006"]],["a critical IL would assume a positionality a priori in an effort to espouse politically and socially engaged information literacies.",[]],["At its core, critical information literacy is an attempt to render visible the complex workings of information so that we may identify and act upon the power structures that shape our lives",["Introduction, para. 4"]]],"sy":[["Critical IL",[]]],"rt":[["critical theory",[]],["social justice discourse",[]],["Marxist critical theory",[]],["Freirian and Marxist critical theory",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Knowledge practices within the second principle include: articulate capabilities and constraints of information developed through different production modes, assess fit between information creation and need, recognise different perceptions of information based on format, recognise implications of dynamic vs. static formats, monitor different values of information, transfer knowledge to new information, and develop an understanding of how choices impact the purpose and use-value of information",["ACRL, 2016, pp. 14-15"]]]},{"de":[["IL has long tackled complex informational challenges surrounding the capacity of internet users to assess the veracity of information, question expertise and critique information sources.",[]],["scholars have reassessed IL as a tactical response to online mis/dis/malinformation.",[]]],"rt":[["online mis/dis/malinformation",[]],["fake news",[]],["misinformation",[]]]},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["deploy similar tactics to IL frameworks.",[]]],"rt":[["IL frameworks",[]]]},{},{"de":[["represents a perverted form of IL, weaponising the same values and principles that inform existing IL frameworks and models",[]]],"sp":[["online conspiracy theory",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["critical digital media literacy",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["awareness",[]],["reflection",[]],["empowerment",[]],["awareness encompasses the knowledge that, for example, uncivil communication exists online and the ability to recognize respective content",[]],["reflection requires cognitive classification. As such, reflection includes being able to critically evaluate media content based on various criteria (e.g., according to journalistic quality criteria or legal guidelines) and having a good insight into the technical infrastructure of digital media",[]],["Empowerment then signifies that users know how to actively deal with such content, which means recognizing certain online content with confidence, participating in online discussions, and taking a stand (Schmitt et al., 2018).",["Schmitt et al., 2018"]]],"sp":[["media literacy",[]]]},{"sy":[["empowerment",[]]]},{"de":[["perceived awareness and reflection are not irrelevant, as they form the basis of empowerment",["Schmitt et al., 2018"]],["which means recognizing certain online content with confidence, participating in online discussions, and taking a stand",["Schmitt et al., 2018"]]],"sp":[["critical digital media literacy",[]]]},{"de":[["media literacy is not innate but must be developed during socialization",[]],["Media literacy also tackles the facilitation of reflecting potential media effects; it aims at enabling the intentional use of media for political information and will formation",[]],["the online realm makes it necessary to expand the concept with regard to digital media content",[]],["Media literacy also tackles the facilitation of reflecting potential media effects; it aims at enabling the intentional use of media for political information and will formation (Martens & Hobbs, 2015)",[]],["As such, media literacy is not innate but must be developed during socialization (Potter, 2010)",[]],["thereby creating critical autonomy in relation to all media",["Aufderheide, 1993"]]],"rt":[["online intervention",[]]]},{"de":[["We can differentiate forms of intervention regarding their degree of directness and publicness.",[]]],"sb":[["Direct and public intervention, for instance, by engaging in openly visible counter-speech as a \"crowd-sourced response\"",["Bartlett & Krasodomski-Jones, 2015, p. 5","Mathew et al., 2019"]],["direct and private intervention, for instance, by writing a private message to the perpetrator to retort the hateful statement",[]],["indirect and public intervention using technical features like popularity cues (Haim et al., 2018), such as supporting others' counter-speech by liking or sharing their posts",["Haim et al., 2018"]],["indirect and private intervention by reporting content to the platform operators that violates community guidelines, social norms, or laws",["Jost et al., 2020"]],["Direct and public intervention, for instance, by engaging in openly visible counter-speech as a \"crowd-sourced response\" (Bartlett & Krasodomski-Jones, 2015, p. 5;Mathew et al., 2019)",["Bartlett & Krasodomski-Jones, 2015, p. 5","Mathew et al., 2019"]],["indirect and private intervention by reporting content to the platform operators that violates community guidelines, social norms, or laws (Jost et al., 2020)",["Jost et al., 2020"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["As such, reflection includes being able to critically evaluate media content based on various criteria (e.g., according to journalistic quality criteria or legal guidelines) and having a good insight into the technical infrastructure of digital media (e.g., basic reflection of the workings of algorithms or ways to interact).",[]]],"sp":[["critical digital media literacy",[]]]},{"sp":[["online bystander intervention",[]]]},{"rt":[["local sentiment",[]]]},{"ex":[["the presence of terms from an argumentative lexicon in a piece of text may indicate that the author wanted to convey an argumentative tone",["Araque et al., 2019"]]]},{"de":[["making a person less prone to automatic assimilation of disinformation and able to maintain a reflective distance from media messages",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the works of González-Pérez and Ramírez-Montoya (2022), Qi and Yang (2024), Tazhenova, Mikhaylova and Turgunbayeva (2024) emphasize the role of formal and informal educational initiatives that activate analytical thinking and promote digital resilience skills.",[]],["systemic support for media literacy and critical thinking requires the integration of educational, cultural, and information and communication strategies aimed at increasing the cognitive autonomy of the individual in a complex information ecosystem.",[]],["Currently, media literacy and critical thinking are emerging as integrative cognitive and analytical abilities that provide a high level of objective comprehension of information flows, its relevant evaluation, reasoned analysis of reliability, and timely identification of risks of manipulative influence and disinformation strategies.",[]],["ability to reflect, argue, and think for oneself",[]],["cognitive competencies",[]],["In the pedagogical discourse, critical thinking is interpreted as a holistic process of independent, rational and at the same time socially oriented comprehension of problems, which involves the ability to deep conceptual analysis, generate innovative ideas, make non-standard decisions and formulate predictive strategies based on intellectual modeling.",[]]],"rt":[["media literacy",[]],["digital resilience",[]],["analytical thinking",[]],["logical generalization",[]],["reflection",[]],["socialization",[]],["critical communication",[]],["countering destructive information influence",[]]]},{"de":[["current research emphasizes the importance of implementing comprehensive educational initiatives focused on the development of digital and media literacy, in particular through the integration of artificial intelligence, innovative teaching methods and the creation of training modules that stimulate critical thinking and digital resilience",[]],["systemic support for media literacy and critical thinking requires the integration of educational, cultural, and information and communication strategies aimed at increasing the cognitive autonomy of the individual in a complex information ecosystem.",[]],["Currently, media literacy and critical thinking are emerging as integrative cognitive and analytical abilities that provide a high level of objective comprehension of information flows, its relevant evaluation, reasoned analysis of reliability, and timely identification of risks of manipulative influence and disinformation strategies.",[]],["ability to critically analyze and navigate the media flow",[]],["ability to critically interpret information",[]],["Media literacy involves not only the ability to assess the reliability and legitimacy of information sources, but also the ability to identify cause-and-effect relationships between information messages, predict the social and cognitive effects of their impact, formulate logically sound conclusions and build hypothetical scenarios (Park et al., 2021).",["Park et al., 2021"]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]],["disinformation",[]],["manipulative influence",[]],["information security awareness",[]],["cognitive reflection",[]],["critical source verification skills",[]],["digital resilience",[]],["digital citizenship",[]],["societal resilience",[]],["cognitive autonomy",[]],["analytical thinking",[]],["logical generalization",[]],["reflection",[]],["socialization",[]],["critical communication",[]],["countering destructive information influence",[]],["critical thinking",[]],["recognition and response to media content",[]],["media interpretation and creation skills",[]],["cognitive components",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["lexical bias",[]]]},{"sp":[["media bias",["Recasens et al., 2013"]]]},{"rt":[["bias caused by word choice",[]]],"sp":[["media bias",["Recasens et al., 2013"]]]},{"rt":[["bias by personal perception",["Puglisi and Snyder, 2015"]],["omission of information",["Puglisi and Snyder, 2015"]]],"sb":[["bias by personal perception",[]],["omission of information",[]],["bias caused by word choice",[]],["lexical bias",["Fan et al., 2019"]],["informational bias",["Fan et al., 2019"]]]},{"rt":[["document level",[]]],"sp":[["media bias",[]]]},{"de":[["iniciativas de alfabetización mediática y prácticas responsables que puedan mitigar la propagación de fake news y promover modelos publicitarios más éticos",[]],["es fundamental para dar herramientas de contrapoder a los usuarios-consumidores",[]]]},{"de":[["el ACD destaca no solo por su papel para la necesaria denuncia social, sino por su rol fundamental para el cambio de modelo narrativo",["Sánchez-Soriano y García-Jiménez, 2020","(Sánchez-Soriano y García-Jiménez, 2020)"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["la desinformación se difunde más rápidamente que la información veraz, en parte debido a su carácter emocional y sensacionalista",["Vosoughi et al., 2018"]]]},{},{"sp":[["sesgos",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["no solo influyen en las decisiones de consumo, sino que también contribuyen a la alienación y la pérdida de autonomía de los individuos",[]]],"rt":[["publicidad programática",[]]]},{"sy":[["empujón",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Women were muted and presented as a marginalized group in reportage about military operations against Boko Haram. Their contributions were significantly downplayed and, in other instances, omitted entirely to reflect the views of the male gender.",[]],["how women are excluded in media discussions",[]],["suggested that in every society a social hierarchy exists, whereby certain privileges are granted to one group and not the other. In this sense, the group with the advantage determines to a large extent the communication system for that society, and the muteness occurs due to lack of power accorded to the group at the lower rung of the ladder.",[]],["They suggested that in every society a social hierarchy exists, whereby certain privileges are granted to one group and not to the other. In this sense, the group with the advantage determines to a large extent the communication system for that society, and the muteness occurs due to the lack of power accorded to the group at the lower rung of the ladder",["Amobi, 2013"]],["in every society a social hierarchy exists, whereby certain privileges are granted to one group and not the other. In this sense, the group with the advantage determines to a large extent the communication system for that society, and the muteness occurs due to lack of power accorded to the group at the lower rung of the ladder",["Amobi (2013)"]],["They suggested that in every society a social hierarchy exists, whereby certain privileges are granted to one group and not to the other. In this sense, the group with the advantage determines to a large extent the communication system for that society, and the muteness occurs due to the lack of power accorded to the group at the lower rung of the ladder (Amobi, 2013).",["Amobi, 2013"]]]},{},{"sb":[["Radical Feminist Theory",[]],["Feminist Muted Group Theory",[]]]},{"sy":[["gender bias",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This theory focuses on the subordination of women to men due to universal patriarchy that exists across all cultures and historical periods (Hines, 2008).",["Hines, 2008"]],["According to radical feminists, it is sexism and patriarchy that explain the problem of women in society (Ityavyar, 1992).",["Ityavyar, 1992"]],["where the subordination of women by men is due to universal patriarchy",[]],["the observed bias consists of male journalists seeking information from fellow male sources even though there are as much or more females in the area at the time of occurrence of the event.",[]],["This theory focuses on the subordination of women to men due to universal patriarchy that exists across all cultures and historical periods",["Hines, 2008"]],["this also keeps perpetuating male dominance: the observed bias consists of male journalists seeking information from fellow male sources even though there are as much or more females in the area at the time of occurrence of the event",["Hines (2008)"]]]},{},{"de":[["the global media are mostly commercial like CNN International or a relatively independent outlet such as BBC World. The global media tend to have more bureaus and reporters than the international media and cover a wider variety of global issues",[]]],"ex":[["CNN International",[]],["BBC World",[]]]},{"de":[["Hybridity does not envisage the simple joining together of two separate processes to create a new third entity. Instead, it rests on the notion of 'prior hybridity' whereby all actors are the result of constant processes of social negotiations, conflict and coalescence.",[]],["Hybridity is a means of capturing complexity and can make comprehensible the kinds of interaction between local, national and international media, audiences, and conflict actors discussed in the previous section.",["55"]],["The analytical lens offered by hybridity allows scholars to maintain the importance of agency at all levels, viewing the media as both a bottom-up and top-down enterprise, in which power is distributed across different types of media and in a manner that captures the significance of the all important local/glocal dimensions highlighted earlier.",[]],["Hybridity also encourages a close look at the local media reactions to top-down (national and international media), and at the variance of alternative and new media without excluding more traditional forms of media.",[]]],"rt":[["multilevel interactions",[]]]},{"de":[["The international media is usually owned by governments or has some affiliation to a governmental agency",[]]]},{"de":[["Local outlets include radio and television stations and local newspapers or community bulletins. They may carry a few programmes from national outlets on radio and television, but are mostly interested in local news and features.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["an independent actor that creates pressure for action on issues it deems necessary",[]]]},{"de":[["adds important research space to the existing national-level focus of media's influence on policy outcomes.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It presents both national and international news. The latter is usually perceived by editors as relevant to the entire population in a state.