MBDef 1.0.0: Explorer data for exactly the released rows, map and topics made on them
714cbfe verified | [{"rt":[["ideological bias",[]]],"sb":[["gatekeeping bias",[]],["coverage bias",[]],["statement bias",[]],["selection bias",[]],["presentation bias",[]]]},{"de":[["The media-level slant thus could differ across issues",["Ganguly et al., 2020"]]]},{},{"de":[["Presentation bias has been characterized from diverse perspectives, including framing (Entman, 2007), visuals (Barrett and Barrington, 2005), sources (Baum and Groeling, 2008), tone (Soroka, 2012), and more.",[]],["driven by the choices of newsmakers",[]]],"sp":[["media bias",[]]]},{"de":[["driven by the choices of newsmakers",[]]],"sp":[["media bias",[]]]},{"sp":[["media bias",[]]]},{"de":[["social movements strive to attract new members and supporters and strengthen their position in the public debate.",[]]],"rt":[["status quo frames",[]]],"sb":[["motivational framing",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"de":[["Therefore, the current state of affairs is questioned and social change is promoted with this collective action frame",[]]],"rt":[["tolerance frame",[]]],"sp":[["collective action frames",[]],["collective action and status quo frames",[]],["collective action frame",[]]]},{"de":[["Frames structuring media discourse can either support the prevalent cultural understandings of certain phenomena or challenge these dominant perceptions.",[]]],"rt":[["status quo frames",[]],["collective action frames",[]]],"sb":[["collective action frames",[]],["status quo frames",[]],["equality frame",[]],["victim frame",[]],["morality frame",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["References to morality, God, or religious tenets;",[]],["References to traditions of the society.",[]],["The morality frame can be regarded as a prerequisite of the propaganda frame, as its use was reduced heavily after the legislature banning propaganda of homosexuality was introduced.",[]]],"rt":[["equality frame",[]],["victim frame",[]],["propaganda promoting homosexuality frame",[]]],"sp":[["status quo frames",[]],["collective action and status quo frames",[]]]},{"sp":[["collective action frames",[]]]},{"de":[["it appeals to the letter of the law as well as to moral authority. Secondly, it includes the notion that 'homosexuals' intend to influence the public, namely minors, in such a way that observers turn homosexual.",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["meaning work",["613"]],["the politics of signification",["1982"]]]},{"de":[["Thus, the tolerance articulation cannot be regarded as a collective action frame.",[]]],"rt":[["equality frame",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"de":[["It has been noted that victimization is highlighted in the discourse of LGBT activists in order to provide a link to the human rights discourse",["Pronkina 2016"]]],"sp":[["frames",[]],["collective action and status quo frames",[]],["collective action frames",[]]]},{"sp":[["information disorder",["11"]]]},{"de":[["By their nature, distorted or misleading statements are opinions -\"[y]ou can argue that the selection and presentation of facts are inappropriate, but you cannot prove them to be false\".",["81"]]],"rt":[["false statements",[]],["opinions",[]]]},{"de":[["Fake news can appear in the form of harmless jokes and satire, politically motivated propaganda, fake news motivated by hatred towards a certain social group, whose goal is to create an atmosphere of intolerance and violence, or fake news published with the aim of gaining certain financial benefits.",[]],["The term fake news is not unambiguous, and numerous dilemmas and problems arise when trying to define and distinguish it from other similar terms.",[]],["The increasing prevalence of fake news due to the development of information and communications technologies that enable rapid dissemination and the growing influence of fake news on people's attitudes and behavior has contributed to scholarly interest in studying this phenomenon.",[]],["fake news occurs in different forms, has varying degrees of veracity and varying degrees to which the creator of fake news intends to mislead readers.",["25"]],["fake news can cause people to think and behave differently than they would if they were properly informed.",[]],["publishing fake news corrodes public discourse by creating the necessary circumstances for narratives of false equivalency.",["37"]],["the contemporary phenomenon of fake news is often just an incidental reference to political and social topics, while the main goal of releasing such content is actually to attract advertisers",["87"]],["Extremely complex phenomenon of fake news influences people's behavior and attitudes, political processes, and the realization of human rights, and can have numerous consequences at individual and societal levels.",[]]],"sy":[["rumor",["9"]],["misinformation",["9"]],["disinformation",["9"]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["misinformation",[]],["propaganda",[]],["information disorder",[]],["mis-and disinformation",["27"]],["rumor",[]]],"sb":[["fake news in the strict sense (false news)",[]],["fake news in a wider sense (distorted news)",[]],["satire, parody, fabrication, manipulation, propaganda, and advertising",["26"]],["\"satire or parody\", \"misleading content\", \"imposter content\", \"fabricated content\", \"false connection\", \"false content\" and \"manipulated content\"",["27"]],["satire or parody",["27"]],["misleading content",["27"]],["imposter content",["27"]],["fabricated content",["27"]],["false connection",["27"]],["false content",["27"]],["manipulated content",["27"]]],"ex":[["Pizzagate affair",["6"]],["fake news about Pope Francis' endorsement of Donald Trump for president",["7"]],["The Pizzagate affair",["6"]]]},{"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["the term infodemic is increasingly being used to describe the circumstances in which we live from an informational perspective.",[]]],"rt":[["post-truth era",["30"]]]},{"sy":[["fake news",["11"]]],"rt":[["mis-information",[]],["Dis-information",[]],["mal-information",[]]],"sb":[["mis-information",[]],["Dis-information",[]],["mal-information",[]]]},{"sp":[["information disorder",["11"]]]},{"sp":[["information disorder",["11"]]]},{"de":[["States Parties are obliged to create a favorable environment for all interested parties to participate in public debates and to allow them to express their ideas and opinions without fear, even if those ideas and opinions are at odds with those held by the authorities or a substantial section of the public, or even if they are irritating or shocking to the latter",["60"]]]},{},{"rt":[["facts",["78"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["the effects of media framing of political and social issues, especially protests and social movements have become the considerable interest of research areas in the field.",[]]]},{"sy":[["media framing of protest movements",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["means that some signals do not get through while others do.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["agenda-setting",[]],["framing",[]],["priming",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Rather, in line with the cognitive psychology literature, we relied on the concept of media storms",[]]],"sy":[["media hypes",[]],["media waves",[]]]},{"de":[["constituting surges in news coverage over the theoretical threshold needed to heighten the effect of media attention on political attention",[]],["reinforce the positive effects of media coverage on the political agenda: when the news suddenly devotes a lot of attention to a topic, Congress goes into overdrive as well, increasing its hearings about the topic at a much higher rate.",[]],["The media storm variable, though, also takes the explosiveness and the duration of exceptionally high media attention into account since we expect these two elements to increase the effect of the sheer amount of coverage.",[]],["more politically consequential, leading to hearings, when the media are in storm mode than when they are in routine coverage mode",[]],["We treat media storms as constituting surges in news coverage over the theoretical threshold needed to heighten the effect of media attention on political attention.",[]],["In the next section we define and model media storms in such a way that they capture these exact three features of external stimuli (in this case: media stories) as being recent, frequent, and salient.",[]],["in line with the cognitive psychology literature",[]]],"sy":[["media hypes",[]],["media waves",[]]],"rt":[["surges in news coverage",[]]],"ex":[["9/11",[]],["the Columbine school shooting",[]],["Hurricane Katrina",[]],["John Kerry's Swift Boat scandal",[]],["Terri Schiavo and the California gubernatorial recall election of 2003",[]],["the President Bill Clinton/Monica Lewinsky scandal",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["referring to the character of the speaker or message sender",[]]],"rt":[["pathos",[]],["logos",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Fear-based messaging, by emphasizing the severe consequences of inaction, heightens risk perception",[]]]},{"de":[["hope-based framing, by focusing on actionable solutions and emphasizing potential positive outcomes, can foster empowerment and information sharing behaviors",["McAfee et al., 2019"]]],"rt":[["collective efficacy",[]],["optimism",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Risk perception further amplifies this dynamic; it not only shapes attitudes but also fosters action when individuals feel they can mitigate threats",["Stern, 2000","Ballew et al., 2019"]],["increases participation likelihood, especially when threats seem urgent",["Leiserowitz, 2006","Stern, 2000"]]]},{"rt":[["logos",[]],["pathos",[]]]},{"de":[["In Antoine Lilti's words, the 'celebrated individual is not known simply to his family, his colleagues, his neighbours, his peers or his customers, but to a vast group of people with whom he has no direct contact, who have never met him and will never meet him, but who frequently encounter his public image' (2017,6).",[]],["celebrities are people 'well-known for their well-knownness' (1962,57).",[]]]},{"de":[["a large proportion of most populations (usually not quite a majority) are conditional norm followers",[]]]},{"de":[["credibility deficits and excesses relate to whether people are disposed, once they receive an assertion, to trust the speaker's word less than or more than the speaker deserves.",[]]]},{"de":[["credibility deficits and excesses relate to whether people are disposed, once they receive an assertion, to trust the speaker's word less than or more than the speaker deserves.",[]]],"rt":[["credibility deficit",[]]]},{"de":[["as they bestow people with undeserved epistemic privilege, and because one person's excess is often directly pitted against another's deficit",[]]],"rt":[["epistemic injustice",[]],["epistemic privilege",[]]],"sp":[["testimonial injustice",[]]]},{"de":[["view this authority as a praiseworthy attribute",[]]]},{"sb":[["testimonial injustice",[]],["hermeneutical injustice",[]],["formative epistemic injustice",[]]]},{},{"de":[["this power comes from being admired and from being the focus of a great deal of unregulated attention and trust.",[]],["First, attention provides a means by which testimony can be heard, so it influences what others believe and know.",[]],["Second, being the center of attention means that celebrities can direct attention to the testimony of others, making them conduits of testimony rather than sources.",[]],["Finally, attention provides celebrities with the power to set the agenda and determine which issues people think are important.",[]],["The fact that someone possesses this power does not mean that they should possess it.",["10"]]],"rt":[["epistemic authority",[]]]},{"sp":[["epistemic injustice",[]]]},{"sp":[["epistemic injustice",[]]]},{"ex":[["They may think and talk about their idol 'as a \"friend\", \"older sister\", \"father figure\", \"guide\" or \"mentor\"'",["Caughey 1984, 53"]]]},{},{"de":[["the wide-ranging influence of celebrities gives us good reason to view them as subject to special duties to serve as good role models. In other words, celebrities have a duty to encourage people to become virtuous rather than vicious",["Wellman 2003, 335"]],["While everyone might be subject to some kind of obligation to set a good example for others, the wide-ranging influence of celebrities gives us good reason to view them as subject to special duties to serve as good role models. In other words, celebrities have a duty to encourage people to become virtuous rather than vicious",["Wellman 2003, 335"]]]},{"de":[["highly salient objects or famous people can fulfil that requirement effectively",[]]]},{"de":[["Victims of testimonial injustice are trusted less than they deserve to be trusted because of their gender, race, class, or other identity-attribute.",[]],["those who fail to believe someone they ought to believe violate a duty to make a proper testimonial judgement (Fricker 2007, 26), so too do those who undermine the credibility of other people in ways that lead other people to violate their duty to make a proper testimonial judgement.",["Fricker 2007, 26"]]],"sp":[["epistemic injustice",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["salience magnet",[]]]},{},{"de":[["colonisers intended to establish and maintain the means to profit from the resources of the 'new' land.",[]],["Numerous authors have identified patterns of trade, missions, settlement, war, and legislative control in which indigenous law, education, political practices and language were supplanted by those of the coloniser",[]]],"rt":[["imperialism",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["identified deviance -departures from that deemed socially normal -as the prime characteristic of news stories.",[]],["the prime characteristic of news stories",["Ericson, Baranek & Chan (1987)"]],["as the prime characteristic of news stories",[]]]},{},{"de":[["precursor of \"Good Maori -Bad Maori\" categorisation",["McCreanor, 1989, p. 91"]]]},{"de":[["We regard institutional racism as both driving the processes of colonisation and as a continuing consequence of those processes.",[]],["Members of an (institutionally) racist organization may not be racist in intent, and those who represent the organization may deny that the outcomes were intended, but, if a particular ethnic group is disadvantaged, that is institutional racism.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["a more functional focus on the roles that physical and social environments play in producing and maintaining the wellbeing of populations.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["All media storytelling occurs within regnant social and discourse practices (Fairclough, 1993(Fairclough, , 1995) ) that include criteria or values that identify events or people as newsworthy, what Hall (2001, p. 338) termed \"regimes of representation\".",["Fairclough, 1993","Fairclough, 1995"]]],"rt":[["media storytelling",[]]]},{},{"de":[["B H measures the extent to which a softmax has a preference for the male or female term in a gendered pair of terms.",[]]]},{"de":[["the issue arises in defining the hate in memes. Sometimes the margins are too narrow in memes identifying from hilarious to hateful.",[]]],"rt":[["hateful",[]],["nonhateful",[]]],"ex":[["putting down a direct or indirect attack on someones race and color",[]]]},{"de":[["It is spread mostly on social media platforms, in the form of jokes, sarcasm, motivating, etc.",[]]],"rt":[["Visual-Linguistic (VL) multimodal problems",[]],["memes classification",[]]],"ex":[["Combine that caption with the image of a skunk, and it became mean.",[]],["consider a caption \"look how many people love you\" which seems good but adds that with barren land, it also becomes mean.",[]]]},{"de":[["This will tell that if the visual and text are not entailing, an independent Text or image model from state-of-the-art can successfully classify the meme.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Anytime you are not actually seeing the person who is speaking on camera it's a fair bet that the cutaway is allowing a new sentence to be formed or two different ideas to be joined together",["Bricca, 2017: 59"]],["speaks to an audience 'in a more visceral way' because it provides stronger 'evidence' than any spoken narrative",["2017: 59"]],["described the cutaway as the 'commentary' (cited in Baker 2013: 59), which, for Bricca, speaks to an audience 'in a more visceral way' because it provides stronger 'evidence' than any spoken narrative (2017: 59).",[]]],"sy":[["commentary",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["docu-soaps",[]],["conventional documentaries",[]],["hybrid gamedocs",[]]]},{"de":[["Framing devices within a visual composition signify that elements 'belong or do not belong together in some sense (Kress and Van Leeuwen 2006: 177).",["Kress and Van Leeuwen 2006: 177","2006: 177"]],["Framing devices within a visual composition signify that elements 'belong or do not belong together in some sense",["Kress and Van Leeuwen 2006: 177"]]],"ex":[["visual shape",[]],["brightness",[]],["separations of space",[]]]},{"ex":[["centre or margin, left or right",["Kress and Van Leeuwen, 2006: 177"]]]},{"de":[["that may have the 'documentary look' but exchanges 'propagandist, expositional, or analytic goals' for 'modes of intensive or relaxed diversion' (260)",["260"]]],"sp":[["documentaries",[]],["media form",[]]]},{"de":[["through factors such as 'placement' (foreground/background), 'relative size' and 'contrasts in tonal value (or colour)'",["Kress and Van Leeuwen, 2006: 177"]]]},{},{"de":[["Cutaway editing is an insidious technique of producing a visual language of poverty that is learned by television audiences by force of repetition.",[]]],"rt":[["visual grammar of spatial stigma",[]]]},{},{"de":[["importance of the 'spatial patterns of individual shots' and 'rhythmic patterns of editing' in producing visual grammar",["2006: 265"]],["to produce a 'dominant visual language', which may exert a '\"normalizing\"... influence ' (2006: 5)",["2006: 5"]]],"rt":[["information value",[]],["salience",[]],["framing",[]],["the 'syntax' of visual design",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["social roles",[]]]},{"sp":[["social roles",[]]]},{"sp":[["social roles",[]]]},{"sp":[["social roles",[]]]},{"sb":[["monopolized by men",[]],["dominated by men",[]],["monopolized by women",[]],["dominated by women",[]],["shared between genders",[]]]},{"rt":[["Stereotype",[]],["Individual fairness",[]]]},{"rt":[["stereotype",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["data bias",[]]]},{"de":[["The category label can be expressed via a noun (e.g. christian), a pronoun (e.g. she), an adjective (e.g. religious), or a name (e.g. Laura).",[]]],"ex":[["a noun (e.g. christian)",[]],["a pronoun (e.g. she)",[]],["an adjective (e.g. religious)",[]],["a name (e.g. Laura)",[]]]},{"de":[["Central to CDA is the substitution of words in a sentence using predefined word lists.",[]]],"rt":[["counterfactual sentences",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["Selection bias",["26"]]],"rt":[["Content production bias",[]],["Selection bias",[]]]},{"sy":[["CDA",[]]]},{"rt":[["Unbalanced distribution of domain and genre",[]],["Coverage bias",[]]]},{"de":[["In particular, we focus on data bias related to NLP, i.e., unstructured text data used for unsupervised learning.",[]],["The objective of our data bias pipeline is to detect and mitigate representation bias and (explicit) stereotypes in terms of a given sensitive attribute in an input text dataset.",[]],["approximate data bias for arbitrary sensitive attributes",[]]],"sb":[["representation bias",[]],["(explicit) stereotypes",[]]],"sp":[["bias",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["Derogatory/Denigrating language",[]]]},{},{"de":[["in the LLM output of specific prompts.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["or by assigning each word a pre-computed bias score.",[]]]},{"de":[["can cause the model to generate biased outputs, referred to as model bias, when it is trained or fine-tuned on such data",["1"]]],"rt":[["data bias",[]]]},{},{"de":[["substituting expected population rates for a uniform distribution.",[]],["substituting expected population rates for a uniform distribution",[]]],"sy":[["Misrepresentation",["7"]],["Unequal ground truth",["22"]],["Sampling bias",["25"]]],"rt":[["Misrepresentation",[]],["Unequal ground truth",[]],["Population bias",[]],["Sampling bias",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["measures representation bias for the sensitive attribute s in the dataset.",[]],["our approach assumes a uniform distribution of groups.",[]],["quantify representation bias across the dataset",[]],["our approach assumes a uniform distribution of groups",[]]],"sy":[["Demographic bias",["26","27"]],["Sample selection bias",["28"]],["nonrepresentative input data",["28"]]],"rt":[["Representation bias",[]],["Demographic bias",[]],["Sample selection bias",["28"]],["nonrepresentative input data",[]]],"sp":[["data bias",[]]]},{"rt":[["harmful language",["13"]]]},{},{"de":[["human biases, such as stereotypes and their representation in language, have long been studied in fields such as psychology [69], sociolinguistics, or journalism [70].",[]]],"rt":[["anti-stereotype",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Identify, assess and filter stereotypes",[]]],"sp":[["data bias",[]]]},{"sy":[["Time of creation",["29"]]],"rt":[["Time of creation",[]],["Temporal bias",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Amplification can therefore hype the notion of an ever-upward trajectory for the far right which can itself feed into perceptions of their growing legitimacy, almost encouraging a kind of self-fulfilling prophecy.",[]]],"ex":[["Research from Loughborough University (Deacon et al., 2024) showed that Farage was the third-most covered individual in the media building up to the 2024 UK general election, second only to the then-and now-Prime Ministers Rishi Sunak and Keir Starmer.",[]],["Ahead of the Swedish elections of 2018, the newspaper published a number of articles on a country otherwise rarely covered. These featured the Sweden Democrats and provided readers with dramatic headlines such as \"Sweden's far right has flourished because the elite lost touch with the people\", \"Anti-migrant feeling fuels Swedish far right as election looms\", \"The Guardian view on the Swedish elections: danger ahead\" (ibid.).",[]]]},{"de":[["Exceptionalisation and amplification already play a key role in this process because they encourage us to focus excessive energy on the most extreme examples, avoiding nuance and depth which would account for the role of mainstream actors in the process.",[]]],"rt":[["Exceptionalisation",[]],["amplification",[]]],"ex":[["We see this in the repeated equation between the far right and the socalled 'left behind'.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["such terms often facilitate the construction of the far right's self-image.",[]]],"ex":[["'populism' which became pervasive in the 2000s when talking about the far right.",[]],["'populism'",[]],["'centre right'",[]],["'pro-British march'",[]],["'protests'",[]]]},{"de":[["By identifying the bad as 'over there', we, 'over here', can rest easy knowing that it exists outside of us.",[]],["uncritical coverage through exceptionalisation, amplification and deflection is counterproductive as it divorces the far right from its contextual emergence, relative unpopularity and elite foundations.",[]]],"rt":[["amplification",[]],["deflection",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["previous research has looked at how it can be used to counter negative framing of minoritised groups",[]],["serves to diminish the harmfulness of Le Pen's politics, centring instead her 'good side' built on her own narrative.",[]]],"rt":[["trivialisation",[]]]},{"de":[["we are drawn further from viewing the far right in a negative light and instead encouraged to view it not simply as legitimate but potentially useful or even 'good'.",[]]],"rt":[["humanisation",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["normalisation",[]],["delegitimisation",[]],["legitimisation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["While perhaps not as prevalent as euphemisation, trivialisation conveys a similarly problematic message that far-right politics is a source of entertainment rather than something with serious effects for those who are targeted.",[]],["conveys a similarly problematic message that far-right politics is a source of entertainment rather than something with serious effects for those who are targeted.",[]]],"rt":[["euphemisation",[]],["exceptionalisation",[]],["deflection",[]]],"ex":[["The Telegraph article entitled \"Keeping Up with the Le Pens: the scandalous life of France's most notorious political dynasty\"",[]],["an Irish Independent article explaining the QAnon conspiracy theory",[]],["another Irish Independent article, this time regarding the minor far-right National Party's loss of gold stores",[]],["'funwashing'",[]],["reality show",[]],["drama",[]],["hilarity of the story about the 'Partys property'",[]]]},{"de":[["-of individual demographics (Cheng et al., 2023)",["Cheng et al., 2023"]]]},{},{"de":[["personas where identifying as the demographic of the persona causes a Pew survey respondent to be less likely to take its stance.",[]]],"ex":[["political liberals who support increased military spending",[]],["someone who is politically liberal but supports increased military spending, a position typically associated with the politically conservative",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["centering steerability and congruity of multifaceted personas in our analysis.",[]],["Models fine-tuned with RLHF and DPO are significantly more steerable towards all stances, especially those associated with women and political liberals.",[]],["This has led to the introduction of steerability as a property of interest in LLM research",[]]]},{"de":[["Moreover, the prevalence of ad hominem attacks and coarse language undermines the rigorous standards of burhan and ijtihad, replacing reasoned argumentation with emotional appeals and rhetorical coercion.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["This digital Orientalism not only reinforces existing power hierarchies but also disrupts the pluralistic ethos of Islamic intellectual traditions.",[]]]},{"de":[["Unlike traditional public sphere, digital public sphere transgresses and overlaps private sphere into public sphere.",[]]],"ex":[["-home‖ where any post of a user can be consumed publicly",[]],["‗profile' where any user can post their thoughts",[]],["-about‖",[]],["-photos‖",[]],["-friends‖",[]],["-group‖",[]]]},{"de":[["they are closely interconnected phenomena that have been associated with ideological entrenchment and radicalization, especially Islamic polarization, in which digital segmentation leads to exclusionary ideologies 23",["23"]],["The idea first described by Jamieson and Capella (2008) refers to the process by which people seek information that supports their beliefs while avoiding opposing viewsfoot_3",["foot_3"]],["Echo chambers can reinforce ideologies, but they largely form as a result of self-selection instead of technological determinismfoot_5",["foot_5"]]],"rt":[["filter bubbles",[]]],"sp":[["mechanism of modern digital public sphere",[]]]},{"de":[["Echo chambers and filter bubbles are the mechanism of modern digital public sphere.",[]]],"rt":[["filter bubbles",[]],["digital public sphere",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the production had instilled false consciousness to audiences, which aims to hate wahhabis on the basis of illogic reasoning.",[]],["the false ideas about Islam within social media are somehow systematically managed to induce Muslim society in Aceh to hold.",[]],["media's work is inextricably linked with producing false consciousness",[]]]},{"de":[["Studies reveal that algorithmic recommendations slightly diversify news exposure rather than foster ideological isolation 29",["29"]],["some scholars argue that filter bubbles could facilitate radicalization as they repeatedly expose users who have met such material in the past, thus making them more likely to view similar content 35",["35"]]],"rt":[["echo chambers",[]]],"sp":[["mechanism of modern digital public sphere",[]]]},{"de":[["Echo chambers and filter bubbles are the mechanism of modern digital public sphere.",[]]],"rt":[["Echo chambers",[]],["digital public sphere",[]]]},{"de":[["In such a setting, participants are guided by norms of inclusivity, equality, and mutual respect, fostering conditions conducive to consensus-building and truthseeking.