MBDef 1.0.0: Explorer data for exactly the released rows, map and topics made on them
714cbfe verified | [{"de":[["Freedom of expression is broader than media pluralism as it relates to special rights, protections, and responsibilities for journalists' media activities.",[]]],"rt":[["media pluralism",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["media pluralism",[]]]},{"de":[["the diversity and plurality of the media",[]],["While it is agreed that media pluralism constitutes a pillar of modern, liberal democracies, the concept itself is widely debated.",["28"]],["Due to ongoing digitalization and \"platformization,\" it is conceptually becoming more complex and nuanced.",["29"]],["It enshrines a plethora of aspects, such as diversity of ownership and variety with respect to the sources of information and the available content.",["30"]],["Consequently, it can be analyzed on various levels: a macro level related to media ownership, service structures, and entry costs; a meso level related to media performance and professional conduct; and a micro level of content.",["31"]],["attaining true diversity and objectivity can only be achieved by providing a variety of stations and programs.",["41"]],["The state is the ultimate guarantor of the principle of media pluralism, and a monopoly in the broadcasting market (private or public) is, per se, harmful to that end.",["42"]],["the AVMSD seeks to safeguard the fundamental freedom to receive information, guaranteed under Article 11(1) of the Charter, and to promote pluralism of the media in the production and programming of information in the EU, as protected under Article 11(2) of the Charter.",["67"]],["respect for media pluralism is directly mentioned in Article 30 as a value NRAs should respect.",[]],["The activities of public broadcasters that undermine media pluralism should be monitored by an independent authority.",[]],["current events linked with curtailing media pluralism in some Member States led to the European Media Freedom Act (MFA) proposal designed to safeguard media pluralism.",[]],["The Amsterdam Protocol emphasizes that the system of public broadcasting in the Member States is directly related to the democratic, social, and cultural needs of each society and the need to preserve media pluralism.",[]],["Preserving media pluralism is a complex goal that requires various instruments.",[]],["safeguarding media pluralism resembles a \"Jenga Tower\" in which some blocks can be removed.",[]],["safeguard media pluralism as enshrined in Article 11 of the Charter.",["35"]]],"rt":[["plurality of content",[]],["diversity of voices",[]],["cultural diversity",[]],["freedom of expression",["33"]]],"sb":[["internal pluralism",[]],["external pluralism",[]],["internal pluralism, understood as a plurality of voices and expressed opinions within a specific media organization",["32"]],["external pluralism, understood as a plurality of media outlets in the broader context",["32"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Researchers operating within a framing perspective are looking for cues of how language choices push our thinking in specific directions; in particular, researchers are searching for various framing devices that may have been used: keywords and rhetorical devices",["Kuypers, 2009"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["a definition that fits the purposes of this paper, especially as far as Meta's fact-checkers are concerned, given that the company spends substantial amounts on grants for fact-checking organizations",[]]]},{"sy":[["epistemic cartel",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["there is simply too much misinformation available online, especially on social media.",[]]],"rt":[["false information",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["fact-checking",[]]]},{"de":[["Final bet asset values are defined in terms of later official judgments about the facts in question.",[]],["By construction, such assets are durable, identical, and can be created in unlimited supply.",[]],["Final bet asset values are defined in terms of later official judgments about the facts in question. By construction, such assets are durable, identical, and can be created in unlimited supply.",[]],["unlike stock markets, in prediction markets, the relevant outcomes extend far beyond future stock prices",[]]],"rt":[["stock markets",[]],["speculative markets",[]]],"ex":[["which horse will win a race",[]],["the Democratic Party wins the 2016 US presidential election",[]],["such as which horse will win a race",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Frames",[]]]},{"de":[["This can lead to biased conclusions or incorrect inferences if the dataset is used for research or analysis purposes.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Social media studies analyze which frames are prevalent in a discussion to better understand public opinion on the issue.",[]]],"sb":[["Issue-generic frames",[]],["Issue-specific frames",[]],["Other generic frames",[]],["Crime & Punishment",[]],["Capacity & Resources",[]],["Security & Defence",[]],["Morality & Ethics",[]],["Legality, Constitutionality, Jurisdiction",[]],["Issue-generic frames include frames that emphasize policy-making-oriented aspects such as economics or legal issues.",[]],["Issue-specific frames focus on how the immigrants are depicted, as heroes, victims, or threats.",[]],["Other generic frames focus on the text's narrative (thematic or episodic).",[]]]},{"sp":[["Frames",[]]]},{"sp":[["Frames",[]]]},{"sp":[["Frames",[]]]},{"sp":[["Frames",[]]]},{"sp":[["Frames",[]]]},{"de":[["Twitter amplifies them to a broader audience by listing them on its user interface.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["that occur at a certain frequency, for example, at 10 or 40 per million words, and are not used by just one individual.",[]]]},{"sy":[["phrase-frames",[]],["p-frames",[]],["phrase frames",[]]],"sb":[["verb-based",[]],["other-content-word",[]],["function-word",[]],["stance expressions",[]],["discourse organizers",[]],["referential expressions",[]],["news content lexical frames",[]]],"ex":[["the frame latest in a * of where the slot in the fourth word position marked by * can be filled by word variants. For this frame, the three word variants for the slot are \"series\", \"string\" and \"parade\".",[]],["latest in a * of",[]]]},{"de":[["they are formulaic sequence that are \"discontinuous\" (Gray & Biber, 2013, p. 110) since there is a slot within the sequence that can be filled by two or more words.",["Gray & Biber, 2013, p. 110"]]],"sy":[["phrase frames",[]],["p-frames",[]]],"rt":[["formulaic language",[]],["lexical bundles",[]]]},{},{"de":[["They can be grouped based on the content words that they contain and the overall functions that they perform in the news.",[]]]},{"sb":[["obligation",[]],["intention/prediction",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["The Action frame follows in frequency of objectification, with its active characteristic actualizing the concept undergoing transformations that adapt to the conditions in which it functions.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Frames can be schemas, global models, scenes, scripts, or frameworks uniting denotative situations or unified constructs of knowledge.",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["schemas",[]],["global models",[]],["scenes",[]],["scripts",[]],["frameworks",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"sb":[["ownership schema SB/STH-owner has SB/STHowned",[]],["inclusion schema (special features correlate with the qualitative schema of the Thing Frame) SB/STH-container has STH-content",[]],["part-whole schema SB/STH-whole has SB/STH-part",[]]],"sp":[["basic frames",[]]]},{"de":[["with the label transferred sense, indicating metaphorical use",[]]]},{"sb":[["qualitative schema SB/STH is SUCH-quality",[]],["mode of existence schema SB/STH exists SO-mode of being",[]],["locative schema SB/STH is (exists) THERE-place",[]]],"sp":[["basic frames",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["four fundamentals of journalism",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["communication mediums introduce certain ways of looking at a fact scheduled by the media, making it possible to activate reality reading processes that encourage the audience to think, feel and take action on certain frames",["Entman, 2010"]],["It is through the frame that communication mediums introduce certain ways of looking at a fact scheduled by the media, making it possible to activate reality reading processes that encourage the audience to think, feel and take action on certain frames",["Entman, 2010"]]]},{"de":[["It is through the frame that communication mediums introduce certain ways of looking at a fact scheduled by the media, making it possible to activate reality reading processes that encourage the audience to think, feel and take action on certain frames",[]]]},{"sy":[["originally used in English to mean cheerful",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["four fundamentals of journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["This meant that men can be gay as long as they behave according to the standards of the heterosexual male",["Colling & Nogueira, 2015","3"]]]},{},{"sp":[["four fundamentals of journalism",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["four fundamentals of journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["The + symbol includes any other identity different from heterosexual which is not included in the acronym.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["naming is providing a verbal representation of a representation while at the same time placing it in a general framework",[]],["naming is associated to choosing words which have meanings that are easy to understand",[]],["The naming occurs from the initial meeting between content producer and the event; its existence derives from sociocultural aspects that determine the lexical possibilities.",[]],["using names and surnames in politics is the first step toward media swaying public opinion either for or against reported personalities and events",[]],["foundation of journalism",[]],["naming is associated to choosing words which have meanings that are easy to understand.",[]]],"rt":[["naming of objects of reality",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["has become more positive",["Colling, 2018, pp. 24 -25"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["homophily principle",[]]]},{"de":[["To characterize the similarity between news media in terms of their factuality of reporting and political bias, we mainly rely on audience overlap",[]]]},{"de":[["which we extend to media, hypothesizing that similar types of media would be read by similar kinds of users.",[]]]},{"de":[["Another set of features used to estimate the factuality and the bias of a news source is based on characteristics of teh audience following the homophily principle",[]]]},{"de":[["fake news is also a source of money for many, who run websites to monetize the viewership/ readership.",["Farooq (2018, p. 110)"]],["fake news may have commercial, non-commercial and professional forms",["Bharali & Goswami, 2018","Reilly, 2012"]],["fake news and its repercussion are now a global concern",["Bharali and Goswami (2018, p. 118)"]],["there are several inaccurate and incomplete social media posts about COVID-19, which many individuals allege to be fake news.",[]],["fake news is a perennial issue that has a negative ripple effect in most modern society.",[]],["several inaccurate and incomplete social media posts about COVID-19, which many individuals allege to be fake news",[]],["fake news is a serious public concern that has affected professional media practice as well as political development.",[]],["fake news can be regarded as a deliberate effort to mislead individuals.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]],"sb":[["disinformation",[]],["propaganda",[]],["hoaxes",[]],["satire/parody",[]],["inaccuracies in journalism",[]],["partisanship",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The more worrisome aspect of the social media is its potency to be used to spread fake news with its significant negative effects on the society and on people's decisions and behaviors.",["Laden et al., 2020"]]]},{"de":[["the tenets of the theory propound how active audiences use social media platforms and digital technologies for diverse purposes.",[]],["stipulates that individuals utilize social media platforms for the motivation and satisfaction to publicize fake news reports about COVID-19 outbreak in Lagos, Nigeria",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Biased assimilation is the tendency to readily accept confirmatory evidence as true but dismiss disconfirmatory evidence as false.",[]]]},{"de":[["an echo chamber is a social network, a community of people with social ties with one another who share a set of opinion(s) while interacting with opinions and viewpoints that would contradict them.",["Figà Talamanca, Arfini 2022"]]]},{"de":[["the contemporary practice of political fact-checking entails publicly reporting on the accuracy of a claim or text already circulating in the media.",[]]]},{"de":[["the contemporary practice of political fact-checking entails publicly reporting on the accuracy of a claim or text already circulating in the media.",["Amazeen et al., 2019"]]]},{"de":[["an echo chamber is a social network, a community of people with social ties with one another who share a set of opinion(s) while interacting with opinions and viewpoints that would contradict them.",["Figà Talamanca, Arfini 2022"]],["mass media echo chambers can facilitate misinformation and increase bias and partisanship among voters",["Törnberg, 2018"]],["the echo chamber on social networks, offers users the opportunity to meet people who have the same social ties as them and can share a set of opinions while interacting with viewpoints that contradict theirs",["Figà Talamanca, Arfini, 2022"]],["mass media echo chambers exist not only in the online world and recent evidence indicates that they might be even stronger in offline social networks",["Schaub, Morisi, 2020","Kofi Frimpong et al., 2022"]]],"rt":[["an echo chamber is a social network, a community of people with social ties with one another who share a set of opinion(s) while interacting with opinions and viewpoints that would contradict them",["Figà Talamanca, Arfini 2022"]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["Romany",[]],["Roma",[]]]},{"de":[["We use the 