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Regional media such as Al Jazeera Arabic, both reflect common regional interests but also define and reinforce them.",[]]],"ex":[["such as the Middle East or Latin America",[]]]},{"sb":[["onset-prevention",["63"]],["escalation-management",["63"]],["de-escalation-resolution",["63"]],["termination-reconciliation",["63"]]]},{"de":[["There is a belief that these celebrity conflict tastemakers have the power to inform and encourage action merely through 140 character blasts to their millions of followers.",[]]],"ex":[["from the anti-slavery campaigns led by CNN's Anderson Cooper and Christine Ananpour to the media-heavy roles played by George Clooney and Angelina Jolie as special representatives to the United Nations.",[]]]},{"de":[["It is also a way for international advocacy and humanitarian actors to show support and solidarity during times of abuses or hardship as well as provide an outlet for engaged INGOs to 'Do Something' in a rapid manner.",[]]],"ex":[["One such example is the use by indigenous communities in Colombia of Twitter and other social media platformsamplified by alliances with media-savvy Western INGOsto attempt to influence Colombian journalists to argue for their inclusion in the ongoing national peace process.",[]]]},{"de":[["Often attempting to highlight material that the 'traditional media' might overlook, local actors drive these streams in an attempt to win international allies against their domestic opponents.",[]]],"ex":[["Media-savvy insurgents such as ISIS and the #BringBackOurGirls campaign against Boko Haram in Nigeria show how both conflict actors and engaged international citizens have used Western media houses and websites as platforms for their attempts to shape and control international narratives, highlight abuses or celebrate them, and even set agendas for peace and ceasefire negotiations.",[]]]},{"de":[["These interactions are not designed to reach large audiences, but rather engage distant communities with kinship or other ties in a targeted manner.",[]]],"ex":[["This can be best illustrated in terms of diaspora engagement.",[]]]},{"rt":[["framing",[]],["schema",[]],["priming",[]]]},{"de":[["Such analysis is crucial to understanding meanings and effects on audiences",["13"]]]},{"rt":[["sub-theme",[]]]},{"sp":[["frame analysis",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["DLJ can be understood as a transition from empirical to computational epistemology",[]]]},{"de":[["The purpose of data journalism is to enhance public understanding by revealing hidden trends or correlations that may otherwise remain obscure.",[]],["Broadly, this process can manifest in two ways: a \"hypothesisdriven approach,\" where data are evaluated in relation to predetermined assumptions, or a \"data-driven approach,\" where journalists rely on data processing to uncover emergent and unexpected stories",["Parasie, Dagiral, 2013"]]],"sb":[["Decentralized Ledger Journalism (DLJ)",[]],["data-driven approach",[]],["hypothesisdriven approach",[]]],"sp":[["quantitatively oriented journalism",[]]]},{"sp":[["data journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["Whereas traditional data journalism typically draws upon sources such as open government datasets, custom web scrapes, or leaked materials (Coddington, 2014), DLJ focuses on \"on-chain\" data, including transaction records, smart contract events, and other metadata intrinsic to a blockchain.",["Coddington, 2014"]]],"sb":[["public blockchains",[]],["permissioned distributed networks",[]]],"sp":[["data journalism",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["By authoring a post on her Facebook account, she assumed the role of a local citizen of the region, offering assurance that the movement was devoid of any conservative extremist ideologies.",[]]]},{"de":[["Journalists consider various determinants, such as proximity or human interest, when deciding which issues to prioritize and how to cover them. Moreover, determinants of attention influence the approach and depth of coverage adopted by journalists.",[]]],"ex":[["proximity or human interest",[]],["proximity",[]],["human interest",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["small actions repertoire",["Agin, 2022"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["issue entrepreneurs",[]],["claims-makers",[]]]},{"de":[["D notices' largest concern was security.",[]]],"ex":[["One notice suggested that reporting soldiers' refusal to re-embark for France might unsettle other soldiers, whose leave provisions might be affected.",[]],["Another stressed that a dispute involving the Royal Army Service Corps had been ongoing for some time and 'has no bearing on the general strike movement in this country': At the same time statements of this kind appearing at this moment can do nothing but harm to the public interest by fomenting the general strike situation which is already sufficiently serious.",[]]]},{"de":[["The D notice system, improvised during wartime, struck a balance which stressed security, 'patriotism', and seriousness and accuracy, received (and sometimes adapted to) criticism, generally allowed publication of critical opinions, and helped maintain a largely diverse and free wartime press.",[]]]},{"de":[["D notices did not govern press conduct alone",[]],["More thorough investigation of the D notices, therefore, clarifies the representation of the war desired by the state, but filtered by the Bureau, which recognized the value of diverse, not uniform, press commentary.",[]]]},{"de":[["News information in the IP pattern is presented in descending order of importance.",[]]],"ex":[["The first part (feature) is the title (headline). This feature tells what the news is about. The second feature shows who wrote the news (byline). The third feature is the lead (first paragraph). This paragraph summarizes the main and important facts of the news, and based on 5 W's (who, what, when, where, and why) and how. The fourth feature is the body. This part is the core information and details about the news, which supports and amplifies the lead. The fifth feature is the ending which usually gives something to think about.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Cultural genocide differs from physical genocide in that it is more subtle and less severe as a result of these causes. However, in case minorities and Indigenous people are compelled to become \"modern\", they lose the qualities that distinguish them as unique, different, or cultural or national entities",["40"]]],"rt":[["physical genocide",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Own ethnic group or nation is regarded as superior to all other ethnic groups or cultures and viewed as inferior or possibly hostile.",[]]]},{"de":[["Ethnicity emerges from collective experiences, geographical limits, biological imperatives, and political goals, beginning with the bond between a newborn, mother, and family.",[]]],"rt":[["cultural identity",[]]]},{"de":[["Own ethnic group or nation is regarded as superior to all other ethnic groups or cultures and viewed as inferior or possibly hostile.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Ethnicity is a tool for social group stratification based on pragmatic and consumerist ideals in a mass culture society.",["11"]],["Shared ancestry, language, and culture determine ethnicity.",[]]]},{"de":[["According to ethno-symbolism theory, numerous ethnic groups emerged even in the pre-industrial age, reflecting populations with shared cultural features, historical memories, beliefs about common ancestors, and cohesion degree.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["exposure to media messages regarding race or ethnicity may bring stereotypes about that group to the forefront.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["stereotyping",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["regulating one's tone and feelings",[]],["responding to close ties who believe in misinformation involves expending significant emotional labor to ensure that their relationships remain intact",[]],["mitigating the emotional labor involved in responding to misinformation by helping people craft empathetic responses",[]],["mitigate some of the emotional labor involved in the process, as users would have to expend less effort in framing responses that do not cause emotional and relational strife",[]],["expending significant emotional labor to ensure that their relationships remain intact",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["A democracy should have a system of checks and balances, the independent watchdog agencies and free press",[]]],"rt":[["press freedom",[]]]},{"sy":[["discourse analysis",["Jensen, 2002"]]]},{"de":[["frames can be understood as 'persistent patterns of cognition, interpretation, and presentation, of selection, emphasis, and exclusion, by which symbol-handlers routinely organize discourse'",["Gitlin, 1980"]],["In Gitlin's words, frames can be understood as 'persistent patterns of cognition, interpretation, and presentation, of selection, emphasis, and exclusion, by which symbol-handlers routinely organize discourse' (Gitlin, 1980).",["Gitlin, 1980"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["SARS and Chernobyl both took place in communist countries and they both caused great damage and panic among societies.",[]]],"ex":[["SARS is like 'China's 9/11'",["12/05"]],["the Chinese Communist Party's Chernobyl",["25/04"]]]},{"sb":[["thematic news frame",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["discourse analysis",["Jensen, 2002"]]],"rt":[["discourse analysis",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["how such masculinities are shaped socially and historically and as subject positions in relation to media representations",[]]]},{"de":[["as culturally located as that of femininity",["Kennedy, 2007: 22"]],["the site of intersecting discourses of morality and masculinity",["Whannel, 2007: 9"]]]},{"de":[["the concept of framing consistently offers a way to describe the power of a communicating text",[]],["which can provide a basis for exploring how readers may \"understand and remember a problem\"",["1989: 157"]]]},{},{"sy":[["Frank Merriwell model of gee-whiz modesty",["1993: 280"]]]},{"de":[["alcohol use tends to be represented as an unproblematic or neutral activity",[]],["disproportionately associated with glamour and success to the extent that even relatively moderate media consumption may well result in substantial exposure to inordinately glamorized depictions of alcohol use",["DuRant et al., 1997(DuRant et al., : 1131)"]]]},{"rt":[["Selective exposure",[]],["confirmation bias",["Quattrociocchi et al., 2021"]],["homophily",[]]]},{"de":[["We manipulate the content-filtering algorithm using this threshold.",[]]]},{"sy":[["Selective exposure",[]]],"rt":[["Selective exposure",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["a messaging system",[]],["like a messaging system",[]]]},{"rt":[["social influence",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In opinion dynamics models, e.g., Baumann et al. (2020),",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["#boulietacks",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The image-centered communication of social media has transformed politics, allowing leaders to control their image.",[]],["Social media has made political communication more image-centered since elites build their public image with images.",[]]],"rt":[["image-based political communication",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The strategic use of imagery, design elements, and narrative frameworks can profoundly influence how the audience receives and interprets political messages.",[]]]},{"rt":[["informational bias",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["historical narrative",[]],["doomsday scenarios",[]],["Positivism",[]]]},{"de":[["which is actively created and used by people to maintain relationships and address current social, cultural, and political issues, thereby fostering inclusiveness",["Harrison, 2023, p. 76"]]],"rt":[["heritage",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["automated accounts",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["bullying emerges not only as a social problem but also as a communicative construct shaped by language, media, and moral translation across institutional and generational boundaries.",[]],["serves as a generalized moral frame for assessing adolescent interactions and maintaining order in schools",[]],["functions not only as a behavioral category but also as an indicator of shifting boundaries of permissibility within the school community.",[]],["In this study, bullying emerges not only as a social problem but also as a communicative construct shaped by language, media, and moral translation across institutional and generational boundaries.",[]]],"rt":[["behavioral incidence",[]],["behavioral label",[]],["communicative category",[]]]},{"de":[["concept creep and threshold drift reflect not only individual changes in sensitivity but also processes of intercultural meaning-making that reorganize what becomes speakable, reportable, and institutionally actionable.",[]]],"rt":[["threshold drift",[]]]},{},{"de":[["By introducing designated procedures and standardized language, schools embed the topic within everyday pedagogical cycles and create stable entry points for detecting and formally handling conflicts as administratively relevant cases",[]]]},{"de":[["As school conflicts move between parent chats, schools, and broader publics, actors recontextualize them for new audiences. This cross-audience translation intensifies circulation and moral evaluation and may alter incentives for institutional responses",["Hjarvard, 2008","Couldry & Hepp, 2017"]]]},{},{"de":[["mediatization that accelerates digital circulation and moral evaluation.",[]],["digital circulation functions as a mechanism that increases visibility and amplifies moral scrutiny",[]],["accelerated disclosure and circulation of conflicts through digital channels",[]]],"rt":[["accelerated disclosure",[]],["circulation of conflicts through digital channels",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["It no longer functions merely as a narrow pedagogical term",[]],["scholars conceptualize bullying not as an isolated individual act but as an event embedded in social architecture and institutional routines.",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["detection",[]],["public circulation",[]],["normative thresholds",[]]]},{"de":[["separates incidence from detection, public circulation, and normative thresholds.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Articles using episodic news frames, which treated road safety issues as isolated events, declined from 39% to 12% during that same period (Table 5).",[]]],"rt":[["thematically framed",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["spin",[]]]},{"de":[["overinterpretation of research results",[]],["Spin is common in articles reporting randomized controlled trials (RCTs) -clinical trials comparing health interventions, to which participants are allocated randomly to avoid biases -with nonsignificant primary outcome.",[]],["spin in research articles is linked to spin in press releases and health news (Haneef et al., 2015;Yavchitz et al., 2012), which has the negative impact of raising false expectations regarding the intervention among the public.",["Haneef et al., 2015","Yavchitz et al., 2012"]],["spin consists in exaggerating the beneficial effects of the studied intervention (Boutron et al., 2010).",["Boutron et al., 2010"]]],"sy":[["distorted reporting",[]],["overinterpretation of research results",[]]],"sb":[["Outcome switching",[]],["Interpreting non-significant outcome as a proof of equivalence of the treatments",[]],["Focus on within-group comparisons",[]],["within-group comparisons",[]]]},{"de":[["Para el presente estudio se tomará como acepción de centenials la ofrecida por McCrindle (2014) y Bencsik et al. (2016) y se considerarán periodistas centenial a las personas nacidas a partir de 1995 y hasta 2009.",["McCrindle, 2014"]]],"sy":[["generación Z",[]],["iGen",[]],["Digital Natives",[]],["Post Millennials",[]],["Centenial",[]],["generación Z (Dimock, 2019)",["Dimock, 2019"]],["iGen y Digital Natives (Prensky, 2001)",["Prensky, 2001"]],["Post Millennials o Centenial (Fundeu, 2018)",["Fundeu, 2018"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["No se trata simplemente de añadir nuevas habilidades al repertorio de competencias mediáticas de los menores, sino de reconocer y potenciar su capacidad inherente para participar activamente en la configuración de sus realidades mediáticas.",[]],["debe convertirse en un vehículo para imaginar y crear mundos mediáticos más éticos, equitativos y enriquecedores.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["cada acto de diseño es simultáneamente un acto de creación de mundo (Fry, 2012)",["Fry, 2012"]]],"rt":[["alfabetización publicitaria crítica",[]]]},{"de":[["estas experimentaciones van más allá de la mera usabilidad o estética para abordar cuestiones fundamentales sobre la agencia, la autonomía y la relacionalidad en el ecosistema publicitario digital.",["Lillvis (2023)"]]]},{"de":[["constituye un acto onto-político con profundas implicaciones para la práctica educativa y la formulación de políticas públicas",["Maqsood & Chiasson, 2021"]],["configuran un sujeto caracterizado por su supuesta incapacidad innata para navegar críticamente el paisaje mediático",["Bozzola et al., 2022"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["En el ecosistema publicitario digital, esta difuminación de límites se manifiesta en la emergencia de nuevas formas de subjetividad híbrida, donde la identidad del menor se construye en diálogo constante con las realidades mediáticas que habita.",[]],["que cuestionan las dicotomías tradicionales entre lo humano y lo tecnológico.",[]]]},{"de":[["Los programas y políticas que emanan del paradigma de la protección tienden a enfatizar estrategias de regulación, filtrado y control del contenido publicitario al que los menores están expuestos (Benedetto & Ingrassia, 2021).",["Benedetto & Ingrassia, 2021"]]]},{"de":[["las iniciativas basadas en el paradigma del empoderamiento se centran en desarrollar habilidades críticas y creativas que permitan a los jóvenes navegar activamente el paisaje publicitario digital (Smith & Shade, 2021).",["Smith & Shade, 2021"]]]},{"de":[["identificación y articulación de las relaciones de poder presentes en los sistemas publicitarios, así como en la comprensión profunda de cómo los algoritmos y las estructuras técnicas influyen en la experiencia publicitaria.",[]],["esta capacidad crítica trasciende el análisis superficial para abordar las estructuras fundamentales que configuran la experiencia publicitaria, incluyendo la evaluación de las asunciones incorporadas en los diseños de interfaz existentes.",["Keating (2024)"]]],"sb":[["dimensión transformadora del pensamiento crítico se materializa en la capacidad de los menores para manipular, reconfigurar y recontextualizar el contenido publicitario.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["fake news detection",[]]]},{"de":[["fake news items are identified via meta information and spread patterns.