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["teumeureka",[]]]},{},{"de":[["They -do not only describe a prevailing reality. They also constitute that social reality, insofar as societies are discursively enacted.",[]]]},{"de":[["This is the appraisal of al-hadith, by which a hadith can be categorised into al-hadith al-sahih, al-dhaif and al-maudhu`.",[]]]},{"rt":[["digital Orientalism",[]]]},{"de":[["While the Internet has made information more accessible to more people, it has also allowed for the proliferation of polarization, misinformation, and fragmentation 41",["41"]],["digital media might fuel partisan polarization, as partisans end up with intense negative attitudes about their political opponents, which can erode democratic deliberation 44",["44"]],["the public sphere is a contested space where truth-seeking, ethical responsibility and inclusivity must be actively defended against misinformation and division",[]],["Habermas has been criticised for neglecting religious discourse in the public sphere.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["used for instilling burhan 16 or true consciousness and against declination. It, therefore, eradicates and is against false consciousness.",[]]],"rt":[["digital public sphere",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["spin",[]]],"rt":[["spin",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Afrofuturism is an interdisciplinary field encompassing literature, film, photography, music, performing arts, and visual arts.",[]],["It serves as a space for Black liberation, empowered by science and technology and deeply rooted in African cultural elements.",[]],["the Afrofuturism genre that focuses on past and present challenges at the same time reimagining futures created from African cultural experiences",["Sabu, 2023"]],["Afrofuturism covers a wide range of creative arts, including music, photography, literature, performance and visual art that contribute to black liberation, identity and aspirations",["Sinha, 2023"]],["The genre challenges conventional narratives and offers a platform to question and reshape the stereotypical portrayals of Africa commonly seen in mainstream media.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Western cultures have infiltrated Africa and all other minority cultures across centuries via colonization, globalization, and media distribution",["Chen & Shen, 2021"]],["It most often occurs through cultural product and practice diffusion.",[]],["It has been one of the primary drivers of globalization where dominant nations and cultures overpower weaker cultures.",[]],["In the colonial era, European powers enforced their languages, religions, and cultural norms on the populations they colonized, frequently eroding and displacing indigenous cultures and traditions.",["Stuchtey, 2011"]],["This cultural dominance was not only a means of control but also a way of asserting the superiority of the colonizers' culture",["Stuchtey, 2011"]],["Cultural imperialism operates through various mechanisms, including media, consumerism, and language",["Thompson, 2022"]],["These mechanisms facilitate the spread of dominant cultural values and practices, often at the expense of local traditions.",[]],["cultural imperialism often manifests in the representation of African culture through a Western lens, leading to the exoticization and commodification of African elements, thereby stripping of their original context and repackaged for Western consumption",["Thomas, 2024"]],["It most often occurs through cultural product and practice diffusion. It has been one of the primary drivers of globalization where dominant nations and cultures overpower weaker cultures.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Individuals and institutions such as film studios, producers, and distributors play a significant role in shaping the representation and marketability of African cultural heritage in Afrofuturistic films.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Culture",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["multimodal text production",[]]]},{"de":[["It turns into an engagement instrument, arouses interest in scientific topics, creates trust in the scientific community, and reaches that large share of people that are not interested in science, but may be attracted by a video, a spectacular picture or eye-catching graphics.",[]]],"rt":[["knowledge dissemination",[]]]},{"de":[["New genres emerge thanks to the public's activity and large part of the information shared is managed by the users instead of communicators.",[]]]},{"sy":[["producer and consumer",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["hallucinations persist because these models generate language by predicting the next most likely word based on statistical patterns in training data.",[]],["outputs that are not rooted in belief, persuasion, or manipulation.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]],"sp":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"sp":[["misinformation",[]],["misinformation as content that contradicts the best available evidence, whether caused by lack of knowledge, unintentional errors, or deliberate deception",["Scheufele & Krause, 2019"]]]},{"de":[["the tone and authoritative style from hallucinated outputs may invite trust or shallow processing and thus call for collaboration with human-computer interaction scholars and practitioners on levels of individuals (microlevel), groups (meso-level), and society (macro-level).",[]]],"rt":[["Supply",[]]]},{"sp":[["misinformation",[]],["misinformation as content that contradicts the best available evidence, whether caused by lack of knowledge, unintentional errors, or deliberate deception",["Scheufele & Krause, 2019"]]]},{"de":[["addressing hallucinations requires more than correcting factual errors.",[]],["Hallucinations, on the other hand, are often digital artifacts that lack an identifiable author or agenda.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"ex":[["fake citations",["Zhao, 2024"]]]},{"de":[["working definition of misinformation as any content that contradicts the best available evidence",[]]],"sb":[["disinformation",["Fallis, 2015"]],["conspiracy theories",[]],["disinformation as intentional falsehoods",["Fallis, 2015"]],["conspiracy theories as motivated rejections of consensus and attribution of secret intent",["Uscinski et al., 2016"]]]},{"de":[["addressing hallucinations requires multi-layered effort from knowledge boundaries, data limitations, generative mechanisms, and misaligned optimization goals.",[]]],"rt":[["demand",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Within a given story, the conflict frame also stresses winning and losing (and winners and losers).",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"de":[["In this regard, a text can communicate only one frame, which can also be understood as the specific way journalists choose to affect a story's impact and reception.",[]],["Research into media frames shows that news coverage relies on a number of identifiable frames to communicate the news to audiences and that different frames can influence readers' or viewers' perceptions of public issues.",["49"]]],"sb":[["conflict",[]],["human interest",[]],["economic consequences",[]],["morality",[]],["responsibility",[]]]},{"de":[["News stories that employ this frame usually follow a narrative format that explains how a particular issue affects a group of people. By doing so, a human-interest frame personalizes, dramatizes, and emotionalizes the news.",[]],["Figenschou and Thorbjørnsrud also highlight the human-interest frame used in telling stories about individual migrants, their lives, and their destinations, and argue that the use of such a frame endows the immigrant with agency.",["55"]],["Articles coded under the human-interest frame were identified as those emphasizing stories of individual migrants and their own voices, or when said articles placed the refugees themselves at the center of the storytelling.",[]],["an analysis of news articles utilizing this frame provides insight into the forms of representations that are more humane and supportive.",[]],["News stories that employ this frame usually follow a narrative format that explains how a particular issue affects a group of people.",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"de":[["a large number of articles, especially those expressing sentiments of content, gratitude, and indebtedness, stress the agency of the Turkish actor instead of the Syrian refugee.",[]]],"rt":[["human-interest frame",[]]],"ex":[["human interest stories can be associated with journalistic techniques used in commercial, tabloid media that focuses on stories of individuals (usually celebrities) in relation to entertainment, sports, and crime",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Inclusive othering, we argue, draws attention to the ways othering and its exclusionary mechanisms can take place even when dehumanization is not the strategy pursued",[]],["constructed along a more inclusive discourse (self and other, as opposed to self vs. other)",[]]],"rt":[["victimization",[]],["benevolence",[]],["politicization of refugees",[]],["othering",[]]]},{"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"de":[["othering places groups of people (such as refugees) outside the moral order which marks the boundary between us and them",["3"]],["the construction of the \"other\" is dependent on specific understandings of the self and that the relationship between self and other is one that is constructed mostly through difference and often through conflict",[]]]},{"de":[["Importantly, as our analysis shows, the politicization of refugees impedes attempts to humanize and include them within the social fabric of the national community.",[]]]},{"de":[["Stories that adopt this frame motivate assigning blame or praise for an issue or event.",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"de":[["The agreement between the Agencies and journalists is that all these contacts are off-the-record and must not be quoted directly…… Both the Security Service and the SIS told us that they deal only with journalists who have a reputation for discretion and professionalism.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["spokesmen are understood to have access to more accurate or specialised information on particular topics than the majority of the population.",["Hall et al, 1978"]],["those in powerful or high status positions who offer opinions about controversial topic will have their definitions accepted, because such spokesmen are understood to have access to more accurate or specialised information on particular topics than the majority of the population.",[]],["Hall et al argued that the media direct the debate by giving voice to the primary definers; who then set the limit for all subsequent discussions of the topic.",[]]],"rt":[["news agenda",[]]]},{"de":[["se centra en contenido online que circula con el objetivo principal de detener esa información falsa, pero sin ofrecer, necesariamente, una explicación en profundidad",[]]],"sy":[["desmentido",["2023"]],["desmentidos",["2023"]]],"rt":[["fact-checking",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["desmentidos",[]]],"sp":[["verificación",[]]]},{"de":[["una forma de control a los políticos y generar un debate saludable en términos democráticos",[]]],"sy":[["verificación",["2023"]]],"rt":[["debunking",[]]]},{"sy":[["verificación",[]]],"rt":[["debunking (desmentido)",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["tipología de desinformación",[]]]},{"rt":[["guerras de la memoria",["Koposov, 2017"]]]},{},{"de":[["In other words, there is a lack of alignment or coherence between the entities described in the text and those visually represented",[]],["there is a lack of alignment or coherence between the entities described in the text and those visually represented",["Qi et al. 2021b","Li et al. 2021"]]]},{"de":[["News always describes events, the alignment of textual and visual events serves as a vital criterion for assessing the authenticity of news (Wei et al. 2022;Wang et al. 2018).",["Wei et al. 2022","Wang et al. 2018"]],["Within this category, the images themselves are not forged, the inconsistency often arises from excessive inference and misrepresentation in the written text for attached image.",[]],["the inconsistency often arises from excessive inference and misrepresentation in the written text for attached image.",[]],["News always describes events, the alignment of textual and visual events serves as a vital criterion for assessing the authenticity of news",["Wei et al. 2022","Wang et al. 2018"]]]},{},{"de":[["This can encompass the application of cutting-edge deepfake techniques as well as simpler forms of manipulation such as image splicing or PS. Furthermore, it also includes the simulation of images imitating official websites or tweets, representing a unique circumstance within the realm of image forgery.",[]]],"sp":[["multimodal fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["This can encompass the application of cutting-edge deepfake techniques as well as simpler forms of manipulation such as image splicing or PS.",[]],["Furthermore, it also includes the simulation of images imitating official websites or tweets, representing a unique circumstance within the realm of image forgery.",[]]]},{"sp":[["multimodal fake news",[]]]},{"sp":[["multimodal fake news",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["Miscaption",[]],["Mismatch",[]],["Image Fabrication",[]]]},{},{"de":[["A notable characteristic of real news is that its images provide support for the accompanying text, such as on-site photos of breaking events.",[]],["On the other hand, images that solely consist of text are a common image pattern found in multimodal fake news.",[]]]},{"de":[["It refers to the practice of using unaltered images or videos that depict past events, like natural disasters or gatherings, but falsely presenting them as recent events.",[]]],"rt":[["out-of-context misinformation",["Luo, Darrell, and Rohrbach 2021","Abdelnabi, Hasan, and Fritz 2022","Qi et al. 2024"]],["image-repurposing",["Jaiswal et al. 2019","Sabir et al. 2018"]]]},{"de":[["Time Inconsistency (TimeInc) maintains consistency at the entity or event level, a disparity arises at the temporal information level.",[]]],"rt":[["out-of-context misinformation",["Luo, Darrell, and Rohrbach 2021","Abdelnabi, Hasan, and Fritz 2022","Qi et al. 2024"]],["image-repurposing",["Jaiswal et al. 2019","Sabir et al. 2018"]]]},{},{"de":[["When this occurs consistently towards a specific sentiment, this can result in insidious bias against (or towards) individuals (or as we also show, racial groups.)",[]],["For instance, a popular celebrity is likely to appear in many more positive sentiment contexts than a reviled mafioso, which may mean a NMT system mistakenly associate person names with translation sentiment.",[]]]},{"de":[["pre-representational intensity",[]],["vital to grasp 'our information-and image-based late capitalist culture … characterized by a surfeit of it'",["Massumi, 2002"]],["is intimately connected to deceleration since 'there is a specific affect that is a halting … an inhibition of movement [:] anxiety'",["Dean, 2015: 96"]]],"rt":[["projectilic affect",[]]]},{},{"de":[["a digital image is more than simply an image in digital -that is, not analog -form.",[]],["more than simply an image in digital -that is, not analog -form",[]],["constantly oscillating between visual entity and digital data",["Hoelzl, 2014"]],["the image can no longer be restricted to the level of surface appearance, but must be extended to encompass the entire process by which information is made perceivable through embodied experience",["Hansen (2006)"]],["For Hansen (2006), a digital image is more than simply an image in digital -that is, not analog -form.",["Hansen, 2006"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["conjure 'open-ended processes of becomings' and reflect that 'humans, apparatuses, and tissues form an integrated system'",["Hoel and Lindseth, 2014"]],["Operative images, in Farocki's (2004) definition, are",["Farocki, 2004"]]]},{"de":[["a suspension of our attention that leads us to stitch separate fragments into continuous strands. Picnolepsia tricks us into stitching disjointed moving images into flows because our perceptual faculties allow us to taper over discontinuities in favor of the illusion of uninterrupted narrative, and narrative film has habituated us to do so.",[]]]},{"de":[["The impact of such images is best understood as a projectilic affect, an intense embodied sensation that we experience before we can represent it with words.",[]]],"rt":[["Affect",[]]]},{"de":[["When the image acts as a substitute to the subject, its role changes from 'the function of copy to the function of presence; in this sense, its attitude is no longer only mimetic or repetitive, but becomes fully operative'",["Donghi, 2014"]]]},{"de":[["spectacle inverts life because it reduces society to a mere representation of itself.",[]],["'the opposite of dialogue' (p. 23), the 'uninterrupted discourse that the prevailing order holds about itself, its laudatory monologue', in short, 'the self-portrait of power in the era of its totalitarian administration of the conditions of existence' (p. 26)",["p. 23","p. 26"]]]},{},{"de":[["Fake news is concerned with the type of racism done against Islam or Muslims which can be in the form of speech, text, news, attitude, behavior, or emotions.",[]]],"sp":[["racism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Hate speech itself can increase prejudices and stereotypes towards a group and lead to an increase in hate crimes",["Schäfer et al., 2024"]]]},{"de":[["Hate speech is a complex phenomenon with multiple dimensions that can trigger dangerous consequences in democratic societies, potentially increasing levels of violence and crime, and even leading to wars and genocidal persecutions linked to group identity",["Committee of Ministers, 2022"]],["These discourses are commonly referred to as hate speech because they incite violence and discrimination against the identity of a group of people.",[]],["The concept of hate speech itself is inherently imprecise, creating difficulties in determining what constitutes hate and what does not, depending on its levels of intensity",["Benesch et al., 2021"]]]},{},{"sy":[["antisemitism 2.0",["Oboler (2008)"]]],"rt":[["social antisemitism",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["soft news",[]]]},{"sy":[["hard news",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["informativos espectacularizados",[]],["magazines o \"programas contenedores\"",[]],["programas de parodia informativa/política o infoshow",[]]]},{"de":[["la medición de la relevancia política de un ítem noticioso puede realizarse a través de cuatro indicadores empíricos: la mención de actores sociales, de autoridades vinculadas con los procesos de toma de decisión, de un plan o programa propuesto, y de las personas preocupadas por esa decisión",["Reinemann et al., 2011"]]]},{},{"de":[["By highlighting successful interventions, collaborative efforts, and innovative solutions, constructive journalism not only informs the public about the challenges but also inspires and encourages engagement in potential solutions.",[]],["This approach can help mobilise support, raise awareness, and foster a sense of collective responsibility in addressing the complex issue of food poverty.",[]],["news production cultures need to focus on more constructive journalism approaches, which will offer a more solutions-focused paradigm in the reporting of food poverty.",[]],["The aim is to provide a more balanced and comprehensive view of the news, fostering a constructive and solutions-oriented narrative",["Bro, 2019"]]]},{},{"de":[["His approach encompasses defining the problem, identifying causes, proposing solutions, and providing a moral evaluation (Entman, 1993)",["Entman, 1993","1993"]],["involves selecting certain aspects of perceived reality to highlight in textual communication. His approach encompasses defining the problem, identifying causes, proposing solutions, and providing a moral evaluation",["Entman, 1993"]],["A framing approach enables the qualitative meanings attached to pertinent issues to emerge and allows for an understanding of the values embedded in their representation in the media (McMahon et al., 2011).",["McMahon et al., 2011"]]],"rt":[["framing theory",[]],["defining the problem",[]],["identifying causes",[]],["proposing solutions",[]],["providing a moral evaluation",[]]]},{"de":[["framing theory enables a consideration of 'a variety of perspectives' and has implications for 'multiple values and considerations'.",[]],["Specifically, they note how framing theory incubates the development of 'a particular conceptualisation of an issue or reorient their thinking about an issue'",["p. 104"]],["A framing approach enables the qualitative meanings attached to pertinent issues to emerge and allows for an understanding of the values embedded in their representation in the media",["McMahon et al., 2011"]]]},{},{"sy":[["working poor",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["new poor",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["the Fake News example was that the Labor Party was proposing a death tax",[]]]},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["misinformation",[]]],"sb":[["Fabricated content",[]],["Manipulated content",[]],["Imposter content",[]],["Misleading content",[]],["False context of connection",[]],["Satire and parody",[]]]},{"sy":[["information operations",[]]]},{"sy":[["influence operations",[]],["Cyber Operations",[]]]},{},{"de":[["it is divided into two branches",[]],["ethics of process, which focuses on public officials, the methods they use, and the institutions in which they act",[]],["ethics of policy, which concentrates on judgments about the policies and laws governments make",[]]],"sb":[["ethics of process",[]],["ethics of policy",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["In a deficit model of science communication, experts need to only inform the audience and provide data and scientific facts in an understandable way.",[]],["the deficit model assumes that scientific knowledge is superior to other worldviews",["56"]]]},{"de":[["the attitude that the public does not know enough about science",[]],["when scientists think the public knows little about science",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"sy":[["circumstances when \"people hold inaccurate beliefs, and do so confidently\"",["23 pp792"]],["any piece of information that is initially processed as valid but is subsequently retracted or corrected",["24 pp124-125"]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["distinct from disinformation, or the purposeful act of sharing misleading information",["25"]]]},{"ex":[["citing a credible source",["27","28"]],["debunking",[]],["prebunking",["29","30"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["relational approaches that prioritize fostering relationships or dialogue as a response to key science communication challenges",["20"]],["relational approaches are based on an interaction that allows for listening, acknowledgement of others' perspectives and values, and tolerance of difference.",[]],["Relational approaches promote a shared sense of community, which may drive the efficacy of responses to misinformation and the prevention of misinformation",["37"]]],"sy":[["relational strategies",[]]]},{"de":[["Such approaches are grounded in the principles of cognitive processing.",[]]],"sy":[["source-based correction",[]],["Source-based strategies",[]]]},{"sy":[["scripts",[]]],"ex":[["structure and duration of rebellion",[]]]},{"de":[["In other words, this frame relies on affective mimicry rather than ideological values, but it bridges audience sympathy with strike busting all the same.",[]]]},{"de":[["Union leaders' competency, wages, combative personalities and inconsistent statements were brought up. The solution would have been for the unions to mend their ways.",[]]]},{"de":[["Strikes were viewed as breaking the law, other regulations, or conventions or demands were presented as being in the incorrect forum or form.",[]],["Bureaucratic claims could also be used to shift blame: a politician might have done all in their power to help nurses, but this simply was not their prerogative.",[]],["The economic, health and bureaucracy frames are based on supposedly shared values.",[]]],"sp":[["ideological nurse strike frame",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This includes labour or other market imbalances and the fiscal burden of resourcing healthcare.",[]],["Solutions within this frame included below-inflation wage increases, recruiting from abroad, increasing or shortening training and privatisation.",[]],["The economic, health and bureaucracy frames are based on supposedly shared values.",[]]],"sp":[["ideological nurse strike frame",[]]],"ex":[["the UK health secretary was quoted by the Times as describing the union's demands as 'neither reasonable nor affordable', since they 'would turbocharge inflation when we are endeavouring to keep it under control' and 'have an adverse impact on people's incomes in the long run'",[]],["A Helsingin Sanomat editorial on 3 August 2022, argued, in a similar vein, that high raises for public-sector workers such as nurses 'might in the worst-case scenario mean a rapidly accelerating wage-inflation spiral'.",[]]]},{"rt":[["media frames",[]]]},{"de":[["A strike was said to impede essential care because there would not be enough staff on hand.",[]],["In the long term, higher wages were also expected to permit fewer staff on the payroll.",[]],["The economic, health and bureaucracy frames are based on supposedly shared values.",[]]],"sp":[["ideological nurse strike frame",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["All articles were analysed in terms of overall valence, or the general impression of nurse strikes evoked by reading the entire article (positive-neutral-negative, see Hamilton & Lewis 2014, 8).",[]]]},{"de":[["It suggested that despite the strikes' presently high approval, citizens and even union members would surely come to react negatively to them in time, necessitating an end to the actions.",[]]],"sp":[["ideological nurse strike frame",[]]]},{"de":[["The script portrays an ideal of nursing that is not entirely illusory but rather a one-sided abstraction from the complex reality of nursing",["Granberg 2015"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["It also encourages them to click [35].",["35"]],["The purpose of clickbait is to redirect readers to fake websites to increase traffic to websites containing ads.",[]],["It is a type of attention-grabbing title that might not reflect the content of the article [34].",["34"]],["It also encourages them to click",["35"]],["The purpose of clickbait is to redirect readers to fake websites to increase traffic to websites containing ads. It is a type of attention-grabbing title that might not reflect the content of the article",["34"]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["When a user publishes false information with malicious intent, it falls under the category of disinformation [33].",["33"]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["Fake news surfaces on social media every day.",[]],["Fake news on social media has harmed several domains, including politics, the economy, and health.",[]],["negatively affected society's stability.",[]],["fake news dissemination on social media has become a current-day issue that has attracted global attention that needs intervention and an