250 top-PMI words for each of the frames.",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["policy frames",[]]],"rt":[["event-specific frames",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["political talking points",[]]],"sp":[["general frame",[]]],"ex":[["the phrases 'Hobby Lobby', 'freedom restoration act' discuss a similar issue and can be grouped together to form a subframe (which we denoted as 'Hobby Lobby').",[]]]},{"de":[["account better for the way issues are framed in the news by both sides to influence their readers",[]],["more fine grained, and topic-specific",[]]],"rt":[["high level policy frames",[]],["frames",[]]],"sp":[["high level policy frames",[]],["frames",[]]]},{"de":[["becomes particularly important for accurately verifying claims in the modern rapid information flow",["37"]]]},{"de":[["Traditionally, this task has been manually performed by journalists and researchers who cross-reference claims with credible sources.",[]],["verifying the truthfulness of a statement often requires a comprehensive understanding and cross-referencing of facts",[]],["disproving a statement is often more feasible than definitively proving its accuracy, given the more straightforward nature of evidence required to refute a falsehood as opposed to the extensive and sometimes ambiguous evidence needed to confirm the truth",[]]],"sb":[["manual fact-checking",[]]]},{},{"de":[["often due to its dependence on static training data that may not be up-to-date or comprehensive.",[]]]},{"de":[["The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infodemic declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2020 is the first infodemic of a global scale, relating to the spread of misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["rumors",[]]]},{},{"de":[["These knowledge gaps arise due to innate user preferences to certain topics and popular content.",[]]],"sy":[["lack of attention by users and lack of coverage by editors",[]]]},{"rt":[["news values",[]]]},{},{"de":[["social, cultural, or spatial proximity between the source and targets is one of the defining factors for the relevance of an event to an audience",["57"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["The problem with fake news is that it can distort people's perception of the truth and impact their connections with real information.",[]],["This, in turn, can have severe implications on public opinions, interests, and even decisions",["Talwar et al., 2020"]],["The spread of such fake news has the potential to mislead people, create panic and mistrust, and even cause harm in some cases.",[]],["identifying and classifying fabricated news stories from legitimate ones",[]]],"sy":[["fabricated news stories",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["deliberate falsehoods",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Social bots play a pivotal role in disseminating erroneous information, making the issue even more critical.",[]]],"ex":[["some social bots are specifically designed to spread false information and propaganda on social media platforms to cause harm.",[]]]},{"de":[["which we analyze from a feminist and intersectional perspective",["Collins & Bilge, 2020","Harvey, 2020"]]]},{},{"de":[["the gender gap in Wikipedia extends beyond readers, affecting editors and content",[]],["the gender gap in Wikipedia extends beyond readers, affecting editors and content.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Biases are therefore referred to in terms of language, occupation, ethnicity, religion, country of origin, and gender identity.",[]]]},{"de":[["This criterion ensures that articles meet Wikipedia's standards of quality, reliability, relevance, and verifiability.",[]]]},{"de":[["there's a guideline on representativeness",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["This is achieved through four core functions: 1) problem definition, 2) causal interpretation, 3) moral evaluation, and 4) treatment recommendation.",["22"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Since gender schema theory focuses on processes rather than content, it can help explain how gender stereotypes become deeply embedded in our society.",[]],["gender-associated information, such as masculinity and femininity, is predominantly transmuted through society by way of schemata, or networks of information that allow for some information to be more easily assimilated than others.",["44"]]]},{"rt":[["structural issue",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["the concept of MF is adaptable, but it has an explicit core idea that it encompasses different content modalities (such as texts, images, and sounds) interacting to address specific issues and influence the perception of audiences.",[]]],"rt":[["Integrative Framing",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["individual issue",[]]]},{"de":[["a phenomenon that can be described as victim resonance",[]]]},{"ex":[["investigative reporting (such as humanitarian crises)",[]],["live footage",[]],["news events (such as artificial and natural disasters)",[]],["live broadcasts of short-term and large-scale events (such as the Olympic Games)",[]]]},{"de":[["has become an important research topic in academia and of common interest to individuals, organizations, countries, and society",["Huang et al., 2023"]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["unverified information",[]]]},{"sy":[["stances of public reactions",[]]],"rt":[["rumor veracity",[]]],"ex":[["supporting → querying → denying",[]]]},{"sb":[["supporting",[]],["denying",[]],["querying",[]],["commenting",[]]]},{"sb":[["true",[]],["f alse",[]],["unverif ied",[]]]},{},{"de":[["these actions are planned to carefully shift the public opinion",["47"]]]},{"de":[["Then, based on the strength and stance of reputable sources regarding the claim, a classification is assigned",["14"]]],"rt":[["stance",[]]]},{"de":[["tendency to read, search and interpret information in a way that confirms its beliefs",[]]]},{"rt":[["spreaders of misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["Notice that on social media, astroturfing and hashtag-hijacking are the main modes of drifting the public opinion",["31"]]],"sp":[["misleading information",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["false information",[]]]},{"de":[["According to [34], rumors' purpose is to make sense and manage risk situations when there is ambiguity or a potential threat.",["34"]],["rumors' purpose is to make sense and manage risk situations when there is ambiguity or a potential threat.",["34"]]]},{"de":[["However, in the context of fake news detection, stance detection has been adopted as a primary step to detect the veracity of a news piece.",[]],["Therefore, stance detection can be applied to understand if a news written from an unknown reputation source is agreeing or disagreeing with the majority of the media outlets.",[]],["stance detection has been adopted as a primary step to detect the veracity of a news piece",[]]],"rt":[["textual entailment",["43","53"]]],"ex":[["identifying if the body of text agrees, disagrees, discusses or its unrelated with the headline.",[]]]},{"de":[["If it is granted then the Sybil account can take advantage of the real user's reputation to more easily spread disinformation.",[]],["In most cases, once a Sybil account is created, hackers may utilize a set of bots to publish fake messages on social media and reach a much wider, eventually focussed/specific, audience",["50"]],["the fake account tries to connect with the friends of the real user/entity. If it is granted then the Sybil account can take advantage of the real user's reputation to more easily spread disinformation.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Elas não são produzidas de forma isolada, pois tornam-se partes de esquemas ou padrões de ação aprendidos em interação com o ambiente, esquemas que são internalizados desde a socialização primária no início da infância, reforçados e/ou transformados durante a socialização secundária e acionados de acordo com cada contexto.",[]],["As emoções só fazem sentido em determinadas circunstâncias e estão associadas à construção de significados compartilhados",["Jasper, 1998"]],["Elas são, portanto, condicionadas por nossas expectativas e derivam do conhecimento sobre o mundo",["Jasper, 1998","Jasper;Polletta;Goodwin, 2007"]]],"rt":[["regimes emocionais",[]]]},{"sp":[["emoções",[]]],"ex":[["vergonha, culpa, orgulho, indignação, afronta e compaixão.",[]]]},{"sp":[["emoções",[]]],"ex":[["raiva, medo, alegria, surpresa, choque, desprezo, etc.",[]]]},{"de":[["O processo de produção de mensagens sobre causas, injustiças e demais elementos do ativismo envolve não apenas a forma como grupos e organizações de movimentos sociais mobilizam símbolos, mas também a forma como outros atores interpretam o conflito.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Podem ser alteradas por emoções reflexas.",[]]],"sp":[["emoções",[]]]},{"sp":[["emoções",[]]],"ex":[["amar e odiar, gostar e desgostar, confiar ou desconfiar, respeitar ou desprezar.",[]]]},{"sy":[["choque moral",[]]]},{"rt":[["mídia corporativa",[]]]},{"rt":[["mídia alternativa",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["dominant frame",[]]],"rt":[["refinamento",[]]]},{},{"de":[["tais regras implicam \"padrões\" de como as pessoas devem sentir-se dependendo das situações que encontram.",[]],["Tais regimes estão incorporados nos enquadramentos para que estes cumpram com o seu objetivo.",[]],["Tal processo ocorre a partir de técnicas (ângulo, luz, foco, etc.) e da combinação de um conjunto de elementos, cujos significados, já compartilhados na sociedade (em um determinado contexto e período histórico), estão associados a determinados tipos de emoções.",[]]],"sy":[["feeling rules",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["expressões visuais dos movimentos sociais por meio do uso de imagens",[]],["o aspecto da visibilidade dos movimentos sociais no contexto social mais amplo",[]]]},{"de":[["emergem a partir dos imperativos culturais e históricos da sociedade",["Jovchelovitch, 2000"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["no longer something exclusively made by journalists: they have to share that role with bloggers, activists and social media users.",[]]],"ex":[["breaking news",[]],["investigative longreads",[]],["Facebook feeds",[]]]},{},{"de":[["civic engagement goes beyond the boundaries of 'politics', stating that it can encompass involvement in publicness both in-or outside electoral politics.",[]],["civic engagement should include all activity meant to improve conditions for others, whether such action is taken collectively or individually.",[]]],"rt":[["Engagement",[]]]},{"de":[["constructiveness (to what end do people connect?)",[]],["While most news is good at raising awareness for problems and conflicts, journalists typically do not offer any solutions or forms of closure.",[]],["This lack of action-based contexts or possibilities is central to the public/civic and constructive journalism movements",[]],["connecting through news might be perceived as unconstructive if its everyday usefulness is low.",[]],["constructiveness can also be understood in a broader, more mundane manner.",[]]],"sp":[["public connection",[]]]},{"de":[["engagement (how do people connect?)",[]]],"rt":[["civic engagement",[]]],"sp":[["public connection",[]]]},{},{"de":[["inclusiveness (who connects about what?)",[]],["Traditionally, news media have functioned as one of the major bridges between public and private. They allow people to experience what is happening outside their own communities and who is involved in such public issues: it is about what is accessible, visible, and preferably about issues that are universal and collective",[]]],"sp":[["public connection",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["it conceptualizes public connection as a dynamic process rather than an ideal state to be achieved",[]],["to understand how people connect to public life in the digital age",[]],["public connection is a general orientation towards what lies beyond individuals' private worlds",["Couldry and Markham, 2008"]],["people's patterns of connecting through news were strongly influenced by work schedules and domestic routines",[]]],"rt":[["civic participation",[]],["social capital",[]],["participatory democracy",[]],["cultural citizenship",[]],["social cohesion",[]],["community",[]]],"sb":[["inclusiveness",[]],["engagement",[]],["relevance",[]],["constructiveness",[]]]},{"de":[["relevance (why connect?)",[]],["people pay more attention to what is relevant, and greater awareness in turn increases the relevance of news to users.",[]],["news that does not concern its user can still be perceived as relevant when it affirms one's orientation or supports one's identity formation.",[]]],"sp":[["public connection",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["indirect quotes",[]],["mixed quotes",[]]]},{},{"de":[["indirect quotations are not",[]]],"rt":[["direct quotes",[]]]},{"rt":[["direct quotes",[]],["indirect quotes",[]]]},{},{"de":[["given a target mention, I am interested in whether the mention or its context sway the perception more positively or negatively, also in relation to the sentiment at event-or text-level",[]],["Causes include the use of emotional words, loaded language, or aggressive repetition of specific facts.",[]]],"rt":[["emotional words",[]],["loaded language",[]],["aggressive repetition of specific facts",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["inductive content analysis",[]],["deductive content analysis",[]]]},{"de":[["It is a ubiquitous phenomenon in news coverage that can have severely negative effects on individuals and society, e.g., when slanted news coverage influences voters and, in turn, also election outcomes",["Alsem et al., 2008","DellaVigna and Kaplan, 2007"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["In contrast to professional gatekeeping where editorial processes are involved in selecting and creating content, algorithms choose from an already existing corpus of news and distribute those to the users",["Wallace, 2018"]],["different types of algorithmic selection, e.g. based on individuals' reading habits versus content selected based on their friends' habits",[]],["Algorithms apply an updated set of news values to provide users with information, matching, among other things, likes, dislikes, and prior engagement",["DeVito, 2017"]],["Algorithms are usually designed to unobtrusively operate in the background, with users