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Arguably, the latter may not be exactly what is deemed \"fake news\" (as in: a complete fabrication), however, practice shows fake news are hardly ever devoid of truth. More often, true facts are misconstrued or framed badly.",[]],["this kind of 'news' is typically extremely one-sided (hyperpartisan), inflammatory, emotional, and often riddled with untruths.",[]],["practice shows fake news are hardly ever devoid of truth.",[]],["More often, true facts are misconstrued or framed badly.",[]],["the term \"fake news\" arose from the observation that, in social media, a certain kind of 'news' spreads much more successfully than others",[]]],"rt":[["hyperpartisan",[]]]},{"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Methods from information retrieval have been proposed early on to determine the veracity of web documents.",[]]],"rt":[["fake news detection",[]]]},{"de":[["Methods from information retrieval have been proposed early on to determine the veracity of web documents.",[]]],"sy":[["fact checking",[]]]},{"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["fake news detection",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["Just world beliefs",["37"]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["procedural justice",[]],["distributive justice",[]]]},{},{"de":[["resentment-a central tool for Cramer's explanation of political polarization",[]]],"rt":[["political polarization",[]],["populist communication",[]],["resentment",[]],["distributive and procedural injustice",[]]]},{"rt":[["people-centrism",[]]]},{"de":[["Populism has been conceptualized as a thin-centered ideology [16]",["16"]],["when combined with anti-elitism/anti-establishment positions (vertical division) or the exclusion of certain groups (horizontal division), populism has been redefined as a thicker concept [18].",["18"]]]},{"sb":[["people-centrism",[]],["anti-elitism",[]],["emphasizing the sovereignty of the people",[]],["the exclusion of others",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Just world beliefs",["37"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["vertical division",[]],["horizontal division",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["factcheckers analyze information that third parties have already released and disprove it if it is false",["De Rezende Damasceno and Patrício (2020)"]],["fact-checkers need to develop new fact-checking techniques, collaborate with AI researchers to develop more fair and unbiased AI tools.",[]],["Unlike the traditional journalistic process-which contrasts the information before it is published-this verification takes place after it is published.",[]],["ensuring the veracity of information, scrutinizing power and transforming information into knowledge that citizens can assume",["Rodríguez Pérez, 2020, p. 244"]],["fact-checking seeks to \"unmask the errors, ambiguities, lies, lack of rigor or inaccuracies of some contents published in the media\"",["Ufarte-Ruiz et al., 2018, p. 734"]]],"rt":[["verification",[]]]},{"de":[["AI has increased the speed at which misinformation can spread, so AI-powered bots can spread false information on social media platforms at a much faster rate than humans can.",[]],["an expanding phenomenon caused by information overload that prevents people from making rational decisions",["Valverde-Berrocoso et al., 2022"]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["fake news",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["the University of Pennsylvania's Budget Model",[]]]},{"rt":[["antagonistic vernacular",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["earnest content",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["chamberness",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["bubbleness",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sb":[["engagement analysis",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]]],"ex":[["a deliberate intent to deceive people about the nature or origin of the content",[]]]},{"de":[["(that might fuel polarization, conspiracy, or conflict)",[]]],"rt":[["non-divisive content",["Benkler et al. (2018)"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["based on a belief that social media inevitably promote echo chambers and filter bubbles as they personalize content to the extent that individuals consume news in isolated ways.",[]]],"rt":[["filter bubbles",[]]]},{},{"de":[["curating lists of authoritative sources returned for election-and pandemic-related queries and otherwise adjudicating content either automatically detected or flagged by users as problematic.",[]],["curating lists of authoritative sources returned for election-and pandemic-related queries and otherwise adjudicating content either automatically detected or flagged by users as problematic",[]],["All mark the return of qualitatively determining the worthiness of source appearance and could be dubbed editorial epistemologies.",[]]],"rt":[["journalistic balance",[]],["the absence of biased sources",[]],["fact-checked stories",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["interactions",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["when content about an issue is fresh and aligns with current events",[]]]},{"ex":[["coronavirus, COVID-19 and similar terms related to the global pandemic",[]]]},{"sy":[["junk news",[]]],"rt":[["junk news",[]],["problematic information",[]],["false news",[]],["imposter news",[]],["conspiracy site",[]],["clickbait",[]],["hyperpartisan",[]]],"sb":[["imposter news",[]],["conspiracy sources",[]],["hyperpartisan",[]],["false news",[]],["imposter sites",[]],["conspiracy sites",[]],["hyperpartisan sources",[]]]},{},{"de":[["focusing on hoaxes and imposter sources",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]],["junk news",[]]],"sb":[["imposter news",[]],["conspiracy sources",[]],["imposter sites",[]],["conspiracy sites",[]],["imposter",[]],["conspiracy",[]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["It could be said to push anti-system messages that are critical of mainstream media and established politicians, relying on dubious information or misinformation to do so. It also depends heavily on social media for its dissemination",["Barnidge and Peacock, 2019"]],["hyperpartisan media tend to exploit anger and a culture of outrage",["Barnidge and Peacock, 2019","Berry and Sobieraj, 2014"]],["It could be said to push anti-system messages that are critical of mainstream media and established politicians, relying on dubious information or misinformation to do so. It also depends heavily on social media for its dissemination (Barnidge and Peacock, 2019).",["Barnidge and Peacock, 2019"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["click farms",[]],["follower factories",[]]],"sb":[["purchased followers",["Lindquist, 2019"]],["artif icially inflated like and comments counts",["Lindquist, 2019"]],["click farms and follower factories",["Lindquist, 2019"]],["comment pods",[]]],"ex":[["purchased followers",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It also includes two web-native source types.",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]],["problematic information",[]],["false news",[]]],"sb":[["Clickbait",[]],["computational propaganda",[]]]},{},{"de":[["share a playful attitude towards expression of dissent and use various creative or artistic ways of communicating",["2016, p. 12"]]],"ex":[["Stunts",[]],["tactical clowning",[]],["critical play",[]],["the carnival",[]],["flash mobs",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["It recognizes that information about the virus, even when provided by authoritative sources, is subject to disagreements and change.",[]],["is enjoying currency as an umbrella term.",[]],["is enjoying currency as an umbrella term",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["semantically or technically inauthentic",[]],["problematic information",[]],["junk news",[]],["false news",[]]]},{"de":[["In practice, these terms are mostly various slurs and part of a memetic vocabulary that is associated with 4chan discourse.",[]],["words that are neither common English nor otherwise used in \"normal\" discourse",[]]],"ex":[["cuckerberg",[]],["germanistan",[]],["xhe",[]],["shitlibs",[]],["In practice, these terms are mostly various slurs and part of a memetic vocabulary that is associated with 4chan discourse.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"ex":[["Wikipedia",[]],["youTube",[]],["recipe websites",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["group 'liking' pacts",[]]]},{"rt":[["Remixing",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["stage an opinion",[]],["document and share activities",[]],["give speeches",[]]]},{"de":[["highly self-referential \"remixes\" of words",[]]],"ex":[["\"cuckerberg\" (a combination of \"cuck\" and \"Zuckerberg\")",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["imposter sources",[]]],"ex":[["imposter sites also make an appearance (Denver Guardian)",[]]]},{"rt":[["source adjudication",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["People use their social media accounts, for example, to share opinions about current issues, donate, and make public their political affiliations.",[]],["Sharing news articles, posting selfies wearing campaign gear, creating memes, and recording videos talking about their experiences all can be forms of political performance.",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["fake accounts",[]],["bots",[]],["locked/suspended",[]]]},{"de":[["When expanding the definition of problematic information to include hyperpartisan sites, however, in the first period nearly half would fall into that category, with the implication that social media (or at least a goodly share of users of political Twitter) appear to marginalize mainstream sources.",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]],["junk news",[]],["false news",[]]]},{"de":[["Problematic sources included imposter news (and so-called \"pink slime\" sites), pseudo-science, conspiracy theory and extreme sites",["Bengani, 2019"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["ambivalent critique",[]]],"sb":[["partisan duetting and stitching",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["participatory politics",[]]],"sb":[["dramatization of media clips",[]],["partisan duetting and stitching",[]]],"ex":[["\"Donald Duck Meets Glenn Beck in Right Wing Radio Duck,\" a remix video by artist Jonathan McIntosh",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["any visual or auditory information that has been added or removed",["(Twitter, 2020a)"]],["fabricated or simulated media depicting a real person",["(Twitter, 2020a)"]]]},{},{"rt":[["propaganda",[]]]},{"ex":[["coronavirus, COVID-19 and similar terms related to the global pandemic",[]],["election-related matters",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["to indicate the niche of their fame",[]]],"sy":[["micro-celebrities",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["include such professional associations and think tanks whose ultimate goal is to advocate for public policy",[]],["as well as industry or community news sites focusing on a particular audience",[]]],"ex":[["farming or taxes",[]],["Americans for Tax Reform",[]],["the Center for Immigration Studies",[]],["Transport News",[]],["Agripulse",[]],["the National Low Income Housing Coalition",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["Americans for Tax Reform",[]],["the Center for Immigration Studies",[]],["Transport News",[]],["Agripulse",[]],["the National Low Income Housing Coalition",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["cli-fi",[]]]},{"sp":[["metaphors",[]],["metaphor",[]]]},{"sp":[["metaphor",[]]]},{"de":[["a type of personification that \"directly addresses ecocritical and ecological concerns on at least three major fronts: representation, relationship, and morality\" (p. 10).",[]],["It seeks to persuade an audience that all living things are connected by intersecting the two essential points of rhetoric and ecology.",[]]],"rt":[["rhetoric",[]],["ecology",[]],["representation",[]],["morality",[]]],"sp":[["personification",[]]]},{},{"de":[["metaphors function as crystallised frames that enable a smoother and more effective transfer of meaning by turning complex abstract concepts into familiar concrete images.",[]],["metaphors function as crystallised frames that enable a smoother and more effective transfer of meaning by turning complex abstract concepts into familiar concrete images",[]]],"rt":[["source domain",[]],["target domain",[]],["conventional metaphors",[]],["creative or imaginative metaphors",[]],["cognitive frames",[]]],"sb":[["structural metaphors",[]],["ontological metaphors",[]],["orientational metaphors",[]],["conventional metaphors",[]],["creative or imaginative metaphors",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["conceptual metaphors",[]],["metaphor",[]]],"ex":[["Shakespeare's sonnets provide pertinent examples of ontological metaphors since the poet personifies 'time' as 'an enemy, ' 'an adversary, ' 'a reaper' and 'a besieger'",[]],["Shakespeare's sonnets provide pertinent examples of ontological metaphors since the poet personifies 'time' as 'an enemy, ' 'an adversary, ' 'a reaper' and 'a besieger' in different poems",[]],["the poet personifies 'time' as 'an enemy, ' 'an adversary, ' 'a reaper' and 'a besieger'",[]]]},{"sp":[["conceptual metaphors",[]],["metaphor",[]]],"ex":[["foreseeable future events are conceptualised as \"up\" and \"ahead\"",[]],["in the English language, foreseeable future events are conceptualised as \"up\" and \"ahead\"",[]]]},{"rt":[["humancentric perspective",[]],["anthropocentric hierarchies",[]]]},{"de":[["the source domain (human traits) are mapped on the target domain.",[]]],"rt":[["target domain",[]]]},{"sp":[["conceptual metaphors",[]],["metaphor",[]]],"ex":[["'time' is metaphorically conceptualised as 'money.'",[]],["where 'time' is metaphorically conceptualised as 'money.'",[]]]},{"de":[["target domains (environment-related lexis) are used in conceptual metaphors",[]]],"rt":[["source domain",[]]]},{"de":[["ABF focuses a different importance to parts or passages of the input text as they match their relevance for fake news detection.",[]]],"rt":[["feature fusion",[]]],"sp":[["feature fusion",[]]],"sy":[["Attention-based fusion (ABF)",[]]]},{"de":[["Such phenomena have the name fake news [2].",["2"]]]},{"de":[["multimodal framework based on transformers that combines textual, visual, and audio modalities",[]]]},{"de":[["This feature, as assessing the tone of the material, phrases and word choice communicates the sentiment.",[]]]},{"de":[["Encoding techniques like word embeddings represents word semantics within vector spaces, thus encoding features may also reflect relations such as synonymy, antonym and analogy.",[]],["Surface features affect the surface of text, but semantic features consider deeper level aspects of language",[]]],"rt":[["Surface features",[]]]},{"de":[["These attributes indicate whether the text is boring or highly emotional, which often indicators of false information are.",[]]]},{"rt":[["semantic features",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["response bias",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["the decision to report/withhold those judgments",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["biases in information processing or even response biases that may reduce belief in both false and true information",[]]],"sb":[["blind skepticism response bias, causing participants to dismiss conspiracy theories regardless of their plausibility",[]]]},{"de":[["a 'North' became defined as different to a 'South'",["Pescosolido (2017)"]]]},{"de":[["characterised by 'discourses and practices through which certain forms of socio-spatial difference … [come] to be seen as the key dividing line between the \"west\" and the \"rest\"'",["409"]]]},{"de":[["contemporary bordering of immigrants and Black people",[]],["bordering measures",[]]],"rt":[["othering",[]],["Southern Question",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the twin designations of enslaver and mafioso come to shape the caporale as a sort of 'folk devil'",["Howard and Forin 2019"]]],"rt":[["enslaver",["Howard and Forin 2019"]],["mafioso",["Howard and Forin 2019"]]]},{"de":[["provide the necessary foundations for bordering",[]],["'Othered' individuals thus become 'deportable' or criminalisable",["De Genova 2002"]]],"rt":[["bordering",[]]]},{},{"de":[["imaginations of the 'South' in these discussions",[]],["representations of the South as underdeveloped and thus 'backward', or a 'problem'",[]],["representations of the South are not solely negative",["Pescosolido (2017)"]],["place of authentic or pre-modern (thus 'pristine') social relations or as a place where it is possible to encounter, if in ruined form, the material culture of Classical Antiquity",["Moe 2002"]],["the idea that the South is a space of otherness persists",[]],["the historic bordering of Italy, through discourses of the Southern Question, are imbricated with contemporary bordering of immigrants and Black people.",[]]],"rt":[["caporalato",[]],["othering",[]],["bordering",[]],["northern hegemony",[]]]},{"sp":[["epistemic vice",[]]]},{"de":[["More recent and more emotionally charged memories tend to be more readily available to people.",[]],["can be quite reliable. However, in environments where exposure does not systematically track prevalence, the heuristic goes haywire.",[]]],"sp":[["cognitive biases",[]]]},{"sp":[["epistemic vice",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Confirmation bias can be checked by conscious effort.",[]]],"sp":[["cognitive bias",[]],["cognitive biases",[]]]},{"sp":[["epistemic vice",[]]]},{},{"de":[["An epistemically vicious person might be fooled by a video about hand dryers and COVID-19 to believe that hot air protects against the disease, without evaluating the evidence and counter-evidence, or without seeking out a second opinion.",[]],["Unlike such cognitive defects, epistemic vices are always reprehensible, and sometimes blameworthy",["Cassam 2019"]],["epistemic vices relate to character traits operating at a personal level.",[]],["Responsibilists maintain that epistemic vices are character traits or dispositions to act in characteristic ways.",["Battaly 2015"]],["reliabilists maintain that epistemic vices are faculties such as perception, induction, and memory.",[]],["traits that obstruct epistemic goods such as knowledge and understanding",[]],["epistemic vice obstructs knowledge",[]],["the role epistemic vice plays in the uptake of information and misinformation",[]],["epistemic vice is a distinct theoretical and empirical construct",[]],["Unlike such cognitive defects, epistemic vices are always reprehensible, and sometimes blameworthy (Cassam 2019).",["Cassam 2019"]],["The bearers of epistemic vices are open to criticism for displaying epistemically vicious traits, 5 See for instance Battaly (2017), Crerar (2018), Tanesini (2018) and Cassam (2019).",["5"]],["distinct theoretical and empirical construct",[]]],"rt":[["vice epistemology",[]],["cognitive biases",["Cassam 2019: 24ff."]],["cognitive defects",[]],["COVID-19 misinformation",[]]],"sb":[["indifference to the truth",[]],["rigidity in their belief structures",[]],["Closed-mindedness",[]],["Sloppiness",[]],["Obstinacy",[]],["Apathy",[]],["Diffidence",[]],["Indifference",[]],["Rigidity",[]],["epistemic