immediate halt to its spread [5] because this issue is creating social panic and economic unrest [6]",["5","6"]],["It has been proven in studies that in comparison to authentic news, fake news on social media gets more retweets and shares, especially political news [21].",["21"]],["This nation's economy is susceptible to fake news, which is linked to the fluctuating stock market and big deals.",[]],["As an example, fake news claimed that US President Barack Obama was injured in an explosion, which led to the erasure of $130 billion worth of shares [24].",["24"]],["People also believe fake news after being exposed to them repeatedly (validity satisfies [26] or if the news satisfies their desirability bias [27], is in line with preexisting principles, bias in confirmation [28] or viewpoints (selective exposure [29]).",["26","27","28","29"]],["Literature shows that there are several types of fake news, as illustrated in Fig. 1. These are rumor, disinformation, misinformation, hoax, and clickbait [7].",["7"]]],"sb":[["rumor",["7"]],["disinformation",["7"]],["misinformation",["7"]],["hoax",["7"]],["clickbait",["7"]]]},{"de":[["This includes defrauding users and losing money [34].",["34"]],["This includes defrauding users and losing money",["34"]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["disinformation is intentional deception; we could claim its only purpose is to influence the decision-making process in a negative capacity.",[]],["Misinformation and disinformation are becoming a big hindrance while dealing with health-related issues, and the matters of informed consent.",[]]],"sy":[["Fake news",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["fake news",[]]]},{"rt":[["moral reflexions",[]]]},{"rt":[["moral reflexions",[]]]},{"rt":[["truth",[]]]},{"de":[["Fake news is used as a cover term for all kinds of intentionally fabricated news.",[]]]},{"de":[["As a legal document it is applicable in various fields of medical practice and research with the goal to protect the rights and dignity of persons.",[]],["An informed consent resides on its three critical and essential elements including voluntarism, information disclosure, and decision-making capacity.",["21"]],["Voluntariness means that an individual's decision to participate is made without coercion or persuasion.",["22"]],["Capacity relates to an individual's ability to make decisions that stems from his or her ability to understand the information provided.",["22"]],["Disclosure involves giving research participants all relevant information about the research, including its nature, purpose, risks and potential benefits as well as the alternatives available.",["22"]],["Understanding implies that research participants are able to comprehend the information provided and appreciate its relevance to their personal situations.",["22"]],["Decision is that made to participate, or not.",["23"]]],"rt":[["voluntarism",[]],["information disclosure",[]],["decision-making capacity",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["health literacy",[]],["information literacy",[]]]},{"de":[["Once the information is out there it can be picked up as misinformation by anyone and shared with others almost like a virus.",[]],["Misinformation and disinformation are becoming a big hindrance while dealing with health-related issues, and the matters of informed consent.",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{"rt":[["ethical reflexions",[]],["ethics",[]]]},{"de":[["Mittelstraß's understanding of orientational knowledge becomes an indispensable tool for critical analysis of information dissemination and its integration into decision-making in bioethics.",[]],["Mittelstraß' Verständnis von Orientierungswissen wird zu einem unverzichtbaren Werkzeug für die kritische Analyse der Informationsverbreitung und ihrer Integration in die Entscheidungsfindung in der Bioethik.",[]],["empowers individuals to critically engage with information and make informed decisions",[]],["This approach transcends mere functional literacy, fostering a deeper understanding of the complexities of contemporary issues and equipping individuals with the skills to navigate them.",[]]],"sy":[["Orientierungswissen",["14"]],["knowledge of orientation in nature and society",[]]],"rt":[["knowledge about mastering nature and society",[]],["integrative bioethics",[]],["Verfügungswissen",["14"]]]},{"rt":[["Verfügungswissen",[]]]},{"de":[["on the technological level it is a web 2.0 application for sharing content via personal profiles/accounts, but on the behavioural level it is a networking platform for interpersonal exchanges of user generated content between individuals and/or groups.",[]]],"ex":[["Forums, chat applications, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and other platforms",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["instead of talking about the science, evidence, or a specific policy",[]],["whereby instead of talking about the science, evidence, or a specific policy, a person's character is deprecated by portraying them in a bad light",[]]],"rt":[["science denial",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["the idea of fake news has existed for a very long time in relation to the different means of information dissemination.",[]],["the use of the notion as a propaganda tool",["Habgood-Coote, 2019"]]],"sy":[["-news satire, news parody, fabrication, manipulation, advertising, and propaganda",["Tandoc, Wei Lim and Ling, 2017"]]],"rt":[["news satire",[]],["news parody",[]],["fabrication",[]],["manipulation",[]],["advertising",[]],["propaganda",[]],["information disorder",[]]],"sb":[["dis-information, mis-information and mal-information",[]]]},{"de":[["fake news as a digital-age phenomenon",[]],["its three types such as dis-information, mis-information and mal-information, three phases -creation, production and distribution, as well as three elements -agent, message and interpreter.",[]]],"rt":[["creation",[]],["production",[]],["distribution",[]],["agent",[]],["message",[]],["interpreter",[]]],"sb":[["dis-information",[]],["mis-information",[]],["mal-information",[]],["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["journalism",[]]],"sb":[["journalism",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["passive deception",[]]]},{"de":[["producers of fake news content target highly engaged and visible groups or individuals, who then become proxies that distribute the deceptive messages, thus implementing a Chained Compound Attack",["55","38"]],["A victim of a deception becomes a proxy of the deceiver the instant this victim propagates the deceptive message, and whether the deception is actually believed by the victim might not matter.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["A compound model can then be modelled as a directed graph, in which states of belief in the victim are represented as vertices, and deceptions which change the state of belief as arcs in the graph [37].",["37"]]]},{"de":[["The information-theoretic covert Degradation, Corruption and Subversion models map directly into Greenberg's False Signal model",[]],["False beliefs resulting from false interpretation or false perception are produced by the covert form of Degradation, Corruption and Subversion.",[]]],"sy":[["Subversion",[]]],"sp":[["Deception",[]]],"ex":[["Corruption, that deterministically changes the victim belief",[]]]},{"de":[["Dishonest signalling was employed to manipulate victim perceptions of player reputations, in which good or bad reputations could be misrepresented as the opposite. In terms of the information theoretic models, this misrepresentation maps into the Corruption deception.",[]],["introduces a false perception",[]]],"rt":[["Subversion",[]]],"sp":[["deceptions",[]]]},{"de":[["The false message thus mimics a real message.",[]],["Successful corruption is inherently covert, as the victim remains unaware that the information is misleading [35,39]",["35","39"]],["Successful corruption is inherently covert, as the victim remains unaware that the information is misleading [35,39].",["35","39"]],["A Corruption deception amounts to fabricating a deceptive message sufficiently similar to a real message, that the victim cannot recognise the difference, so S ! 1 inside the victim's cognitive system, where S is information-theoretic similarity.",[]],["Any deception in which a falsehood is contrived to mimic a truth is represented by this model.",[]],["The Corruption model, and many instances of the Subversion model, are intended to introduce false beliefs by replacing facts, options or possible strategies with contrived alternatives, to the advantage of the attacker.",[]],["Successful corruption is inherently covert, as the victim remains unaware that the information is misleading",["35","39","35,39"]]],"sb":[["Any deception in which a falsehood is contrived to mimic a truth is represented by this model.",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["Degradation deception model",[]]]},{"de":[["The intent of a party producing a deception may or may not be to disadvantage the deceived party.",[]],["Deception aims to produce suboptimal strategies, utilities or choices in the cognitive system of the victim.",[]],["Deception impacts subjective probabilities of players, subjective utilities of players, or decision mechanisms, by means of hiding information, introducing uncertainty, introducing false beliefs, or changing how a player might interpret a situation.",[]],["Successful deceptions arise when the deceiver manipulates the channel or message in a manner, which the receiver is unable recognise or overcome, altering the receiver's perception, and thus subjective probabilities.",[]],["For simplicity, we further assume that the outcome of a deception is a discrete state change in the receiver's perception, a reasonable assumption since in practice a successful deception typically captures the receiver.",[]]],"rt":[["information-theoretic phenomenon",[]]],"sb":[["Degradation",[]],["Denial",[]],["Corruption",[]],["Subversion",[]]],"ex":[["The deception effect of increased uncertainty is produced by the overt form of Degradation, and by Denial.",[]]]},{"de":[["The information-theoretic covert Degradation, Corruption and Subversion models map directly into Greenberg's False Signal model",[]],["False beliefs resulting from false interpretation or false perception are produced by the covert form of Degradation, Corruption and Subversion.",[]],["The deception effect of increased uncertainty is produced by the overt form of Degradation, and by Denial.",[]]],"rt":[["Denial",[]]],"sp":[["Deception",[]]],"ex":[["The deception effect of increased uncertainty is produced by the overt form of Degradation, and by Denial.",[]],["Degradation, that randomly alters victim belief",[]]]},{"sp":[["deceptions",[]]]},{"de":[["This model exists in overt (active) and covert (passive) forms.",[]]],"sb":[["covert (passive) forms",[]]],"ex":[["Camouflage, concealment and hiding are covert forms of this model.",[]],["Flooding a victim with non-sensical, redundant or irrelevant data to hide actual facts are overt forms of this model.",[]]]},{"de":[["The overt Degradation and Denial models are intended to introduce uncertainty into the victim's decision process, to reduce the quality of the victim's subjective probability estimates of payoffs or risks for specific actions.",[]]],"sb":[["covert Degradation",[]],["overt Degradation",[]]]},{"de":[["False beliefs resulting from false interpretation or false perception are produced by the covert form of Degradation, Corruption and Subversion.",[]]],"rt":[["Degradation",[]]],"sp":[["Deception",[]]],"ex":[["The deception effect of increased uncertainty is produced by the overt form of Degradation, and by Denial.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This model is always overt, as the victim is aware that the means has been denied, either in a temporary or persistent manner [35,39].",["35","39"]],["A Denial deception amounts to manipulating the bandwidth term in Shannon's capacity equation, such that W ! 0, yielding in turn C ! 0.",[]]],"ex":[["A card player seating himself in front of a brightly lit window, so that his opponent cannot easily read any tells",[]],["Denial of service attacks in the cyber domain",[]],["A card player seating himself in front of a brightly lit window, so that his opponent cannot easily read any tells, would be an instance of this model.",[]],["Denial of service attacks in the cyber domain are another instance of this model.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Fake news overlaps with other information disorders, such as misinformation (false or misleading information) and disinformation (false information that is purposely spread to deceive people).",["54"]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The 'perfect information' and 'complete information' assumptions do not hold for a hypergame.",[]],["False beliefs, such as misperceptions, deceptions and surprise apply [30].",["30"]]],"rt":[["games of deception",[]]],"ex":[["False beliefs, such as misperceptions, deceptions and surprise apply",["30"]]]},{"sy":[["information-theoretic modelling approach",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["Degradation deception model",[]]]},{"rt":[["active deception",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The information-theoretic covert Degradation, Corruption and Subversion models map directly into Greenberg's False Signal model",[]],["False beliefs resulting from false interpretation or false perception are produced by the covert form of Degradation, Corruption and Subversion.",[]]],"sy":[["Corruption",[]]],"rt":[["Corruption",[]]],"sp":[["Deception",[]]]},{"de":[["This model is commonly employed for deceptions, but also is employed by parasites to compromise the basic objectives pursued by the victim.",["39"]],["Most known instances of Subversion are combined with an initial Corruption attack to first insert the self-destructive message into the victim's cognitive or decision cycle [39].",["39"]],["It is important to note that Denial via Subversion can be employed for purposes outside the scope of altering perceptions.",[]],["The Corruption model, and many instances of the Subversion model, are intended to introduce false beliefs by replacing facts, options or possible strategies with contrived alternatives, to the advantage of the attacker.",[]]],"ex":[["political or commercial deceptions using \"spin\", where the victim is encouraged to change the manner in which they interpret a message, to the advantage of the deceiver",[]],["Some of the best illustrations of Subversion are political or commercial deceptions using \"spin\", where the victim is encouraged to change the manner in which they interpret a message, to the advantage of the deceiver.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["any use of the terms 'pro-' or 'anti-Zionist' could only ever be a political judgment, based on exclusively political criteria.",[]]]},{"de":[["the Richmonds were keen to challenge Noel on topics that had been absent from the pages of the Catholic Herald.",[]]],"sy":[["one sided",[]]],"rt":[["omissions",[]]]},{"de":[["This stance, defined largely in opposition to other Christian denominations and left-wing political ideologies, including liberal democracy, led many Catholic intellectuals and clergy to naively support Fascist regimes in Spain and Italy, rendering them slow to recognise and condemn the threat posed by Nazi Germany.",[]],["This stance, defined largely in opposition to other Christian denominations and left-wing political ideologies, including liberal democracy",[]]]},{"de":[["an event named in Arabic the Nakba, or 'catastrophe.'",[]]]},{},{"de":[["any use of the terms 'pro-' or 'anti-Zionist' could only ever be a political judgment, based on exclusively political criteria.",["115"]]]},{"sp":[["affective structures",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Such affective structures draw on emotion regulation literature which generally distinguishes between adaptive and maladaptive strategies for one's mental well-being",["Cracco et al., 2017"]]],"sb":[["adaptive and maladaptive strategies",[]]],"sp":[["social media literacy",[]]]},{},{"de":[["makes them aware of the unrealistic nature of positively biased self-presentations; they are thus less likely to perceive others as similar and, therefore, as adequate social comparison targets",["Schreurs & Vandenbosch, 2021"]],["knowledge that is theoretically expected to bring about beneficial outcomes of their social media use",[]],["knowledge on the presence of the positivity bias",[]],["knowledge on the potential effects of the positivity bias",[]]],"sp":[["social media literacy",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["social media literacy",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["emotional habituation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["is characterized by an awareness of new or better possibilities",[]],["characterized by an awareness of new or better possibilities",["Thrash et al., 2014"]]]},{},{"sp":[["affective structures",[]]]},{"de":[["Traditionally, this definition understands media literacy as the ability to critically evaluate mass media",[]]]},{"de":[["social media users aim to convey a favorable self-image online",[]]],"sy":[["social media positivity bias",[]]]},{"de":[["Social comparisons have been identified as a fundamental human drive and are an overall frequently, spontaneously, and unintentionally experienced social cognition that shows both between-and within-person variability",["Gibbons & Buunk, 1999"]],["Most informative are comparisons with someone who is perceived similar to the self",["Verduyn et al., 2020"]]]},{},{"de":[["focus on adolescents' emotions in their social media interactions",[]],["The larger project examines social media use and social media literacy among adolescents.",[]]],"sb":[["cognitive and affective structures",[]],["cognitive (i.e., knowledge on the presence and the effects of the positivity bias)",[]],["affective social media literacy",[]],["cognitive social media literacy",[]],["advertising social media literacy",[]],["cognitive structures",[]],["affective structures",[]]],"sp":[["digital literacy",[]]]},{"sy":[["positivity bias",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Categories summarise assumed properties of the events, people and objects 'placed in them' and indicate socially and historically relevant similarities and differences.",[]]],"sb":[["social categories",[]],["Stereotypical categories",[]]]},{"de":[["categories are disruptive and potentially distorting, as they parcel up the world in ways which may not be absolutely accurate, or completely shared",["Marshall 2007, pp. 14-17"]]]},{"sy":[["private public",[]]]},{"sy":[["my-side bias",["Mercier & Sperber 2017, pp. 211-21"]]],"rt":[["framings",[]]]},{"de":[["It is in flux, like every other complex system, composed of other complex systems, which may not mesh well.",[]]]},{"de":[["The easier it is to create and store information, disinformation, or noise; the more will be created. 'Information' becomes so plentiful, it is difficult to find (or sort out), what is accurate or relevant. Filtering that information by what the searcher already knows, or social pressure, becomes even more likely (Marshall 2013b, p. 5-6).",["Marshall 2013b, p. 5-6"]],["Data smog intensifies the importance and effect of information groups, as information groups help filter and frame the smog, reducing the quantity of information to save time and allow social action and support identities.",[]],["The easier it is to create and store information, disinformation, or noise; the more will be created.",[]],["'Information' becomes so plentiful, it is difficult to find (or sort out), what is accurate or relevant.",[]]],"rt":[["information groups",[]]]},{},{"de":[["I do not distinguish between 'fake news', 'lies', 'disinformation', 'misinformation' and 'misunderstanding', as differentiating between those terms requires understanding the intentions of others, which is fraught.",[]]],"sy":[["lies",[]],["disinformation",[]],["misinformation",[]],["misunderstanding",[]]]},{"de":[["This framing gives information about the message, its emitter or the situation of emission, allowing ambiguities to be reduced, although not necessarily accurately.",["Marshall 2007, pp. 18-23, 311","Lakoff 2014"]]]},{},{},{},{"ex":[["viral marketing",[]],["buzz marketing",[]],["push polling",[]],["paid trolls",[]],["paid but apparently neutral contributors",[]],["think-tanks",[]]]},{"de":[["Ideally, the information group helps tell people who and what to accept and who to distrust through the experience and judgement of others",[]],["Information groups provide filters, development and background but they make information accuracy secondary to group and identity dynamics, and to relationships with other groups.",[]]],"ex":[["in the US, Republican information groups encompass libertarians, religious fundamentalists, conservatives and white supremacists",[]],["Pro-Trump Republicans particularly cluster around Brietbart, owned by Steve Bannon, part of Trump's administration (Benkler et al. 2017)",["Benkler et al. 2017"]]]},{"de":[["They tend to become automatically suspicious of other groups, and even of their own 'side', although the suspicion of their own side largely allows them to continue to support the views and alliances they already have.",[]],["In information society, communication becomes primarily strategic and identity based. People invest heavily in information groups around identities and meaning, and develop 'information paranoia', embracing an ordering of doubt or suspicion. They tend to become automatically suspicious of other groups, and even of their own 'side', although the suspicion of their own side largely allows them to continue to support the views and alliances they already have.",[]]],"rt":[["doubt",[]]]},{"rt":[["knowledge society",[]],["fake news",[]],["data smog",[]],["information blockage",[]]]},{},{"de":[["They can come to doubt everything retrospectively, making an 'order of doubt'",[]]]},{"de":[["Organisations may encourage silos for efficiency as gathering specialists together seems to support their ability to process information quickly, and reinforces skill-based community.",[]],["However, it also breaks communication and knowledge transfer within the organisation (Tett 2015).",["Tett 2015"]]],"rt":[["structural secrecy",[]]],"ex":[["This can lead to blockage of information, misdirection, misunderstanding and projection (Vaughan 1999).",["Vaughan 1999"]]]},{"sy":[["Commercial in confidence",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["categories",[]]],"ex":[["ethnicity, status, occupation, gender, knowledgeability, religion",[]]]},{"sp":[["categories",[]]]},{"de":[["This can lead to blockage of information, misdirection, misunderstanding and projection (Vaughan 1999).",["Vaughan 1999"]]],"rt":[["Organisational Silos",[]]]},{"sy":[["fuṣḥā-'āmmiyya debate",[]]]},{"rt":[["codeswitching",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["approached as an implicit metalinguistic comment (and not only as an instrumental choice)",[]]],"rt":[["language symbolism",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["nationalism",[]]]},{"de":[["National identities and languages arise in tandem, 'dialectally' if you like, in a complex process that ought to be our focus of interest and study",["24"]]],"rt":[["national languages",["24"]]]},{"de":[["National identities and languages arise in tandem, 'dialectally' if you like, in a complex process that ought to be our focus of interest and study",["24"]]],"rt":[["national identity",["24"]]]},{},{"de":[["Swedish immigration policy was primarily assimilationist in orientation",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The focus on citizenship within these political entities means that, in principle, anyone can become a member of the civic state given the right credentials. That is, civic nationalism appears to be more inclusive than its ethnic counterpart.",[]],["inclusive ideals",[]],["emphasising Durmaz's birth in Sweden, his long-standing contributions to national football, and the principles of equality and inclusivity underpinning Swedish democracy",[]],["emphasising tolerance, multiculturalism, and inclusive belonging",[]],["The focus on citizenship within these political entities means that, in principle, anyone can become a member of the civic state given the right credentials.",[]]],"rt":[["ethnic nationalism",[]],["ethnic nationalisms",[]]]},{"de":[["employing linguistic strategies that either emphasise athletes' national credentials (e.g., 'our Swedish striker') or subtly question their authenticity (e.g., 'the foreign-born defender')",["cf. Billings et al., 2011;Black andWhigham, 2020, van Sterkenburg andSpaaij, 2015"]]]},{"de":[["This perspective operates through binary inclusion/exclusion mechanisms (i.e., one either inherently belongs or does not), an approach frequently critiqued as unenlightened and exclusionary.",[]],["ethnic nationalist ideologies about authentic belonging and the right to represent a nation's collective identity.",[]],["treating ancestry and cultural origin as the decisive markers of belonging",[]],["insular and assertive",[]],["treating ancestry as decisive markers of authentic Swedish-ness",[]]],"rt":[["civic nationalism",[]],["civic/ethnic nationalisms",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Such a populist political narrative is underpinned by an ethnic-pluralist (ethnopluralism) ideology",[]]],"sy":[["ethnic-pluralist",[]]]},{"de":[["In media research, frames can be used as analytical lenses",[]],["journalists are using frames to organise strips out of the everyday world",["Lindström and Marais, 2012"]]],"rt":[["civic and ethnic nationalism",[]]],"sb":[["human impact",["Lindström and Marais, 2012","Lindström and Mariais, 2012"]],["powerlessness",["Lindström and Marais, 2012","Lindström and Mariais, 2012"]],["economics",["Lindström and Marais, 2012","Lindström and Mariais, 2012"]],["moral values",["Lindström and Marais, 2012","Lindström and Mariais, 2012"]],["conflict",["Lindström and Marais, 2012","Lindström and Mariais, 2012"]]]},{"sy":[["multiculturalism",[]]]},{"de":[["This ideological, legal, and institutional transformation marked Sweden's formal embrace of multiculturalism",[]]]},{"de":[["Scholarly discourse frequently distinguishes between the 'nation', often associated with organic connections to territory such as birthright",[]]],"rt":[["state",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["technical devices",[]]],"sp":[["analytical strategies",["Lindström and Marais, 2012"]]]},{"rt":[["rhetorical devices",[]]],"sp":[["analytical strategies",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["news media",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The second frame applied to the undeserving poor could be broadly formulated as anti-social behaviour.",[]]],"ex":[["As perpetrators of public disorder, the undeserving poor are presented as a wilful force violating the peace and quiet of the law-abiding majority.