not fully understanding or being aware of the processes",[]],["In contrast to professional gatekeeping where editorial processes are involved in selecting and creating content, algorithms choose from an already existing corpus of news and distribute those to the users (Wallace, 2018).",["Wallace, 2018"]]],"rt":[["editorial news selection",[]]],"sb":[["based on individuals' reading habits",["Bachmann & Gil De Zúñiga, 2013","Joris et al., 2021"]],["content selected based on their friends' habits",["Bachmann & Gil De Zúñiga, 2013","Joris et al., 2021"]]]},{"sy":[["explicit",[]]]},{"de":[["Over time, it has evolved and become more complex (Donohue et al., 1972) as it includes not only professional decisions for news selection, but also the practices and processes associated with news production (e.g. deciding how much space a news story is assigned or whether it returns over a period of time)",["Donohue et al., 1972"]],["Over time, it has evolved and become more complex (Donohue et al., 1972) as it includes not only professional decisions for news selection, but also the practices and processes associated with news production (e.g. deciding how much space a news story is assigned or whether it returns over a period of time) (Donohue et al., 1972).",["Donohue et al., 1972"]]]},{"de":[["This type of personalization includes metrics, such as clicks or transaction histories, and data from third parties",["Bodó, 2019"]]]},{"de":[["Editors and journalists know best what is most relevant to me",[]],["News selection by editors and journalists ensure that I get exposed to important news",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["Having stories automatically selected for me on the basis of what I have consumed in the past is a good way to get the news",[]],["News based on an algorithm does not limit my exposure to important news",[]],["Relying on a news diet based on algorithms ensures that I receive news that is most relevant to me",[]],["Having stories automatically selected for me on the basis of what my friends have consumed is a good way to get news",[]],["News based on an algorithm of what my friends consume does not limit my exposure to important news",[]]]},{"ex":[["Having stories selected for me by editors and journalists is a good way to get news",[]],["Editors and journalists know best what is most relevant to me",[]],["News selection by editors and journalists ensure that I get exposed to important news",[]]]},{"de":[["News based on an algorithm does not limit my exposure to important news",[]],["Relying on a news diet based on algorithms ensures that I receive news that is most relevant to me",[]],["Having stories automatically selected for me on the basis of what my friends have consumed is a good way to get the news",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["Manipulation",[]]],"ex":[["In Bavaria, Germany, 25 cm of snow has just fallen. Global warming is the biggest lie in human history.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Manipulation",[]]],"de":[["The person using this technique tries to resonate with the recipient's prejudices (Appeal to Fear/Prejudice) or their values and traditions (Appeal to Values). They may also use short, vital phrases, including stereotyping or labeling (Slogans) and offensive and hateful language (Loaded Language). It can also use group affiliation (Flag Waving) or suggest a time for action (Appeal to Time) to mobilize the recipient to take specific actions.",[]]],"rt":[["Appeal to Fear/Prejudice",[]],["Appeal to Values",[]],["Slogans",[]],["Loaded Language",[]],["Flag Waving",[]],["Appeal to Time",[]]],"ex":[["They are MURDERING our children with vaccines. They are DEVILS who are just trying to harm the innocent! All doctors who administer vaccines will face cruel punishment.",[]]]},{"de":[["This strategy exploits readers' emotions to destabilize societal trust and order.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Authors with this intention capitalize on exploiting public sentiments surrounding sensitive issues such as LGBT rights and migrations to sway voters, polarize opinions, and potentially impact political decisions during elections.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Manipulation",[]]],"de":[["It may include the slothful induction (rejecting inconvenient evidence that challenges our beliefs) or the Texas sharpshooter error (ignoring differences and emphasizing similarities, using from among an extensive dataset a small slice that supports our thesis).",[]]],"sb":[["slothful induction",[]],["Texas sharpshooter error",[]]],"ex":[["Data show that last winter was the coldest in 10 years, indicating that the climate is not warming at all.",[]]]},{"de":[["Disinformation is intentionally misleading or false.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]],"sb":[["fake news",["Broda and Strömbäck, 2024"]]]},{"sp":[["Manipulation",[]]],"de":[["For example, an author manipulating an audience may present a vision in which one decision can lead to unwanted negative consequences (Slippery Slope). Another way is to exaggerate minor or irrelevant aspects of an issue or the attitudes of individuals to denigrate an entire group or issue (Blowfish). One can also be used to manipulatively exaggerate the importance of a small group of people with different opinions than the rest of their community (Magnified Minority).",[]]],"rt":[["Slippery Slope",[]],["Blowfish",[]],["Magnified Minority",[]]],"ex":[["If we allow same-sex marriages, the next step will be to legalize pedophilia.",[]]]},{"de":[["The term fake news is insufficient to capture the complex problem of disinformation.",[]],["fake news is a type of disinformation",[]],["Fake news can be defined as \"fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent\" (Lazer et al., 2018). The term fake news is insufficient to capture the complex problem of disinformation. Nonetheless, fake news is a type of disinformation, leading to overlap in research between the two areas",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]],"sp":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"sp":[["Manipulation",[]]],"de":[["Among the manipulative statements used are those relating to time, such as those assuming that two events happening at the same time must be related (Cum Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc) or one following the other must be cause and effect (Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc).",[]]],"rt":[["Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc",[]]],"ex":[["Russia's military intervention in Ukraine is the culmination of U.S. and NATO aggression, dating back to their blitzkrieg against Serbia 23 years ago.",[]]]},{"de":[["Intention encapsulates the broader goal of the author, which guides specific narratives used to achieve that goal.",[]]],"rt":[["narrative",["Sessa, 2023"]]]},{"de":[["A statement consisting of a plethora of poorly related information, half-truths, and misinterpretations designed to overwhelm by their sheer volume.",[]]],"ex":[["I do not think we even know the actual mortality rate for monkeypox. Has a Westerner ever died from it? Could this possibly be the same money pox that occurs in Africa? If so, how did it suddenly appear in so many countries at once? (. . . ) Perhaps it is here just to nudge us to get another shot?",[]]]},{"de":[["we can assume that a manipulation technique is always used with malicious intent",[]]],"rt":[["persuasion",[]]],"sb":[["Cherry Picking (CHP)",[]],["Quote Mining (QM)",[]],["Anecdote (AN)",[]],["Whataboutism (WH)",[]],["Strawman (ST)",[]],["Leading Questions (LQ)",[]],["Appeal to Emotion (AE)",[]],["False Cause (FC)",[]],["Exaggeration (EG)",[]],["Reference Error (RE)",[]],["Misleading Clickbait (MC)",[]]]},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["Title created with a purpose to attract attention",["Chen et al., 2015"]],["This technique is used to attract readers by distorting or exaggerating the facts.",[]]],"sp":[["Manipulation",[]]],"ex":[["Covidian Church. Once again, the \"Carol visit\" will not take place because of the \"pandemic\"",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The objective is to create skepticism and erode public trust in scientific consensus.",[]]]},{"rt":[["Manipulation",[]],["propaganda",[]]],"ex":[["persuading individuals to stop smoking or make other better health choices",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Manipulation",[]]],"ex":[["It is as though fossils were just planted there, without any evolutionary history.",[]]]},{"de":[["It may present false choices and false analogies.",[]],["It can involve passing on knowledge from anonymous individuals, such as from social media, citing propaganda claims by politicians or media, primarily from authoritarian countries. It can also involve using untrue quotes circulating online to prove a point. This technique often cites fake experts or others to pretend to be a supposed authority (Appeal to Authority).",[]]],"sp":[["Manipulation",[]]],"rt":[["Appeal to Authority",[]]],"ex":[["Vladmir Putin said Western sanctions are not working against Russia, and the economy is only growing. Once again, Putin proves how good a president he is, and the West has shown its weakness.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Cherry Picking",[]]]},{"de":[["It is often done by attributing a stance to opponents, who do not share it.",["Talisse and Aikin, 2006"]],["It usually boils down to attributing to an opponent a position the opponent does not share.",[]]],"sp":[["Manipulation",[]]],"ex":[["Since you criticize Russia's actions, that means you are Russophobic.",[]]]},{"de":[["Authors may erode trust and confidence in the state's governance and humanitarian standards. It seeks to damage the state's reputation on the international stage through unfounded allegations.",[]]]},{"de":[["These actions weaken the trust and confidence in the reliability and authority of government bodies and public organizations.",[]]]},{"de":[["The goal is to create doubt among allied nations, undermining the trust and cooperation necessary for their mutual security and strategic interests.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Manipulation",[]]],"de":[["Often referred to as dropping a false lead to divert attention from the topic.",[]]],"ex":[["You talk about LGBT+ people being persecuted. What about hungry children? No one thinks about them!",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["conflict",[]],["human interest",[]],["economy",[]],["morality",[]],["responsibility",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["this term only refers to certain styles, such as negative comments about an out-group that are not directly addressed to the subjects of those comments.",[]]],"rt":[["avoidance",[]],["discrimination",[]],["physical attack",[]],["extermination",[]]]},{"de":[["capture this idea of wounding and to underscore not merely the analogies but also the overlaps between physical and verbal assault.",["93"]],["especially apt when describing some of the personal damage done by words including inflicting emotional distress, knocking people's confidence or self-esteem, intimidating or shocking people into silence, and causing people medium-to long-term emotional, psychological, and even physiologically harm.",[]],["This term may be especially apt when describing some of the personal damage done by words including inflicting emotional distress, knocking people's confidence or self-esteem, intimidating or shocking people into silence, and causing people medium-to long-term emotional, psychological, and even physiologically harm.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["competent language users can see the many important dissimilarities between the terms 'hate speaker' and 'hater', based on the differences in target, style, message, act, and effect of the speech in question.",[]]],"rt":[["objectification",[]],["power",[]],["exploitation",[]],["fascism",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["examples can be hard to classify due to fundamental ambiguity at the conceptual level but also because of uncertainties based on limited information or reasonable disagreement about the examples.",[]],["Grey area examples are not manifestly hate speech but could potentially be marginal hate speech or could turn out not to be hate speech pending further assessment.",[]]],"rt":[["moral, semantic, and conceptual",[]]]},{"de":[["grey area examples whose status as hate speech is marginal, uncertain, or subject to reasonable disagreement",[]]],"rt":[["moral",[]],["semantic",[]],["conceptual",[]]]},{},{"de":[["pick out a particular combination or set of these mental states as being essential to hate",[]]],"rt":[["hate speech",[]]]},{"de":[["In its basic or original meaning, the term 'hate speech' relates to certain forms of unlawful speech, but it also conveys another, much wider meaning that captures lawful speech.",[]],["the legal concept hate speech",[]],["five main distinguishing qualities of hate speech in the ordinary sense of the term, namely target, style, message, act, and effect",[]],["People often reserve the term for forms of speech which are especially problematic or divisive within diverse societies, as in, societies made up of groups who are identified by, and identify with, protected characteristics.",[]],["undergone a significant expansion in applications since the late 1980s",[]],["losing its traction as a specific claim that speech that can harm in a specific way and to a sufficient degree to warrant government regulation",["68"]],["highly politicised",[]],["semantic contestedness renders it unpersuasive",["72"]],["The term 'hate speech' is also a pejorative conveying a negative connotation about its objects.",[]],["concepts should be capable of standing as public legal norms, as in, norms that are both justiciable through the work of lawmakers, law enforcement agencies, and courts and also understandable by those members of the public subject to them.",[]],["the terms 'hate speech' and 'slur' are subject to dispute concerning the extensions of the concepts they represent.",[]],["can refer to both ordinary and legal concepts.",[]],["used by people to refer to a diverse range of expressive, communicative, and performative phenomena.",[]],["Imprecision and breadth are strengths of the ordinary concept even if they would be weaknesses of the legal concept if it were similarly conceptualised.",[]],["it misses another useful social function served by the term 'hate speech' in its ordinary sense, namely to speak about