rigidity",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["indifference manifests itself in a lack of motivation to find the truth.",[]],["I am not very interested in understanding things.",[]],["I am not so interested in the reasons why.",[]],["I am not particularly curious to learn new things.",[]],["I do not much enjoy gaining knowledge.",[]]],"sp":[["epistemic vice",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["epistemic vice",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The Rigidity items were originally drafted under the heading of a number of different epistemic vices. What they have in common is that they express insensitivity to evidence.",[]],["What they have in common is that they express insensitivity to evidence.",[]],["I make up my mind without much fuss about the many factors that may affect an issue.",[]],["I tend to make decisions based on my gut feeling.",[]],["I tend to be too confident in my opinions.",[]],["I often have strong opinions about issues I don't know much about.",[]],["I tend to feel sure about my views even if I don't have much evidence.",[]],["The Rigidity subscale comprises items that pertain to bad evidential dispositions.",[]]],"sp":[["epistemic vice",[]]]},{"sp":[["epistemic vice",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["fact extraction",[]],["fact checking",[]]]},{"rt":[["singlemodal approach",[]]]},{"rt":[["multimodal approach",[]]]},{"sp":[["Multimodal-based feature representation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["measures of professionalism, intended as the belief that others can be politically impartial in key professional roles that intersect politics, including journalism, justice, and science",[]]],"ex":[["journalism",[]],["justice",[]],["science",[]]]},{"rt":[["fairness",[]],["accuracy",[]],["telling the whole story",[]],["unbiased",[]]]},{"de":[["PIP is conceptually distinct from trust in specific truth-oriented institutions because PIP focuses only on individuals and their ability to set aside their own preferences.",[]]]},{"de":[["referees of facts relevant to politics",[]]]},{"de":[["the depth of insight, scope, relevance, clarity, and accuracy of reporting are all reflected in the breadth of coverage, which is a key sign of news quality",["30"]]]},{},{"de":[["false and misleading information",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Previous work on AA has explored and combined various features and representations at different levels including n-grams (Escalante et al., 2011;Sapkota et al., 2015Sapkota et al., , 2016)), POS-tags (Ferracane et al., 2017;Halvani et al., 2020) psycholinguistics features (Li et al., 2014;Uchendu et al., 2019)",[]],["Authorship Attribution (AA) aims to decide the author of a given text from a set of candidates",["Coyotl-Morales et al., 2006"]]],"rt":[["author profiling",["López-Monroy et al., 2020"]],["computer forensics",["Lambers and Veenman, 2009"]],["plagiarism detection",["Stamatatos, 2009a"]]]},{"de":[["a more complicated situation may emerge where a user may generate different parts of an article using different neural text-generators to intentionally mask the writing style of the generated text, thus confusing detectors",[]]]},{"sb":[["Copula Deletion",[]],["Habitual 'Be'",[]],["Subject-Verb Agreement Adjustments",[]],["Double Negation",[]],["Preverbal Markers",[]]],"sp":[["dialect transformations",[]]]},{"de":[["It is calculated as the accuracy difference between the answers given to stereotypical and anti-stereotypical contexts.",[]]]},{"ex":[["Original: \"Pat loves Chris.\" → Modified: \"Chris is loved by Pat.\"",[]]]},{"ex":[["He doesn't want a teacher yelling at him. → He don't want no teacher yelling at him.",[]]]},{"de":[["Formal English typically avoids contractions, uses precise vocabulary, and adheres strictly to standard grammar and syntax.",[]]],"sp":[["Style Adjustment",[]]],"ex":[["Original: \"lol i love watchin my lil guy try to act out the things wiht them\" → Modified: \"I enjoy watching my companion attempt to role-play with them.\"",[]]]},{"de":[["among the most common forms of natural paraphrasing",["Bhagat and Hovy, 2013"]],["Synonym substitution and function word variation are among the most common forms of natural paraphrasing",["Bhagat and Hovy, 2013"]]],"rt":[["Preposition variation",[]]],"sp":[["natural paraphrasing",[]]],"ex":[["Original: \"Chris is slim.\"→ Modified: \"Chris is skinny.\"",[]]]},{"sp":[["paraphrases",[]]]},{},{"de":[["They tend to be distrustful of recognized legal or scientific cultural authorities.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["spreading misinformation does not need to be indicative of a deliberate attempt to deceive nor does spreading misinformation necessarily stem from a person being gullible.",[]]]},{"de":[["that place out-groups in subordinate positions",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["multidimensional compass",[]]]},{"de":[["aims at predicting the outcome of elections",[]]]},{"rt":[["normative paradigm",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the discipline, which regards discourse as a material entity in constant motion",[]],["complex socio-cognitive event involving social actors within a specific context (time, place, and circumstances)",["van Dijk, 2017"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["News, as a symbolic construction, is not a mirror",[]]]},{},{"de":[["it seeks to explain how certain forms of public discourse -such as journalistic discourse -contribute to sound collective decision-making.",[]],["In other words, it seeks to explain how certain forms of public discourse -such as journalistic discourse -contribute to sound collective decision-making.",[]]]},{"rt":[["critical paradigm",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Stance detection is an important step in analyzing social media discussions, assisting public opinion analysis and decision making",["3"]],["Given a target topic, the task of stance detection aims to determine whether a user or his/her text is in favor (agree), against (disagree), or neutral towards it.",[]],["Stance detection is a key component in downstream tasks like fake news detection, argumentation systems and recommendation systems, and has become an important research direction in the field of Natural Language Processing and Social Media Analysis.",[]]],"rt":[["stance classification",[]],["stance prediction",[]]],"sb":[["stance classification, to detect the stances of given texts",[]],["stance prediction, inferring the stances of users on certain targets, which are not expressed or implied on social media",[]]]},{"de":[["Different from traditional stance detection task, stance prediction aims at inferring the stances of users on certain targets, which are not expressed or implied on social media.",[]],["most studies mainly predict the stances of users from micro and macro levels in social media platforms [4], [9] or online debate forums [8], [10].",[]],["The stances of these issues are usually divided into two categories, which are \"support\" or \"oppose\".",[]],["Different from traditional stance detection task, stance prediction aims at inferring the stances of users on certain targets, which are not expressed or implied on social media. The stance in social media can be inferred from a mixture of signals that might reflect user's beliefs such as posts and online interactions.",[]]],"rt":[["stance detection",[]]],"sp":[["stance detection",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In today's scientific climate, the primary conflict of interest is between the pursuit of publishability and the pursuit of truth",["Nosek et al., 2012"]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["objective journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["the lay stance in science journalism is a response to this knowledge deficit.",[]],["the blind trust characteristic of the lay stance",[]]]},{"sy":[["journalism of verification",["Kovach and Rosensteil, 2001"]]]},{"sb":[["fabrication",[]],["falsification",[]],["plagiarism",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["We also recognize the distinction between biases leading to representational harms and those leading to allocational harms (Crawford, 2017;Barocas et al., 2017).",["Crawford, 2017","Barocas et al., 2017"]]],"rt":[["representational harms",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["We also recognize the distinction between biases leading to representational harms and those leading to allocational harms (Crawford, 2017;Barocas et al., 2017).",["Crawford, 2017","Barocas et al., 2017"]]],"rt":[["allocational harms",[]]]},{"sp":[["Cloaking perturbations",[]]],"ex":[["A notable example is 'txl', where each letter corresponds to the pinyin initials of \" \" \" \" \" \", collectively denoting 'homosexuality'.",[]]]},{"de":[["cloaking techniques designed to evade conventional textbased detection systems",[]]],"sb":[["Deformation",[]],["Homophonic Substitution",[]],["Abbreviation",[]],["Code-Mixing",[]]]},{"rt":[["code-mixing",[]],["homophonic substitution",[]]]},{"de":[["To intensify expressive tone and circumvent automated content moderation",[]],["These codemixed constructs not only obscure semantic intent from detection systems but also reinforce the emotive or derogatory force of the message.",[]]],"sp":[["Cloaking perturbations",[]]],"ex":[["For instance, the term \" \" (meaning 'ni brother') phonetically approximates the English racial slur 'n*gger'.",[]],["Similarly, in the phrase \" \" (meaning 'licking dog'), the addition of an emoji amplifies the pejorative undertone, characterizing individuals perceived as excessively submissive in relationship contexts-analogous to the English term 'sycophant'.",[]]]},{"sb":[["alliance",[]],["détente",[]],["conflict",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This category of practices can include scholar and language exchange programs, celebrating national holidays at embassies, and inviting locals to cultural events held by diplomatic attaches",["Tam 2019"]]],"sp":[["Public Diplomacy",[]]],"ex":[["scholar and language exchange programs, celebrating national holidays at embassies, and inviting locals to cultural events held by diplomatic attaches",["Tam 2019"]],["This category of practices can include scholar and language exchange programs, celebrating national holidays at embassies, and inviting locals to cultural events held by diplomatic attaches (Tam 2019).",["Tam 2019"]]]},{"de":[["a vital power of the nation that transcends its military or economic clout (Nye 2022).",["Nye 2022"]]]},{"de":[["Essentially, the new strategy advocates that China's global clout be appropriately recognized and respected and opinion explicitly expressed (Zhao 2022).",["Zhao 2022"]],["Public refutation, crude rebuttal, harsh critique of other countries' perspectives are commonplace in the news.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["more of a simple shared joke, yet the resources of which lie in established memes.",[]]]},{"de":[["The focus is on which issues make it on the agendas and how salient they are, rather than how they are presented.",[]],["The focus is on which issues make it on the agendas and how salient they are",[]]],"rt":[["agenda-setting",[]]],"sp":[["agenda-setting",[]]]},{"de":[["one of the central concepts in political communication during the past decades",[]],["agenda-setting deals with which issues are on the agendas and which are not and can be seen as an 'inter-issue' contest between various actors promoting different issues.",[]]],"rt":[["framing",[]],["agenda-building",[]]],"sb":[["agenda-building",[]]]},{"de":[["signify the presence of a frame",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"de":[["how these issues are presented",[]],["framing deals with the different way these issues are presented, which may be called an 'intra-issue' contest",[]],["increases in the use of a certain frame in one arena leads to increases in the other arena, but almost exclusively for those frames that have already been used frequently in the latter arena.",[]],["The press is reluctant to adopt parliamentary frames that have not previously been popular in the media.",[]],["Framing helps us to understand how salient issues are presented.",[]]],"rt":[["salience",[]],["agenda-setting",[]]]},{"de":[["Proponents of this frame fear the 'Islamization' of Dutch society.",[]],["Parliamentary activity primarily focuses on how to deal with Muslim radicalism and how to protect the country from terrorist attacks.",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"de":[["the emancipation of migrants is situated at the group level and not at the individual level. Minorities during this period were expected to integrate into Dutch society as a group, creating a new social 'pillar'.",[]]],"sy":[["multicultural framing",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"rt":[["news values",[]]]},{"rt":[["news threshold",[]]]},{"rt":[["framing shift",[]]],"ex":[["like 9/11",[]]]},{"de":[["These representations include a diagnosis (what is the problem, where is it located and what/who causes this problem?), connected to a prognosis (how should the problem be resolved, what ends and means should be used and who is responsible for the solution?) and a rationale or call to action (what courses of action are recommended, and who is responsible for this?)",["Snow and Benford, 1988"]]],"rt":[["diagnosis",[]],["prognosis",[]]],"sp":[["basic elements of a frame",[]]]},{"de":[["They not only constitute a problem because of their economic dependence, but also because they often have a 'traditional' non-emancipated orientation. It is an implicitly gendered frame and in the political debate politicians principally speak about female immigrants.",[]],["Discussions about the limited integration of a considerable part of the minority population, in particular Moroccans and Antilleans, lead to a questioning of existing policies and measures.",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{},{"de":[["depicting immigrant women as victims of a violent culture, used by some to complement the dominant negative framing towards Islam",[]]],"rt":[["negative framing",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]],"ex":[["examples mentioned as 'cultural violence' are domestic violence, honour killings and genital mutilation",[]]]},{"sb":[["impersonal authorization",[]],["personal, con formity authorization",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["moral tale",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Discourses are practices which are conditioned by the regularities of a particular discursive formation and \"form the object of which they speak\"",["Foucault 1972: 49"]]],"rt":[["legitimation",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["textualism",[]]]},{"rt":[["structural metaphor",[]]]},{"de":[["Language is also represented as language-as-texts, which consists of writing the best form of the language ( Blommaert 2004).",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The key ideological function of discourse is legitimation",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["cautionary tale",[]]]},{"sy":[["storytelling",[]]]},{"de":[["There is an obscure line between referential and predicational strategies; the latter involves the attribution of traits, characteristics, qualities to social actors(Wodak 2003).",[]]],"rt":[["referential",[]]]},{"de":[["Rationalizations are often linked to moral values.",[]]],"rt":[["causal schemas",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["exclusion",[]],["role allocation",[]],["classification",[]],["categorization",[]],["nomination",[]],["indetermination",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["instrumental metaphor",[]]]},{"rt":[["Graphocentrism",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["regularity of the visual perception",[]]]},{"sp":[["regularity of the visual perception",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The maintaining of an information equilibrium means that man can normally perform his role of a source or of a recipient in the information systems and of a relaxed user in constantly changing information situations.",[]],["Equibalance behavior means not a closure in the shell, but an active resistance to the destructive barriers, to the objective circumstances striving to disturb it.",[]],["To find the balance means to be discovered subjectively the necessary boundaries beyond which the person loses his integrity.",[]],["Only slow information behavior has the potential to revise and to balance quite a lot of objective and subjective states that already disbalance the information equilibrium and threaten the information health of the individual",[]]],"rt":[["information health",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Slow Journalism pleads for the freedom to lean on back in order to analyze the flood of news to reflect on them and to receive a sense of perspective.",[]],["Units of measure for Slow Journalists are months or years, not hour and day. Slow Journalism pleads for the freedom to lean on back in order to analyze the flood of news to reflect on them and to receive a sense of perspective. It is intended for journalists and readers who want to stay longer at one place.",[]]]},{"de":[["advocates of the slow reading explain that it only in slow reading is reinforced the effect of re-reading, and only with slow pace is given the greater delight to the reader.",[]],["a chance for information survival and information freedom",[]]],"sy":[["close reading",[]],["intimately reading",[]],["unmediated reading",[]],["deep reading",[]],["immersive reading",[]]],"rt":[["close reading",[]],["intimately reading",[]],["unmediated reading",[]],["deep reading",[]],["immersive reading",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["Information Warfare (IW)",[]]]},{"sy":[["Black/Grey Propaganda",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["persuasion",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["social norms",[]]]},{"rt":[["persuasion",[]]]},{"sy":[["IO",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation tactics",[]]]},{"de":[["in unfamiliar situations, where people are not sure how to act, their rely on the behavior of others to guide their choices",["Cialdini, 2009"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["This form of civic fandom is as much about worship and enthusiasm, as it is about (self)reflection and deliberation.",[]],["It encompasses criticism directed towards the lack of government support for sport, scepticism regarding the authenticity of patriotic discourses, sport geopolitics or debates about what it means and is expected from a celebrity role-model.",[]],["convert sport performances into valuable resources for the public sphere, triggering deliberative spaces that people find easy to engage within, and addressing public issues that go beyond sport itself, such as the national identity rhetoric.