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["undeserving poor",[]]]},{"de":[["using episodic framing with extreme cases of benefit abuse or problematic behaviour",[]]],"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{"de":[["The frame most visibly applied to the undeserving poor can be referred to as fecklessness.",[]],["Consistently blamed for ignoring the basic principles of healthy diet and proper care of the body, they are portrayed as a nation of junk-food gorging, obese TV addicts with a plethora of unhealthy habits such as binge drinking and drug abuse",[]],["Another major way in which fecklessness manifests itself is the inability to establish and maintain functional relationships, leading to promiscuity, broken family life, teenage pregnancy and child neglect",[]]],"rt":[["strict father",[]],["undeserving poor",[]]]},{"rt":[["Thematic framing",[]],["episodic framing",[]]],"sb":[["Thematic framing",["Iyengar 2005: 6"]],["episodic framing",["Iyengar 2005: 6"]]]},{"sy":[["problem families",[]],["those having no stake in society",[]]]},{"de":[["The last major frame identifiable in the right-leaning coverage may be referred to as something for nothing culture",[]],["The last major frame identifiable in the right-leaning coverage may be referred to as something for nothing culture, i.e. pervasive economic and social passiveness, reliance on state assistance and a dire lack of aspiration to advance in life through paid work.",[]]]},{"rt":[["nurturant parent model",[]]]},{"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{"de":[["poverty was understood as an individual failing worthy of denouncement rather than a structural problem caused by larger economic and social forces.",[]],["reflecting their position as an anti-social segment in need of containment or elimination.",[]],["the latter comprising able-bodied non-working individuals of various types (with the exception of stay-at-home married mothers of small children, who are framed as deserving)",[]],["they are presented as a threat to society and violators of nearly all principles of decent conduct.",[]],["The dysfunctional lives of the undeserving poor are framed as antithetical to the nation's (i.e. middle-class) values of respectability and social responsibility; indeed, as a direct threat to the nation's moral health.",[]],["presented as antithetical (non-dynamic, uninventive and uncaring) to the Victorians",[]],["portrayed as incapable and self-destructive",[]],["shown as cunning manipulators, knowing their way around the system",[]],["depicted as craving consumer goods and entertainment at the expense of the piggy bank of the state",[]],["presenting the undeserving poor as actively abusing the food bank services",[]]],"sy":[["rogues",[]],["vagrants",[]],["sturdy beggars",[]]],"rt":[["deserving poor",[]],["fecklessness",[]]],"ex":[["rogues, vagrants, sturdy beggars, etc.",[]]]},{"de":[["A typical example of such behaviour is the stereotype of the \"welfare queen\" (Gilman 2014: 247).",["247"]]]},{},{"de":[["our results suggest that word embeddings don't merely pick up specific, enumerable biases such as gender stereotypes (Bolukbasi et al., 2016), but rather the entire spectrum of human biases reflected in language.",["Bolukbasi et al., 2016"]]]},{"rt":[["debiasing",[]]]},{"de":[["prejudice is a special case of bias identifiable only by its negative consequences, and therefore impossible to eliminate purely algorithmically.",[]],["We show here that prejudice is a special case of bias identifiable only by its negative consequences, and therefore impossible to eliminate purely algorithmically.",[]]],"sp":[["bias",[]]]},{"de":[["Two of its uses are in marketing to quantify customer satisfaction (say, from a set of product reviews) and in finance to predict market trends (say, from tweets about companies).",[]]],"ex":[["quantify customer satisfaction (say, from a set of product reviews)",[]],["predict market trends (say, from tweets about companies)",[]],["applying this technique to movie reviews",[]]]},{"sy":[["prejudice",[]]]},{"de":[["test the association of the target concept with some set of attribute words, analogous to WEAT above.",[]]],"rt":[["WEAT",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Such a misalignment between public action and private preference is unlikely to occur for less questionable behaviours (e.g., sharing Mainstream Media contents).",[]]],"rt":[["illusion of majority",[]]]},{"sy":[["non-spreader",[]]]},{"de":[["act as magnifiers of noise, conflicts and (mis)information spread",["22","23","24","25","26","27","28"]]]},{"sp":[["Fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["its main focus is making political advertising coherent and clear, preventing the creation of fake accounts, providing users with tools to report disinformation, and promote further research",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the term is not restricted only to news but also covers the distribution of false data via any possible means, from videos to fake accounts",["Pollicino & Bietti, 2019, p. 48"]],["Fake news is associated solely with news, while disinformation covers a wider scope of information.",[]]],"rt":[["Misinformation",[]],["information influence",[]],["foreign interference",[]],["fake news",[]]],"sb":[["Fake news",["Gelfert, 2018, p. 103"]],["parody",[]],["bad journalism",[]],["misleading news",[]],["fabrications",[]]]},{"de":[["Fabricated news may use the same language, sentence structure, titles that mimick actual media, but they may contain no or only bits of accurate information.",[]]],"sp":[["Fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["fake news is used as a term that reflects modern disputes in relation to new emerging technologies",["Kalsnes, 2018"]],["fake news is a more recent word added to the terminology, which is nowadays used to label all news posts in an online environment.",[]],["In simpler terms, fake news is a more recent word added to the terminology, which is nowadays used to label all news posts in an online environment.",[]],["Fake news is considered to be a class of disinformation",["Gelfert, 2018, p. 103"]]],"rt":[["misleading content",[]],["foreign interference in domestic politics",[]],["disinformation",[]]],"sb":[["complete fabrications",["Francis, 2018, p. 102"]],["bad journalism",["Francis, 2018, p. 102"]],["satire",["Francis, 2018, p. 102"]],["parody",["Francis, 2018, p. 102"]]],"sp":[["disinformation",["Gelfert, 2018, p. 103"]]],"ex":[["complete fabrications, misleading content, satire or parody, foreign interference in domestic politics, and bad journalism",["Francis, 2018, p. 102"]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["Fake articles, miracle products",[]]]},{"de":[["propaganda and fabrication, on the other hand, are aimed to trick a wider public",["Edson et al.,."]]],"sp":[["Fake news",[]]]},{},{"de":[["this right is connected purely to environmental issues.",[]],["such a right is being used mostly in connection with environmental issues or dangerous goods.",[]]]},{"sb":[["individual aspect is connected to being aware of human rights violations and what happened to the victim",["Baranowska & Glisczczynska-Grabias, 2018, p. 98"]],["collective aspect is connected to the right of a society to be aware of horrible crimes and the steps that lead to them",["Baranowska & Glisczczynska-Grabias, 2018, p. 98"]]]},{"de":[["Satire has very minimal intent to deceive the public; on the contrary, it is used to discuss political well-being or other critical issues",[]],["Such performances consist of correct information, adding up extra layers, adjusting the layout, and making the news appear more comical for the general public.",[]]],"sp":[["Fake news",[]]]},{"rt":[["Four Theories of the Press",[]]]},{"de":[["Fake news is a social media phenomenon.",[]]],"sy":[["Disinformation, misinformation, and propaganda",[]]],"rt":[["Disinformation",[]],["misinformation",[]],["propaganda",[]]]},{"sb":[["the authoritarian, which historically has been in kingdoms and dictatorships, with censorship and control by the state",[]],["libertarian, present in liberal-democratic countries and which is the opposite of authoritarian theory",[]],["social responsibility, mainly in democratic European countries (with a code of journalists, ethics, improvement of journalist standards)",[]],["Soviet communist theory of the press, where there are no private media, where there is censorship, and the state controls everything",[]]]},{"de":[["what separates journalism from entertainment, propaganda, fiction, or art",["Kovach & Rosenstiel 2021, p. 131"]]]},{"de":[["These professional dimensions are a) the autonomy of the journalist and the community of journalists about organizations and ownership as well as to those for whom they write. Here the journalist must have autonomy between what represents quality versus popular press; (b) Distinct professional norms, which mean that in addition to respecting the ethical codes that also mean the autonomy between advertising and editorial content, what is more important, has to do with newsworthiness. So, the journalist must have professional standards in what constitutes news. (c) Public service orientation, which means that journalists must consider the interest of the public.",[]],["professional standards of journalists related to objectivity, gatekeeping, and transparency",["Opgenhaffen & d'Haenens, 2015"]]],"rt":[["objectivity",[]],["gatekeeping",[]],["transparency",[]]],"sb":[["autonomy",[]],["distinct professional norms",[]],["public service orientation",[]],["the autonomy of the journalist and the community of journalists about organizations and ownership as well as to those for whom they write. Here the journalist must have autonomy between what represents quality versus popular press",[]],["Distinct professional norms, which mean that in addition to respecting the ethical codes that also mean the autonomy between advertising and editorial content, what is more important, has to do with newsworthiness. So, the journalist must have professional standards in what constitutes news.",[]],["Public service orientation, which means that journalists must consider the interest of the public.",[]]]},{"rt":[["Four Theories of the Press",[]]]},{"de":[["This indicator includes other economic factors that also affect the media market, including the spread of the press in certain segments of society, such as the working class.",[]]]},{"de":[["valuable analytical instrument for understanding fundamental institutional aspects of national media and for comparing media industries across countries",[]]]},{"sp":[["press models",[]]],"ex":[["France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain",[]]]},{"de":[["In journalism, news consists of three main elements: the facts, the sources, and the presentation of the news (Pavlik, 2019).",["Pavlik, 2019"]]]},{},{"de":[["In other words, which arguments should be considered for one event to receive media coverage and not the other?",[]],["This has traditionally included three variables: event, context, and national traits (Atad, 2017;Strömbäck, Karlsson & Hopmann, 2012).",["Atad, 2017","Strömbäck, Karlsson & Hopmann, 2012"]]]},{"sp":[["press models",[]]],"ex":[["UK, USA, Canada, and Ireland",[]]]},{"sp":[["press models",[]]],"ex":[["Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland",[]]]},{"de":[["Current studies consider this as the polarization of political elites, and ideologies, but also of news audience behavior, which is positioned around two poles, left-right news audience polarization",["Fletcher, Cornia & Nielsen, 2020"]]],"rt":[["polarization of political elites",[]],["ideologies",[]],["news audience behavior",[]]]},{"sy":[["journalistic professionalism",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["Four Theories of the Press",[]]]},{"rt":[["Four Theories of the Press",[]]],"sp":[["theories of the press",[]]]},{"de":[["is rooted in more general differences in the role of the state in society; there are differences between liberal democracies such as in the USA and democracies of the welfare states prevailing in Europe, with many distinctive nuances.",[]]]},{"rt":[["othering",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["the media have an important role in the process of representation of Others (including migrants) in the public discourse by framing the interpretation for the audiences' future use, while key events not only lead to the rise in coverage, but also shape any subsequent coverage.",[]]],"rt":[["representation of Others",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["Migrants could become the biggest security threat since World War II",[]],["Tighter acceptance rules: Croatia decided to close the border to economic migrants",[]]]},{"de":[["these articles were informing about the number of refugees, their conditions (hunger, lack of adequate clothes, medical needs), and the organizations helping them",[]]],"ex":[["Hungary is building a large transit camp for 10,000 refugees at the border",[]],["Only six refugees have applied for an asylum so far",[]]]},{},{"de":[["They referred to humanitarian aid and empathy towards refugees, issuing messages of tolerance and promoting values of multiculturalism",[]]],"ex":[["We have proven ourselves in action by helping refugees",[]],["Croatia will support the new EU plan of acceptance 160,000 refugees",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["part of framing that proved to be successful",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["strategies media uses to capture their attention such as exaggerating or hiding part of a piece of information",[]]]},{"de":[["covers deliberate falsehoods which -in today's highly polarized environments, and sped up by technology's huge capillarity and diffusion (Sádaba and Salaverria, 2023)-are rapidly disseminated and entail potential risks as has occurred in social media during the Covid-19 pandemic",["Brennen et al., 2020","Salaverría et al., 2020"]],["disinformation can often be hidden as entertaining or satirical content",[]],["the deliberate deceiving intention behind disinformation",[]],["deliberate deceiving intention",[]],["disinformation is part of minors' routine exposure to online content.",[]],["Disinformation is by no means a new phenomenon but has acquired an unprecedented relevance through social networks.",[]]],"sy":[["fake news",[]],["false content",[]],["hoaxes",[]],["false rumors",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["false news content",[]],["hoaxes",[]],["fake news",[]],["misleading information",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Minors perceive as anecdotal their exposure to informative news on social networks compared to other standard uses.",[]],["This means that news may be about video games, crafts, or any other topic.",[]]],"ex":[["I don't care much about politics and kings and such, and I watch more TikTok news, dances, things like that",[]]]},{"de":[["they assume that disinformation is more problematic for those who browse less on the Internet, and thus they perceive themselves to be better protected from falling for false news.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["objective reporting",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["In stance classification, the subject under investigation is generally a person, organization, policy, or opinion",["8"]]],"sb":[["positive (in favor)",[]],["negative (against)",[]],["neutral (none or neither)",[]]],"sp":[["sentiment analysis",[]]]},{},{"de":[["added based on the difficultly of accurately classifying some political tweets",[]]],"rt":[["normal",[]],["abusive",[]]],"ex":[["Just dey play oooo",[]],["The sheer effrontery! (..to be contesting)",[]],["As if we were sitting before",[]]]},{"de":[["It also includes threats of violence.",[]]]},{"de":[["In the literature (Davidson et al., 2017;Founta et al., 2018), it is popular to distinguish between the type of offensive content as either abusive or hateful.",[]]],"sb":[["abusive",[]],["hateful",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["values",[]]]},{"sp":[["values",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["news frame",[]]]},{"de":[["On television, episodically framed news is visually appealing and consists of live coverage on the scene (e.g., interview with an unemployed worker).",[]]],"sp":[["Episodic and thematic frames are two fundamental types of frames in political news reporting",[]],["news frames",[]]],"ex":[["an unemployed worker",[]],["interview with an unemployed worker",[]]]},{"sp":[["values",[]]]},{"de":[["Societies which have broad 'moral inclusiveness' would perceive the value universalism to apply to everyone and not just to members of their in-group.",[]]]},{"rt":[["episodic frame",[]],["thematic frame",[]]],"sb":[["episodic frame",[]],["thematic frame",[]]]},{"de":[["According to Nelson, Clawson, and Oxley (1997), news frames shape the understanding and opinions of issues by stressing certain features of a controversy and reducing the complex issue into one or two central aspects.",[]]],"sb":[["Episodic and thematic frames are two fundamental types of frames in political news reporting",[]],["episodic frames",[]],["thematically framed news",[]]]},{"sp":[["values",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["news frame",[]]]},{"sp":[["News frames",[]]]},{"sp":[["Episodic and thematic frames are two fundamental types of frames in political news reporting",[]],["news frames",[]]],"ex":[["changes in the nature of employment opportunities",[]]]},{"sp":[["values",[]]]},{"de":[["the importance that participants place on the value universalism",[]]],"rt":[["freedom",[]],["equality",[]]],"sp":[["values",[]]]},{"de":[["They are often firmly established which leads people to behave according to them even without consciously thinking about them.",[]]],"sb":[["Power",[]],["Achievement",[]],["Hedonism",[]],["Stimulation",[]],["Self-direction",[]],["Universalism",[]],["Benevolence",[]],["Tradition",[]],["Conformity",[]],["Security",[]]]},{"de":[["We characterize this as strong when they favor the same candidate but the respondent perceives the newspaper/discussant to favor a different candidate, and weak when the respondent misperceives a neutral newspaper/discussant to favor a different candidate from his/her own preference.",[]]],"rt":[["projection",[]],["hostile media effects",[]]],"sp":[["perceptual distortions",[]],["perceptual distortion",[]]]},{"rt":[["ideal speech situation",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["perceptual distortions",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["perceptual distortions",[]]]},{"rt":[["conversational ideal",[]]]},{"sb":[["projection",[]],["contrast",[]]]},{},{"de":[["We characterize this as strong when the respondent prefers one candidate but the newspaper/discussant actually prefers a completely different candidate, and weak when the respondent misperceives a neutral newspaper/discussant to favor his/her own preferred candidate.",[]],["distortion was in the direction of the main respondent's view",[]]],"rt":[["contrast",[]],["false consensus hypothesis",[]]],"sp":[["perceptual distortions",[]],["perceptual distortion",[]]]},{"de":[["the issue of whether and to what extent people may selectively expose themselves to media content has never been fully resolved",[]],["Quantitative evidence of selective exposure in interpersonal political communication is buttressed by qualitative accounts of the courage required to speak up among heterogeneous others",["Mansbridge 1980","Schudson 1984"]],["people have less ability and desire to exercise selective exposure to news media content",[]],["it is easier to avoid exposure to the views of personal acquaintances than to views expressed in national news.",[]],["the ability to exercise choice on the basis of partisanship is severely limited.",[]],["when people have a choice, they tend to use it to reduce their exposure to cross-cutting political views",[]],["exercised when conditions make it easier to do so",[]],["the individual's ability and desire to exercise selective exposure is a key factor in determining whether a given source produces exposure to dissimilar views.",[]]],"rt":[["selective attention",[]],["bias in information processing",[]],["dissonant opinions",[]],["cross-cutting exposure",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["oppression Olympics",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["faith in cosmopolitanism",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["examined the unequal flows of information, news, and cultural products between the Global North and South.",[]],["threatened the cultural independence of formerly colonized countries and hindered their efforts to build viable news agencies and media and cultural industries",[]],["extended these arguments to explain global power relations in the media and cultural industries.",[]]],"rt":[["Marxist world-system analysis",[]],["class",[]]]},{"de":[["can be appropriated by party political forces for their own political gain.",[]]],"sy":[["diaspora wars",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Such an approach enables us to better understand how scale is strategically deployed by a range of different actors to address race via social media, legacy media, and physical space.",[]]]},{"de":[["He actively connected scales by framing the national struggle against racism in South Africa as part of a wider global struggle against racism and American imperialism.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["instead of merely describing or approaching issues or activism as \"global,\" it draws attention to the different pathways through which an incomplete (and potentially unjust) 'global' is constructed.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Frames in policy debates",["Nisbet, 2009"]]]},{"de":[["It includes articles which emphasize ethical issues of scientific research and discovery, especially the application of their results.",[]],["All of these texts underline the protection of human rights and the dignity of human beings in scientific research endeavours and the application of their results.",[]],["the ethical frame also includes articles covering deviations from commonly accepted research practices, such as plagiarism and falsification of results.",[]]]},{"de":[["Thus frames are, as Nisbet [2009] aptly points out, particularly relevant and interesting in communicating science, since science is disassociated from everyday lives and experiences of most laymen.",["Nisbet [2009]"]]],"sy":[["Framing",[]]],"rt":[["Framing",[]]]},{"de":[["research on framing is still characterized by theoretical and empirical vagueness, i.e. by conceptual and operational problems, such as the lack of a commonly shared methodology for identifying frames, limiting the comparability of instruments and results",["Scheufele, 1999"]]]},{"de":[["The share of ideological and political frames is far more pronounced in the media coverage of science in the socialist period, reflecting the social system, current problems and media and social values of that era.",[]],["reports on certain domestic scientific conferences in the socialist media had strong ideological and political connotations, presented in such a way as to encourage Yugoslav integration and cooperation among (all) republics, promote the success of the socialist political system or condemn ideologically undesirable events, behaviours or opinions.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["Frames in policy debates",["Nisbet, 2009"]]]},{"sp":[["Frames in policy debates",["Nisbet, 2009"]]]},{"sp":[["Frames in policy debates",["Nisbet, 2009"]]]},{"sp":[["Frames in policy debates",["Nisbet, 2009"]]]},{},{"de":[["These media reports frame science by emphasizing its funny side, highlighting funny facts, either by the selection of research topics or by \"deviations\" from the scientific process or by trivializing the scientific knowledge.",[]],["This frame includes news stories in which scientific knowledge, the research process, the application and the contribution are in fact of secondary importance, while the primary role is given to \"interesting facts\", funny trivia, in other words to entertainment. These media reports frame science by emphasizing its funny side, highlighting funny facts, either by the selection of research topics or by \"deviations\" from the scientific process or by trivializing the scientific knowledge.",[]]],"rt":[["infotainment",[]]],"ex":[["an article in Slobodna Dalmacija (24.06.1986) \"American scientists on Antarctica receive food: eggs arrive by parachute\" informed the public about an insignificant, yet funny fact",[]],["an article in 24 sata (11.12.2007) which informed about an \"official search for Santa Claus\", i.e. about a \"research\" expected to find out how fast Santa Claus would have to travel to deliver all gifts on time",[]],["bats -the world's biggest alcoholics",[]],["monkeys \"going crazy\" in a spacecraft",[]],["a \"scientific finding\" that people and robots will fall in love with each other",[]],["an article informing that people become 10% prettier after two beers",[]]]},{"sb":[["Science was mainly covered in terms of scientific discovery, success or progress in general (globally)",[]],["articles about scientific and research endeavours and achievements of domestic science",[]]]},{"de":[["In these articles scientists warn about problems such as algal blooms, ozone depletion and climate change, or launch an appeal to help certain areas, people and research endeavours, or want to hear the voice of the public.",[]],["Science is portrayed implicitly, or framed as \"conscientious, socially reflexive and good\"",[]],["In these articles scientists warn about problems such as algal blooms, ozone depletion and climate change, or launch an appeal to help certain areas, people and research endeavours, or want to hear the voice of the public. Science is portrayed implicitly, or framed as \"conscientious, socially reflexive and good\"",[]]],"ex":[["Miserably performed generational task",[]],["Scientist Ivan Ðikić visits Debra association",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sb":[["children",[]],["minors",[]],["pregnant women",[]],["foetuses",[]],["prisoners",[]],["employees",[]],["physically and intellectually challenged individuals",[]],["elderly people",[]],["the visually or hearing impaired",[]],["ethnic minorities",[]],["refugees",[]],["the economically and educationally disabled",[]]],"ex":[["children, minors, pregnant women, foetuses, prisoners, employees, physically and intellectually challenged individuals, elderly people, the visually or hearing impaired, ethnic minorities, refugees, and the economically and educationally disabled",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Such communication across social contexts differs significantly from face-to-face social interactions within a single social situation.",[]],["Context collapse is usually understood in terms of actors' personal networks in different social domains, such as the family, the workplace, one's circle of friends, et cetera.",[]],["the study of 'context collapse' investigates the effects of bringing together otherwise distinct social domains and publics in specific social media uses",["Marwick and boyd, 2011: 115"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["backstage",[]]]},{"rt":[["outward orientation",[]]]},{"de":[["historical Orientalist discourse that continues to inform the dominant popular European frame in which Islam is depicted as a violent religion, and European Muslims as the abject 'other'",[]]]},{"rt":[["inward orientation",[]]]},{"rt":[["project of the self",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Framing stories in such a way is a deliberate task and requires an effort to research information that would achieve that goal.",[]]],"rt":[["framing theory",[]]]},{"rt":[["A frame is an indication to what the source thinks is important in information being relayed to audiences.",[]]]},{"de":[["hard news, and not editorials or features",[]]],"rt":[["editorials",[]],["features",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It attempts to understand the reasons for these violations in order to prevent further violations and to solve current ones in ways that would not produce more violence.",[]],["Moreover, it is a journalism that challenges, rather than reinforces, the status quo of the dominant voices of global and national societies.",["43"]],["Human rights journalism favours the vulnerable, truth, non-selective reporting and is proactive.",["44"]],["a diagnostic style of reporting which offers a critical reflection of the experiences and needs of the victims and perpetrators of (physical, cultural and structural) human rights violations. It attempts to understand the reasons for these violations in order to prevent further violations and to solve current ones in ways that would not produce more violence. Moreover, it is a journalism that challenges, rather than reinforces, the status quo of the dominant voices of global and national societies.",["43"]],["It attempts to understand the reasons for these violations in order to prevent further violations and to solve current ones in ways that would not produce more violence. Moreover, it is a journalism that challenges, rather than reinforces, the status quo of the dominant voices of global and national societies.",[]]]},{"de":[["representing the personal views of the editor",[]]]},{"de":[["According to the theory, there is a correlation between the media\"s presentation of news and information and the level of significance the public accord to events and issues in the society.",[]],["The agenda-setting theory is basically about the causal relationship between media agenda and public agenda.",[]],["Rather than directly tell the public to consider one issue as more important than another, the media set agenda by giving preferential treatment to issues in their coverage",["Zhu & Blood, 1997"]],["intersecting the surveillance and the consensus functions of the media",["McCombs, 2005, p. 556"]],["a phenomenon that often than not, renders public discourse revolve around issues that are frequently and consistently focused on by the media",["Oyesomi et al., 2019"]]],"sb":[["salience of objects",["Kiousis & McCombs, 2004, p. 38"]],["salience of attributes",["Kiousis & McCombs, 2004, p. 38","Olomojobi, 2017"]]]},{"sb":[["Quantitative content analysis",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["positivism",[]]]},{"sy":[["positivism",[]]]},{"de":[["Quantitative content analysis also should consider media form (e.g., visual media such as television use more sophisticated semiotic systems than printed text and, thus, are generally regarded as having greater impact).",[]]],"rt":[["Qualitative content analysis",[]]],"sp":[["content analysis",[]]]},{"de":[["It is this propensity of the media to emphasise certain attributes of an issue that shapes how the public perceive, understand and form their opinions concerning such issue",["Olomojobi, 2017"]]],"sp":[["agenda-setting theory",[]]]},{"sp":[["agenda-setting theory",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["constructivism",[]],["interpretivism",[]]]},{"sy":[["constructivism",[]],["interpretivism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["how media representations created by journalists shape knowledge about events, peoples and places in the world",[]]]},{"sp":[["symbolic boundaries",[]]]},{"de":[["local media actors use the 'master frame' of criminality to link diverse issues and discourses in constructing anti-immigrant positions.",[]]],"rt":[["criminality",[]]]},{"de":[["In these instances discussions about local issues become a forum for constructing symbolic boundaries that delineate national belonging, and community-level boundaries map entirely onto national ones.",[]]],"sp":[["symbolic boundary construction",[]]]},{},{"de":[["linked the crime to lenient immigration enforcement (i.e. 