the sort of speech that is broadly harmful or wrongful but not discriminatory in a specific sense that might warrant legal restriction.",[]],["Part of the value of the term 'hate speech' lies in the fact that it discursively equips a society and its major organisations to condemn or even disallow such attacks without subjecting them to legal sanctions",[]],["recognise rather than minimise or ignore its ambiguities, misleading connotations, expansion, and politicisation",[]],["the term 'hate speech' does not simply refer to unlawful hate speech but also to broadly harmful or wrongful yet lawful hate speech",[]],["the ordinary concept hate speech is able to serve myriad social functions and that competent language users continue to buy into the concept (at least for now) precisely because it is a family resemblance concept.",[]],["a pejorative conveying a negative connotation about its objects",[]]],"sy":[["assaultive speech",[]]],"rt":[["group libel",[]],["insult or denigration",[]],["incitement to hatred",[]],["discrimination",[]],["violence",[]],["discriminatory harassment",[]],["group vilification",[]],["intentional infliction of emotional distress",[]],["injuria",[]],["microaggression",[]],["hate speaker",[]],["slur",[]],["hate propaganda",[]],["unlawful hate speech",[]],["family resemblance concept",[]]],"sb":[["ordinary concept",[]],["legal concept",[]],["hate speech prohibited under criminal law",[]],["hate speech subject to civil or administrative law",[]],["forms of lawful yet harmful hate speech",[]]],"sp":[["thick normative concepts",[]],["family resemblance concept",[]]],"ex":[["impolite speech",[]],["ill-considered speech",[]],["transgressive speech",[]],["disrespectful speech",[]],["unjust speech",[]],["dangerous speech",[]],["harmful speech",[]],["irresponsible speech",[]],["Democrat voters think the term 'hate speaker' befits Trump due to his racist and xenophobic dog whistles, whilst Maga voters apply the same term to Trumphobic detractors but not to Trump himself.",["86"]]]},{},{"rt":[["hate speech",[]]]},{"sy":[["polysemes",[]]]},{"sp":[["hate speech",[]]]},{"rt":[["personal insults",[]],["prototypical hate speech",[]]]},{"rt":[["ordinary concept hate speech",[]]]},{"de":[["not everything appropriately labelled 'microaggression' involves actual aggression or aggressive behaviour (in fact very few microaggressions are actually aggressive)",[]]],"rt":[["hate speech",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["the term 'offensive public speech' may convey a misleading impression that what is distinctive or problematic about the speech in question is that people targeted find it offensive or are offended by it.",[]]]},{"de":[["The term 'hate speech' in its ordinary sense implies, among other things, the moral objectionableness and social unacceptability of certain speech, as in, speech worthy of moral condemnation and social sanction.",[]]],"sp":[["hate speech",[]]]},{"de":[["part of its usefulness may rest in its imprecision and wide application.",["22"]],["The ordinary concept is useful precisely because its looseness provides a space for communication: a shared vocabulary yet with polymorphic semantics.",[]],["In that sense the ordinary concept hate speech is an intercultural concept, namely the sort of concept that can serve as 'part of a contact language between groups'.",["23"]],["The concept says something not only about the basic semantic and/or pragmatic features of the speech to which it refers (e.g. related to protected characteristics, related to messages of hatred, contempt, and prejudice, related to the performance, justification, and perpetuation of subordination, misrecognition, and marginalisation) but also about its moral quality (e.g. wrong, unjust, bad, harmful, reprehensible, or otherwise morally objectionable), and the way moral quality relates to basic features (e.g. morally objectionable because related to protected characteristics, because related to hatred, contempt, and prejudice, and because related to subordination, misrecognition, and marginalisation).",["35"]]],"rt":[["intercultural concept",[]]],"ex":[["calling Black people 'niggers'",[]],["comparing Jews to rats",[]],["denying the Holocaust",[]],["phrases like 'These women are sluts and whores'",[]],["slurs 'tranny' and 'TERF'",[]],["miscategorising people who identify as men as 'women'",[]],["miscategorising people who identify as just women as 'cisgender women'",[]],["calling Black people 'niggers' and calling White people 'honkies'",[]],["stereotyping Mexicans as 'rapists' and stereotyping Trump voters as 'racists'",[]],["a 'direct attack' against people based on protected characteristics",["29","30"]]]},{},{"de":[["the ordinary concept hate speech is not synonymous with the rules promulgated by such platforms, even though the latter significantly influence and shape the former.",[]]],"rt":[["unlawful hate speech",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["homonyms",[]]]},{"sy":[["semiotic ambiguity",[]]],"rt":[["semiotic ambiguity",[]]]},{"ex":[["Consider the term 'discrimination' which has different connotations when it occurs alongside words like 'positive', 'affirmative', and 'reverse', compared to when it occurs alongside words such as 'racial', 'gender', and 'unfair'.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["picking out forms of speech that are typically derogatory and group-based",[]]],"rt":[["hate speech",[]]]},{"de":[["arbitrarily privileges the personal feelings or opinions of the targets over those of the speaker or of an impartial third party",[]]]},{"de":[["the term 'subordinating speech' might convey the idea that the speech in question is a mere symptom of the real problem (e.g. a background of structural inequality and oppression) and not a fundamental or intrinsic problem in its own right.",[]]],"sy":[["systemic discrimination",["102"]]],"rt":[["systemic discrimination",["102"]]]},{},{"ex":[["the ordinary concept hate speech",[]]]},{"rt":[["ordinary hate speech",[]]]},{"de":[["incorrectly assumes that members of a victim group will reliably and accurately know degrading speech, for instance, when they see it, and, moreover, will have uniform understanding",["58"]]]},{"de":[["co-regulation is seen as a middle way between state regulation and self-regulation of the media, where there are still risks derived from the will of the companies and political situations.",[]]],"sy":[["regulated self-regulation",[]]]},{"de":[["Disinformation is intentionally fallacious (Jack, 2017), denaturalizes facts to mislead audiences (Fraguas de Pablo, 2016;Sartori, 2016;Rodríguez, 2018), and it multiplies thanks to the opacity of technological infrastructures and legal loopholes (Persily, 2017)",["Jack, 2017","Fraguas de Pablo, 2016","Sartori, 2016","Rodríguez, 2018","Persily, 2017"]]],"rt":[["hate speech",[]],["discrimination",[]],["Fake News",[]],["propaganda",[]]]},{"de":[["States were not allowed to place restrictions on freedom of expression in order to protect the principle of truthfulness or for the purpose of protecting the public from \"deception\"",["IACHR, 1985"]]]},{},{"de":[["vital to counter the spread of false information.",[]],["Educational efforts should be strengthened to enable the population to discern and counter false information.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["can be more effective than government regulation, which can be seen as censorship",["Lim and Bradshaw, 2023"]],["citizens must to be better informed and have the skills to recognize misinformation, make good use of social media so as not to confuse people with bad information",[]],["media compliance with ethical codes and responsibilities to guarantee the dissemination of accurate information and maintain public trust",[]]],"rt":[["media self-regulation",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["entretenimiento publicitario",[]]]},{},{"de":[["su desarrollo resulta cada vez más complejo debido a la sofisticación de la publicidad digital",[]],["integrando el pensamiento crítico y el análisis de los nuevos formatos como competencias esenciales para las futuras generaciones.",[]]],"sy":[["conocimiento persuasivo",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["alfabetización",[]],["Alfabetización publicitaria",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["The circumstantial types, as observed in the data, provide background information for processes within their respective clauses.",[]]],"sb":[["extent",[]],["location",[]],["cause",[]]]},{"sp":[["Circumstance",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["actor role",[]]]},{"de":[["The ideational meanings are the meanings about how humans represent experience in language. In other words, language performs a representative function of encoding people's experiences of the world.",[]]],"sy":[["Experiential",[]]],"rt":[["textual metafunctions",[]]],"sp":[["metafunctions",[]]]},{"sp":[["metafunctions",[]]]},{"de":[["These processes do not focus on actions in a tangible, physical sense, but mental reactions about thoughts, feelings, and perceptions.",[]]],"sp":[["process",[]]],"ex":[["I do not understand the book",[]]]},{"sb":[["Relational Attributive",[]],["Relational Identifying",[]]],"ex":[["Mr Timmy Is a leader",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This theory views language as a social semiotic, emphasising the functional aspects of language in conveying meaning and expressing interpersonal, textual, and ideational functions.",[]],["SFL is closely associated with sociology due to the fact that the theory is more interested in the manner at which language is utilised in social settings so as to attain a specific target",["Almurashi, 2016"]],["Because of the concern of SFL with the use of language, great emphasis is placed on the function of language, such as what language is used for, rather than what language structure is all about.",[]],["Halliday (1994) in his work on SFL explains language as meanings rather than a combination of words and sentences.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["shows how speakers deploy language to imagine their mental picture of reality and how they account for their experience of the world around them",[]],["it is the way the clause is used to analyse events and situations as being of certain types",["Fowler, 1991, cited in Zhang, 2017, p. 67"]],["It shows how speakers deploy language to imagine their mental picture of reality and how they account for their experience of the world around them.",[]],["transitivity is the foundation of representation: it is the way the clause is used to analyse events and situations as being of certain types (Fowler, 1991, cited in Zhang, 2017, p. 67).",["Fowler, 1991, cited in Zhang, 2017, p. 67"]]],"rt":[["process",[]]]},{"de":[["Sayer is the doer or participant responsible for the verbal process; receiver is the participant to whom the verbal process is directed; while verbiage is a nominalised statement of the verbal process, that is, it sums up what is said in one nominal group or embedded clause.",[]]]},{"de":[["Numerous studies have been conducted to measure language bias",[]]]},{"de":[["Specifically, we examine how these recommendations vary across different languages, yielding multilingual nationality bias.",[]]]},{"de":[["Recommendations and judgments provided by LLMs in different languages reveal evidence of nationality bias",[]]]},{"de":[["threats caused by disinformation",[]],["the most common disinformation flows: Covid-19, vaccination in general, global warming, disinformation coming from Russia and China, conspiracy theories, election campaigns, regional and international crises, etc.",[]],["verification, tagging and elimination of disinformation",[]]],"sy":[["fake news",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]],["misinformation",[]]]},{"ex":[["the 5G network development",["D"]]]},{},{"de":[["Fake news is a social phenomenon linked to disinformation, misinformation and other forms of networked manipulation, which in recent years has been facilitated by the rise of the Internet and online social media.",[]],["This is the big difference between rumours, which are unintentionally disseminated, and fake news, which may arise from the content (while creating the illusion of another meaning of the content)",["C1"]],["fake news present serious threats in terms of individual decision-making and society as a whole",[]],["The spread of fake news is caused by trust in a single source of data",[]],["combat fake news",[]],["fake news phenomenon",[]],["the concept of fake news is not yet clearly defined, the use of the term being under continuing discussion by scientists, UNICEF and EU authorities.",[]],["fake news is an obsolete term and should be turned into 'disinformation'.",[]]],"sy":[["false information",["A","D","E"]],["distorted news",["D"]],["information far from reality",["B"]],["disinformation",[]]],"rt":[["rumours",[]],["disinformation",[]],["misinformation",[]],["rumors",[]]],"ex":[["news satire, parody, fabrication, manipulation, advertising, and propaganda",["Tandoc, 2019"]]]},{},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["fake news",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["thus taking a more critical realist position towards knowledge production.",[]],["Contemporary Marxism is still a driving social science theory, further developing conceptualisations on topics such as social class, state, culture, and globalisation",["Mar, 1999","Callinicos et al., 2020"]]],"sy":[["Contemporary Marxism",[]]],"sp":[["Marxist theory",["Marsh, 1995"]]],"ex":[["social class",[]],["state",[]],["culture",[]],["globalisation",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The theory focuses on the exploitation of the proletariat and the conflicts between them and their controllers, the bourgeoisie: capitalists own the means of production, and thus benefit from the surplus value created by the working class.",[]]],"rt":[["classical and contemporary theory",["Marsh, 1995"]]],"sb":[["classical Marxist theory",[]],["contemporary Marxist theory",[]]]},{"sp":[["Weltanschauung",["Abend (2008)"]]]},{"sy":[["Weltanschauung",[]]]},{},{"de":[["starkly different from current debates on how to operationalise a theoretic concept with computational text analysis methods",[]]]},{"de":[["Abend (2008) highlights how, for example, theory can refer to 1) explanation of a causal mechanics, 2) philosophical argumentation (as in political theory), or 3) Weltanschauung",["Abend (2008)"]],["language models are not a neutral description of the world, and any results achieved