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["For the latter is not longer the image of the performer that is at stake, but the image of an entire nation that is mimetically connected to the performance of the sport hero.",[]],["the national hero comes to build on this symbolic meaning-making process.",[]],["the national hero frame works as a category of social recognition (Frisk, 2018, p. 10) placed within what Goode (1978) called the economy of respect and, moreover, the economy of aspirational (national) identity.",[]]]},{"rt":[["celebrity extrapolation bias",[]]],"sp":[["heroes",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["audience or context analysis, which focuses on understanding the audience and contextual factors and indicated moderate representation.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Ultimately, misinformation is divisive and exacerbates conflict.",[]]]},{"de":[["Model-related bias, which affects fairness and accuracy, appeared eight times",[]]]},{"de":[["This dichotomy is further reinforced by processes of alterity and otherization",["Briones, 2008","Segato, 2007"]]]},{"de":[["the mass media are capable of transferring the relevance of a news item on their agenda to that of society",["McCombs & Evatt, 1995, p. 17"]]]},{},{"de":[["frames are necessary for the media to explain social phenomena; however, he emphasizes that their use will affect how audiences perceive them. Nonetheless, framing has a negative ramification because it limits the audience's attention to a particular scope (Hall, 1982). Thus, framing necessarily produces a selection effect, giving salience to some aspects of an issue while neglecting others (Entman, 1993). By emphasizing certain aspects of an issue, the media can shape popular perceptions. Using this selection process, the media induce the audience to accept a particular interpretation of a given issue.",[]],["framing has a negative ramification because it limits the audience's attention to a particular scope (Hall, 1982).",["1982"]]],"rt":[["selection effect",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["These architectures are not neutral; they embed specific functionalities that influence the type and extent of political participation, highlighting the concrete implications of platform design for democratic processes.",[]]]},{"de":[["These activities require a more explicit commitment to the content and a willingness to openly associate with a particular viewpoint.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["political participation",[]]]},{"rt":[["social-political participation",[]]],"sp":[["political participation",[]]]},{"de":[["As a vital aspect of political participation, political engagement concerns citizens' contribution to shaping leadership through democratic means.",[]]],"rt":[["political participation",[]]],"sp":[["political participation",[]]]},{"de":[["Said differently, political expression allows individuals to voice their opinions and contribute to public discourse; accordingly, political expression plays a crucial role in maintaining a connection between citizens and their government",["Bollinger and Callamard, 2021","Lane et al., 2022"]],["Said differently, political expression allows individuals to voice their opinions and contribute to public discourse; accordingly, political expression plays a crucial role in maintaining a connection between citizens and their government (Bollinger and Callamard, 2021;Lane et al., 2022).",["Bollinger and Callamard, 2021","Lane et al., 2022"]]],"rt":[["political participation",[]]],"sp":[["political participation",[]]]},{"de":[["Over time, this understanding of political participation has extended to additionally incorporate non-traditional methods of engagement while retaining political expression and engagement as its critical components",["Johann, 2022","Papagiannidis and Manika, 2016","Ruess et al., 2023"]],["While, traditionally, political participation was closely associated with offline activities like voting and campaigning, the emergence and coming into wide use of digital platforms has broadened this definition to include online discussions, digital activism, and other forms of online engagement (Papagiannidis and Manika, 2016;Theocharis and Van Deth, 2017).",["Papagiannidis and Manika, 2016","Theocharis and Van Deth, 2017"]]],"rt":[["political engagement",[]],["political expression",[]]],"sb":[["social-political participation",[]],["partisan-political participation",[]],["online participation",[]],["political engagement",[]],["political expression",[]]]},{"de":[["while social-political participation is geared toward promoting civic engagement and social change",[]],["social-political participation is geared toward promoting civic engagement and social change",[]]],"rt":[["partisan-political participation",[]]],"sp":[["political participation",[]]]},{"rt":[["civic engagement",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["Transparency",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["user nudging",[]]]},{"de":[["The line between nudging and manipulating can be very blurred.",[]],["Nudging is motivated to be in the interest of users, but it is not obvious if the design decisions behind nudges and users' interests are always aligned.",[]],["Even nudging in truly good faith may have negative consequences.",[]],["Users might feel belittled by constant interventions such as warning messages. This, in turn, might make users more \"rebellious\" and actually increase their risky sharing behavior",["7"]]]},{"ex":[["timer nudges delay the submission of a post",[]],["sentiment nudges warn users that their post might be viewed as negative",[]],["audience nudges show a random subset of contacts to remind users of who will be able to view a post",[]]]},{},{"de":[["finding accounts that share strong similarities with respect to social network and (coordinated) posting/sharing behavior",[]]]},{"de":[["automated and data-driven user nudging as a form of educational intervention.",[]],["is very subjective with short-term and long-term effects on users' behavior.",[]],["influence qualitatively measures if and how user behaviour is influenced by user nudging.",[]],["The trust dimension evaluates the confidence of the user in nudges.",[]],["Usage, as the most objective dimension, measures the frequency of the use of nudges by users.",[]],["the benefits for a user are highly subjective as it requires to evaluate how the user has benefited from nudges",[]]],"rt":[["digital nudging",[]],["expert nudging",[]]],"sp":[["educational intervention",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"ex":[["visual metaphor",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This category includes dehumanizing metaphors.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["often in reductive or sensationalist ways",[]],["This work underscores the importance of discursive representation-how media shapes societal understandings of gaming and extremism, often in reductive or sensationalist ways.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["digital infrastructure that surrounds gaming, a cornerstone of global gaming communities, and essential to the transmission of gaming culture.",[]],["gamingadjacent platforms can act as a bridge between more popular platforms and more explicit and egregious closed spaces.",[]],["digital infrastructure that surrounds gaming, a cornerstone of global gaming communities, and essential to the transmission of gaming culture",["Davey, 2024"]]],"ex":[["Steam",[]],["Twitch",[]],["Discord",[]],["Discord and Steam",[]],["Facebook and Reddit",[]],["Steam, Twitch, and Discord",[]],["DLive",[]],["Bigo",[]]]},{"sy":[["discursive representation",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["radicalization itself occurred on such platforms through either organic or strategic means (Schlegel, 2021a,b).",[]],["radicalization within the gaming-adjacent platform ecosystem was also found by respondents to be self-directed and postorganizational, with individuals adopting symbols and rhetoric to identify with broader ideological trends rather than joining a specific group.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Hate speech",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Hate speech, including cyberbullying, offensive talk, sarcasm, and harassment, are just a few examples of freedom abuse on social media",["Omar et al., 2020"]]],"sb":[["harassment",["Fortuna et al., 2020","Omar et al., 2020","Fortuna et al., 2020;Omar et al., 2020"]],["cyberbullying",["Fortuna et al., 2020","Omar et al., 2020","Fortuna et al., 2020;Omar et al., 2020"]],["offense",["Fortuna et al., 2020","Omar et al., 2020","Fortuna et al., 2020;Omar et al., 2020"]],["abuse",["Fortuna et al., 2020","Omar et al., 2020","Fortuna et al., 2020;Omar et al., 2020"]]],"ex":[["cyberbullying",[]],["offensive talk",[]],["sarcasm",[]],["harassment",[]]]},{"sp":[["Hate speech",[]]]},{"de":[["speakers try to send understandable message within the context of any particular conversation, and hearers assume that speakers are doing this.",[]],["The principle involves both parties knowing and using the rules of conversation which Grice called maxims.",[]],["speakers try to send understandable message within the context of any particular conversation, and hearers assume that speakers are doing this. The principle involves both parties knowing and using the rules of conversation which Grice called maxims.",[]]],"rt":[["maxims",[]],["Maxim of Quality",[]],["Maxim of Quantity",[]],["Maxim of Relevance",[]],["Maxim of Manner",[]]],"sb":[["The Maxim of Quality",[]],["The Maxim of Quantity",[]],["The Maxim of Relevance",[]],["The Maxim of Manner",[]]]},{"sp":[["vague language",[]]],"ex":[["Police are searching for two daring bank employees who allegedly stole nearly 51 million yuan on Saturday. (From China Daily, Apr18, 2007)",[]],["nearly",[]]]},{"rt":[["quality maxim",[]],["Relevance Maxim",[]]],"sp":[["Cooperative Principle",[]]]},{"de":[["the information to be brief and orderly avoids obscurity and ambiguity as well.",[]],["specifically; a. Avoid obscurity b. Avoid ambiguity c. Be brief d. Be orderly",["Grice, 1975"]]],"sp":[["Grice's Cooperative Principle",[]]]},{"de":[["reporters may violate the quality maxim so as to avoid the responsibility to the accuracy of that information.",[]],["By using vague language, they say something (1) for which they lack adequate evidence; (2) they do not firmly believe; (3) that is untrue or misunderstanding.",[]]],"sp":[["Grice's Cooperative Principle",[]]]},{"de":[["the news items are required to be informative on one hand, and avoiding over-informative on the other hand.",[]]],"sp":[["Grice's Cooperative Principle",[]]]},{"de":[["the in formation should be relevant to the conversation or the topic.",[]]],"sp":[["Grice's Cooperative Principle",[]]]},{"rt":[["Cooperative Principle",[]]],"sb":[["Maxim of Quality",[]],["Maxim of Quantity",[]],["Maxim of Relevance",[]],["Maxim of Manner",[]]]},{"sp":[["vague language",[]]],"ex":[["Officials are concerned, she said, because the river, which was measured at 38 feet Wednesday afternoon, was not expected to crest until Wednesday night. (From CNN, June 28,2006)",[]],["38 feet",[]]]},{"de":[["Vague language is a pervasive feature not just of casual conversation.",[]],["vague language in the news items can give readers some illustrations or hints that the writer wants them to appreciate.",[]],["the vague languages can make the English news simple and concise.",[]],["vague language would be the best choice",[]],["vague language in news usually violates the Quality, Quantity, Manner and Relevance Maxim of the Cooperative Principle due to different reasons like special situations",[]],["the usages of the vague language promote the expressive effects of the news item and give the readers a lot of things to think and meditate",[]],["the notion of vague words is vague itself and generally, they are in reference to the words with meanings of imprecise or uncertain or indefinite.",[]]],"rt":[["Cooperative Principle",[]],["vague words",[]],["hedges",[]],["vague implicature",[]]],"sb":[["vague additives",[]],["vague words",[]],["vague implicature",[]],["hedges",[]]],"ex":[["about, more, properly, at least, many, nearly, etc.",[]]]},{"sp":[["vague language",[]]],"ex":[["This year she has a newfound appreciation for the holiday, with her husband now safely back in the United States but not returning to their home until the end of July. (From CNN, July4, 2006)",[]],["appreciation is abstract words which is without a exact meaning and understand it relying on the context, expressing vague meaning and belonging to vague language.",[]]]},{"de":[["Vagueness is an inherent characteristic of natural language. It is inevitable in communication because no natural language is able to make an adequately precise statement of anything.",[]]]},{"rt":[["automatic fact checking",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["textual entailment",[]]]},{"de":[["Success and failure or acceptance and rejection in self-relevant domains resulted in increased affect intensity and fluctuations in self-esteem relative to less self-relevant domains",["Crocker et al., 2003"]]],"rt":[["social media contingent self-esteem",[]]],"ex":[["staking one's selfworth on academic performance",[]],["intimate relationships",[]],["financial well-being",[]],["friendships",[]],["physical appearance",[]]]},{"de":[["social media circles of others who share their identities, beliefs, and opinions",[]]],"sy":[["identity bubble reinforcement",[]],["identity bubbles",["Kaakinen et al., 2020"]]]},{"de":[["Feedback within these echo chambers, or identity bubbles, is likely to reinforce existing beliefs, attitudes, and opinions, possibly protecting those higher in SMCSE from experiencing negative evaluations, although also making them especially susceptible to criticism.",[]]],"sy":[["echo chambers",[]],["echo chamber",[]]],"rt":[["echo chambers",[]]]},{"rt":[["social media echo chamber",[]]],"ex":[["In social media, I belong to a community or communities that I'm proud of",[]],["In social media, I feel that people think like me",[]]]},{"de":[["Feedback within these echo chambers, or identity bubbles, is likely to reinforce existing beliefs, attitudes, and opinions",[]]],"sy":[["like-minded social networks",[]],["echo chambers",["Kaakinen et al., 2020"]]],"rt":[["echo chambers",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["harmonious passion",[]]]},{},{"de":[["social media addiction has yet to be adopted as a diagnosable disorder",[]]],"rt":[["social media disorder",[]]]},{"de":[["When self-esteem is highly contingent, one becomes more emotionally invested in the judgments, evaluations, and behaviors within it, which can take on more substantial meaning for one's global sense of self",["Hodgins & Knee, 2002","Ryan & Deci, 2018"]],["to someone higher in SMCSE, minor \"positive\" and \"negative\" social media experiences can become significant because of their implications for global self-worth, provoking a stronger emotional response and greater undulations in one's selfworth.",[]],["cultivating like-minded social networks (identity bubbles) would be more likely when higher in SMCSE",[]],["grounded in theoretical frameworks on the authenticity of self, basic psychological needs, and the dynamics of self-esteem contingencies",[]],["SMCSE also reflects feelings of incompetence in that one feels less in control of others' reactions to one's shared content, strongly seeking others' approval, and strongly avoiding others' disagreement and disapproval.",[]],["Finally, SMCSE reflects a lack of experiencing unconditional positive regard from others as this regard depends on what one shares or expresses about oneself on social media.",[]]],"sy":[["SMCSE",[]]],"rt":[["contingent self-esteem",[]],["social media addiction",[]],["social media disorder",[]]],"sp":[["contingent self-esteem",[]]]},{},{"de":[["pervasive in social networks",[]]],"rt":[["social balance",[]]]},{"de":[["pervasive in social networks",[]]],"rt":[["homophily",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Automatic stance detection is a strongly motivated mining operation on social media and networks",["24"]]],"rt":[["hate speech detection",["14"]],["poll prediction",["13"]],["rumor veracity detection",["10"]]]},{"de":[["Given a target entity",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["offensive speech",[]]]},{"sy":[["hate speech",[]]]},{},{"de":[["a particularly aggressive form of communication, with a strong capacity to denigrate and dehumanize its targets.",[]],["disinformation dynamics",[]],["dissemination of disinformation",[]],["disinformation strategies",[]]],"ex":[["Ukraine-related disinformation",[]],["One post-making a claim that Volodymyr Zelenskyy and his wife Olena participated in a Vogue magazine photoshoot akin to one featuring Hitler and Eva Braun",[]],["Another post, falsely alleging that Ukrainian media used Photoshop techniques to downplay the scale of Ukrainian military losses",[]]]},{"sp":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"sp":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"sp":[["disinformation",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["distribution of intentionally misleading information",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["The criteria of a great journalist, according to Abrar, include: 1) being expert in applying the values and mission of journalism; 2) being skilled in writing news that is widely accepted by the public, both quantitatively and qualitatively; 3) having outstanding achievements and work abilities strikingly over a long period of time; 4) having noble ideals about his/her profession and try to achieve these goals; and 5) being proficient in being meaningful to the audience",[]]]},{"de":[["to serve society by informing the public, scrutinising the way power is exercised, stimulating democratic debate, and in those ways aiding political, economic, social, and cultural development",["2007, p. 7"]]]},{"de":[["If the facts presented do not answer these five questions, the news cannot be called news.