'sanctuary cities')",[]]]},{"rt":[["symbolic boundaries",[]]]},{"de":[["local boundaries were constructed in ways that were rendered intelligible within specific local debates by incorporating place-specific, cultural understandings and identities",[]],["media actors construct 'localized symbolic boundaries' to produce distinctions between community members and various 'others', which take their meaning from place-based cultural understandings and specific characteristics of the locality.",[]]],"rt":[["social boundaries",[]]]},{"sy":[["agreement bias",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Fake news is not used interchangeably with propaganda, but both have similarities such as its use for the deliberate aim to manipulate based on gain, such as ones that are political (Wardle, 2018)",[]],["Fake news is suggested to differ when it accepts a wider interpretation of information manipulated to harm, meaning that it is not narrowed down to just political agendas but extends to other spheres, such as revenge porn (ibid; Whittaker, 2019)",[]]],"sb":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]],["malinformation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["These decision-making processes are usually relied upon when there is an abundance of information being presented in our immediate world",["Baum et al., 2017"]]],"sy":[["unconscious decision-making",[]]]},{"de":[["Aymanns et al. (2017) finds that the friends of users in social networks influence their friends' beliefs and their stance towards the news",["Chadwick et al., 2018"]]]},{},{"de":[["Trust is suggested to revolve around user expectations, such as social media will behave in a certain way when accessed, that the layout will always be the same and that the navigation of the interface is consistent and predictable.",[]]]},{"sy":[["I know statements",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["such as biases, or trusting peers over experts in social media",["Flintham et al., 2018"]]]},{"de":[["both have similarities such as its use for the deliberate aim to manipulate based on gain, such as ones that are political (Wardle, 2018)",[]]]},{"de":[["for example this can give insight as to why social media posts are more convincing when accompanied by images",["Vaccari and Chadwick, 2020"]]]},{},{"rt":[["implicit trust",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the layout of social media which uses excerpts of information to tell a story may exacerbate this bias",["Shu et al., 2018"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Media literacy education can help individuals effectively search for information and discover credible sources, interpret and evaluate the information through a critical lens, and be aware of one's biases.",[]]]},{"de":[["Such misinformation is different from disinformation in that the creator of the information may not intentionally attempt to make it false or misleading.",[]]]},{"ex":[["fabricating misinformation via vivid storytelling",["Peng et al., 2023"]],["using personal experience or anecdotes rather than scientific findings as evidence",["Kearney et al., 2019"]],["discrediting government or pharmaceutical companies",["Prasad","2022"]],["making health issues political through the rhetoric of freedom and choice, us vs. them, or religious faith, moral values, or ideology",["DeDominicis et al., 2020"]],["highlighting unknown risk and uncertainty",["Ghenai","and","Mejova","2018"]],["attacking science by exploiting its innate limitation",["Peng et al., 2023"]],["inappropriately using scientific evidence to support a false claim",["Gallagher","and","Lawrence","2020"]],["exaggeration and selectively presentation or omission of information",["Salvador","Casara","et","al.","2019"]],["making a conclusion based on biased reasoning",["Kou","et","al.","2017"]],["using fear or anger appeals in persuasion",["Buts","2020"]],["using certain linguistic intensifiers to highlight the points",["Ghenai","and","Mejova","2018"]],["establishing the legitimacy of false claims by using certain cues to activate credibility heuristics of people (e.g., medical jargon, seemingly credible source)",["Haupt","et","al.","2021"]],["making a topic look either small and insignificant or large and problematic, or communicating the conspiracy theories to the audience to distrust mainstream narrative",[]],["create emotionally evocative social media posts, or use fake experts to back up the claim",[]]]},{},{"de":[["gender inequalities could be manifest in one of, or the following four categories: 'exclusion', 'subordination', 'distortion' and 'degradation'.",[]]],"sb":[["exclusion",[]],["subordination",[]],["distortion",[]],["degradation",[]]]},{"rt":[["demand for some kind of interaction",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["internet insults",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["An individual's right to have his or her personal data -name, telephone number, address, health, physical location, financial information, and other such identifiers -protected from use by others without his or her consent is derived from the general right of the individual to privacy.",["4"]],["in the cyberspace context, the Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations notes that international human rights law applies to cyber-related activities of a state as a matter of lex lata , and that individuals enjoy the same international human rights (such as privacy) with respect to cyber-related activities that they otherwise enjoy",[]]],"rt":[["human right to privacy",["4"]]]},{},{"de":[["This law is also called the 'fake news' law.",[]],["the 'fake news' law outlaws the dissemination of what the government deems to be 'fake news'",[]]]},{"de":[["This right includes freedom of holding opinions and receiving and imparting information and ideas without interference by public authorities.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["manipulative techniques such as blaming",[]]],"sp":[["manipulative techniques",[]]]},{"sp":[["manipulative techniques",[]]]},{"de":[["the Czech legislature which does not recognise the term (and crime) of disinformation or propaganda",[]]],"rt":[["propaganda",[]],["hybrid threats",[]]]},{"de":[["disinformation campaigns are more about redirecting blame onto others and lowering the level of trust in governments, elites, and established media within the general public",["559"]]],"sp":[["hybrid threats",[]]]},{"sp":[["manipulative techniques",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sb":[["eco-indifferent",[]],["eco-efficient",[]],["eco-sustainable",[]],["eco-radical",[]],["hybrid or mixed framing",[]]]},{"sp":[["eco-frames",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sb":[["economic",[]],["environmental",[]],["social",[]],["personal",[]],["moral/ethical",[]]]},{"sp":[["journalis9c framing",[]]]},{"sp":[["journalis9c framing",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the concept of 'frame' was coined by Gregory Bateson in 1955 to interpret why people entertain some aspects of reality and reject others.",[]]],"rt":[["framing effect",[]]],"sb":[["frame building",[]],["frame seyng",[]]]},{"ex":[["word choice, metaphors, stereotypes",["1989"]],["problem defini9on, cause, consequences, solu9on, and moral assessment",["1993"]]]},{"de":[["Addi9onally, Gamson and Modigliani (1989, 3) stress the importance of these 'interpre9ve packages' that transcend the profession of journalism.",["1989, 3"]]],"rt":[["frame",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"ex":[["news websites, net-native news entities, blogs, citizens' journalism and specialist outlets",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["right and left populism",[]]]},{"de":[["They position themselves as having a connection with ordinary folk in punching up against corrupt establishments, often in spite of their own privileged positions",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["diplomatic communication",[]],["grey-zone activities",[]]]},{"de":[["a new aspect of weishe",[]],["information itself has become an instrument of conflict",[]]]},{"de":[["a central focus in future wars",[]]],"rt":[["offensive information operations",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Information tools, and resulting threats, are harder to counter than traditional diplomatic or economic tools that can be countered in a reciprocal manner.",[]]],"ex":[["NGO reports on censorship or restrictions on internet access",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The quantification can turn text data into a Likert-scale positive-neutral-negative numerical range.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["As a result, the public is more likely to remember certain aspects prominently presented by the media (Eriyanto, 2005).",["Eriyanto, 2005"]]]},{"de":[["Then, frame -define problems -determine what a causal agent is doing with what costs and benefits, usually measured in terms of cultural values; diagnosis causes -identify the forces creating the problem; make moral judgments -evaluate causal agents and their effects; and suggest remedies, offer and justify treatments for the problems and predict that they are likely effects.",[]]]},{"de":[["Basically, when framing analysis is used, it is necessary to first examine how media construct a reality or afact.",[]],["An attitude of support or not support, negative or positive, is just an effect and frame built by the media, not just a characteristic or actual situation such as what (Sokowati, 2019;Rawan et al., 2019).",["Sokowati, 2019","Rawan et al., 2019"]]]},{"de":[["This process included part of the issue in the news (included) and excluded some issues (excluded).",[]]],"sy":[["fact selection",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Then, frame -define problems -determine what a causal agent is doing with what costs and benefits, usually measured in terms of cultural values; diagnosis causes -identify the forces creating the problem; make moral judgments -evaluate causal agents and their effects; and suggest remedies, offer and justify treatments for the problems and predict that they are likely effects.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Designation of a sociocultural stereotype is the result of the transference of an evaluative meaning of the name to a social group.",[]]],"sp":[["designation strategies",[]]]},{"de":[["Conceptual metaphors are determined by national culture and human experience, which is a major force in shaping metaphors",[]]],"rt":[["metonymy",[]]]},{"sy":[["designation strategies",[]]]},{"rt":[["cultural schemes",[]]],"sb":[["logical strategy",[]],["Allusive strategy",[]],["figurative strategy",[]]]},{"de":[["It is rather \"a special case of social cooperation in determination of reference\"",["Putnam 1975: 166"]]]},{"ex":[["The feminine name Karen enjoyed popularity in the USA in the second part of the 20 th century (Goldblatt 2020), so many of those who bear now the name are middle-aged women who prefer conventional style in clothes and hairdothe outward features of the social category.",["Goldblatt 2020"]]]},{"sp":[["designation strategies",[]]]},{"de":[["The NS \"flapper\" appeared on the ground of perception of a social group of daring girls of the 1920s as inexperienced fledglings",[]]]},{"de":[["Since the 50s, the term with the same pejorative connotation reappeared in language use as the NS of a subcultural group of Latin American youngsters.",[]],["Based on the visual characteristics of car mechanics who pomaded their hair, the word implied a low social status: \"The loud motorbikes, the short, black leather flight jackets, the jeans and white t-shirts all became the symbol style for anyone called a 'greaser'\"",["Retrowaste 2014"]]],"sp":[["mono-constituent NS",[]]]},{"sy":[["redneck",[]]],"sp":[["nomen of a sociocultural stereotype (hereafter NS)",[]]],"ex":[["The hillbilly stereotype is prevalent in American pop culture. Stereotyped as poor, uneducated, unclean and white",["Adams 2021"]]]},{"de":[["The word \"hipster\" originates from the base \"hip\" or its doublet \"hep\", which means experience and ingenuity in the latest trends of music, fashion, and language",["Dalzell 1996: 57"]],["The suffix -er establishes the association with a quality of being aware, informed, and sophisticated.",[]]],"sp":[["mono-constituent NS",[]]]},{"de":[["This type is characterized by emotional intensity, instructiveness, and fast response to significant changes in public opinion that influence stereotyping.",[]]],"rt":[["Representative media discourse",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The association with a defiant and aggressive behaviour of this kind of women who disrespect people yielded the pejorative meaning of the NS \"Karen.\"",[]]]},{"de":[["Focusing on social experience and knowledge determines the logical strategy of designation",[]]],"sp":[["designation strategies",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["The NS \"trophy wife\" is a result of the conceptual integration of two sources: a specific thing -a \"trophy\", which is a prize received by the winner for the achievement in competitions or hunt, and a \"wife\" -a married woman considered in relation to her husband.",[]]]},{"rt":[["conceptual metonymy",[]]],"ex":[["The NS \"redneck\" is formed in metonymic association of the part and the whole, focusing on the prominent visual feature of a social group.",[]]]},{"de":[["conceptual metonymies correspond to various kinds of physiological, behavioural, and expressive reactions",["Kövecses 2010: 202-204"]]],"rt":[["conceptual metaphor",[]]]},{"de":[["NS is a specific sign that correlates not with intrinsic qualities of people but with a conventional opinion of them, which is very often created and/or fortified in media discourse.",[]]]},{"de":[["NS is a specific sign that correlates not with intrinsic qualities of people but with a conventional opinion of them, which is very often created and/or fortified in media discourse.",[]],["As designation of sociocultural stereotypes depends on a perspective from which a social group is considered, NS can be multiple and versatile in their pragmatic meaning.",[]]],"sb":[["mono-constituent",[]],["binary",[]]]},{"ex":[["e.g. \"Karen\", \"Trophy husband\", \"WASP\".",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["mono-constituent NS",[]]],"ex":[["spic (spick)",["Dalzell 2018: 741"]],["chink",["The Adams Sentinel 1827","Dalzell-Victor 2013: 451"]],["chinki-chonks",[]],["ching-chong",["Chow 2014"]],["chinkie",["Dalzell-Victor 2013: 451"]],["chinky",["Dalzell-Victor 2013: 451"]],["ching-chong ding-dong",["Yang 2014"]]]},{"de":[["The NS \"redneck\" is formed in metonymic association of the part and the whole, focusing on the prominent visual feature of a social group.",[]]],"sy":[["hillbilly",[]]],"sp":[["nomen of a sociocultural stereotype (hereafter NS)",[]]]},{"rt":[["informative media discourse",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["\"Karen\"",[]],["\"Trophy husband\"",[]],["\"WASP\"",[]]]},{"de":[["the name of a sociocultural stereotype, functioning as its representative in media discourse, produces semantic and cognitive associations connected with the group.",[]],["the process of designation of sociocultural stereotypes is seen as entirely subjective and multiple in results.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Stereotypes are manifested on different levels of the language.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The NS \"trophy wife\" is a result of the conceptual integration of two sources: a specific thing -a \"trophy\", which is a prize received by the winner for the achievement in competitions or hunt, and a \"wife\" -a married woman considered in relation to her husband.",[]]]},{"sp":[["crisis misinformation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["crisis misinformation can lead to publics' crisis misperception about any aspect of a crisis and might cause intentional/unintentional damage to an organization's reputation and/or operation if the crisis misinformation is not intervened and corrected effectively",["Jin et al. (2020)","Jin et al., 2020"]],["In the context of social-mediated crisis, misinformation can include not only false information about a crisis (e.g., crisis severity) but also false information about an organization that is affected by a crisis and/or held responsible for crisis resolution (van der Meer & Jin, 2020).",["van der Meer & Jin, 2020"]]],"sb":[["Completely false information",[]],["Incomplete information",[]]],"sp":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["Both financial and ideological reasons exist why actors knowingly spread inaccurate information",["Vargo et al., 2018"]],["Research in political communication has shown how disinformation can be spread aiming to attack outgroups or political opponents",["Tandoc et al., 2018"]],["As these forms of misinformation are intentionally manipulated, it is more likely that actors put considerable effort and resources into the design of disinformation to make it look authentic and real.",[]],["intentionally manipulated",[]],["actors put considerable effort and resources into the design of disinformation to make it look authentic and real",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]],"sp":[["misinformation",[]]],"ex":[["manipulated visuals",["Hameleers et al., 2020","Hameleers, van der Meer, & Brosius, 2020"]],["deep fakes",["Dobber, 2020"]]]},{"de":[["The new narrative provided in this form of correction was apparently crucial to mobilize respondents' behavioral intentions.",[]]],"rt":[["simple rebuttal",[]]]},{"sy":[["half-truth",[]]],"sp":[["misinformation",[]],["crisis misinformation",[]]],"ex":[["doing exercise is a correct complementary therapy for depression treatment; however, when it is being communicated as an alternative therapy to the standard medical treatment, such information becomes incomplete, thus misleading and potentially causing harm (Glazer, 2013) such as antidepressant rejection.",["Glazer, 2013"]]]},{"de":[["depending on whether it is unintentionally created/shared",[]],["misinformation can either further escalate an existing crisis or spark a new crisis situation.",[]],["research has observed how inaccurate information diffuses faster, farther, and deeper in digital news settings as compared to true news",["Vosoughi et al., 2018"]],["being uninformed or less critical (i.e., actors spreading misinformation or rumors)",[]],["being uninformed or less critical",[]]],"sy":[["completely false or partially correct",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["rumors",[]]],"sb":[["Completely false information",[]],["Incomplete information",[]],["rumors",[]]]},{"de":[["people may spread rumors to evaluate and interpret information in an effort to understand complex situations and, for example, solve crisis problems (Bordia & DiFonzo, 2004).",["Bordia & DiFonzo, 2004"]]],"sp":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"rt":[["factual elaboration",[]]]},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"rt":[["offensive content",[]]]},{"de":[["Automatic identification of hate speech and raising public awareness are critical tasks",["Karim et al., 2020"]]],"sy":[["hate remarks",[]],["Abusive speech",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["These conditions help determine whether a speech act is performed successfully, based on the context and intention behind the statement.",[]]]},{"sb":[["promise",[]],["threat",[]],["offer",[]]]},{"de":[["commissive speech acts carry significant power in shaping public behavior, trust, and emotional response.",[]],["Misleading or ambiguous commissives could result not only in miscommunication but also in diminished public confidence, hesitancy to follow health directives, or even heightened public anxiety.",[]]],"sb":[["Promise",[]],["Threat",[]],["Offer",[]]]},{"de":[["In the context of news about COVID-19, these speech acts might include government commitments, expert assurances, or public health recommendations.",[]]],"sy":[["commisives",[]]],"sb":[["direct commissive",[]],["indirect commissive",[]],["Explicit commissives",[]],["implicit commissives",[]],["promise",[]],["threat",[]],["offer",[]],["mitigated promise",[]]],"ex":[["promises",[]],["vows",[]],["offers",[]]]},{"sb":[["promise",[]],["threat",[]],["offer",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["saying \"It is raining\"",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["saying \"It is raining\" asserts a fact that can be verified.",[]]]},{"rt":[["pragmatics",[]]]},{"de":[["explicitly marks the speaker's commitment with performative language-using verbs like promise, guarantee, or clear future-tense constructions-so that the structural form and illocutionary function align, and felicity conditions are straightforward to evaluate",[]]],"sp":[["commissives",[]],["commissive speech acts",[]]]},{"sp":[["commissive speech acts",[]]],"ex":[["We promise to deliver vaccines by March",[]]]},{},{"de":[["felicity condition is essential in calculating whether a speech is felicitous or infelicitous on a daily basis",[]]],"rt":[["sincerity condition",[]],["preparatory condition",[]],["propositional content",[]],["essential condition",[]]],"sb":[["preparatory condition",[]],["propositional content",[]],["sincerity condition",[]],["essential condition",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["threat",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["commissive speech acts",[]]],"ex":[["The government will provide financial aid to affected families",[]]]},{"sp":[["Promise",[]]]},{"de":[["conveys a commitment through a structure whose surface form differs from its intended commissive force",[]]],"sp":[["commissives",[]],["commissive speech acts",[]]],"ex":[["saying, \"We'll see what happens tomorrow,\" which implicitly commits to making a decision or taking action, even though no performative verb appears",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["commissive speech acts",[]],["Promise",[]]]},{"de":[["A speaker cannot be considered making an offer when the thing she or he offers may harm the hearer or addressee.",[]],["Offers typically refer to resources or support available to the public, such as healthcare services, government aid, or community initiatives.",[]],["Offers typically involve the speaker committing themselves to providing something or participating in an activity.",[]],["offers of cooperation (such as international vaccine aid) reinforce solidarity and global trust.",[]],["Vanderveken considered an offer as a conditional commissive, which means it can be either accepted or rejected",["13"]]],"sy":[["conditional commissive",[]]],"sp":[["commissives",[]],["commissive speech acts",[]],["commisives",[]],["commissive speech act",[]]],"ex":[["(8) \"At first, I thought only certain groups of people could apply to be volunteers. But then I heard that 1,620 volunteers would be needed from among the general public, so I became more convinced to sign up\".",[]]]},{},{"de":[["These utterances are not judged by truth or falsity but by their felicity, that is, whether they successfully accomplish the intended action under appropriate circumstances.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["These utterances are not judged by truth or falsity but by their felicity, that is, whether they successfully accomplish the intended action under appropriate circumstances.",[]]],"ex":[["When someone says, \"I apologize\", they are not describing an apology but actually performing the act of apologizing.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Promise can only be performed in the future, which means people cannot make promises for the past.",[]],["Promise is a speech act that will benefit the addressee or hearer.",[]],["promises often relate to the availability of vaccines, healthcare infrastructure, and other forms of support.",[]],["Obligation is made as the speaker, the President of Indonesia, is obliged to do what he has said in utterance (3).",[]],["As for the advantage, utterance (3) gives benefits to the listeners by giving them assurance that the vaccine will be administered soon, so they can be immune to Covid-19 virus.",[]],["promises of vaccine availability generate hope and encourage public patience",[]],["The commitment to some future action and that it will be beneficial for the hearer are the characteristics of promise.",[]]],"rt":[["threat",[]],["futurity",[]],["obligation",[]],["advantage",[]]],"sb":[["mitigated promise",[]],["implicit promise",[]]],"sp":[["commissives",[]],["commissive speech acts",[]],["commissive speech act",[]],["commisives",[]]],"ex":[["(2) I promise I will come to your house.",[]]]},{"rt":[["felicity condition",[]]],"sp":[["felicity condition",[]],["felicity conditions",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the sincerity condition is violated when false or misleading promises, threats, or offers are made without the intention of being truthful or responsible.",[]]],"rt":[["felicity condition",[]]],"sp":[["felicity condition",[]],["felicity conditions",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Threats could include warnings about the consequences of noncompliance with health measures like lockdowns, maskwearing, or social distancing.",[]],["Threats are not neutral; they are shaped by who speaks and who is addressed.",[]],["many threats are structured as \"If you don't X, then Y will happen.