in understanding or measuring societies embed these values as well.",[]],["theories focus on our conceptual and linguistic equipment-for example, the nature of the location from which we look at the social world, the lexicon and syntax by means of which we talk about it, the nature of our conceptual scheme, the categories into which we group things, and the logical relations that there can be between concepts.",["Abend, 2008, 179-180"]]],"sy":[["world-view",[]]],"sp":[["theory",[]]],"ex":[["rational choice theory",[]],["Marxist theory",[]],["post-modernist theory",[]],["deliberative theory",[]]]},{"de":[["are not about the social world itself, but about how to look at, grasp, and represent it.",[]]],"ex":[["rational choice theory",[]],["Marxist theory",[]],["feminist theory",[]]]},{"de":[["Headlines summarize news stories, direct reader's attention to certain facts over others, and help news users decide on which stories to read",["2013"]]]},{},{"rt":[["conflict framing",[]]]},{},{"de":[["They do this by writing stories using neutral language and by avoiding characterizing people or institutions either positively or negatively",["Rogers (2019)"]]]},{},{"de":[["a cognitive psychological theory",[]]],"rt":[["Wilson and Sperber and Wilson's (1986) theory of relevance",[]]]},{"rt":[["war/violence journalism",[]]],"sb":[["war/violence journalism",["Galtung (2006)"]],["peace journalism",["Galtung (2006)"]]]},{"sp":[["conflict reporting",["2006"]],["war journalism",["2006","Galtung (2006)"]]]},{"de":[["helps extend and stabilize authoritarian rule",[]]],"rt":[["non-institutional political factions",[]]]},{"ex":[["the Shanghai Clique",[]],["the Youth League",[]],["the Princelings",[]]]},{"de":[["Advocacy journalism serves various functions such as \"raising awareness, generating public debate, influencing public opinion and key decision-makers, and promoting policy and programmatic changes around specific issues\" (Waisbord, 2009, p.371).",["Waisbord, 2009, p.371"]],["statistics, statements, and reports published by international human rights associations and local civil society organizations that document violations inside Syria",[]]],"rt":[["objective journalism",[]],["traditional journalism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["journalists employed various advocate frames using persuasive explanations that involved particular ways of interpreting topics and conflicts and promoting certain viewpoints rather than straightforward information formats",["Tewksbury et al., 2000"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["fosters democratic dialogues through pluralizing voices and presenting non-elite actors marginalized in Syrian legacy media coverage",["Kamboh & Yousaf, 2019"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["challenging traditional sourcing norms and routines",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["Framing",[]]]},{"de":[["emphasizing specific aspects can impact people's perceptions by making those highlighted elements seem more critical.",[]],["framing determines what aspects of reality are more salient in a text, influencing how people define problems, attribute causality, make moral judgments, and suggest remedies.",["Entman, 1993"]],["It is a concept that helps explain how communication can influence human consciousness.",[]],["Analyzing frames can reveal how information from sources like speeches, news reports, or novels can shape human thinking and influence people's perception and understanding of the world (Edelman, 1993) (Entman & Rojecki, 1993) (Denzin & Keller, 1981).",["Edelman, 1993","Entman & Rojecki, 1993","Denzin & Keller, 1981"]]],"rt":[["Entman's four frames theory",[]]],"sb":[["problem definition",[]],["causal interpretation",[]],["moral evaluation",[]],["treatment recommendation",[]]]},{"sp":[["Video Forensics",[]]],"ex":[["detecting geometric irregularities in the scenes",[]],["hue estimation",[]],["shadow detection",[]],["detecting irregularities in illumination",["18"]],["misaligned perspectives on object placed in different locations in the video",["13"]],["irregular trajectories of flying objects",["14"]],["blur estimation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In Target-based Stance detection, the Stance is expressed towards one or more targets",["1"]]],"sp":[["Stance Detection",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Attribution inertia manifests through bureaucracies' overreliance on context-responsibility frameworks to manage high-stakes public opinion events.",[]],["Further, attribution inertia epitomizes the transformation of bureaucratic risk calculations into networked environments, where standardized frameworks act as rituals for maintaining legitimacy rather than as tools for genuine engagement.",[]],["attribution inertia epitomizes the transformation of bureaucratic risk calculations into networked environments, where standardized frameworks act as rituals for maintaining legitimacy rather than as tools for genuine engagement",[]]],"ex":[["the \"Underage Female Virtue Class\" case revealed the paradoxical results of hierarchical interventions: despite swift regulatory action against unethical educational practices, strict adherence to the accountability narrative exacerbates public skepticism about systemic governance failures rather than addressing legitimacy deficits.",[]]]},{"rt":[["media frame",[]]],"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["media ecology",[]]]},{},{"de":[["assigned value is 1, no assigned value is 0",[]]],"sp":[["Response discourse framework",[]]]},{"sp":[["media ecology",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["media frame",[]],["audience frame",[]]]},{"rt":[["audience frame",[]]],"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{"de":[["The limitations of post-event empathy emerge through temporal dislocations in emotional engagement strategies",[]],["The limitations of post-event empathy emerge through temporal dislocations in emotional engagement strategies.",[]],["Furthermore, Post-event empathy deficiencies expose the temporal rigidity of state affective labor, in contrast to the realtime fluidity of the digital emotional landscape.",[]]],"ex":[["The \"Street Vendor Economy\" policy rollout illustrates critical temporal misalignment-empathic narratives about economic inclusivity emerged 72 h post-announcement, missing the 6-h window when public confusion peaked.",[]],["Spatial fragmentation compounded these issues in the \"Shanghai Metro Sexual Harassment Ruling\" case while combining legal rigor with victim solidarity rhetoric on Weibo, official accounts maintained a detached legalistic tone, thereby creating an empathy asymmetry unique to the platform.",[]]]},{"sb":[["context-responsibility framework",[]],["subject-emotional framework",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["a subject-emotional framework is favored when negative sentiment is minimal, initial media reports are incomplete, or media attention is heightened for sensitive events.",[]]],"sp":[["Response discourse framework",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["interaction",[]],["balance",[]],["circulation",[]],["resourcefulness",[]]],"sp":[["media ecology",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Five elements central to the 'rhetorical and philosophical justification of the Fourth Estate' were identified by (Schultz, 1998) as political purpose and independence; commercial priorities; the importance of public opinion; the diversity of information and viewpoints presented; and the degree of accountability.",["1998"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Panic buying is commonly observed following natural disasters and during outbreaks of infectious disease",["Campbell et al., 2020"]],["Though understandable as a response to the threat of scarcity, panic buying tends to exacerbate shortages of food, medication and other essential materials, leading to a worsening of food insecurity and consumer anxiety",["Erokhin and Gao, 2020"]],["Biological explanations include the activation of fear-based responses via the limbic system and autonomic system in response to fear-inducing images, such as visual images of empty shelves (Alchin, 2020) and the activation of evolutionarily preserved behaviors akin to hoarding in response to resource scarcity (Rajkumar, 2021).",["Alchin, 2020","Rajkumar, 2021"]],["Psychological explanations include individual variations in threat or risk perception, tolerance of uncertainty, fear of infection and its consequences, self-efficacy and locus of control, as well as a need to control negative emotional states, such as sadness or anxiety",["Cooper and Gordon, 2021"]],["Social factors include peer pressure and imitation, cultural values such as individualism and materialism, and broader influences related to media exposure, social media usage and government and retailer policies",["Jin et al., 2020","Keane and Neal, 2021"]],["initial exposures to media reports of shortage and scarcity may induce panic buying in those exposed",[]],["Individual levels of worry or anxiety may lead a person to purchase goods excessively.",[]]],"rt":[["fear contagion",[]],["imitation",[]]],"ex":[["visual images of empty shelves",["Alchin, 2020"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["discursive construction of legitimation",[]]],"sp":[["delegitimation",[]],["discursive construction of legitimation",[]],["strategies of (de)legitimation",[]]]},{"de":[["In this kind of self-description, cultural changes are interpreted according to a binary logic; they can be perceived as bringing either prosperity or disaster",["Lotman 2009"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["can be divisive, which is prominent in the context of Croatia.",[]]]},{"sb":[["Authorization",[]]],"ex":[["custom ('state protocol')",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["nomination",[]],["predication",[]]]},{"de":[["the boundary between the inner and outer structures is gradual; a self-description of that kind is characteristic of cultures that are open to external contacts and communication",["Lotman 2010(Lotman [1970]]"]]]},{"de":[["makes the choice of 'dirt' in the current example allude to a contaminated dimension of Croatia's social and political reality.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["discursive construction of legitimation",[]]],"sp":[["discursive construction of legitimation",[]],["strategies of (de)legitimation",[]]]},{"rt":[["discursive construction of legitimation",[]]],"sp":[["discursive construction of legitimation",[]],["strategies of (de)legitimation",[]]]},{"rt":[["discursive strategies",[]]],"sp":[["discursive strategies",[]]]},{"sy":[["framing",["Reisigl, Wodak 2009: 95"]],["discourse of representation",["Reisigl, Wodak 2009: 95"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["discursive strategies",[]]],"sp":[["discursive strategies",[]]]},{"rt":[["discursive construction of legitimation",[]]],"sb":[["theoretical rationalization",[]]],"sp":[["discursive construction of legitimation",[]],["strategies of (de)legitimation",[]]]},{"de":[["More simply put, self-description determines the boundary of culture, helps avoid heterogeneity and maintain identity coherence (Lotman 1990: 128).",["Lotman 1990: 128"]],["Semiotic objects -be it cultures, individuals, or collectives -describe themselves in order to maintain identity coherence and avoid heterogeneity (Lotman 1990: 128).",["Lotman 1990: 128"]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["authorization",[]],["moral evaluation",[]],["rationalization",[]],["mythopoesis",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["rationalization",[]]]},{"de":[["For a written narrative like a novel or screenplay, the text is segmented into smaller sequential chunks like sentences, and the sentiment of each text chunk is used to form a numerical time series that is smoothed to visualize an emotional arc.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["quantify the dis/similarity between the video and text transcript sentiment time series",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["MSA",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["syntax",[]],["semantics",[]]]},{"rt":[["syntax",[]]],"ex":[["humor, irony and comedy",[]]]},{"sy":[["Opinion Mining",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["dimensions of truthfulness",[]],["information quality",[]]],"ex":[["\"We inherited a broken test for COVID-19.\"",[]],["Example (which label is: -2 Completely Disagree): \"We inherited a broken test for COVID-19.\"",[]]]},{"sp":[["dimensions of truthfulness",[]],["information quality",[]]],"ex":[["Florida ranks first among the nations for access to free prekindergarten.",[]],["Example (which label is: +2 Completely Agree) \"Florida ranks first among the nations for access to free prekindergarten.\"",[]]]},{"sp":[["dimensions of truthfulness",[]],["information quality",[]]],"ex":[["It's illegal to treat a minor without parental consent in the U.S. Even as hospitals are limiting visitors, minors will always be allowed to have one guardian present.",[]],["Example (which label is: +2 Completely Agree): \"It's illegal to treat a minor without parental consent in the U.S. Even as hospitals are limiting visitors, minors will always be allowed to have one guardian present.\"",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["dimensions of truthfulness",[]],["information quality",[]]],"ex":[["Example (which label is: +2 Completely Agree): \"2019 coronavirus can live for up to 3 hours in the air, up to 4 hours on copper, up to 24 hours on cardboard up to 3 days on plastic and stainless steel.\"",[]],["\"2019 coronavirus can live for up to 3 hours in the air, up to 4 hours on copper, up to 24 hours on cardboard up to 3 days on plastic and stainless steel.\"",[]]]},{"sp":[["dimensions of truthfulness",[]],["information quality",[]]],"ex":[["The Labor Party has repeatedly claimed the Coalition needs to make cuts of $70 billion to vital services to balance the budget.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["dimensions of truthfulness",[]],["information quality",[]]]},{"rt":[["reliability of the source",["2"]]],"sp":[["dimensions of truthfulness",[]],["information quality",[]]],"ex":[["Example (which label is: -2 Completely Disagree): \"Says video shows \"the Chinese are destroying the 5G poles as they are aware that it is the thing triggering the corona symptoms.