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["a focus for local media award ceremonies, commemorative lunches, and a programme of invited speakers.",[]],["a site from which state guests, officials and other important visitors to Japan-heads of state, prime ministers and other Cabinet ministers-and their views to the Japanese people and workdwide audiences.",["1996, p. 65"]]],"rt":[["occupational associations",[]],["trade unions",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["When all target audiences are satisfied by the news broadcast or publication, it means the news is good.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["to portray Floyd as an independent social actor without comparing him to others",[]],["portrayed Floyd as an independent social actor without associating him with others",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["The theory sheds light on how social actors are portrayed by analyzing factors such as the contrast between existing social actors, the concreteness or abstractness, the independence or linkage of social actors to their culture, religion, physique, behavior, and community, and the diction used by the media.",["Ahlstrand, 2021"]]],"sp":[["Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)",["Perangin-angin et al., 2023"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["a concept that carries normative assumptions and must be critically examined in relation to broader political and societal dynamics",[]]]},{"sb":[["individual",[]],["routine",[]],["organizational",[]],["institutional",[]],["societal",[]]]},{"rt":[["media presence",[]],["media prominence",[]]],"sb":[["Presence",[]],["Prominence",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["media presence",[]]],"sp":[["media visibility",[]]]},{},{"de":[["topics associated with compassion and kindness",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Deepfakes are, by definition, intentionally deceptive",[]],["Deepfakes are strategically crafted and targeted to harm and attack the depicted actor, for example, by making them express provocative, conflicting, or highly implausible claims",["Dobber et al., 2020"]],["Deepfakes, more than other modes of disinformation, offer a realism heuristic that should motivate heuristic processing and herewith circumvent the detection of deception by recipients",["Sundar et al., 2021"]],["Deepfakes may be harmful as developments in AI afford the generation of synthetic media that leave little trace of manipulation-which makes it difficult to identify deepfakes and instill resilience among recipients",["Westerlund, 2019"]],["Deepfakes can refer to image, voice, and video manipulations.",[]],["In all cases, deep learning techniques are used to realistically manipulate and simulate the voice and/or (mouth) movements of real persons",["Maras & Alexandrou, 2019"]]],"rt":[["image, voice, and video manipulations",[]]],"sb":[["video-based deepfakes",[]]]},{"de":[["Disinformation can involve different practices-ranging from the de-contextualization of information to the complete fabrication of false narratives",[]]],"rt":[["complete fabrication of false narratives",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the creation of the isolated and decontextualized fragment could be regarded as intentionally deceptive mal-information",["Wardle & Derakhshan, 2017"]]]},{},{"sb":[["authentic (a social media user that communicates an issue position)",[]],["inauthentic (a bot or troll that mimics an authentic citizen)",[]]]},{"sy":[["construe",[]]]},{"sy":[["conceive",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["supporting young people to understand the various ways in which people interact with and communicate information, to support their effective use of information outwith the educational context",[]]]},{"de":[["a psychological theory developed by George Kelly (1955)",[]]]},{"de":[["these personal constructs are different for different people.",[]]]},{"sy":[["political knowledge",[]],["civic literacy",[]],["citizen competence",[]]]},{"sy":[["reliable",[]],["biased",[]],["likely to twist the story",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["image forensic labels provide an additional, critical signal of credibility evaluation, over and above other credibility cues already available to users.",[]],["to convey image forensic information",[]]],"rt":[["fact check",[]]],"sb":[["Un-altered",[]],["Altered",[]]]},{"de":[["This variable was measured by six items of perceived credibility adapted from Flanagin and Metzger's (2007) on a 7-point scale (1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree).",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Heteroactivism then names the new oppositional, ideological and practical response to sexual and gender equalities that are rooted in the belief in the centrality of heteronormativity found in the confluence of gendered, classed, and racialised norms within man/woman divides that come together in normative heterosexual relationships as foundational to a healthy and sustainable society.",["2020a, 73","Browne and Nash (2020a, 73)"]],["it is not hatred of the homosexual but love for the heteronormative way of life that is emphasised, which differs from homophobia's negative disdain for queerness.",[]]],"rt":[["heteronormativity",[]],["homophobia",[]]]},{"ex":[["presenting LGBTQI activism as harmful towards heteronormativity, which is considered as foundational to (white) society",[]]]},{"de":[["Both homophobia and LGBTQI inclusion can thus be productive for nationalist imaginaries, but in contradicting ways.",[]],["relies instead on imagining homophobia as constituted only outside of the nation or in people who are from outside of it, particularly the Global South",["Puar 2013;2017"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["It is common in news media texts to define NRM as a \"threat towards democracy\" (examples occur in Badeli et al. 2017;Dau 2017;Tardell and Grip 2018) instead of a threat to the people they attack.",["Badeli et al. 2017","Dau 2017","Tardell and Grip 2018"]]]},{"sp":[["News Finds Me perception (NFM)",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["information overload",[]]]},{},{"de":[["NFM can be seen as a folk theory (i.e., people's confidence in remaining informed about the public affairs information through the social networks and social media algorithms) which help users navigate information about public affairs in the distributed media environment.",[]],["NFM elicits a type of self-delusion of being informed about the political affairs when people consume online and social media news.",[]]],"sy":[["NFM",[]]],"rt":[["being informed",[]],["not seeking",[]],["reliance on peers",[]],["reliance on algorithmic news",[]]]},{"de":[["One of these phenomena that stems from social media news use is the News Finds Me perception (NFM), which takes place when individuals feel they do not have to actively seeks news any more to be well-informed about public affairs, as they expect to receive relevant news and information by relying on their peers in social media.",[]],["Individuals may perceive that social media provide them with maximum informational benefit at minimum news surveillance effort",[]],["NFM can be seen as a folk theory (i.e., people's confidence in remaining informed about the public affairs information through the social networks and social media algorithms) which help users navigate information about public affairs in the distributed media environment.",[]]],"sb":[["Not seeking",[]],["Algorithmic reliance",[]]]},{"de":[["NFM does not motivate people to deeply learn about the news subject matter",["Oeldorf-Hirsch; Srinivasan, 2021"]],["NFM people will consume less information, will engage more superficially with it, and ultimately, considering how NFM people get news from their personal networks, will foster filter bubbles and homogeneous opinions",["Gil de Zúñiga et al., 2018"]],["NFM is clearly not one of these effective pathways.",[]],["NFM not only affects people's political knowledge. It is also inversely related to political interests over time",["Gil de Zúñiga; Diehl, 2019; Gil de Zúñiga et al., 2020"]],["NFM has been linked with political cynicism, especially the reliance on peer dimension of NFM, indicating that an overreliance on peers from one's social network to provide political information may result in the detachment from the political process, thus increasing people's political cynicism",["Song et al., 2020"]]],"sb":[["reliance on algorithmic news",[]]]},{"sp":[["News Finds Me perception (NFM)",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["as those who perceive themselves in the minority are less likely to speak up in front of others",["Noelle-Neumann, 1974","Gearhart;Zhang, 2014","Noelle-Neumann, 1974;Gearhart;Zhang, 2014"]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["media literacy",[]]]},{"sp":[["media literacy",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["media literacy",[]]]},{"de":[["This ability extends beyond simply navigating the complex media landscape within educational settings; it acts as a crucial mechanism for ensuring equitable access to information and empowering individuals.",[]],["integrated competencies that include technical proficiency, critical analysis, and ethical reasoning",[]],["Media literacy equips individuals with vital skills to assess, analyse, evaluate, and create media content. These skills are essential for combating misinformation and promoting responsible digital citizenship.",[]],["Media literacy has become an essential pedagogical focus due to its strong impact on students' understanding of history, politics, culture, and the dissemination of knowledge, as well as their diverse learning styles",["36"]],["guiding students on how to identify credible sources amidst misinformation.",[]],["enables learners to analyse and assess messages shared across various media outlets, such as social media, television, and the internet.",[]],["It empowers individuals with essential analytical skills, enabling them to engage thoughtfully with media content and navigate their roles as informed participants in a democratic society.",[]],["In the Indian educational context, media literacy serves as a foundational tool for preparing students to tackle contemporary issues, including disinformation, privacy violations, mediated harassment, and ethical dilemmas in digital communication.",[]],["It fosters critical thinking, promotes responsible media consumption habits, and encourages moral engagement in the face of rapid technological advancements.",[]],["Media literacy integrates diverse disciplines, including critical thinking, psychology, linguistics, and ethics. It empowers individuals to access, analyse, evaluate, create, and act upon information across all communication forms.",[]],["These skills are essential for combating misinformation and promoting responsible digital citizenship.",[]]],"rt":[["technical proficiency",[]],["critical analysis",[]],["ethical reasoning",[]],["media and information landscape",[]],["media, information, and digital literacies",[]],["civic competence",[]],["disinformation",[]],["privacy violations",[]],["mediated harassment",[]],["ethical dilemmas in digital communication",[]],["critical thinking",[]],["psychology",[]],["linguistics",[]],["ethics",[]]],"sb":[["AI and data literacy",[]],["identifying content origins (Access)",[]],["decoding and interpreting messages (Analyze)",[]],["recognising embedded goals and biases (Evaluate)",[]],["crafting meaningful responses (Create)",[]],["making informed decisions about disseminated information (Act)",[]]]},{"de":[["This includes fostering skills in media critique, ethical thought, and aesthetic values within the context of communication frameworks.",[]],["Moreover, it promotes participatory and interactive communication approaches, alongside competence in the technical aspects of media and communication as key learning objectives",["46"]],["Media literacy is increasingly recognised as an essential element in developing students' critical thinking skills",["46"]]],"rt":[["media literacy skills",[]],["media creation",[]],["critical thinking",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["The systematic examination of local folklore entextualization practices sheds light on the mediated ways in which 'authentic' voices become indexes of nationally subsumed regional identities.",[]]],"rt":[["decontextualization",[]],["recontextualization",[]]],"ex":[["transcribing a fragment of local verbal art or vernacular speech and converting it into a decontextualizable, written form with a seemingly durable meaning across its recontextualizations in writing",["cf. idem: 2"]]]},{"de":[["shifts from orthopraxy to orthodoxy were not an option for the local collector-transcriber, but a condition for the transferability of the linguistic and cultural artefacts and the potential assignment of professional prestige to him as a young philologist.",[]]],"rt":[["orthodox models of text-making",[]]]},{"de":[["involves, among others, the critical analysis of inequalities manifest in discursive and textual practices.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["As the call for dialect literization moved from national to local spaces of practice, a shift from orthodoxy to orthopraxy was signalled in that the call became supplemented with local economies of meaning that sought to reinforce local expertise and reserve the transfer of linguistic and cultural artefacts as well as the potentially entailed professional prestige to local practitioners.",[]],["Orthopraxies, on the other hand, served as a way to shape linguistic and cultural indexes of regional particularity, contributing to the fixation of regional identities as 'traditional' and 'authentic', and thus as something that belongs to the past, rather than the present.",[]]],"rt":[["orthodoxy",[]]],"ex":[["Orthopractic uses of punctuation, here, involve the representation of discourse units instead of grammatical ones revealing, arguably, the local collector's internalization of ways of telling laments",[]]]},{"sp":[["reliability",[]]]},{"de":[["Its characterizing features are properties of the target of the language, as compared to other types of online conflictual languages, which are defined by the intention of the author such as cyberbullying or flaming",["11","54"]]],"rt":[["conflictual languages",[]]]},{"de":[["Specifically for machine learning systems Yurrita et al. [69] have identified relevant properties, including individual empowerment, conservation, universalism, and openness.",["69"]]],"sb":[["context-dependent value",[]]]},{"de":[["They all say in effect, \"Well, there may be animals being harmed here, but what we're doing is so important, you better let us continue.\"",[]]],"ex":[["the clichéd narrative that farmers are altruistic providers for both non-human animals and human consumers",[]]]},{"de":[["redressed this oversight",[]]],"sp":[["critical animal studies (CAS)",[]]]},{"de":[["redressed this oversight",[]]],"sb":[["critical animal and media studies (CAMS)",[]]]},{"sp":[["focalization",[]]]},{"de":[["For instance, they can be shared through a process known as emotional contagion, the arousal of emotion in one individual upon witnessing the same emotion in another",["p. 15"]],["Emotional contagion is considered, by some investigators, to be a simple form of empathy",[]]],"rt":[["empathy",["p. 15"]]]},{"de":[["Emotional contagion is considered, by some investigators, to be a simple form of empathy, the ability to feel the emotional state of another from the other's perspective.",["p. 15"]]],"rt":[["emotional contagion",["p. 15"]]]},{"sy":[["dramatic focus on individuals",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["how news stories selectively present particular elements of a reported event as most salient while neglecting other perspectives",["Gamson, 1989","Fowler, 1991","Iyengar, 1991","Entman, 1993","Mills, 1995","Price et al., 1997","Fairclough, 2003","Kuypers, 2010","Patterson, 2013"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["of animals that denies them subjectivity",[]]],"sb":[["discursive objectification",[]]]},{},{"de":[["propped up by the commercial entities that profit from its perpetuation",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["critical discourse analysis (CDA)",[]]],"sp":[["critical discourse analysis (CDA)",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["prósopon",[]]]},{"de":[["This is the whole cyberspace (including Internet) and all mass media -both traditional and new media.",[]],["Scholars use the term 'infosphere' to identify the space in which the physical body, mental extensions and communicative interactions with others (including virtual ones) combine to influence our lives and phantasmatic activities, the human nervous system and, consequently, our knowledge.",["11"]],["Experts use this term to highlight how information and its sharing and processing in the Net have changed the relationships between people due to the new communication technologies",["11"]]]},{},{"de":[["a social community built on human interactions and behaviors that make sense when shared among members -they develop the same identity and carry out actions based on values, beliefs and personal meanings, share stories, tasks, interests, spaces or life projects and use a virtual environment for their sense-and meaning-building activities.",[]],["Social networks are living entities developed through symmetrical, reciprocal, flexible and open relationships.",[]],["Social networks bring together heterogeneous individuals belonging to different groups, organizations and institutions with shared interests and objectives oriented towards exchange and the common good.",[]],["This exchange determines the dynamism of social networks and the production of collective knowledge.",[]],["The Network becomes a propitious space to exercise the principles of democratic citizenship and participation as an interrelated set of intermediate groups between the individual and the state in civil society",["27. P. 139"]],["We can define social network as a 'node' in which each person presents and relates to others, showing situations of everyday life through communication and interpersonal interaction.",[]]],"sy":[["Network",[]]],"ex":[["Facebook",[]]]},{"de":[["The Network, therefore, can be considered today the underlying social platform for sharing and strengthening social values of the contemporary society.