\"",[]],["It is designed to deter noncompliance or reinforce authority.",[]],["a threat constrains behavior through the anticipation of harm-implicitly or explicitly tied to disobedience.",[]],["threats of viral exposure heighten vigilance and conformity",[]],["In performing threats, the speaker also commits himself or herself to some future action, but it will give no benefit to the addressee. Instead, it will harm the hearer.",[]],["The difference lies primarily in speaker intention, implied power relations, and pragmatic effect.",[]],["While a warning may leave room for personal judgment, a threat constrains behavior through the anticipation of harm-implicitly or explicitly tied to disobedience.",[]]],"rt":[["promise",[]],["coercive",[]],["warning",[]]],"sb":[["references to threats",["16"]],["generic reported threats",["16"]],["implied threats",["16"]],["indirect reported threats",["16"]],["direct reported threats",["16"]],["ambiguous speech acts",["16"]]],"sp":[["commissives",[]],["commissive speech acts",[]],["commissive speech act",[]],["commisives",[]],["speech act",[]]],"ex":[["(1) I will fire you.",[]],["If we are even just a little careless and ignore the health protocols, we will be exposed.",[]],["COVID-19 will continue to exist",[]]]},{"rt":[["threat",[]]]},{"rt":[["affective politics",[]]]},{"de":[["it is argued that it is now the age of affective politics that is, the age of prioritizing feelings over facts.",[]]],"rt":[["affective communication",[]]]},{"de":[["the global neoliberal North suffers from a degree of democratic deficit in its democratic practice.",[]],["many countries in the global South suffer from structural authoritarian politics leading to structural democratic deficit.",[]]]},{"de":[["Echo chambers are natural consequences of the way Social Media are commercially designed.",[]],["critical speculations and other ways of seeing the situation and critical engagement are normally kept out via the natural operation of Social Media algorithms and the way these platforms nudge users to behave -unless of course, the user makes a conscious and constant effort to reshuffle their membership of networked publics.",[]],["the architecture of the media tends to favor and encourages like-mindedness and intensification of feelings and beliefs with little or no critical scrutiny.",[]],["Echo chambers are not about new ideas or (critical) perspectives, they are about how well or effectively the group members reiterate the same idea/belief. Hence, the result is intensification of belief system at best.",[]]],"rt":[["filter bubbles",[]]]},{"de":[["work to form groups of like-minded members and keeps these groups away from meaningful interactions even among themselves",[]]],"rt":[["echo chambers",[]]]},{"de":[["The perception of powerlessness is central to nativist discourses not only in the structurally 'democratic' societies (e.g. Britain) but also in the extreme identity politics at play in developing countries (e.g. Iran), which have gone through some forms of European colonization.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Social Media politics has created a fertile space of growth of populist politics or haphazard populism in every sense.",[]]]},{"de":[["It revolves around discursive construction of a homogenously perceived Self, e.g. Us (the British), vs. a homogenously perceived Other, e.g. Them (the immigrants, Muslims 5 or by extension EU nationals).",[]],["Such discourses often 'fill the gap created by the public's disenchantment with [official] politics' 7 while presenting themselves as the indigenous, socially relevant, and righteous alternative to worldviews of the establishment.",["7"]],["Nationalist rhetoric is overtly preoccupied with the notion of (re)gaining the (lost) power to actualize a romanticized perception of the past.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It is argued that the contemporary moment of history is the new era when big 'P' politics is no longer relevant, mainly because nothing really changes in bringing this or that party to power.",[]],["The post-politics actively denies that the real politics is about policy, argumentation and overarching principles and happily reduces it to media appearance, likeability, psychological connection and relatability in the context that the media industry vigorously continues to make advances in colonizing the politics.",[]],["the notion of post-politics comes in to justify the shift by postulating that this is an era beyond politics and ideologies.",[]]]},{"sy":[["a network for communicating information and points of view",[]],["a realm of our social life",[]]]},{"de":[["The right wing populism discourses are characterized in a set of common and recurring discursive strategies, albeit in varying degrees of intensity and scale. Firstly, there is the call for a swift and radical shift from a globalization rationale towards a national and nativist politics.",[]],["The rise of right wing populism (i.e. the support from the underclass) is basically a protest against normalization of neoliberal economy, economic globalization, pursuit of growth, disregarding issues around distribution of wealth and the constant normalization of such practices in the West which has caused a democratic defi-cit in the West.",[]]],"ex":[["The profiles of the Brexit vote in Britain and the U.S. presidential election in 2016 show that sizable sections of working class have casted their protest vote in favor of a shakeup in an attempt to presumably reclaim lost power of the 'ordinary, ' marginal, rural, poorer, local populations from the dominance of the elite, central, urban, cosmopolitan, richer populations.",[]]]},{"de":[["Social Media are characterized as the realm of affects, connections and personal sharing.",[]]]},{"ex":[["Social Networking Sites (SNSs) such as Facebook and Instagram",[]],["websites which are focused on crowd sourcing content e.g. Wikipedia, electronic forums etc.",[]],["micro/blogging sites e.g. Tumblr and Twitter",[]],["Instant Messaging Apps with the possibility of creating group communication such as WhatsApp and Telegram",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It represented a protest movement aimed at protecting society from excessive technological influence, total capitalization of life, and the devaluation of humans as unique individuals. Cyberpunk also emphasized the protection of the environment and gained significant resonance in society.",[]],["It represented a protest movement aimed at protecting society from excessive technological influence, total capitalization of life, and the devaluation of humans as unique individuals.",[]],["Cyberpunk also emphasized the protection of the environment and gained significant resonance in society.",[]],["cyberpunk provides a fruitful understanding of technologically mediated aspects of the postmodern experience.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Therefore, this phenomenon can be seen as escapism, an escape from reality.",[]],["People do not always know what they truly desire, and by repeatedly experiencing virtual moments of happiness rather than working towards them in reality, personal growth cannot be achieved, and genuine happiness remains elusive.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["serve, as I outline below, a complementary visual function, reinforcing far-right meme lords' intentional air of rhetorical off-handedness.",[]],["the very aesthetic of the work occludes the labour, effort, and time that went into its creation.",[]]]},{"de":[["we conceptualise satire and the satiric as a family defined by a bundle of features. No single feature need be present, just a substantial number of them",["Hume, 2007, p. 303; see also Condren, 2012, p. 375"]]]},{"de":[["visual-verbal texts",[]],["whether it is the recruitment of sympathetic onlookers or the politically susceptible, on the one hand, or the alienation or \"triggering\" of \"snowflakes\" of the left, on the other.",[]]],"rt":[["paleocomedy",[]],["farright trolling",[]]],"sp":[["satire",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["lulz provide ironic distance where necessary.",[]],["provide ironic distance where necessary. In this way, the public response of 'just joking' is used as a 'frontstage' mechanism; or better, a shield to protect against charges of racism and their potential consequences, like falling foul in Europe of anti-racist legislation, including Holocaust denial.",[]]],"sy":[["Laugh out Loud",[]]],"rt":[["just joking",[]],["ironic distance",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["satire",[]]],"ex":[["gothic thriller",[]],["pastoral elegy",[]],["satirical sitcom",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["satire",[]]]},{},{"de":[["satire as a mobile mode rather than a fixed genre",[]],["the transgressive, anti-authoritarian impulses of satire can just as easily make it appear a progressive force that criticises the powerful and fosters rebellion against the status quo.",[]],["it might be better to note a tension within satire between enforcing norms and violating them, between restraint and license.",[]],["a genre-, medium-, and form-transcending, defying, and occupying mode",["Bricker, 2022b","Bullard, 2019","Greenberg, 2018","Griffin, 1994","Phiddian, 2013"]],["thinking of satire as a literary genre has outlived whatever usefulness it might have once had",["Caron, 2016","Caron, 2016, p. 155"]],["Satire is most effective not when it brutally lambasts its object, but when it expresses itself with seeming disinterest",["Bricker, 2022a, p. 54"]],["not a liberal antidote to authoritarianism, nor is it reducible to a conservative weapon of cultural reaction.",[]]],"sy":[["satiric",[]]],"rt":[["paleocomedy",[]],["religiorational satire",[]],["verbal-art definitions",[]],["parody",[]],["allegory",[]],["sarcasm",[]],["irony",[]],["absurdity",[]],["distortion",[]],["reversal",[]],["reduction",[]],["incongruity",[]]],"sb":[["parodic news",[]],["far-right internet trolling",[]]],"ex":[["Daily Show-style news programme parodies",[]],["Onion-style newspaper parodies",[]],["Far-right memes exemplify this doubleness in especially vivid ways: they ridicule and exclude while simultaneously building emotional communities; they normalise extreme views while insisting on their own triviality.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["These archetypes serve as functional roles rather than complex psychological identities, driving the plot toward resolution",["Youngs & Canter, 2011, p. 247"]]],"sb":[["hero",[]],["villain",[]],["helper",[]],["victim",[]]]},{"rt":[["framing theory",[]],["narratology",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["interpretive frames",[]],["investigative, exposé-style frame",[]],["state-controlled narratives",[]]],"sb":[["interpretive frames",[]],["investigative, exposé-style frame",[]]]},{"de":[["In cinema, framing extends to visual and thematic elements that guide interpretations of characters and events",["Gorp, 2010, p. 85"]],["In the context of films on child sex trafficking and violence, framing determines whether the issue is seen as a criminal justice problem, a human rights violation, or a socio-economic crisis",["Vance, 2012"]],["framing operates at multiple levelsvisual, narrative, and thematic-to shape how trafficking victims and perpetrators are perceived, ultimately constructing different approaches to addressing systemic corruption and justice.",[]]],"rt":[["narratology",[]],["feminist film theory",[]]]},{"de":[["Christie illustrates the concept of ideal victim through the example of a young, innocent (virgin) girl returning from caring for an ill relative, who is violently attacked before being assaulted (1986, p. 19), providing an image that speaks to societal expectations of who qualifies as an ideal victim.",["1986, p. 19","(1986, p. 19)"]],["This framework suggests that victims are often portrayed as innocent, passive, and deserving of sympathy, reinforcing simplistic binaries.",[]]],"sp":[["Victim",[]]],"ex":[["a young, innocent (virgin) girl returning from caring for an ill relative, who is violently attacked before being assaulted",["1986, p. 19"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["feminist film theory",[]]]},{"de":[["moves beyond conventional narratives to function as persuasive social commentary",[]]]},{"sb":[["equilibrium (a stable world)",[]],["disruption (an event that disturbs this balance)",[]],["recognition (realization of the problem)",[]],["resolution (attempts to restore order)",[]],["a new equilibrium (a transformed world)",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["fundamentally seen as an emotional response to receiving a gift",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["The Vishnu Puraana, an ancient Hindu text, defines krodha as mental suffering.",[]],["Krodha is one of the nine primary emotions described in Hinduism, and it is often associated with the goddess Durga, who is revered for her fierce determination and unwavering commitment to justice.",[]]],"sy":[["anger",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["They are also more likely to arise from spiritual or religious activities such as worship, prayer, and meditation rather than from non-religious pursuits. People who identify as religious or spiritual are more prone to experiencing these emotions than those who do not",["Paloutzian and Park, 2014"]],["They are also more likely to arise from spiritual or religious activities such as worship, prayer, and meditation rather than from non-religious pursuits. People who identify as religious or spiritual are more prone to experiencing these emotions than those who do not (Paloutzian and Park, 2014).",["Paloutzian and Park, 2014"]]],"sb":[["gratitude",[]],["awe",[]],["reverence",[]],["love",[]],["hope",[]]],"ex":[["traditionally fostered by religious and spiritual traditions worldwide",["Hill et al., 2000"]],["gratitude and awe",[]],["These emotions, including gratitude, awe, reverence, love, and hope",[]]]},{"de":[["increase the credibility and objectivity of the information provided.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Proclaim [P]",[]]],"ex":[["a) Their proposal, for a three-month extension is far from perfect.",[]],["b) O sea, que con la está cayendo [C], se destinan varios cientos de millones de euros que en ningún caso se justificará, ni el gasto ni los resultados de tales ayudas.",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["X claims that",[]],["it's rumoured that",[]],["a) He warned [D] that the most dangerous position this country could take in the light of changes being forced by the eurozone sovereign debt crisis would be to stand back and say we are going to do nothing about it.",[]],["b) El G7 insiste [D] además en que todos sus miembros tienen un \"interés común\" de que haya un sistema financiero internacional \"fuerte y estable\". Translation: The G7 also insists [D] that all its members have a \"common interest\", a \"strong and stable\" international financial system.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["an alignment dimension where writers acknowledge and connect to others, recognizing the presence of their readers, pulling them along with their argument, focusing their attention, acknowledging their uncertainties, including them as discourse participants, and guiding them to interpretations",["Hyland 2005: 176"]]],"rt":[["Stance",[]]],"sb":[["questions, both real and rhetorical",[]],["inclusive first person plural",[]],["indefinite, and second person pronouns and items referring to readers",[]],["directives",[]],["adjectival predicates controlling a complement to clause",[]],["references to shared knowledge",[]],["asides addressed to the reader",[]],["questions, both real and rhetorical, realized by interrogatives",[]],["inclusive first person plural, indefinite, and second person pronouns and items referring to readers",[]],["directives, realized by imperatives -as shown in example (7a) -or obligation modals referring to actions of the reader (must, ought, should, have to, need to) -as shown in example (7b) -and adjectival predicates controlling a complement to clause, directing readers to a particular action",[]],["asides addressed to the reader, marked off from the ongoing flow of text",[]]],"sp":[["interpersonal features of texts",[]]]},{"de":[["rhetorical signals of the communicative purposes fulfilled by different genres",[]]]},{"sb":[["Evidentials [EV]",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["Concur [C]",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Stance concerns writer-oriented features of interaction",[]],["self-mention as the preferred Stance strategy for both languages",[]],["Stance concerns writer-oriented features of interaction and is comprised of four main elements: hedges, as illustrated in (1a) and (1b), boosters, as in (2a) and (2b), attitude markers, as in (3a) and (3b) and selfmentions, as in ( 4a) and ( 4b) below",[]]],"rt":[["Engagement",[]]],"sb":[["hedges",[]],["boosters",[]],["attitude markers",[]],["selfmentions",[]],["self-mention",[]]],"sp":[["interpersonal features of texts",[]]]},{"de":[["rhetorical signals of the communicative purposes fulfilled by different genres",[]]]},{},{"de":[["media present viewpoints on crime and criminal justice policy which though not monolithic are loaded towards official perspectives",["2002: 407"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["law and order agenda",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["semantic threats",[]]]},{"de":[["most of the real contest happens in the cognitive domain",[]]]},{"rt":[["cybersecurity",[]],["psychological operations",[]]]},{"de":[["For example, it could analyze message patterns in financial forums to identify multiple posts pushing the same deceptive narrative and flagging suspicious clusters or unusually aligned messaging across supposedly independent accounts.",[]]]},{"de":[["For example, weather data from a sensor could be compared to historical norms or predicted forecasts to detect anomalies, much like how financial analysts flag unusual stock price movements.",[]]]},{"de":[["If dozens of pseudonymous posts share the same stylistic features, there's a strong chance they were authored by a single source.",[]]]},{"de":[["categorized computer network attacks into three types: physical (targeting hardware), syntactic (targeting system functionality, e.g., with viruses or worms), and semantic.",[]]],"rt":[["physical (targeting hardware)",[]],["syntactic (targeting system functionality, e.g., with viruses or worms)",[]]],"sp":[["computer network attacks",[]]]},{"rt":[["Stance Detection (SD)",[]],["Stance Detection",[]]]},{"de":[["The task of monitoring people's opinion towards particular targets in political topics or public life debates",[]],["The task of monitoring people's opinion towards particular targets in political topics or public life debates has grown in the last decade, thus leading to the creation of a specific area of investigation in NLP named Stance Detection (SD).",[]]],"rt":[["Sentiment Analysis (SA)",[]],["Sentiment Analysis",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["PESO model",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This involves emphasizing certain information and disregarding or suppressing other information to shape the audience's perception and comprehension of the message.",[]]],"ex":[["organizations may utilize framing to emphasize technological benefits if their target audience is particularly concerned with tech issues.",[]]]},{"rt":[["history",[]]]},{"rt":[["heritage",[]]]},{"de":[["During the lengthy process of an IPO, public relations practitioners and management may disseminate information regarding the substantial growth of the company and emphasize its expanding size and strength.",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["Google and Coursera launch program to train more IT support specialists",[]]]},{"de":[["The use of framing concept allows organizations to present their message in a way that is most likely to be understood and accepted by their target audience, while emphasizing the most positive aspects of their brand, products, and services (Tsai, 2007).",["Tsai, 2007"]]]},{"de":[["It is used to achieve different goals",["Hoffman and Ford, 2010"]]]},{"sp":[["PESO model",[]]]},{"sp":[["PESO model",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["PESO model",[]]]},{"de":[["This plan involves the coordination of actions, messages, images, and other forms of signaling or engagement, all intended to inform, influence, or persuade selected audiences",["Paul, 2011"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["DISEASE is the dark side of life, a kind of more costly citizenship. All living people have dual citizenship, one in the realm of health and the other in the realm of disease",["66"]],["Any disease seen as a mystery and feared very acutely will be regarded as morally, if not literally, contagious",["68"]],["DISEASE is the dark side of life, a kind of more costly citizenship.",["66"]]]},{"sy":[["gay plague",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Information is the positive value. However, in order to have the freedom to see something like \"information\", one must be able to think that something is \"non-information\".",[]]]},{"de":[["institutions of society, which produce, reproduce and spread communication.",[]],["These institutions directly interfere in the formation of public opinion with their descriptions of the social reality.",[]],["The function of mass media takes place in the direction of \"self-observation of the social system\", consisting of a separation between system and environment.",[]],["The effect if not the function of the mass media seems to lie, therefore, in the reproduction of non-transparency through transparency, in the reproduction of non-transparency of effects through transparency of knowledge.",[]],["It can be said that the media can be identified as both books, magazines and newspapers, such as radio, television and the internet.",[]]],"rt":[["public opinion",[]],["protest movements",[]]],"ex":[["books, magazines and newspapers, such as radio, television and the internet",[]]]},{"de":[["the definition of \"public\" is as a reflection of the entire frontier of the internal system of society, or also as the internal environment of the system, social subsystems and even all interactions and organizations.",["31"]]]},{"rt":[["mass media",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{},{"de":[["sending an angry or fearful tweet is an attempt to up-or down-regulate positive or negative mental states.",[]]],"ex":[["emotional communication surrounding a major health crisis like the Coronavirus pandemic and the protective measures taken by the government have a strong potential to induce the need for emotion regulation and to prompt citizens to express their emotions in tweets.",[]]]},{"sb":[["rule",[]],["authority",[]],["risk",[]],["morality",[]]]},{"de":[["governmentalist framings are geared towards governing conduct",[]],["Governmentalist actors tend to react to populist crisis communication in standardized ways, such as presenting populists as unreasonable, dangerous, and to be feared.",[]],["Given their tendency to believe that, especially in a public health emergency, it is necessary to trust political and scientific elites, avoid any risk of contagion, and show solidarity with those who are vulnerable, governmentalist actors are more likely to appeal to fear and less likely to appeal to anger.",[]],["Defining concepts as opposites is a helpful move, as it has significant advantages for clarity of contours and thus improves measurement (Goertz 2020: 81-83).",["Goertz 2020: 81-83"]]],"sy":[["establishment",[]],["mainstream",[]]],"rt":[["governmentality",[]],["populism",[]]],"sp":[["thin-centered ideologies",[]]]},{"rt":[["populist framing",[]]]},{"de":[["While conventional government relies on binding laws and direct coercion, governmentality relies on indirect methods such as disciplining or moralizing subjects into compliance.",[]],["Foucault and his disciples deliberately kept the concept of governmentality open rather than defining it, enabling scholars, in concrete situations and open-ended ways, to examine the myriad strategies through which people pursue regulatory goals by directing others, as well as themselves (Rose 1999;Dean 2010).",["Rose 1999","Dean 2010"]],["holds considerable promise for the empirical study of political communication.",[]]],"sy":[["the 'conduct of conduct'",["Gordon (1991:48)"]]],"rt":[["governmentalism",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Regarding morality, a governmentalist framing prescribes solidarity and responsible bodily conduct, whereas a populist framing apportions blame to outsiders and dismisses calls for solidarity and responsibility as disingenuous virtue signaling and political correctness.",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"rt":[["governmentalist",[]],["populist",[]]],"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Literature suggests that populist politicians gain support by appealing to the will of 'the people' against a conspiring elite",[]],["populist framings are characterized by anti-establishment appeals",[]],["populism is a backlash against governmentalist attempts to moralize people into compliance.",[]],["Given their opposition to what they see as corrupt political and scientific elites, unreasonable risk avoidance, and disingenuous virtue signaling, populists have a desire to disrupt the status quo and are more likely to appeal to anger and less likely to appeal to fear.",[]]],"rt":[["backlash politics",[]],["governmentalism",[]]],"sp":[["thin-centered ideologies",[]]]},{"rt":[["governmentalist framing",[]]]},{"de":[["Governmentalist framings resonate with what Foucault calls 'power/knowledge', that is, regimes of political rule and scientific authority where power and knowledge support and constitute one another",["Foucault 1980","Feder 2011"]]]},{"de":[["Governmentalist Framing",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"de":[["Given their 'thin' nature, they usually incorporate additional tenets from other sources to become salient in specific situations (Silva et al. 2023).",["Silva et al. 2023"]]]},{"de":[["Given their 'thin' nature, they usually incorporate additional tenets from other sources to become salient in specific situations",["Silva et al. 2023"]]]},{"de":[["UK legislators determined that a child is sexually exploited 'if on at least one occasion and whether or not compelled to do so, s/he offers or provides sexual services to another person in return for payment or a promise of payment to the child or a third person, or if an indecent image of the child is recorded.'",["8"]],["the media provide multiple definitions of CSE, such as domestic trafficking of children for money, organised child trafficking, a form of child sexual abuse, street grooming, a sexual act with a minor for which they or someone else receives payment, etc.",[]],["CSE is narrower than human trafficking, which can affect both children and adults and involve types of exploitation other than sexual.",[]],["Another difference is the travel aspect that is central in the legal definition of human trafficking in UK law, while it may but does not need to be part of the crime act of CSE.",[]]],"sy":[["CSE",[]]],"sp":[["human trafficking",[]]],"ex":[["domestic trafficking of children for money",[]],["organised child trafficking",[]],["a form of child sexual abuse",[]],["street grooming",[]],["a sexual act with a minor for which they or someone else receives payment",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["problem definitions",["19"]],["causal interpretations",["19"]],["moral evaluations",["19"]],["solutions",["19"]]]},{},{"de":[["This myth dates back to nineteenth-century narratives that emerged in response to European and American women migrating in search for labour.",[]],["white slavery myth of foreign men coming to the UK to corrupt local (white) girls and force them into prostitution",[]]],"rt":[["concerns linked to the collapse of the traditional family, women's independence, and the national identity crisis",["22"]],["deceived innocence and youth were linked to victims, and moral corruption and foreignness to traffickers",[]],["human trafficking",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["rumor detection",[]],["rumor tracking",[]],["stance classification",[]],["veracity of a rumor",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["veracity prediction",[]]]},{"ex":[["animal \"suffering, \" \"horrific\" confinement",[]],["pig's intelligence",[]],["\"human cruelty\"",[]]]},{"rt":[["news frames",[]]],"sp":[["news frames",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Previous