\"",[]]]},{"de":[["while Correctness focuses on the content level",[]]]},{"de":[["the first level of agenda setting asserts that the frequency in which news media mention and cover objects (e.g., issues and public figures) largely dictates what objects audiences think are important to society",["Vargo et al.(2018)"]]]},{"de":[["From the agenda setting theory, we have understood that news media select a certain aspect of happenings to consider significant and want the public to prioritize in their minds and while discussing the happenings (McCombs & Valenzuela, 2007;Scheufele & Tewksbury, 2007;Boynton, & Richardson, 2016).",["McCombs & Valenzuela, 2007","Scheufele & Tewksbury, 2007","Boynton, & Richardson, 2016"]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["agenda setting",[]]]},{"sp":[["agenda setting",[]]]},{"de":[["The framing theory, on the other hand, exemplifies the place of reinforcing the selected issues in ways that make the public have a more positive or negative concern about the happenings.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["However, this role can contribute to a distorted image of society, as limited time for news coverage forces the media to selectively present content to the public.",[]]]},{"de":[["MBFC of 2022 was chosen for its established reputation in media research and its capacity to assess sources based on four main criteria: (1) wording and headlines, (2) fact-checking and sourcing, (3) story selection, and (4) political affiliation.",[]],["MBFC of 2022 rates factual reporting on a seven-point scale and categorizes political bias along a spectrum from extreme-left to extreme-right.",[]],["MBFC of 2022 was chosen for its established reputation in media research and its capacity to assess sources based on four main criteria: (1) wording and headlines, (2) fact-checking and sourcing, (3) story selection, and (4) political affiliation. Additional subcategories included bias by omission and use of language. MBFC of 2022 rates factual reporting on a seven-point scale and categorizes political bias along a spectrum from extreme-left to extreme-right.",[]],["The 2025 update of the Media Bias/Fact Check (MBFC) method significantly enhances its credibility by introducing a more systematic and transparent evaluation framework. By adopting a quantitative, weighted scoring system, MBFC of 2025 addresses earlier criticisms of subjectivity and offers greater objectivity, reproducibility, and clarity.",[]]],"sb":[["bias by omission",[]],["use of language",[]]],"ex":[["Pro-science",[]],["Conspiracy/Pseudoscience",[]],["Satire",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Furthermore, people with high agreeableness, which refers to how friendly, warm, and tactful, tend to trust real news than fake news [138].",["138"]]],"sp":[["Personality",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Thus, choice-supportive bias, can be regarded as the cognitive errors caused by memory distortion.",[]]],"sp":[["Cognitive bias",[]]],"ex":[["if people express a certain political opinion within a social group, people may seek information with which to justify the opinion and minimize its flaws.",[]]]},{"de":[["one of the most pivotal factors in making irrational decisions in terms of the both creation and consumption of fake news",["9","10"]],["this bias may vary depending on what factors are most important to affect individual judgments and choices.",[]]],"sb":[["confirmation bias",[]],["ingroup bias",[]],["choice-supportive bias",[]],["cognitive dissonance",[]],["primacy effect",[]]],"ex":[["confirmation bias, bandwagon effect, and choice-supportive bias",["8"]],["confirmation bias",["8"]],["bandwagon effect",["8"]],["choice-supportive bias",["8"]]]},{"de":[["Humans have a desire to identify and resolve the psychological tension that occurs when a cognitive dissonance is established.",[]],["Regarding fake news consumption, people easily accept fake news if it is aligned with their beliefs or faith. However, if such news is seen as working against their beliefs or faith, people define even real news as fake and consume biased information in order to avoid cognitive dissonance.",[]]],"sp":[["Cognitive bias",[]]]},{"de":[["This stems from the human desire to be reaffirmed, rather than accept denials of one's opinion or hypothesis. If the process of confirmation bias is repeated, a more solid belief is gradually formed, and the belief remains unchanged even after encountering logical and objective counterexamples.",[]]],"sp":[["Cognitive bias",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["cognitive bias",[]]]},{},{"de":[["false news and various types of disinformation (e.g., satire, fabricated content)",[]],["fake news can only be useful if it actually deceives or confuses consumers.",[]]],"sy":[["false information",[]],["misinformation",[]],["rumor",[]]],"rt":[["false news",[]],["disinformation",[]],["misinformation",[]],["rumor",[]],["clickbait",[]],["spam",[]]]},{"sp":[["External factors",[]]]},{"de":[["One is a categorization process, which exaggerates the similarities between members within one category (the internal group) and differences with others (the external groups). Consequently, positive reactions towards the internal group and negative reactions (e.g., hostility) towards the external group are both increased. The other reason is self-respect based on social identity theory. To positively evaluate the internal group, a member tends to perceive that other group members are similar to himself or herself.",[]]],"sp":[["Cognitive bias",[]]]},{"de":[["rumors of absurd and false medical tips spread rapidly in social media. When there is a lack of verified information, people feel great anxious and afraid and easily believe such tips, regardless of whether they are true",["63","64"]],["when epidemics become more common around the world, rumors of absurd and false medical tips spread rapidly in social media. When there is a lack of verified information, people feel great anxious and afraid and easily believe such tips, regardless of whether they are true",["63","64"]],["When there is a lack of verified information, people feel great anxious and afraid and easily believe such tips, regardless of whether they are true [63,64].",["63","64"]]]},{"de":[["To have the ability to strongly protest an argument, it is necessary to expose and refute the same sort of content with weak arguments first.",[]]],"ex":[["A \"Bad News\" game was designed to proactively warn people and expose them to a certain amount of false information through interactions with the gamified system [29,149].",["29","149"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Typically, mental models are constructed in people's working memory, in which information from long-term memory and the environments are combined [162].",["162"]],["They also indicate that individuals represent complex phenomena with somewhat abstraction based on their own experiences and understanding of the contexts.",[]],["People rely on mental models to understand and predict their interactions with environments, artifacts and computing systems, as well as other individuals [163,164].",["163","164"]],["Generally, individuals' ability to represent the continually changing environments is limited and unique.",[]],["Thus, mental models tend to be functional and dynamic but not necessarily accurate or complete [163,165].",["163","165"]],["Mental models also differ between various groups and in particular between experts and novices [164, 166].",["164","166"]],["Generally, individuals' ability to represent the continually changing environments is limited and unique. Thus, mental models tend to be functional and dynamic but not necessarily accurate or complete [163,165].",["163","165"]]],"ex":[["The results revealed two mental models about vaccination: (1) heath oriented: parents who focused on health-oriented topics trusted anecdotal communication more than statistical arguments; and (2) risk oriented: parents with some knowledge about vaccine mechanisms trusted communication with statistical arguments more than anecdotal information.",[]]]},{"de":[["New media literacy (i.e., the ability to critically and suitably consume messages in a variety of digital media channels, such as social media) can have a significant impact on the degree of consumption and dissemination of fake news [133,134].",["133","134"]]]},{},{"de":[["the impression formed by the information presented earlier influences subsequent judgments and the process of forming the next impression.",[]]],"sp":[["Cognitive bias",[]]]},{"de":[["after a long period of time, memories of the pedigree become poor and only the content tends to be remembered regardless of the reliability of the pedigree.",[]],["Through this process, less reliable information becomes more persuasive over time.",[]]]},{"de":[["They work with the aim of stimulating people's feelings or beliefs and hindering mature discussions.",[]]],"ex":[["Zannettou et al. [55] confirmed how effectively the Russian troll army has been spreading fake news URLs on Twitter and its significant impact on making other Twitter users believe misleading information.",["55"]],["the Russian troll army has been active in social media to advance its political agenda and cause social turmoil in the US",["54"]]]},{"de":[["Gallegos et al. (2024) introduce a self-debiasing approach that uses prompts to ask the model to identify any implicit biases or stereotypes before answering a question, in a zero-shot setting.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["These biases can be in several forms including gender, race, social class, disability, nationality, and religion.",[]]]},{"rt":[["preference-based account",[]]]},{"sy":[["'belief-updating given a signal'",[]],["'reaction to (social) influence'",[]],["belief-updating given a signal",[]],["reaction to (social) influence",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Motivated beliefs or beliefs driven by expressive responding (Bromberg-Martin & Sharot, 2020; Golman et al., 2017; Kunda, 1990; Sharot, 2011; Zimmermann, 2020), are also possible and they belong to 'preference-based' account.",[]],["distinguishing whether the biased advice-taking is driven by a preference",[]]]},{},{"de":[["a group of users consuming content from various questionable sources while avoiding reliable ones",[]],["a phenomenon widely observed in online debates",["7,20,42"]]]},{"de":[["The color and shape of the nodes indicate the classification of the news source, and the thickness of the edges represents the level of similarity of retweeters between two news sources.",[]]]},{"de":[["It is the key component of any argument",["Daxenberger et al., 2017"]],["the claim element is colloquially perceived as a principal component of an argument.",[]]],"rt":[["premise",[]]]},{"de":[["Ground/Reasoning to justify a claim will not be a part of the claim phrase.",[]],["Mocking/attacking a group or individual is not a part of the claim phrase.",[]],["Claim phrases do not include the predicate part that does not contribute to it being a claim.",[]]],"sy":[["claim phrase",[]]],"ex":[["@realDonaldTrump A lot of people are saying cocaine cures COVID-19. Claim span: cocaine cures COVID-19.",[]]]},{"de":[["identify argument units of claims in the given text",[]],["move from coarse-grained claim detection to fine-grained claim span identification",[]]],"rt":[["claim detection",[]]]},{},{"de":[["For simplicity, we refer to such claims as implicit claims.",[]]],"ex":[["figurative sentences",[]],["satire",[]],["indirect questions",[]]]},{},{"de":[["claims and premises are usually indistinguishable and frequently blend together.",[]]],"rt":[["claim",[]]]},{"de":[["The proverbs are not facts.",[]]],"ex":[["Prevention is better than cure",[]]]},{},{"de":[["which have similar features (Eshraqi et al., 2015;Masood et al., 2019;Wang, 2010)",["Eshraqi et al., 2015","Masood et al., 2019","Wang, 2010"]],["automated spamming accounts (\"bots\"), which have similar features",["Eshraqi et al., 2015","Masood et al., 2019","Wang, 2010"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["misinformation can spread from the original sources to a large number of users in a very short time, with negative consequences that, in extreme cases, can even put at risk public safety or health.",[]]],"sy":[["false information",[]],["fake or inaccurate news",[]]],"ex":[["misinformation about the side-effects of vaccinations",[]],["rumors spread about the diffusion of the disease in the US",[]],["alleged curative powers of salt water",[]],["misinformation has been and is currently being spread online about the COVID-19 pandemic",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["elicit weaker emotional responses as they typically focus on delivering factual information",["Prior, 2003"]]],"sy":[["policy stories",["Prior, 2003"]]],"rt":[["non-policy-related stories",[]]]},{"de":[["information shortcuts",[]]],"ex":[["party cues",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["elements of negativity and conflict tend to appeal to a wide audience",["Trussler and Soroka, 2014"]]],"ex":[["unusual or controversial events during televised debates",["Trussler and Soroka, 2014"]],["horserace aspect",[]],["attacks among candidates",[]]]},{"de":[["elements of negativity and conflict tend to appeal to a wide audience",["Trussler and Soroka, 2014"]]],"ex":[["candidate attacks",[]],["scandals",[]],["horserace coverage",[]]]},{"de":[["appeared more frequently in the newspaper coverage than in the actual debates.",[]]],"rt":[["non-policy aspects",[]],["horse-race aspects",[]]],"ex":[["personal attacks on the opponent",[]],["scandals",[]]]},{"de":[["candidate conflicts and campaign drama",[]]],"sy":[["non-policy narratives",[]]],"rt":[["policy discussions",[]]],"ex":[["horse-race coverage",[]],["campaign drama",[]],["candidate conflicts",[]]]},{"sy":[["TV debates",[]]]},{},{"de":[["needs include the desire to experience and understand emotions and that places the belief that emotions are useful for forming",[]],["these needs include the desire to experience and understand the emotions of oneself and others, and that places the belief that emotions are useful for forming judgments and behavior.",[]],["Need for affection with the extent to which individual attitudes are guided by affective information",["Haddock & Huskinson, 2004"]],["Individuals who have the need for affection will process the information obtained then process the information with their affections.