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Markedly, framing rests on selection, exclusion and emphasis as communicators choose which information to include, which to omit and which to highlight through repetition.",["35"]]]},{"de":[["framing is also a reactive process in which MFAs must contend with media depictions of events.",[]],["framing is a proactive and a reactive process as MFAs must compete with and respond to the framing of other actors.",[]],["MFAs now operate in a minute-by-minute news cycle as they constantly respond to events unfolding on the ground (e.g., Hamas' use of tunnels), negate media frames (e.g., high death toll in Gaza) and emphasise different facets of a nation's policies (e.g., new government in Gaza).",[]]],"rt":[["media frames",[]]]},{"de":[["Goffman's work suggests that framing is an instrument of power as it shapes peoples' world views, opinions and actions.",["33"]]]},{"rt":[["media logic",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["hate speech is a particular form of offensive language that considers stereotypes to express an ideology of hate",["Warner and Hirschberg, 2012"]],["hate speech is a particular form of offensive language that considers stereotypes to express an ideology of hate (Warner and Hirschberg, 2012)",["Warner and Hirschberg, 2012"]]],"rt":[["offensive language",[]]],"sp":[["offensive language",[]]]},{"rt":[["non-offensive",[]]],"sb":[["hate speech",[]]]},{},{"de":[["where complex economic issues are brought down to others who are more familiar and easy to follow and intervene with.",[]]]},{"rt":[["partnerships",["Abbas et al., 2025","Abuljadayel, 2024"]]]},{"de":[["Such framing simplifies the process of transforming the economy into simple stories of progress, and makes people think that they understand what is going on by creating continuity and repetition.",[]],["the Arab and international coverage is selective in focusing on the economic diversification, technological development, and globalization, whereas the coverage of uncertainty or a structural contestation is marginalized",["Ghanem, 2022","Almakaty, 2025"]]],"sy":[["predominant frame of interpretation",[]]],"rt":[["national branding",[]]]},{"de":[["critical to the analysis of the framing of the Saudi economic changes",[]],["assists in viewing the narrative structure of these stories",[]]]},{"de":[["key factor in determining how the population understands the economy, how it views policy effectiveness, and the general socio-economic beliefs",[]]],"rt":[["narrative frames",[]]]},{"de":[["examines the influence of media ownership and political interests in determining what is sensitized",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["supports both inductive and deductive coding, which allows combining theoretically informed categories with emergent topics in the data",[]]],"rt":[["thematic content analysis",[]]]},{"de":[["allows studying the topic of tone, representation of actors, and focus on narratives in televised discourse holistically",[]]],"rt":[["thematic analysis",[]]]},{},{"de":[["is the primary reason why many people spread unverified information, particularly in the health and safety domain (such as sharing folk remedies or warnings)",["Apuke & Omar, 2021"]]]},{},{"de":[["many users are unwilling to take the trouble to identify, verify, and spread knowledge, but rather tend to look up false information sources for their own convenience",[]]]},{},{"de":[["may lead users to share information that aligns with their preconceived notions, thereby strengthening their cognitive structure",["Allcott & Gentzkow, 2017"]]]},{"ex":[["attaching authoritative debunking links",["Badrinathan & Chauchard, 2024","Feng, 2024"]],["explaining the truth in the comments section of untrue content",["Badrinathan & Chauchard, 2024","Feng, 2024"]],["forwarding corrective information within one's own social circle",["Badrinathan & Chauchard, 2024","Feng, 2024"]]]},{},{"sy":[["information cocoon",[]]],"rt":[["information cocoon",[]]]},{"de":[["on the one hand, they can set an example through their consistent responsible behavior (such as verifying information before sharing)",[]],["On the other hand, imparting methods to identify rumors to family and friends in daily interactions can enhance the overall cognitive level of the group",[]]]},{"sy":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["echo chamber effect",[]]],"rt":[["echo chamber effect",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["categorizes users as susceptible, infected, and recovered and aims to quantify the dynamics of the spread of false information on social networks and its speed and scope on a macro scale",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["implicit violence",["Foucault 2002"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["decoding",[]]]},{"rt":[["explicit violence",["Foucault 2002"]]]},{},{"rt":[["decoding",[]]]},{"rt":[["decoding",[]]]},{"de":[["resulting from its digitisation",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["extension of the human body",[]],["medium of an extension of human faculties-the new interaction hub that provides spaces for people to share, tell stories and channel ideas, which makes virtual migration inevitable",["6"]]]},{"de":[["tend to reclaim or appropriate symbolic spaces controlled by dominant political and economic actors in society and partially overlap with acts of civic disobedience.",[]],["The political violence in this case is directed at property, at hierarchical structures, at the rules and conventions of liberal democracy and at economic, social or cultural hegemonies.",[]],["does not aim to overthrow a given regime, it is often largely symbolic in nature",[]],["aim to 'bring the illegitimacy of the private to public attention, create public debate'",["Williams 2008: 116"]],["provides both public drama, which symbolizes the issues at stake, and an element of moral suasion",["Carter 2005: 41"]],["Rather than destroy the system, such tactics first and foremost aim to 'bring the illegitimacy of the private to public attention, create public debate' (Williams 2008: 116). Activist engaging in such acts perform a type of political violence that 'provides both public drama, which symbolizes the issues at stake, and an element of moral suasion' (Carter 2005: 41); in other words protesters perform or play revolution.",["116","41"]]],"rt":[["minor sabotage",["2005: 41","Carter (2005: 41)"]],["logic of damage",["della Porta and Diani 2006: 170"]],["logic of bearing witness",["della Porta and Diani 2006: 170"]]],"sp":[["political violence",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sb":[["numbers",[]],["damage",[]],["bearing witness to injustice",[]]]},{"de":[["serve the interests of the economic and political elites by whom they are owned and as a result of this they typically defend liberal and capitalist values",["Chomsky 2002","McChesney 2008"]],["not neutral unselective recorders of events",["Oliver and Maney 2000: 464"]],["shape the public debate and by and large, it is argued, they represent dissensus in negative terms",[]],["they shape the public debate and by and large, it is argued, they represent dissensus in negative terms.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["represented the typical liberal response",[]]],"rt":[["positive frame",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Conceptually a distinction is often made between violence directed at people and damage targeted at property, at things.",[]],["extends to riots and violent clashes with the police as a result of tactical disruptions",["della Porta 1995: 4"]],["the use of unlawful force with a view to challenge the liberal consensus",[]]],"sb":[["revolutions",[]],["propaganda by the deed",[]],["insurrectionary symbolic damage",[]]]},{"rt":[["negative frame",[]]]},{"sy":[["the act of terror",[]]],"sp":[["political violence",[]]],"ex":[["suffragette movement for example enacted propaganda by the deed tactics, which was underlined by their slogan 'Deeds, not Words' and by their 'circus tactics' of smashing windows in Oxford Street or disrupting elite events",["Purvis 2005"]]]},{"sb":[["mass demonstrations",[]],["strikes",[]],["sit-ins",[]],["occupations",[]],["general disruptions",[]],["mockery",[]],["judicial activism",[]]]},{"de":[["damage as a form of political resistance and direct action by subordinate actors",[]],["part of a radical 'struggle for public visibility' (Rucht, 2004: 27)",[]]],"sy":[["tactics of symbolic damage",[]]],"ex":[["The spectacle of symbolic damage enacted by the protesters exposed the exuberant passion and anger of the student protesters concerning political choices made by democratically elected representatives against their interests.",[]]]},{"de":[["emotions such as fear and anger are deliberately utilized in political campaigns to sway public opinion.",[]],["emotional stimuli, such as fear and hope, influence public attitudes by resonating with people's fears and aspirations.",[]]]},{"de":[["emotional triggers, especially in historical contexts, are deliberately employed in Romanian disinformation initiatives.",[]],["prioritized content featuring references to Romanian historical and cultural events, particularly those capable of eliciting strong emotional responses such as anger, fear, nostalgia, or national pride.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["System 1 thinking",[]]]},{"de":[["la comunicación es una de las actividades definitorias de cualquier movimiento social",[]]]},{"de":[["implicó no sólo mostrar y visibilizar a los escuchas que lo sucedido a una persona podía sucederles a otras o que lo experimentado no era particular de un sólo individuo -ya fuera mujer u hombre-, sino también empezar a generar una postura crítica frente a las situaciones y a las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres, así como frente a la jerarquización implícita en dichas diferencias, la dominación y la subordinación.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["citation bias",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The term, they argue, has come to signify several non-specific outcomes from participating in a study. It is superfluous and truistic, and too vague to be useful",[]],["Citing while applying the Hawthorne Effect in methodological discussions is presumably more frequent than citing it with the intent of criticizing it.",[]],["describing an increase in productivity due to social position and social treatment",["22"]]],"sy":[["placebo",[]]]},{"de":[["How can such misconceptions persist and proliferate within the inimical environment of academic criticism?",[]]],"ex":[["the low risk of addiction from opioids prescribed for chronic pain [1]",["1"]],["the 'Patient Zero' supposedly responsible for the U.S. AIDS epidemic [2]",["2"]],["the Yerkes-Dodson law [3,4]",["3","4"]],["the endless behavioral loops of the digger sphex [5]",["5"]],["the Learning Styles [6,7]",["6","7"]],["the Learning Pyramid models [8,9]",["8","9"]],["the Hawthorne Effect [10]",["10"]],["the low risk of addiction from opioids prescribed for chronic pain",["1"]],["the 'Patient Zero' supposedly responsible for the U.S. AIDS epidemic",["2"]],["the Yerkes-Dodson law",["3","4"]],["the endless behavioral loops of the digger sphex",["5"]],["the Learning Styles",["6","7"]],["the Learning Pyramid models",["8","9"]],["the Hawthorne Effect",["10"]]]},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["In one study, researchers assessed people's beliefs before and after the 1984 general election and found people misremembered having believed that the eventual winner had a higher chance of winning than they had reported earlier",["Powell, 1988"]]]},{"de":[["memory for past attitudes can be biased by current attitudes",[]],["those that acknowledged the possibility were actually less likely to demonstrate it",[]],["The strength of these memory biases may help explain how a divisive primary can still lead to a unified base in the general election; voters may have forgotten or misremembered how much they disliked the nominee in the past, making supporting that candidate easier.",[]]]},{"de":[["People's pre-existing attitudes or stereotypes impact their likelihood of remem bering false information that coheres with these beliefs",["Lenton et al., 2001"]]],"rt":[["false memories",[]]],"sp":[["Memory bias",[]]]},{},{"de":[["To ensure that CS has a distinct argument and a clear evidence structure, we propose a claimguided pipeline",[]]]},{"de":[["CS can fight hate speech (HS) and reduce its negative impact on social media while still allowing free speech",["Chung et al., 2023"]]],"sb":[["humor",[]],["rhetorical questions",[]],["evidence-supported",[]],["evidence-supported counterspeech",["Benesch et al., 2016"]]]},{"sp":[["hallucinations",[]]]},{},{"de":[["faithfulness has multiple aspects of meaning: (1) Faithfulness to Hate Speech: The CS must directly address and rebut the input HS, clearly pointing out its errors, biases, or inaccuracies.",[]],["(2) Faithfulness to the Claim: The CS should be consistent with the input claim, revolving around it and ensuring it stays true to the claim's main points and facts.",[]],["(3) Faithfulness to the Evidence: The CS must accurately reference and interpret the provided evidence to support the claim, enhancing its persuasiveness and credibility.",[]]]},{"de":[["In evidence-supported CS generation, this primarily manifests in two aspects: the inability to effectively rebut the HS and the failure to correctly utilize the given evidence",[]]],"sp":[["hallucinations",[]]]},{"sp":[["Faithfulness",[]]]},{"sp":[["Faithfulness",[]]]},{"sp":[["Faithfulness",[]]]},{"sb":[["Factuality hallucinations",[]],["faithfulness hallucination",["(Hu et al., 2024)"]]]},{},{"de":[["Its mission is to enforce the deep representations to be maximally informative for predicting the labels of the main task, and meanwhile to be minimally discriminative for predicting sensitive attributes",["Du et al. 2019"]],["Its mission is to enforce the deep representations to be maximally informative for predicting the labels of the main task, and meanwhile to be minimally discriminative for predicting sensitive attributes (Du et al. 2019).",["Du et al. 2019"]]]},{},{"rt":[["provider-side fairness",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["This space enables the discussion of Indigenous issues on Indigenous peoples' terms.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It acknowledges that Indigenous journalism is not necessarily the same in every Indigenous community and will likely differ depending on specific political, economic and cultural circumstances, offering a multi-facetted view of different types of Indigenous journalism.",[]]],"rt":[["the empowerment role of Indigenous journalism",[]],["the ability to offer a counter-narrative to mainstream media reporting",[]],["journalism's role in language revitalisation",[]],["reporting through a culturally appropriate framework",[]],["the watchdog function of Indigenous journalism",[]]],"sp":[["journalism",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["journalism is a cultural resource and is culturally contextualised",[]]]},{"rt":[["journalism",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["subgénero",["De Felipe y Sánchez-Navarro, 2000"]]]},{"de":[["el estereotipo se pauta conjuntamente con la ampulosidad, el chiste, las réplicas agudas, las analogías y la denuncia",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["La reacción es la clave que busca el sensacionalismo, llevada al extremo por Network, donde el protagonista anuncia su suicidio para promocionar el show: \"Será emocionante y divertido\", sin saber que será asesinado en directo por este mismo fin.