studies have found that emotional appeals in videos serve an important role related to viewer reactions (Brader, 2006;Fischer et al., 2021).",["Brader, 2006","Fischer et al., 2021"]],["It is likely that emotional appeals in the examined videos resonated with viewers' emotions and ethical beliefs, influencing their attitudes.",[]],["using references to subject matter that relate with the audience, audio content, and music to evoke emotions in an audience",["Brader, 2006","Fischer et al., 2021"]]],"rt":[["message framing",[]]]},{"ex":[["\"industrial scale intensive pig farming\"",[]],["\"relentless quest of maximum piglet production\"",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["framing process model",[]]]},{"sp":[["framing process model",[]]]},{"rt":[["news frames",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This model outlines four framing processes: frame building, connecting internal and external factors shaping media coverage; frame setting, involving the transmission of frames from media to audiences; individual-level effects of framing, exploring how audience frames influence behavior, attitudes, and cognition; and journalists as audiences, suggesting that the frames they use can also impact them due to cognitive biases.",[]]],"sb":[["frame building",[]],["frame setting",[]],["individual-level effects of framing",[]],["journalists as audiences",[]]]},{"sp":[["framing process model",[]]]},{"sp":[["framing process model",[]]]},{"de":[["The concept that the media significantly shape discourse and thereby influence perceptions and societal understanding of significant issues and events",[]]]},{"rt":[["audience frames",[]]],"sb":[["audience frames",[]],["news frames",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["textual framing",["Rodriguez and Dimitrova, 2011"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["The differences and similarities between constructive journalism, past movements and more classical conceptions of journalism are analyzed through the framework of the Journalistic Compass that delineates four classical roles within journalism.",[]],["This conceptual elusiveness surely has a positive side to it, since openness can help generate new approaches to what it means to be constructive",[]],["constructive journalism is not meant to substitute, but rather to supplement more traditional norms and forms of journalism.",[]],["One focuses on what precedes the journalistic publication, and it is aimed at finding other news stories that the ones associated with traditional journalism, while the other type of constructive journalism focuses on what succeeds journalism, and how journalism can help bring about change in society.",[]],["aimed at what effects journalism can have, and how it can be used to move people in a number of ways",[]],["not a static domain, but will evolve as the research, underpinning method and application evolve",[]],["an organic domain, that will need to be revised, matured and progressed as we go along",[]],["an organic domain, that will need to be revised, matured and progressed as we go along.",[]],["include both a deliberative and a representative focus as part of their conceptions of what constructive means.",[]],["She also points to the need for telling other types of stories. But her \"constructive journalism\" is also aimed at what effects journalism can have, and how it can be used to move people in a number of ways.",[]]],"sy":[["constructive news",[]],["problem-solving journalism",[]],["solutions journalism",[]]],"rt":[["action journalism",[]],["public journalism",[]],["solutions journalism",[]],["peace journalism",[]],["constructive news",[]]],"sb":[["constructive news",[]]]},{"de":[["positive, inspirational and solution-based news",["2012: 196"]],["the terms do express a difference of focus between a concrete product and a particular practice.",[]],["terms do express a difference of focus between a concrete product and a particular practice",[]]],"sy":[["constructive journalism",[]],["problem-solving journalism",[]],["solutions journalism",[]]],"rt":[["traditional news values",[]],["constructive journalism",[]]],"sp":[["constructive journalism",[]]]},{"sy":[["deliberative perspective",[]]],"rt":[["representative approach",[]]]},{"rt":[["Journalistic Compass",[]]]},{"de":[["this model can be used by journalists to navigate normatively.",[]],["originally developed to delineate differences and similarities between traditional journalism and the public journalism that gained popularity around the turn of the century. This model incorporates two sets of journalistic principles.",[]],["the compass itself describe normative orientations it is not in itself a normative model. The compass does not imply that one type of journalism is more important than others. The model simply attempts to develop four ideal types of the ways in which journalists can service the public by either passively relaying information or actively attempting to ensure action by others, and by focusing on actions and attitudes among the public or the people, who represent the public.",[]]],"rt":[["traditional journalism",[]],["public journalism",[]]]},{"ex":[["Frequency, threshold, unambiguity, meaningfulness, consonance, unexpectedness, continuity, composition, reference to elite nations, reference to elite people, reference to persons and reference to something negative",["1965: 70-71"]]]},{"rt":[["Journalistic Compass",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["constructive journalism",[]]]},{"rt":[["public journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["public journalism that flourished at the turn of this century",[]],["originally developed out of dissatisfaction with the tripartite relationship between the public, the press and politics",[]],["Michael Schudson came to describe it as \"the best organized social movement in the history of the American Press\" (1999: 118).",[]]],"sy":[["civic journalism",[]],["solutions journalism",[]],["citizens' journalism",[]]],"rt":[["action journalism",[]],["traditional journalism",[]]]},{"rt":[["deliberative approach",[]],["Journalistic Compass",[]]]},{"rt":[["Journalistic Compass",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["can include tasks such as content discussion.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["dissemination of various versions of information, including misinformation, disinformation, and propaganda, entails the dissemination of false or misleading information through an information diffusion mechanism, where all users may be unaware of the falsehood in the information.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In 1922, Walter Lippmann's book \"Public Opinion\" included the first concept of propaganda. \"Propaganda is an attempt to change the image to which men react, to substitute one social pattern for another\" [1].",["1"]],["In 1928, Bernays described propaganda as a \"constant, persistent attempt to produce or form events to influence people's general relations to an undertaking, thinking, or gathering\" [2].",["2"]],["Harold D. Lasswell described propaganda in 1938 as \"the technique of controlling human behavior through the manipulation of representations\" [3].",["3"]],["Jacques Ellul described propaganda as, \"a variety of tactics employed by a dispersed group that needs to realize the complex or uninvolved interest in its activities of a large number of people, mentally brought together by mental controls and consolidated in an association\" [4].",["4"]],["Garth S. Jowett and Victoria O'Donnell described it as, \"the deliberate, systematic attempt to form attitudes, manipulate cognitions, and guide behavior to obtain a response that furthers the propagandist's desired\" purpose\" [5].",["5"]],["Propaganda is primarily used to gain people's trust in an individual, group, or a political party.",[]],["The propagandist intends to promote his or her goals, while there might seem to be a definite purpose and even a conclusive conclusion, the true intent is likely to be hidden. It aims to manage public opinion and exploit behavioral trends by controlling the flow of information.",[]],["This implies a deliberate attempt to advance specific ideologies or agendas by disseminating inaccurate or biased information on various digital platforms.",[]]],"sy":[["the manipulation of public opinion",[]]]},{},{"de":[["we used a lexicon-based approach for performing sentiment analysis.",[]]]},{"ex":[["\"OMG\" seldom ever refers to the literal expansion of \"oh my God\", but rather to a surprise or emphasis.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["commercial speech",[]],["commercial expressions",[]]],"sb":[["professional advertising",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["commercial speech",[]]]},{"de":[["an advert would still qualify as commercial speech if the 'manifestation of a desire to market goods for profit' is more central than 'the manifestation of a belief'",[]]],"rt":[["advertising",[]]]},{"de":[["the falsity of the information needs to be verifiable or the information needs to be misleading (the two circumstances seem to be alternative but equally sufficient).",[]]]},{"de":[["the falsity of the information needs to be verifiable or the information needs to be misleading",[]]],"rt":[["false information",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["political and issue advertising",[]]]},{"rt":[["political advertising",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["misleading electoral advertising",[]]]},{"rt":[["misleading commercial advertising",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["A furtherand, as will be discussed below, crucial-requirement is that the advertisement should not be of a private or commercial nature.",[]]],"rt":[["political and issue-based advertisements",[]],["political advertising",[]]]},{"de":[["the category of political advertising could likely be considered a narrower subset than the more general category of advertisement defined in the dsa",[]],["a political advertisement could be either of a non-commercial nature or a cross-breed category with some, but not full, overlap with the category of commercial expressions",[]],["communication 'that forms part of the democratic process' requires different rules to traditional advertising",[]]],"rt":[["issue-based advertising",[]],["traditional advertising",[]]],"sp":[["advertisement",[]]]},{},{"de":[["on which news broadcasting should be based",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["opinions",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["Appeal to Authority",[]]]},{"sy":[["AA",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["CO",[]]]},{},{"de":[["propaganda techniques that must have a specific sentence structure, such as Doubt",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["Loaded Language",[]]]},{"de":[["Loaded Language aims to elicit an emotional response.",[]]],"rt":[["words bearing either a positive or a negative sentiment",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["OIC",[]]]},{"sy":[["Obfuscation, Intentional vagueness, Confusion",[]]]},{"de":[["not intended to simply make up a story with objective errors, but instead use a variety of techniques to convince people, such as selectively conveying facts or appealing to emotions",["Jowett and O'Donnell, 2012"]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["Reduction to Hitlerum",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["Thought-terminating Clichés",[]]]},{"sy":[["TC",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["One key factor influencing the effectiveness of metaphors is their epistemic utility",[]]]},{"de":[["metaphorical framing highlights certain aspects of a situation, making them more salient than others",["Landau, 2017"]],["the influence of metaphorical framing is consistent with the inferences evoked by the metaphor",["Landau & Robinson, 2014","Thibodeau & Boroditsky, 2011"]],["metaphorical framing directs them to an external viewpoint (\"Building on your partner's materials\") than when it directs them to an internal viewpoint (\"Building with your materials\")",[]]],"rt":[["non-metaphorical framing",[]]],"ex":[["FIGHT",[]],["BRIDGE-BUILDING",[]]]},{},{"de":[["A value of 1 indicates providing only myside arguments.",[]],["participants almost exclusively produced arguments that supported their initial position",[]]],"sp":[["confirmation bias",[]]],"ex":[["A value of 1 indicates providing only myside arguments.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Participants were also more likely to select information sources aligned with their preexisting views",[]]],"sp":[["confirmation bias",[]]],"ex":[["Participants exposed to metaphorical framing that encouraged them to focus on their partner's arguments tended to select more counterattitudinal articles.",[]],["select more counterattitudinal articles",[]]]},{},{"de":[["According to Reese (2010), frames are always an abstraction; they manifest themselves in various directions, and he argues that the frames tend to be more general and extensive than the journalism's own production of news themes, factual issues and topics (p. 18, 21).",["2010"]],["For this reason, because the frames often being implicit and unnoticed, they often make an impression on an unconscious level (cf. Van Gorp, 2007, p. 63-64).",["2007","2007, p. 63-64"]]]},{"ex":[["the romanticising picture of the Others' way of living close to nature",[]]]},{"de":[["The frame describes the Papuans as a threat and a problem.",[]]]},{"ex":[["when the Papuans are delineated as unaffected by time and space",[]],["the penis gourd",[]]]},{"de":[["The Papuans are portrayed as victims rather than actors with possibilities of influencing the development in a political process.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Every member of the society is equally represented in the civil society, which means that every man has the right to say and they can highlight social issues through processions and peaceful protests to the higher authorities.",[]],["Civil society is an important pillar of any society.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["In this context, every good thing about Muslims was being rejected or hated due to fear or prejudice against the religion Islam, such as equality, tolerance, human rights, and sacrifices given by Muslims to establish peace and order globally.",[]]],"rt":[["Westophobia",[]]]},{"de":[["Primarily, the aim of this knowledge was to actually get the knowledge of the Eastern people. However, unfortunately, the purpose of this knowledge has become a weakening point for Islam where the Westerns made baseless objections. Such reflections were seen in the writings of the Orientalists.",["21"]]]},{},{"de":[["This epidemic has not only affected the peace of the society, rather, it has also affected the feelings of inferiority and vindictiveness, which has become common among Muslims.",[]],["Thus, Westophobia means undue fear of the West, hatred, and negative thinking about the people of the West.",["10"]]],"rt":[["Islamophobia",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The main components of the process are analyzing the reliability and credibility of information sources, developing skills in finding interconnections and the consequences of influence, and forming logical conclusions and reasonable assumptions about the variability of the situation or perception of information.",["Abdulrahaman et al., 2020","Permana et al., 2024","Abdulrahaman et al., 2020;Permana et al., 2024"]],["Critical thinking in pedagogical practice is positioned as the antithesis of dogmatic thinking, being identified as an independent, logical, and creative thought process.",["Adeshola & Adepoju, 2024"]]]},{},{"de":[["among the fundamental theoretical areas of media literacy are cognitive (development of analytical skills) and sociocultural (a means of socialization and prevention of manipulation and disinformation).",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["fake news",[]]]},{"rt":[["information and digital literacy",["Jones-Jang et al., 2021;Potter & Thai, 2019"]],["SPNL",[]],["information literacy",[]],["digital literacy",[]]],"sp":[["media literacy",["Jones-Jang et al., 2021;Potter & Thai, 2019"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["led to a greater lack of interest in AI, which also resulted in a partial drying up of funding for research into the technology",["Nilsson, 2009"]]]},{"de":[["Yet, the use of these technologies seems to have a negative connotation that results in conflict.",[]],["In these articles, AI and automation are mentioned as means to speed up or optimize processes, while there is not always 'enthusiasm' for this.",[]]],"sp":[["problematizing frames (dystopian)",[]]]},{"de":[["frames help to show what is going on with a certain problem or social issue.",[]],["Facts do not stand alone but are given meaning by embedding them in a narrative.",[]],["frames help to show what is going on with a certain problem or social issue. Facts do not stand alone but are given meaning by embedding them in a narrative.",["Figoureux (2020)"]],["the dynamic yet persistent nature of frames ensures that they play an important role in communication, especially when it comes to social issues that impact our daily lives.",["Figoureux (2020)"]]]},{"de":[["This frame depicts AI and automation as processes, as technologies that are constantly in motion and need of change. They are presented with a clear focus on the potential danger to humanity.",[]],["it refers to AI and automation taking over or even eliminating jobs.",[]]],"sp":[["problematizing frames (dystopian)",[]]]},{"de":[["'Kasparov Syndrome' refers to the possible loss of control, whereas in the former frame control is already lost.",[]],["in this frame, AI and automation are presented as technologies of constant, latent threat. They want to imitate human intelligence ('Kasparov Syndrome'), but often fall short, are too 'singular' ('can only perform one task satisfactorily') and will still allow humans to maintain their autonomy.",[]],["Unlike the 'Frankenstein Monster' frame, 'Kasparov Syndrome' refers to the possible loss of control, whereas in the former frame control is already lost. Therefore, in this frame, AI and automation are presented as technologies of constant, latent threat. They want to imitate human intelligence ('Kasparov Syndrome'), but often fall short, are too 'singular' ('can only perform one task satisfactorily') and will still allow humans to maintain their autonomy.",[]]],"rt":[["Frankenstein Monster",[]],["Frankenstein's Monster",[]]],"sp":[["dystopian frames",[]],["problematizing frames (dystopian)",[]]],"ex":[["technological changes by an algorithm or a machine in a parcel department, resulting in job loss",[]]]},{"de":[["Here, it is important that humans support the technology and that it is controlled or supervised by humans.",[]]],"sp":[["problematizing frames (dystopian)",[]]],"ex":[["an algorithm or machine that is not corresponding with the features or expectations",[]]]},{"sp":[["rather neutral frames",[]]]},{"de":[["fake news or inaccurate information spread/ escalate like a world fire on Whatsapp.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]],"sp":[["pseudo news",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["attention",[]]]},{"de":[["Such metaphors subtly encode a model of cognition as internal possession, as something that happens inside an enclosed mental space, separate from the body and external world.",[]],["They also imply effort, that attempts should be made to monitor and control the events occurring in this private container.",[]],["Importantly, these container metaphors also reflect broader social logics. They reinforce the liberal ideal of the self as autonomous and bounded, and in contemporary contexts, the neoliberal expectation that individuals must monitor and optimize their inner states.",[]],["mindfulness is framed not as relational attunement to the world, but as internal housekeeping, involving the management of a cluttered room inside the head",[]],["reinforce the experience of mind as an enclosed interior space requiring constant regulation and surveillance",[]],["framing mindfulness as an individual responsibility rather than a byproduct of the broader sociocultural environment",[]]]},{"de":[["Rather than framing the mind as a container to be managed, alternative metaphors might emphasize flow, relational embeddedness, or environmental attunement",[]]],"sp":[["Mind model literacy",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In this paper, metaphor is treated as a mechanism through which cultural environments, including media, influence self-construal.",[]]]},{"de":[["Identify the implicit models of mind embedded in media content.",[]]],"rt":[["models of mind",[]]]},{"de":[["reframing draws on the insight that media function not only as channels of communication but as environments that shape how the self is experienced",[]]],"sb":[["Recognizing metaphors of mind",[]],["Understanding effects on attention",[]],["Engaging alternative metaphors",[]]]},{"de":[["the EMM positions mindfulness as a mode of attention that engages with immediate sensory experience rather than abstract and self-referential thought.",["Kozhevnikov et al., 2014"]]]},{"sp":[["media literacy",[]]]},{"de":[["Across wellness apps, podcasts, and productivity tools, metaphors of mind often frame the self as a container, processor, or manager (i.e., isolated, bounded, and inward-facing)",[]]],"sp":[["Mind model literacy",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["independent self-construal",[]],["independent self-construal draws attention inward toward mental states",["Markus and Kitayama, 1991","Meaden, 2024"]]]},{"de":[["Container metaphors scaffold an attentional style oriented toward internal monitoring rather than external engagement",[]]],"sp":[["Mind model literacy",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["First, fact-checkers can only counteract false positives: news items that were flagged but should not have.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["It may involve the simultaneous promotion of politicians from extremist movements, which are treated as an alternative to the major parties. It is often based on the portrayal of mainstream politicians as corrupt and evil to the bone (e.g., portraying them as traitors to the nation, dependent on the outside influence of global elites).",[]]],"sp":[["Malicious intent",[]]]},{"rt":[["fact-checking",[]]]},{"de":[["The High Level Expert Group, established by the European Commission, defines disinformation as",[]],["disinformation is intentionally misleading by providing misleading or false information",["European Commission, 2022a"]],["even unintentional dissemination of false information without the goal of manipulating recipients can fuel disinformation.",[]],["Disinformation, according to our definition, is always spread intentionally, emphasizing the significance of comprehending the motives driving its dissemination. It encapsulates the broader goal of the author, which guides the specific narratives they employ to achieve that goal.",[]]],"rt":[["intentionality",["Hameleers, 2023"]],["misinformation",["de Cock Buning, 2018"]],["malicious intention",[]]]},{"rt":[["debunking",[]]]},{"sb":[["threat",[]],["refutational preemption",[]]]},{"de":[["Inoculation theory in psychology suggests that",[]]],"rt":[["inoculation message",[]],["threat",[]],["refutational preemption",[]],["prebunking",[]]]},{"de":[["It can be purely textual (Xu et al., 2023) or multimodal, where text is analyzed alongside images (Kruk et al., 2019) or videos (Maharana et al., 2022).",[]]],"rt":[["malicious intention",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This approach is grounded in the recognition that",[]],["Malicious intent encapsulates the broader goal of the author, which guides the specific narratives used to achieve that goal (Modzelewski et al., 2024).",["Modzelewski et al., 2024"]],["Malicious intent encapsulates the broader goal of the author, which guides the specific narratives used to achieve that goal",["Modzelewski et al., 2024"]]],"sb":[["Undermining the Credibility of Public Institutions [UCPI]",[]],["Changing Political Views [CPV]",[]],["Undermining International Organizations and Alliances [UIOA]",[]],["Promoting Social Stereotypes/Antagonisms [PSSA]",[]],["Promoting Anti-scientific Views [PASV]",[]]]},{"sy":[["malicious intent",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]],"sb":[["Undermining the credibility of public institutions [UCPI]",[]],["Changing political views [CPV]",[]],["Undermining international organizations and alliances [UIOA]",[]],["Promoting social stereotypes/antagonisms [PSSA]",[]],["Promoting anti-scientific views [PASV]",[]]]},{"de":[["Unlike disinformation, misinformation is misleading information shared by people who do not recognize it as such",["de Cock Buning, 2018"]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["Reinforcing anti-scientific attitudes also enables short-term financial gain (e.g., selling pseudo-medical remedies for various diseases). The fight against science can be based on a direct attack on scientists (e.g., the claim that vaccines are designed to depopulate humanity), but is also a significant element of conspiracy theories (e.g., medicine is not used to cure people, but to make money).",[]]],"sp":[["Malicious intent",[]]]},{"de":[["This causes internal problems to absorb most of the attention, giving room for external centers of influence to operate. This can take the form of reinforcing xenophobia (e.g., stirring up resentment against Ukrainian refugees and portraying them as dangerous). Aversion to specific social groups can also be exploited (e.g., portraying homosexuals as pedophiles).",[]],["Divided society is less resistant to manipulation, and mutual distrust also promotes a collapse of confidence in the institution of the state and democracy. This causes internal problems to absorb most of the attention, giving room for external centers of influence to operate. This can take the form of reinforcing xenophobia (e.g., stirring up resentment against Ukrainian refugees and portraying them as dangerous). Aversion to specific social groups can also be exploited (e.g., portraying homosexuals as pedophiles).",[]]],"sp":[["Malicious intent",[]]]},{"sy":[["prebunking",[]]],"rt":[["threat",[]]]},{"rt":[["refutational preemption",[]]]},{"de":[["Numerous extreme political movements also have an interest in shattering trust in international institutions. This is part of a populist influence on society and a way to gain power. International institutions are then most often portrayed as entities that take away the sovereignty of member states (e.g., presenting the EU as an authoritarian organization that imposes its will on others).",[]]],"sp":[["Malicious intent",[]]]},{"de":[["The idea is to make citizens disbelieve in the effectiveness of their own state, undermine the sense of its existence or actively fight against it. This is ultimately meant to lead to resentment of the system, thus undermining the very essence of Western democracies. As a result, it becomes easier to spread false information, and the public's resistance to outside influence decreases.",[]],["This can be done by undermining official communications, insinuating bad intentions or falsely exposing corruption (e.g., accusing governments of population control with vaccines). The idea is to make citizens disbelieve in the effectiveness of their own state, undermine the sense of its existence or actively fight against it. This is ultimately meant to lead to resentment of the system, thus undermining the very essence of Western democracies. As a result, it becomes easier to spread false information, and the public's resistance to outside influence decreases.",[]]],"sp":[["Malicious intent",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["This method uses a sentiment lexicon or dictionary, a list of lexical features (words, phrases, etc.) that have been assigned a polarity value.",[]],["This list is then used to calculate a score for the input text's polarity and/or sentiment.",[]]]},{"de":[["LIWC processes each text sample, locates individual words, compares them with its built-in dictionary, counts that word, and increments as a straight count and then applies that count to a simple percentage function (% of the complete document) or a variable-based scale function (based on dedicated algorithms) for psychometric, psycholinguistic, or other human-related measures.