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Individuals with a low need for the cognitive activity will avoid the burden of processing messages and choose to process only a small part of the message, while individuals with a high need for the cognitive activity will try to solve the incongruence of information that they find in advertisements",["Nan, 2006"]],["individuals with a high need for cognitive will intrinsically enjoy the elaboration process and will elaborate on the message even though the message has low relevance to him",["Cacioppo et. Al., 1986"]],["individuals with the need for cognitive who are intrinsically low do not enjoy the elaboration process and will tend to elaborate on messages only when the variables in the message increase their motivation to do elaboration",["Priester at al., 2004"]]],"rt":[["measuring the tendency of individuals to engage and enjoy thinking",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["the names of well-known celebrities with divergent public perceptions",[]]]},{"de":[["Often, this targeting focuses on distinguishing attribute of the group, such as age, gender, race, nationality, religion, or disability. Hate can include, but is not limited to, discrimination, negative stereotype, dehumanization, and humiliation.",[]],["Often, this targeting focuses on distinguishing attribute of the group, such as age, gender, race, nationality, religion, or disability.",[]],["Hate can include, but is not limited to, discrimination, negative stereotype, dehumanization, and humiliation.",[]]],"sp":[["Hate speech",[]]]},{"de":[["These harmful actions are based on perceived characteristics such as race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, political beliefs, social class, disability, or appearance.",[]],["Expressions of this nature seek to demean, marginalize, or inflict harm on others, creating a hostile environment and perpetuating hatred, prejudice, and inequality.",[]]],"rt":[["aggression (Kumar et al. 2018)",["Kumar et al. 2018"]],["cyberbullying (Chen and Li 2020)",["Chen and Li 2020"]],["harassment (Stoop et al. 2019)",["Stoop et al. 2019"]],["racism (Field et al. 2021)",["Field et al. 2021"]],["sexism (Chiril et al. 2020)",["Chiril et al. 2020"]],["discrimination",[]],["aggression",[]],["cyberbullying",[]],["harassment",[]],["racism",[]],["sexism",[]]],"sb":[["Violence",[]],["Hate",[]],["Vulgar",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["Hate speech",[]]]},{"sp":[["Hate speech",[]]]},{"de":[["decorre a construção de realidades pulverizadas e o esvaziamento do sentido universal e incontestável do processo de construção da verdade.",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["negacionismo científico",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["firehosing",[]]]},{},{"de":[["a busca de produção de uma verdade pura quando as fronteiras entre ciência e sociedade já se mostram por demais porosas",[]]],"sy":[["negacionismo científico",[]]],"rt":[["pós-verdade",[]],["populismo científico",[]]]},{"de":[["existem cinco estratégias discursivas comumente mobilizadas: a identificação de conspirações; o uso de falsos experts; a seletividade ou ênfase em pesquisas isoladas que contrariam o consenso científico; a criação de expectativas impossíveis para as pesquisas científicas; e o uso de falácias lógicas e deturpações.",[]]],"sb":[["a identificação de conspirações",[]],["o uso de falsos experts",[]],["a seletividade ou ênfase em pesquisas isoladas que contrariam o consenso científico",[]],["a criação de expectativas impossíveis para as pesquisas científicas",[]],["o uso de falácias lógicas e deturpações",[]]]},{},{"de":[["can be a crucial tool in this endeavor. These campaigns can help increase women's political ambition, support the nomination of female candidates to prominent positions, and influence news coverage to spotlight these female candidates.",[]],["campaigns focusing on equal representation may address the problem of unequal coverage at its root.",[]]]},{"de":[["unexpected nature of events",["Muñoz et al., 2020"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["we examined the distinction between party logic and media logic (Lühiste and Banducci, 2016)",[]]],"rt":[["gender bias",[]],["party logic",[]]]},{},{"de":[["we examined the distinction between party logic and media logic (Lühiste and Banducci, 2016)",[]]],"rt":[["gender bias",[]],["media logic",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Whereas other philosophies are 'inorganic, because contradictory creations'",["21"]],["Whereas other philosophies are 'inorganic, because contradictory creations', the philosophy of praxis 'does not tend to resolve contradiction in history and society peacefully, but is the very theory of these contradictions'.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["being a movement based on work enthusiasm",[]],["the movement that was used by post-war governments in an attempt to revive their respective economies, and to leave an impression of placing the worker in the center of the political, economic and cultural spheres.",[]],["its different strands are brought together by the demand for increased work quotas.",[]]],"sy":[["shock labor",[]]],"rt":[["shock labor",[]]],"sp":[["shock labor",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the typical does not signify some sort of statistical mean… The typical is the vital sphere in which is manifested the party spirit of realistic art. The question of the typical is always a political question. […] Thus, in the way the typical in the life of society is brought out in the artistic representation, we can see the political attitude of the artist toward reality, social life, historical events",["cf. Groys 2011: 50-51"]],["From the Marxist-Leninist standpoint, the typical does not signify some sort of statistical mean… The typical is the vital sphere in which is manifested the party spirit of realistic art. The question of the typical is always a political question. […] Thus, in the way the typical in the life of society is brought out in the artistic representation, we can see the political attitude of the artist toward reality, social life, historical events",["Groys 2011: 50-51"]],["From the Marxist-Leninist standpoint, the typical does not signify some sort of statistical mean… The typical is the vital sphere in which is manifested the party spirit of realistic art.",["Groys 2011: 50-51"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["human-operated and automated accounts to perform as de facto crowd-sourced elites that occupied central positions in retweet networks",[]]]},{"de":[["has a powerful effect on how reality is perceived",[]]],"rt":[["strategic narrative",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["Information warfare",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["Framing",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["gradually becoming an important tool in boosting traditional public diplomacy by providing information and public opinion support for the implementation of the country's foreign policy abroad",[]],["it scores highly in regards to political communication through social networks or the Internet, influencing the objective perception of Russia by foreign audiences, using \"soft power\" tools, mass media, and social media to ensure the advancement of the country's foreign policy and create a positive image of the state.",[]]],"sy":[["Internet diplomacy",[]],["social media diplomacy",[]],["Web diplomacy 2.0",[]]],"rt":[["traditional public diplomacy",[]],["soft power",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Frames implicitly hold evidentiary information that determines what is 'relevant' (Hertog & McLeod, 1995, p. 4) and suggest 'what the issue is' (Tankard Jr., et. al., 1991).",["(Hertog & McLeod, 1995, p. 4)","(Tankard Jr., et. al., 1991)"]],["Those who create media content 'select some aspect of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described' (Entman, 1993, p. 52).",["(Entman, 1993, p. 52)"]],["This process occurs through media frames, 'which are manifested by the presence or absence of certain keywords, stock phrases, stereotyped images, sources of information, and sentences that provide thematically reinforcing clusters of facts or judgments' (Entman, 1993, p. 52).",["(Entman, 1993, p. 52)"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["a two-dimensional problem that involves intentional and unintentional behaviors.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]],"sb":[["unintentional fake news sharing",[]],["intentional fake news sharing",[]],["intentional and unintentional behaviors",[]],["intentional behaviors",[]]]},{"sb":[["unintentional fake news sharing",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["manipulative individuals show a reduced commitment to the truth (see Geis; Moon, 1981), because their manipulative interests -for example, to make others vote in a certain way-may be placed first.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["reflexivity",[]]]},{"sp":[["reflexivity",[]]]},{"de":[["This outward-looking perspective aligns with values of inclusivity and global identity, opposing the inward-looking nationalism that frames migrants as threats.",[]]],"rt":[["nation-centred discourse",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Referring to the symbolic space of Westernised narratives and representations through which individual citizens are invited to imagine what their encounters with migrants mean to their lives and identities",[]]]},{"de":[["media disinformation in migration-related news constituted the symbolic environment of crisis reflexivity and provided a public space for the views of citizens who perceive themselves as victims",[]],["showing the transformative side of crisis reflexivity -how media practices among citizens in Athens have transformed the so-called 'migration crisis' into an opportunity for solidarity and connection.",[]],["Crisis reflexivity is transformative but mainly reproductive. It encapsulates moments of opportunity and transformation, yet also encompasses loss, disenfranchisement and victimhood",[]]],"rt":[["reflexive modernity",[]]],"sb":[["reflexivity of disinformation",[]],["reflexivity of fear and victimhood",[]],["reflexivity of hope and cosmopolitanism",[]]],"sp":[["reflexivity",[]]]},{"de":[["This perspective sees migrants as scapegoats for broader socio-economic issues and reflects a defensive stance towards preserving an assumed homogeneity.",[]]],"rt":[["cosmopolitan discourse",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["convivial reflexivity",[]],["mediated reflexivity",[]],["that of imagining a diverse, cosmopolitan and convivial city",["Zehfuss, 2020"]],["crisis reflexivity",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["informal fallacies",[]]]},{"sp":[["informal fallacies",[]]]},{"sp":[["informal fallacies",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Informal fallacies are not fallacious because of their structure but because of their content",["11","12","20","21"]],["informal fallacies are not only fallacious arguments but also arguments that are likely persuasive",["24","26","27","28","29","30","31","32","24,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32]"]],["teaching how to recognize and dismantle informal fallacies might be a promising approach to reduce the acceptance and sharing of fake news.",[]],["informal fallacies are domain-independent, meaning that one does not need to be an expert in a particular field to recognize an informal fallacy.",[]],["Informal fallacies are not fallacious because of their structure but because of their content [11,12,20,21].",["11,12,20,21"]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]],["informal reasoning skills",[]]],"sb":[["Straw man fallacy",[]],["Complex question",[]],["Begging the question",[]],["False cause",[]],["Slippery slope",[]],["complex questions",[]],["straw man fallacies",[]]],"ex":[["Circular reasoning-a prime example for informal fallacies-",[]],["complex questions",[]],["straw man fallacies",[]]]},{"de":[["Teaching about informal fallacies can be understood as a specific form of psychological inoculation against misinformation so that a person who encounters misinformation is less likely to fall for it",["10","50"]]],"sb":[["narrow",[]],["broad",["10"]]]},{},{"sp":[["basic argumentation principles",[]]]},{"sp":[["informal fallacies",[]]]},{"rt":[["argument from consequence",[]]]},{"sp":[["informal fallacies",[]]]},{"de":[["Core sent represents an extracted sentence",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["fundamentals of cosmopolitanism",[]]],"rt":[["cosmopolitan consciousness",[]],["cosmopolitan framing",[]],["cosmopolitan values",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["creating important counter-public spheres (Fraser, 1993, cited in Hackett et al., 2017, p. 32)",["Fraser, 1993, cited in Hackett et al., 2017, p. 32"]]]},{},{"ex":[["Unlike 'adventure' and 'ecstatic' news, where the sufferer is invoked as too distant and which lacks reflexivity, respectively",[]]]},{"de":[["must be practised ethically in the interest of those affected by the conflict rather than commercial media.",[]]]},{"de":[["It 'cares as well as knows;…is aware of its responsibilities; and will not stand neutral between good and evil, right and wrong, the victim and the oppressor' (Bell, 1997, p. 8).",["Bell, 1997, p. 8"]],["It 'cares as well as knows;…is aware of its responsibilities; and will not stand neutral between good and evil, right and wrong, the victim and the oppressor'",["Bell, 1997, p. 8"]]]},{},{"de":[["This stage is likely to respond well to any preventative measures taken to stop the onset from turning into violence",["Ackermann, 2003"]]]},{"de":[["and asks how people are affected by conflict, what non-violent responses are available (Lynch and McGoldrick, 2005, p. 5), how the broader public can be informed about them, and how the available options can be utilized to prevent war and conflict.",["Lynch and McGoldrick, 2005, p. 5"]],["As a moral imagination of common humanity, peace journalism puts a special focus on the people.",[]],["a symbolic intervention in conflict in the form of communication (Lynch, 2015) and a 'normative mode of responsible and conscientious media coverage of conflict' (Shinar, 2007, p. 2)",[]],["researchers have successfully established its strong commitment to truth (Shinar, 2007), prevention of violence and war (Hanitzsch, 2004, p. 485), 'de-escalation-oriented war coverage' (Kempf, 2003a, pp. 9-10)",["Shinar, 2007","Hanitzsch, 2004, p. 485","Kempf, 2003a, pp. 9-10"]],["commitment towards justice and human rights",[]],["duty to inform leads to the embodiment of cosmopolitan consciousness",[]],["Peace journalism