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["celebrity endorsers",[]]]},{"de":[["meticulously constructed Q set",[]]],"rt":[["Q methodology",[]]]},{"de":[["media attributes such as source attractiveness and perceived trustworthiness (Giffin, 1967;McGuire, 1985;Hall, 2015) may have contributed to these young consumers leaning toward social media as a reliable information source",["Giffin, 1967","McGuire, 1985","Hall, 2015"]]],"rt":[["perceived trustworthiness",["Giffin, 1967","McGuire, 1985","Hall, 2015"]]],"sp":[["Source Credibility",[]]]},{"rt":[["attractiveness",[]],["trustworthiness",[]],["expertise",[]],["source attractiveness",[]],["source trustworthiness",[]],["source expertise",[]]],"sb":[["source attractiveness",[]],["source trustworthiness",[]],["Source expertise",[]]]},{"de":[["the extent to which these consumers rely on source expertise (McCroskey, 1966) is debatable.",["McCroskey, 1966"]]],"sp":[["Source Credibility",[]]]},{"sp":[["Source Credibility",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["how a story is covered",[]]],"sp":[["overall bias",[]]]},{"sy":[["topic selection",[]],["what is covered",[]]],"rt":[["selection bias effect",[]]],"sp":[["overall bias",[]]],"ex":[["This suggests they tend to select stories that are biased more towards Republicans and away from Democrats, a selection bias effect.",[]]]},{"rt":[["unimodal",[]],["bimodal",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["party identity",[]]],"rt":[["ideology",[]]]},{"de":[["Partisanship is easily conflated with party ID using a unidimensional conceptualization of ideology, but not with a multi-dimensional one.",[]]],"sy":[["party identity",[]]]},{"de":[["is the undercurrent of propaganda and misinformation",["Vicario et al., 2019","Bessi et al., 2016","Stanley, 2015"]],["It can congest essential democratic functions with an increase in the divergence of political ideologies.",[]],["The divergence in ideology, i.e., polarization",[]]]},{"ex":[["socially liberals become also economically liberal",["Fiorina and Abrams, 2008"]]]},{"de":[["In Western politics, these worldviews translate into a multi-dimensional construct that includes: equal opportunity as opposed to economic individualism; general respect for tradition, hierarchy and stability as opposed to advocating for social change; and a belief in the un/fairness and in/efficiency of markets",["Jost et al., 2009"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["style transfer",[]]],"ex":[["\"The event was kid-friendly for all the mothers working in the company\" → \"The event was kid-friendly for all the children working in the company\"",[]]]},{},{"de":[["while clickbait generates clicks, it often leads to dissatisfaction when content doesn't meet expectations",[]]]},{"de":[["Cakmak, Okeke, Onyepunuka, et al. (2024b) further explore content drift and its implications for content diversity.",["2024b"]]]},{"de":[["where more popular videos are recommended more frequently, leading to higher user engagement regardless of the original topic",[]]]},{},{"de":[["showing how quickly the algorithm shifts focus from relevant topics to broader, unrelated ones",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Metaphors in non-literary writing give a sincere reflection of thought and culture",[]],["using metaphor in 'sports talk' enhances precision in communicating meaning",["5","6"]],["metaphor has become a defining feature of football language.",[]],["For cognitive linguists, Lakoff [30] reports that metaphor is not restricted to literary texts, but it is pervasive in language, and it is thus interpreted effortlessly [28]",["30","28"]],["Metaphor is a Greek word, and it originally means 'transfer'",["28"]]]},{"de":[["In one news report, a number of source domains might be employed in a coherent way, as an instance of mixed metaphor, to strengthen one's argument and support their stance.",[]]],"rt":[["source domains",[]]]},{"ex":[["The winning team is ahead; The losing team is behind",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["armies",[]],["battalion",[]],["fighting",[]],["killing",[]],["missiles",[]],["spoils",[]],["catapults",[]],["occupation",[]],["invading",[]],["guillotine",[]]],"ex":[["players are fighters (15), warriors (17), snipers (4), killers (13)",[]],["players are warriors because they are brave enough to break into a fortified area to get some spoils (i.e., accomplishments), as in example 9, or invade an area (8)",[]],["matches are of value, like wars, because one can get points (i.e., spoils), as in Example 5",[]],["goals can kill like killers (14), but time can kill, too (1)",[]],["goals are perceived as bombs (3)",[]],["Goals are also catapults that can destroy fortresses (i.e., goals or pairs of posts with nets), as in example 7",[]],["firing the coach after losing consecutive matches can be psycho-logically devastating, and thus it is compared to executing victims after wars using a guillotine (2)",[]]]},{"de":[["In our study, we focus on young adults' proactive attitudes and their capability to act against the spread of misinformation and fake news they encounter online. We emphasise the importance of their ability to shape outcomes rather than merely exchange information, whilst also evaluating such behaviours with regards to their own beliefs and attitudes",["Hainz et al., 2016"]]],"sy":[["autonomy",["Bennett et al., 2023"]]],"sb":[["the level and directness of casual involvement or value alignment",["Birk et al., 2016","Lazar et al., 2017","Mentis et al., 2019","Valencia et al., 2020"]],["the sense of agency in triggering events",["Kasahara et al., 2019"]],["the timescale of agency manifests, from momentary to lifelong",["Cornelio Martinez et al., 2017","Foley et al., 2019"]],["individual independence versus social interdependence",["Garg, 2022","Güldenpfennig et al., 2019"]]]},{"de":[["can be seen a process of human disempowerment",["Park et al., 2024"]]]},{},{"de":[["Research similarly emphasises the harmful role of online bystanders, whose actions can intensify tensions and extend real-world conflict into virtual realm, particularly on social media",["Joelsson and Bruno, 2022"]]]},{"de":[["as another form of Audiovisual Manipulation",[]]],"rt":[["Audiovisual Manipulation",[]]],"sp":[["Audiovisual Manipulation",[]]]},{"de":[["This encompasses their collaborative interactions with online information and the reciprocal effects and influences exerted on every receiver and reader of that information.",[]]],"sp":[["agency",[]]]},{},{"de":[["W1P12 (computer science) noted that individuals in echo chambers 'only got a partial awareness' and 'tend to only look at news or only hear the views of people that agree with them'.",["W1P12 (computer science)"]],["enclosed online communities",[]],["small, enclosed online communities",[]]],"sy":[["filter bubbles",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["slow thinking",[]]]},{"de":[["small, enclosed online communities",[]]],"sy":[["echo chambers",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["Fast thinking",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["These frames directly influence the meanings and inferences we attach to the information we receive.",[]]]},{"de":[["Covert sexist communication is powerful because it helps speakers shape their worldview as shown in the following two case studies.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["sexist communication",[]]]},{"de":[["Some lexicons (Strauss & Allen 2008;Hinojosa et al. 2016) may also include information about the intensity of the polarity (e.g., high positive sentiment for birth) and/or specific emotions associated with the words (e.g., birth is associated with joy).",["Strauss & Allen 2008","Hinojosa et al. 2016"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["The main goal of sentiment analysis is to understand the general attitude of a text or dataset in relation to a specific topic.",[]]],"sy":[["emotion analysis",[]],["opinion mining",[]]],"rt":[["emotion analysis",[]],["opinion mining",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["knowledge-oriented methods",[]]]},{"de":[["The key features of this activity are deception, aggression, and negative disruptive actions, and the measure of success is to gain as much audience attention as possible",["3"]]]},{},{"de":[["edutainment content adjusts to the ideological dynamics of the socio-political reality in China in the tide of globalization and digitalization",[]],["edutainment is not only associated with games, but also online videos in which hybrid multilingual and multimodal online texts are utilized",[]],["Edutainment is now working as a genre of learning knowledge by which expert discourse is re-mediate in online edutainment videos with a mixed feature of formal and informal register and closer interaction with the audiences",["Santini 2015"]],["With the three characteristics: teacher-centered approach of education, consumer-centered content production, and ideological values embedded in academic analysis and hard facts, edutainment can be seen as a new structuring of political knowledge and a new genre of political discourse.",[]],["With the three characteristics: teacher-centered approach of education, consumer-centered content production, and ideological values embedded in academic analysis and hard facts",[]],["The features of edutainment are shown through intellectuals' scientific use of data and statistics, their identity as professionals, their language register, their self-branding strategy, and dressing style, which are all resources to construct the genre of their linguistic activity.",[]],["Edutainment as a genre of political discourse enhances the authority of political knowledge, which is never neutral and without value judgments.",[]],["Self-branding and the genre of edutainment as two dimensions of communication determine the scope and scale of social interaction of political discourse in the knowledge economy.",[]]],"rt":[["political discourse",[]],["knowledge dissemination",[]],["hybrid type",[]],["genre of learning knowledge",[]]]},{"de":[["In Foucault (1972)'s power-knowledge structure, knowledge is a key means of exercising power to mobilize various economic, social and cultural resources.",["1972"]],["discursive formations allow some thoughts and actions but occlude others, which means knowledge itself is an ideological work.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["ciberativismo",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["desconstrução ou no desmantelamento de um certo campo das ideologias, com a consequente produção progressiva da verdade pela ciência.",[]]]},{"de":[["relacionada à etimologia da palavra 'imaginação' (do latim imaginatione-, <imagem>)",[]]],"rt":[["imaginação",[]]]},{"rt":[["imaginação",[]]],"sp":[["imaginação",[]]]},{"de":[["apresenta um caráter complexo, que, por um lado, lida com sentidos afetivo-emocionais de integração do indivíduo a uma determinada realidade; por outro, lida com um certo signifi cado lógico-ideológico -uma 'visão de mundo' -que, baseado em uma (suposta) coerência, fornece orientação e justifi cativa racional para certas condutas e comportamentos.",[]],["bloqueia nosso conhecimento porque apenas reproduz nossa realidade, mas dando a ela aspectos sedutores, mágicos, embelezados, cheios de sonhos que já parecem realizados e que reforçam nosso presente como algo inquestionável e inelutável.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["um processo cognitivo de conhecimento intencional, a percepção se constitui em uma prática agentiva, guiada por nossos interesses particulares.",[]],["a percepção é também um processo sociocultural complexo, do qual só tomamos conhecimento quando aprendemos sobre os espaços socioculturais nos quais estamos inseridos, que, de alguma forma, nos ensina o que 'ver'",["Kalantzis et al., 2020, p. 252"]]],"rt":[["imaginação",[]]]},{"de":[["os homens estão vinculados a se manifestar eles próprios como objeto da verdade, está vinculado a regimes políticos, jurídicos etc",[]],["validam a 'verdade' por meio de estatutos político-jurídicos do que as instituições referendam como verdadeiro, submetendo os indivíduos aos seus procedimentos normativos relacionais de poder e de saber.",[]],["Os regimes de verdade, por conseguinte, validam a 'verdade' por meio de estatutos político-jurídicos do que as instituições referendam como verdadeiro, submetendo os indivíduos aos seus procedimentos normativos relacionais de poder e de saber.",["Foucault, 1979, p. 93","Foucault, 1979"]]]},{"de":[["Agenda-setting theory suggests that the media not only informs individuals about how to think, but also guides their choices regarding which issues to focus on and contemplate",["35"]],["Hence, the content and manner of news reporting shape the public's understanding and the level of importance attributed to specific issues, thereby impacting public opinion on social topics",["36"]],["as the main opinion leaders, the official media play an important role in the spread of epidemic information and bear the responsibility of monitoring public opinion and persuasion after an event",[]],["it can be difficult for the media to determine the public's perception of an event, but they can influence public opinion about the facts and the order in which information is discussed by providing specific information or structuring the issue",["33"]],["distinguished by the different entities that determine the importance of issues",["34"]]],"rt":[["public agenda-setting",["34"]],["policy agenda-setting",["34"]],["media agenda-setting",["34"]]],"sb":[["public agenda-setting",["34"]],["policy agenda-setting",["34"]],["media agenda-setting",["34"]]]},{"de":[["Lifecycle theory was initially applied to product iteration and economic development. In recent years, some scholars have introduced this theory to the field of emergency information management and control of public opinion",["17"]],["Among them, the five-stage lifecycle model is the most common, containing the following stages: budding stage, spread stage, outbreak stage, recession stage, and long-tail stage (see Fig 2 for details).",[]],["In existing studies, after induction, the life-cycle model of information is typically divided into four, five, or six stages [20]. Among them, the five-stage lifecycle model is the most common, containing the following stages: budding stage, spread stage, outbreak stage, recession stage, and long-tail stage",["20"]]],"sb":[["budding stage",[]],["spread stage",[]],["outbreak stage",[]],["recession stage",[]],["long-tail stage",[]]]},{"de":[["The current study specifically focused on media agenda-setting, which refers to the influence of media on public attention and ideology.",[]]],"sp":[["Agenda-setting theory",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Some media outlets selectively highlighted the negative effects of the pandemic, deviating from the reality of the news events and hindering a comprehensive and objective depiction of the overall situation",["45"]]]},{},{"de":[["historically originated from United States politics, but in recent years has taken root in social media as a means of evading hate speech detection systems and maintaining plausible deniability.",[]],["their use remains a consistent signal of a speaker's underlying prejudices, whether in the domain of American politics or otherwise.",[]],["a means of political manipulation that encourages people to act on existing biases and vote for policies against their own interests",[]],["dog whistles were used to manipulate voter's racial animus after overt racism was not acceptable",["Haney-López, 2014"]],["Dog whistles are used to promote discrimination in both formal and informal environments.",[]],["The use of this coded language allows speakers to maintain plausible deniability and bypass hate speech detection systems when used online.",[]],["Dog whistling historically originated from United States politics, but in recent years has taken root in social media as a means of evading hate speech detection systems and maintaining plausible deniability.",[]]],"rt":[["coded communication",[]],["coded language",[]],["coded speech",[]]],"sb":[["unintentional dog whistles",[]],["formal dog whistles",[]],["informal dog whistles",[]]],"ex":[["the word \"soy,\" which in most contexts refers to a soybean product, but can also serve as a dog whistle to denigrate liberal or establishment Republican men for perceived feminine attributes, as in \"That guy has soy face.\"",[]],["Racist, Transphobic, and Anti-Vax dog whistles",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["unintentional dog whistle use",[]]]},{"sy":[["referential speech",[]]]},{"sp":[["dog whistle",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sb":[["identification of the problem (how the event is seen, its positive or negative value)",[]],["identification of a cause of the problem (causal interpretation)",[]],["moral evaluation (an assessment of these causes)",[]],["suggestions for dealing with the problems (recommendations on how to handle the problem and/or to predict its result",[]]]},{"de":[["It is technically impossible for a journalist to present the entire picture, i.e., only parts of important events (happenings) in a story (news) become objects of journalists' framing [26].",["26"]],["by using special frames that limit the selected information and determine the focus of attention (what perspectives journalists use when selecting issues and writing reports)",["20"]]]},{},{"de":[["the geopolitical model of a multipolar world order is to replace the existing paradigm dominated by one civilization which extends throughout the world under the slogans of globalization, Westernization, Americanization, universalization, standardization and liberalization.",[]],["multipolar world consisting of new centers of power",[]],["multipolarity is considered a possible future option -with an increasing number of poles, which would minimize the risk of confrontation between two different poles and international politics from a zero-sum game.",[]],["Supporters of the multipolar world consider events as determined not by the actions or interests of a global hegemon but by the competing interests of various centers of power.",[]],["supporters often argue that a multipolar world implies that countries with equal power work together to realize their interests, which makes this world more peaceful and desirable for everyone",["24"]],["develops due to the rapid growth in several countries, which contributes to the global transition from the existing paradigm dominated by one civilization under the slogan of globalization, Westernization, Americanization, universalization and liberalization to the state of multipolarity as not opposed to but rather ignoring the West",[]]],"sy":[["multipolar world order",[]]],"rt":[["unipolarity",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["культурная трансмиссия",[]]]},{"de":[["функционализм представляет собой один из наиболее критикуемых и упрощенных подходов к рассмотрению функционирования медиа в современном мире",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["We propose and study Language Agency as a novel metric for bias evaluation in LLM-generated professional documents.",[]]],"sp":[["biases in language style",[]]]},{"de":[["Our method uses language formality as a proxy to reflect the level of language professionalism.",[]]],"sp":[["biases in language style",[]]]},{"de":[["Our method uses positive sentiment in language as a proxy to reflect the level of excellency in language.",[]]],"sp":[["biases in language style",[]]]},{"sb":[["Language Formality",[]],["Language Positivity",[]],["Language Agency",[]],["biases in Language Formality",[]],["biases in Language Positivity",[]],["biases in language agency",[]]],"ex":[["For instance, we can say that bias in language style exists if the language in model-generated documents for males is significantly more positive or more formal than that for females.",[]]]},{"sb":[["biases in word choices",[]]]},{"sb":[["biases in nouns",[]],["biases in adjectives",[]]],"sp":[["Biases in Lexical Content",[]]]},{"rt":[["agentic",[]]],"ex":[["great to work with",[]],["communicates well",[]],["kind",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["bias exacerbation in model hallucination along the same three dimensions as in Section 4.3.4, through t-testing on the percentage of formal, positive, and agentic sentences in the hallucinated content compared to the full generated letter.",[]]],"rt":[["bias propagation",[]],["Bias amplification",[]]]},{"rt":[["Agentic characteristics",[]]]},{},{},{},{}] |