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"ex":[["migranti 'migrants' , izbeglice 'refugees' , azilanti 'asylum seekers'",[]]]},{"de":[["based on its opposition to the tabloid press",[]]],"rt":[["tabloid press",[]]]},{"de":[["It serves the public interest by ensuring dissemination of truthful, impartial, accurate information and protection of other basic human rights such as freedom of speech; protection of privacy, reputation and religious feelings",["Baydar, 2008","Jamil, 2017"]]]},{"sp":[["media convergence",[]]]},{"sp":[["media convergence",[]]]},{"sy":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]],["falsehood",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["filtering news stories either gathered by mobile journalists (MoJos) or received by citizen journalists",[]]]},{"de":[["In media studies, convergence advances analysis of the blurring boundaries between the media and telecommunications.",[]],["The theory highlights the fusion of different tools and equipment for news production and distribution because it is the coming together of the media, telecommunications and computer industries",["Grant & Wilkinson, 2009"]],["Singer (2004) posits that media convergence is 'some combination of technologies, products, staff and geography among the previously distinct provinces of print, television and online media'.",["2004"]],["It is also considered as being beyond technological shift because it has not only transformed the relationship between existing technologies, but it has also altered the relationship between existing media industries, markets, genres and audiences",[]]],"sb":[["Technological convergence",[]],["ownership/economic convergence",[]],["content convergence",[]],["operational convergence",[]],["collaboration or cooperation convergence",[]]]},{"de":[["mobile journalism has been accepted in various international broadcasting channels to enhance their services as news providers, such as CNN, BBC and Al Jazeera.",[]],["mobile journalists (MoJo) who can perform multi-tasking of video shoot, editing and news distribution through their smartphone",[]],["With the little passage of time, mobile journalism has been accepted in various international broadcasting channels to enhance their services as news providers, such as CNN, BBC and Al Jazeera.",[]]],"rt":[["MoJos",[]],["technological convergence",[]]],"sb":[["mobile journalists (MoJo)",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["media convergence",[]]]},{"sp":[["media convergence",[]]]},{"de":[["The theory supports the notion of freedom with responsibility that requires individual journalists and media organizations not only to report facts with truthfulness, but also to provide deeper and unbiased interpretations of news stories in the public's interest.",[]],["Thus, the theory attempts to buttress journalistic standards and their roles in any society for accomplishing broader objectives of democracy and development.",[]]]},{"de":[["Different groups of people with disabilities categorize themselves in different ways. To demonstrate professional awareness and solidarity, we must recognize and respect the language choices of these groups 2 .",["2"]]]},{"de":[["It's evident in language, attitudes, and actions implying one gender's superiority. This issue perpetuates inequality and is recognized as a key factor in maintaining gender disparities, often unintentionally.",[]]],"sp":[["Non-inclusive",[]]]},{"de":[["Those sentences avoid using male pronouns or nouns for mixed-gender groups.",[]]],"sp":[["Level A-Inclusive/Non-inclusive",[]]]},{"de":[["It supports a customer-centric approach by assisting firms in recognizing and connecting with internal and external customers with the utmost respect and kindness.",[]]],"rt":[["gender",[]],["age",[]],["race",[]],["ethnicity",[]],["culture",[]],["sexual orientation",[]],["disability",[]],["health status",[]]]},{"sy":[["specialized dictionaries",[]]]},{"de":[["It may cause emotional upset or offense.",[]]],"sb":[["age bias",[]],["gender bias",[]],["disability bias",[]],["other biases",[]]],"sp":[["Level A-Inclusive/Non-inclusive",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["where the public sphere is characterized by false information, rumors, hate speech and deception",["Wardle & Derakshan, 2017"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Occurring within a growing global \"information disorder\" (Wardle & Derakshan, 2017), these narratives often avail themselves of the affordances of evolving digital platforms to create",["Wardle & Derakshan, 2017"]],["favored by Beijing and Moscow",[]],["favored by China and Russia",[]]],"rt":[["strategic narratives",[]]],"sp":[["Strategic Narratives",[]]],"ex":[["the idea that the War in Ukraine was caused by NATO",[]],["the claim that Russia is fighting Nazism in Ukraine",[]],["Sanctions against Russia are the main cause for the current food and energy crises",[]],["The war in Ukraine is a consequence of NATO's expansion in Eastern Europe",[]]]},{"de":[["Narratives were important during most of the Cold War but have become again more strategic in recent years as geopolitical power relations shifted, and authoritarian regimes have adopted new ways to legitimize their rule",["Dukalskis, 20218"]],["Such a narrative could help build consensus to support the implementation of national strategy and foreign policy",["Freedman, 2015"]],["These competing narratives have already been part of the battle for influence during the postcolonial era",[]],["which are aimed at reaching audiences beyond the borders of South Africa",["Ndlovu, 2018"]]],"rt":[["strategic disinformation narratives",[]]],"sb":[["strategic disinformation narratives",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["individuals continually evaluate public opinion on social media because they fear isolation",["Neubaum & Krämer, 2017"]],["The fear of isolation encourages the perceived minority opinion holders to silence themselves.",[]]],"rt":[["willingness to speak out",[]]]},{},{"de":[["one's perceived climate of opinion may not follow the direction of the actual public opinion",["Fields & Schuman, 1976","Shamir & Shamir, 1997","Taylor, 1982"]]]},{"de":[["individuals continually gauge opinion climates in and around their environments to stay informed about public issues. They do so directly by observing others and indirectly by consuming mass media.",[]],["people employ a quasi-statistical sense to recognize the opinion climate on public issues, even without accessing polls, or continually gauge the climate relative to public issues through interpersonal and mass media information",[]]]},{"sp":[["digital media",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the degree of willingness to speak out decreases when the fear of isolation increases in various digital communication platforms.",[]],["one of the seminal works in journalism and mass communication scholarship",[]]]},{"de":[["The central theme of the theory is that societies threaten those who deviate from the perceived majority opinion with isolation.",[]],["most opinions are likely to become increasingly dominant over time, while minority opinions become increasingly silent, the so-called spiral of silence",[]],["The central theme of the theory is that societies threaten those who deviate from the perceived majority opinion with isolation. The fear of isolation encourages the perceived minority opinion holders to silence themselves.",[]]],"sy":[["spiral of silence",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["fake news",[]],["misinformation",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["Sometimes the term fake news is used as a political weapon (mainly after its diffusion in the 2016 United States presidential election), referring to different types of false content (Meel and Vishwakarma, 2020).",["Meel and Vishwakarma, 2020"]]],"sy":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]],"sb":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{"sy":[["fake news",[]],["disinformation",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["The heterogeneity of the term \"fake news\" leads to it becoming \"a catch-all term with multiple definitions\"",["Lilleker 2017, p. 1"]],["Respondents admit that apart from fake news that is entirely invented and has no connection with real facts and events, there is news that may be based on real facts, opinions, and events. In this case, fake news may be a partial distortion of reality that can reflect real situations in the world and at the same time include other misinformation.",[]],["Respondents also point out that the process of distortion of fake news may be unintended when an author does not have the aim of misleading the audience.",[]],["Fake news may be distorted in a natural way (for example, someone misunderstood something, someone paraphrased something, etc.)",[]],["one of the essential components of fake news is appealing to emotions instead of facts.",[]],["The next crucial and integral component of fake news is vague sources of information.",[]],["In fake news, the author does not indicate the source from which the information was taken, does not provide expert comments",[]],["It may be identified as completely fabricated information or as partially invented content where the real facts, situations, and events are preserved but there is also misinformation that leads to the distortion of the presented reality in the news.",[]],["there are different contexts in which fake news may be defined (e.g., technological, social, or cultural conditions).",[]],["the distribution of fake news does not always have intentional character because sometimes it may have an unintentional effect.",[]],["respondents understand the phenomenon of fake news as information that is completely or partially fabricated.",[]]],"sy":[["hoax",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["tell-truth-telling strategies",[]]]},{"de":[["The destructive consequences of post-truth (in particular, spreading fake news, devaluation of facts, etc.), which destroy public discourse in the media environment, and exacerbate political and social differences, and the resonance that arises around these consequences speak to the growing need for relevant research.",[]],["Post-truth is a consequence of occurring postmodern processes (in particular, mediatization), technological transformations (the widespread use of digital means of communication), changes in social communication (competition of influential actors in the information space), and a general decline in trust in social institutions.",[]],["The post-truth phenomenon reflects the transformation of public discourse that deals with the distortion of media reality.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["objectivity and transparency are indeed the most essential aspects that should be considered in the work of professional journalists.",[]],["Submission of different views on the same issue is a guarantee of a more accurate reflection of situations, their consequences, and their subsequent impact on certain aspects of life.",[]],["The competent selection of information sources (both documentary and human) by a journalist.",[]],["the building of an effective mechanism for checking the work of journalists within the editorial office",[]],["reliance on facts (numbers, quotes, examples)",[]],["Valuelessness (if not an author's column), social responsibility, understanding the impact of the text on society, the ethical aspect",[]],["the competent selection of information sources; the involvement of unbiased experts; the building of an effective mechanism for checking the work of journalists within the editorial office; the scepticism regarding unknown source; paying attention to the references to the factual material (e.g., statistics, foto-and video-materials).",[]]]},{"sy":[["tell-truth strategies",[]]],"rt":[["transparency",[]],["objectivity",[]],["interactivity",[]],["accuracy",[]],["openness and accountability",[]]]},{"rt":[["transparency (Allen, 2008;Kovach et al., 2001)",[]],["objectivity (Hellmüller, 2013)",[]],["interactivity (Lasica, 2004)",[]],["accuracy (Fitzpatrick, 2018, p.5)",[]],["openness and accountability (Karlsson, 2011)",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Fake news is often created to deceive, manipulate, or incite and is usually disseminated through online platforms, where it can quickly go viral",["van der Linden et al., 2020"]],["Fake news is often created to deceive, manipulate, or incite and is usually disseminated through online platforms, where it can quickly go viral (van der Linden et al., 2020).",["van der Linden et al., 2020"]]],"sp":[["misinformation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the transfer of salient issues from the media agenda to the public agenda",[]]],"sb":[["The first level of agenda setting deals with the salience of an object or an actor",[]],["the second level of agenda setting deals with the attributes of the object or the actor concerned.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Because ''evaluation'' is a central element in the definition of ''attitude'' (e.g., Eagly & Chaiken, 1993), corporate reputation is characterized in the present study as an attitude toward an organization or sector.",[]],["corporate reputation is characterized in the present study as an attitude toward an organization or sector.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In this study, the perspective of the second level of agenda-setting approach was used because this study did not fit with the central theme definition of framing.",[]]],"rt":[["second-level agenda setting",[]]]},{"de":[["it was shown that the salience of an issue determined corporate reputation.",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["thematic or ''ordinary'' content analysis",[]]]},{"de":[["the amount of news about issues determined the salience of an issue.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["1)selecting controversial claims, 2)leveraging web documents that either support or deny those statements to 3) finally come to a veracity verdict.",[]]]},{"de":[["subjective and often misleading depiction of facts known as Fake News -a phenomenon that is effectively shaping the perception of reality for many individuals.",[]],["a phenomenon that is effectively shaping the perception of reality for many individuals",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["a linguistic property that refers to the degree to which a source associates himself/herself with the topics of a message",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["a linguistic property that refers to the degree to which a source associates himself/herself with the topics of a message",["Mehrabian and Wiener, 1966"]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["EJ",[]]]},{"de":[["Every discourse is an exercise in framing in that a discursive representation is always a clipping out of a perceivable reality. Reality gains meaning only after it is marked and tailored through a symbolic representation.",[]],["Framing imposes a select lens; it structures \"a particular area of life, and occurs when a trigger symbol is used in describing that area. It is the cognitive imposition of a package of knowledge from one area of life onto another area\"",["Stibbe, 2021, 41"]],["Further, framing can perform an entire problem-solving function: define the problem and its cause, make a moral judgment, and suggest solutions",["Entman, 1993"]],["framing can perform an entire problem-solving function: define the problem and its cause, make a moral judgment, and suggest solutions",["Entman, 1993"]],["Every discourse is an exercise in framing in that a discursive representation is always a clipping out of a perceivable reality.",[]]]},{"de":[["Such communication may or may not be deliberate (Bowen, 2014) and encompasses a variety of techniques, including selective information disclosure, hollow green claims and policies, dubious certifications and labels, co-opted NGO endorsements and partnerships, ineffective government-sponsored voluntary programs, misleading narrative and discourse, and misleading visual imagery",["Lyon and Wren Montgomery, 2015","Bowen, 2014"]],["Such communication may or may not be deliberate (Bowen, 2014) and encompasses a variety of techniques, including selective information disclosure, hollow green claims and policies, dubious certifications and labels, co-opted NGO endorsements and partnerships, ineffective government-sponsored voluntary programs, misleading narrative and discourse, and misleading visual imagery (Lyon and Wren Montgomery, 2015).",["Bowen, 2014","Lyon and Wren Montgomery, 2015"]]]},{},{"de":[["the wellbeing of frontline communities and the ecological world beyond humans",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["critical discourse analysis (CDA)",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["determines the willingness of legacy media to incorporate them into their working routines.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Determined by their training and the country's journalistic traditions, these values include both media organizations' principles and individual journalists' beliefs.",[]]]},{"de":[["Under the pretext of satisfying users' information needs, such individualized censorship can make the audience used to news filtering.",[]],["less obtrusive than direct prohibition of certain views",[]]]},{"de":[["By offering personalized news recommendations, legacy media accommodate users' information needs and individualize their consumption experience.",[]],["Such a personalized approach increases consumers' loyalty towards specific news brands and optimizes their engagement with the offered content",[]],["personalization not only accommodates user preferences better, but also transforms their information diets",[]],["news personalization can also strengthen journalistic values (e.g. objectivity and impartiality) which are hard to sustain at the time of conflict, when journalists often struggle both with official and self-censorship.",[]],["news personalization can make conflict coverage more nuanced by exposing readers to diverse interpretations and challenging the overrepresentation of military and political elites.",[]],["personalization can enable masked censorship, which is less obtrusive than direct prohibition of certain views",[]],["personalization can facilitate the distribution of biased interpretations and serve as a form of computational propaganda.",[]],["can make conflict coverage more nuanced by exposing readers to diverse interpretations and challenging the overrepresentation of military and political elites",[]],["can be more easily instrumentalized for promoting agendas of political and economic stakeholders",[]],["can facilitate the distribution of biased interpretations and serve as a form of computational propaganda",[]],["The deployment of system-driven personalization can partially amend the effects of individual journalists' self-censorship and expose readers to different viewpoints",[]],["mitigate the effect of affective language by either filtering extreme viewpoints out of the individualized news feeds or highlighting that stories produced by the opposite side also feature the same emotions",[]]],"sb":[["User-driven personalization",[]],["system-driven personalization",[]]]},{},{"de":[["referenced as a major innovation in the media sector in Russia (PWC, 2017) and an influential characteristic of the media market in Ukraine (Ishenko, 2017).",["PWC, 2017","Ishenko, 2017"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The latter option can also be strengthened through self-actualization mechanisms encouraging user interactions with individualized news feeds (Sullivan et al., 2019).",["Sullivan et al., 2019"]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["news personalization",[]]]},{"sp":[["news personalization",[]]]},{"de":[["Such systems are frequently employed by Ukrainian and Russian legacy media, and offer limited personalization per se. Instead, they primarily rely on the idea of promoting the most popular content independently of its relationship with journalistic values.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["By making lateral comparisons against less fortunate and upward contacts, the process of downward evaluating can boost one's self-esteem",["Taylor and Lobel, 1989"]]]},{},{"de":[["This process can be attributed to members of a group attempting to conform to the ideal or stereotypical member identity or behaviour, which in turn results in more polarised or exaggerated behaviours.",[]],["This involves an element of social comparison. A group member might compare their attitude or position to the group's average and then adjust to be closer to the group position.",[]]],"rt":[["confirmation bias",[]]]},{"sp":[["racism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["racism has five key attributes: racial hierarchy, racial framing, collective and individual discrimination, racial inequalities, and, finally, racist institutions.",["Feagin, 2006","Feagin (2006)"]]]},{},{"de":[["It is also suggested that individuals are motivated to engage in social comparison for self-improvement and self-enhancement, not just for self-evaluations",["Wood, 1989"]]],"rt":[["downward evaluations",[]]]},{"de":[["Individuals become less identifiable; they feel less responsible as individuals, and the importance of their attitudes and judgements becomes secondary to that of the attitudes and position of the group",["Ashforth and Mael, 1989"]],["When this occurs, individual behaviour becomes less inhibited and more extreme and can include behaviour that might be harmful, illegal or against social norms (outside that of the group).",["Ashforth and Mael, 1989"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["a sense of civic responsibility to commit to action in the community",[]]]},{"de":[["As opposed to many institutionalized forms of participation (such as voting or contacting politicians), these actions are not directly targeted towards the government, nor are they located within the sphere of politics. Instead, they are often embedded within a local context and directed towards neighbourhood problem-solving, by improving conditions of social groups outside one's own network of family and friends",["Ekman and Amnå, 2012","Kim and Ball-Rokeach, 2006"]]]},{"sb":[["civic talk with strong ties",[]],["civic talk with weak ties",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Within this framework, it is assumed that communication, both in terms of mass media exposure and interpersonal discussion, mediates the impact of an individual's pre-existing orientations, conditions and characteristics on civic participation.",[]]]},{"de":[["A recent body of research suggests that this specific type of news consumption might have unique effects on civic participation because people are more frequently exposed to mobilizing information and calls for social interaction and political action.",[]],["consuming news through a combination of platforms",[]],["where citizens rely on various news outlets in a complementary manner",[]]]},{"de":[["The O-S-R-O-R model thus disassembles the different communication variables and emphasizes how mass and interpersonal communication complement each other to enhance civic participation",["Shah et al., 2005"]]]},{},{"de":[["an arena for civic participation, especially during times of crisis.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["strong ties",["Granovetter, 1973","Kavanaugh et al., 2005"]]]},{"de":[["affective publics,\" which ultimately shapes public opinions.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["echoing Bennett and Segerberg's (2012) concept of 'connective action.'",[]],["Participants recognized that digital involvement transcended mere self-expression; it represented a form of collective advocacy, echoing Bennett and Segerberg's (2012) concept of 'connective action.'",[]]]},{},{},{},{"ex":[["reposting, utilizing hashtags, or updating profile pictures",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Framing of news stories highlights certain aspects of them, thereby defining problems, causes, moral judgments, and potential solutions across both commercial and non-commercial media.",[]]]},{"de":[["It was found that the line between professional journalism and citizen media has begun to disappear. Jordanian journalists indicated that tone and visual style had been adjusted to meet audience emotional expectations, even if this challenged traditional neutrality. This evolution is described conceptually by Chadwick's (2013) framework of a \"hybrid media system.\"",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["My friends post Palestine flags but go to parties the next night. Is that genuine support or just a fad?",[]]]},{},{"de":[["constitutive of contemporary popular culture driven by unprecedented technological innovations, industrial shifts, as well as radical sociocultural and economic transformations",[]],["captures the complex intertwinement and dynamic interaction between top-down media design and bottom-up participation in media production and consumption",["12"]],["convergence is a boundary-blurring process",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["小姐姐, 你太太太太太太可爱啦! (央视网 CCTV Web 6/28/2020) Xiaojiejie, ni tai tai tai tai tai tai ke-ai la Xiaojiejie, 2SG too too too too too too cute/lovable SFP 'Xiaojiejie, you are toooooo cute!'",[]],["白衣小姐姐, 你溜走的样子真好看! (央视新闻 CCTV News 8/8/2020) Bai-yi xiaojiejie, ni liuzou-de yangzi zhen haokan White-dress xiaojiejie, 2SG run-away-ASSOC appearance really pretty 'Xiaojiejie in white dress, the way you hurry away looks so pretty!'",[]],["小姐姐, 你飞奔的样子真美! (人民网 People's Web 12/1/2021) Xiaojiejie, ni fei-ben-de yangzi zhen mei Xiaojiejie, 2SG fly-run-ASSOC appearance really beautiful 'Xiaojiejie, the way you dash looks so beautiful!'",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["self-media accounts (自媒体)",[]],["marketing accounts (营销账号)",[]],["Self-media account",[]]],"ex":[["marketing account",[]]]},{},{"de":[["offering potent tools for discerning the authenticity of online content.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["a good headline needs to capture people's attention and serve as an irresistible invitation for users to read through the article.",[]]],"rt":[["summarization style headline",[]]],"ex":[["Measuring Trump's Media Dominance",[]]]},{"de":[["The sensationalism score is, therefore, used to give dynamic weight to MLE and RL",[]]]},{"sp":[["Event Status",[]]]},{"rt":[["patient",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["actual",[]],["intentional",[]],["speculative",[]],["Actual: An event that is happening or has happened.",[]],["Intentional: An event that is being planned or intended to happen in the future. Usually, it is the moral agent's subjective intention of the event.",[]],["Speculative: An event that may happen, usually speculated by someone who is not a participant in the event (e.g. the speaker of a quote, or the author of the article).",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["speculative",[]]],"sp":[["Event Status",[]]]},{"rt":[["selective reporting",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["moral agents",[]],["moral patients",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["moral patient",[]]]},{},{"de":[["An event is something that happens, a specific occurrence involving participants, and can frequently be described as a change of state.",[]]],"rt":[["moral action",[]]]},{"rt":[["event detection",[]],["event argument extraction",[]]]},{"rt":[["moral agents",[]],["moral patients",[]]]},{"sb":[["Care",[]],["Harm",[]],["Fairness",[]],["Cheating",[]],["Loyalty",[]],["Betrayal",[]],["Authority",[]],["Subversion",[]],["Sanctity",[]],["Degradation",[]]]},{"de":[["we hypothesize that an utterance embodies a morality if it contains a morality-bearing mention",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["moral agent",[]]]},{}] |