professionalism expects reporters to be unprejudiced, tolerant, flexible, justice oriented, and ideally polyglot, with a lived experience in the region they report from and about, which adds the value of empathy.",[]],["translated practically into an assemblage of discourses that are more centred around the victim, rather than being anchored in elitist representations and pseudo 'solutions'.",[]],["an alternative to propaganda, which is inevitable during war and conflict and destructive of the promotion of peaceful cohabitation",[]],["journalists aim for a greater focus on information about conflict settlement, avoid reinforcing prejudices in coverage, get sensitized to false perceptions, incorporate early warnings for potential flashpoints in coverage, include all sides in peaceful proposals for conflict settlement, increase positive reporting for peacemakers, practice reconciliation-oriented framing, and create possibilities for dialogue",["Mowlana, 1986, p. 220"]],["Peace journalism keeps the underlying causes of a conflict and those affected by it in the news even after governments and military push them to the peripheral boundaries of media and public debate, and, this way, keeps bringing the forgotten back to life, thus enabling democratic reflexivity without the rush of an emergency media response to conflict.",[]],["as a version of watchdog journalism, peace journalism is likely to be most effective through a pre-emptive and long-term application, while its contributions may begin during an active conflict, but reach their highest potential before the conflict begins to escalate.",[]],["serves as a tool for bringing pre-emptive attention to prevention, as Mowlana (1986) mentions, before the emergency situation hits.",["Mowlana (1986)"]],["The willingness to be 'open' in divergent modes of representation is crucial to the potency of peace journalism.",[]],["A peace journalism practice avoids being lost in context, a structural threat that is always hanging over peace journalism in daily news reporting.",[]],["By employing varying modes of communication genres, a peace journalist is equipped to experiment with the semiosis of the message by taking into consideration the humanitarian appeal that the message is supposed to produce.",[]],["I argue for a peace journalist to be actively involved in the reconstruction of discourses by 'breaking out' of the original frame of reference (Butler, 2009, p. 11), and to do so without complicating the narrative.",["Butler, 2009, p. 11"]],["Instead, peace journalism celebrates the people's right to know, even if the conflict is not in close geographic or cultural proximity or carries less political significance for a global audience. In doing so, peace journalism gives visibility to the conflict and voice to those affected through an agentic approach, where local agency is transferred into reportage through informed journalists, ideally local, who understand the political, cultural, and other historical complexities.",[]],["Peace journalism realizes its potential in conflict prevention and influence for social and political change through pluralism, journalistic ethics, and the opportunity for variety (Becker, 2004), which demands an active involvement of local media and local journalists in the broader coverage of conflict.",["Becker, 2004","2004"]],["focus on consciousness and a common humanity where people and events are reported critically and without bias",[]],["based on an appeal to the notion that because we share a dependence on social relations as human beings, doing violence to each other goes against our shared precariousness as human beings in this world",["Mitra, 2014, p. 12"]],["cosmopolitan practice through which journalists and consequently the public effectively navigate the oceans of information where 'the currents of appearance and reality mingle'",["Tehranian, 2002, p. 58"]],["peace journalism as a counter-narrative to the dominant war-and conflict-oriented journalism practice",["1986"]],["it becomes a form of journalistic witnessing that celebrates journalism's moral responsibility towards the vulnerable other through understanding that may lead to action.",[]],["realizes its potential in conflict prevention and influence for social and political change through pluralism, journalistic ethics, and the opportunity for variety (Becker, 2004), which demands an active involvement of local media and local journalists in the broader coverage of conflict.",["Becker, 2004"]],["engages in an active labour of meaning-making, and requires journalists to take, as Hall (1990) puts it, the 'responsibility for how the knowledge they produce is then transmitted to society'",[]],["an alternative approach that addresses everything that is wrong with the way wars, conflicts and military interventions are currently reported",[]],["Its focus on consciousness and a common humanity where people and events are reported critically and without bias",[]],["On the other hand, peace journalism investigates the historical context for the present to make sense (Galtung, 2003;Nohrstedt and Ottosen, 2015;Youngblood, 2016), and asks how people are affected by conflict, what non-violent responses are available (Lynch and McGoldrick, 2005, p. 5), how the broader public can be informed about them, and how the available options can be utilized to prevent war and conflict.",["Galtung, 2003","Nohrstedt and Ottosen, 2015","Youngblood, 2016","Lynch and McGoldrick, 2005, p. 5"]],["a 'normative mode of responsible and conscientious media coverage of conflict' (Shinar, 2007, p. 2)",["Shinar, 2007, p. 2"]]],"sy":[["constructive journalism",[]],["solutions journalism",[]],["conflict-sensitive",[]],["conflict-resolving journalism",[]],["conflict-sensitive or conflict-resolving journalism",[]]],"rt":[["counter-narrative to the dominant war-and conflict-oriented journalism practice",[]],["cosmopolitan framing",[]],["cosmopolitan consciousness",[]],["war journalism",["1998,2002"]],["watchdog journalism",[]],["alternative media",[]],["mainstream media",[]],["peace education",[]],["cosmopolitanism",[]],["war-and conflict-oriented journalism",[]],["de-escalation-oriented war coverage",["Kempf, 2003a, pp. 9-10"]],["bystander journalism",["1998"]],["cosmopolitan practice",[]]],"sb":[["cosmopolitan peace journalism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["critical for reflexivity and for the realization of a cosmopolitan public",[]],["reflexivity enables journalists not only to 'empathize with people on-site', but also 'to reflect on one's own biases' (p. 5) while covering conflict.",["p. 5"]],["reflexivity enables journalists not only to 'empathize with people on-site', but also 'to reflect on one's own biases' (p. 5)",[]]]},{"de":[["can misrepresent humanitarian issues in media discourses. Selective empathy in media coverage, especially by Western journalists covering war and conflict in a non-Western context, translates into the white saviour syndrome, and can do more harm than good to those affected by war and conflict.",[]],["Selective empathy in media coverage, especially by Western journalists covering war and conflict in a non-Western context, translates into the white saviour syndrome, and can do more harm than good to those affected by war and conflict.",[]]],"rt":[["white saviour syndrome",[]]]},{"de":[["media capriciousness in reporting global conflicts causes a state of 'selective indignation' (p. 53) not only among news audiences but also among academics",["Hawkins (2008)"]]]},{"de":[["War journalism often focuses on the conflicts and divisions between different groups, often emphasizing the differences between them rather than the commonalities. This type of reporting can contribute to a culture of fear and mistrust between different communities, rather than promoting understanding and cooperation.",[]]],"rt":[["peace journalism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Currency: The timeliness of the information -When was the news posted or published? -Is the news current or out of date on the topic? -Has the information been revised or updated?",[]],["Relevance: The coverage and depth of the content and its importance for your needs -Have you looked at a variety of other sources before determining you will use this one? -Who is the intended audience? -Would you be comfortable using this source for a research paper? -Does the news relate to your topic or answer your question?",[]],["Authority: The source of the information -Who wrote the news, and what are their qualifications? -Has the author published works in a more traditional format, like books or journal articles? -Is the author associated with an organization? -What does the URL reveal about the author or the source?",[]],["Accuracy: The reliability and correctness of the information -Are there citations for the news provided so that you can tell where the news came from? -Has the news been reviewed or referred to? -Is the content of the news free of emotion? -Are there any spelling, grammar, or other typographical errors?",[]]],"rt":[["currency",[]],["relevance",[]],["authority",[]],["accuracy",[]],["purpose",[]]]},{"de":[["It predominantly circulates on social media and mass media platforms and takes various forms, such as lies, distorted content, and unidentified sources.",[]],["fake news often imitates real news to establish credibility.",[]],["Tandoc et al [8] emphasize that fake news often imitates real news to establish credibility.",["8"]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]],"ex":[["lies, distorted content, and unidentified sources",[]]]},{"ex":[["many fake cures and misleading claims about the virus were spread. For example, there were cases in which people in Israel suffered adverse consequences, including deaths and illnesses, after believing and following misinformation on social media claiming that alcohol could cure COVID-19",["4"]],["in China, herbal medicines were promoted as potential treatments for COVID-19 despite warnings from medical experts about their potential risks and lack of scientific evidence",["5"]]]},{"de":[["It also includes understanding political, ideological, and commercial motives as well as hidden meanings",["10"]],["critical thinking for media literacy, including the ability to access, understand, and judge contrasting features of media content while creating diverse communication contexts",["11"]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["notícias enganosas com intuito de confundir e de levar ao esquecimento fatos e ações inaceitáveis",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]]],"sb":[["engano",[]],["apagamento",[]],["esquecimento",[]]]},{},{"de":[["as notícias enganosas se escondem no anonimato, e ganham uma dimensão intercontinental",[]],["notícias enganosas com intuito de confundir e de levar ao esquecimento fatos e ações inaceitáveis",[]],["as notícias enganosas se escondem no anonimato, e ganham uma dimensão intercontinental.",[]]],"sy":[["notícias enganosas",[]]],"rt":[["esquecimento",[]],["notícias enganosas",[]],["boatos",[]]]},{"rt":[["formações ideológicas",[]],["condições de produção do discurso",[]]]},{"rt":[["inimigos do regime",[]]]},{"de":[["A polarização política se dá pela disputa, pela rivalidade, pelo fato de um não poder ocupar o lugar privilegiado do outro. Logo, o gérmen da polarização política é a luta pelo espaço, o espaço do nós e do eles, o qual reverbera ao longo do romance em diferentes níveis.",[]],["A polarização política entra como motivo nesse cenário, visto que é no tempo do estabelecimento da cidade que ele se instaura como organizador de enredo, o qual é desenhado sobre o tema do nós versus eles.",[]],["Confirma-se que a polarização política entra como elemento constitutivo do romance, é um motivo de natureza cronotópica e ocupa um lugar permanente na organização da vida da sociedade (até hoje).",[]],["disputa, pela rivalidade, pelo fato de um não poder ocupar o lugar privilegiado do outro",[]]],"rt":[["nós versus eles",[]],["encontro/desencontro de duas ideias",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["fake news, misinformation and disinformation are indeed parts of the larger landscape of online deception.",["35"]],["unintended consequences, such as in the form of fake news.",[]],["it is crucial to note that fake news, misinformation and disinformation are indeed parts of the larger landscape of online deception.",["35"]]]},{"de":[["fake news, misinformation and disinformation are indeed parts of the larger landscape of online deception.",["35"]]]},{},{"de":[["Two aspects of the phenomenon, propensity to and avoidance of certain information, are analyzed based on their underlying motivations.",[]],["avoidance fed by affective motives can be undermined by rational utility considerations",[]]]},{},{"de":[["but also as availability",[]]]},{"de":[["At this stage, users decide to slow down, or even stop scrolling through their newsfeed, to look more carefully at a specific post, based on message cues that are immediately visible in the newsfeed (e.g., topic, source, headline, picture, or social endorsements).",[]]],"sp":[["selective exposure",[]]]},{},{"de":[["selective choices are made by journalists and content providers in what is called gate-keeping",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["media partisanship",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["has a more direct bearing on choice.",[]],["Preference may be closer to the notion of intention.",[]]],"rt":[["choice",[]],["intentions",[]]]},{"sp":[["selective exposure",[]]]},{"de":[["Its potential to polarize the public leading to extreme views and threatening democracy was pointed at with the proliferation of media sources, especially with the wide expansion of the internet",["Sustain, 2001"]],["Understanding selective exposure seems particularly vital in considering the role of communication in a democracy, because it has implications for citizen engagement, for the appreciation of diverse views, and for the creation of communities where citizens can agree on basic facts",["Stroud (2014)"]],["belongs to the field within a dominant area of media effects",[]],["These choices could be made not only purposefully, but also forced or semi-automatic, as some messages could be suggested by peers, experts, media, and so on.",[]],["about the audience choosing among different media choices, however, these choices are already limited by the content providers.",[]],["This selection is either called or supposed to be purposeful, of the messages, media content or information. This is a cornerstone around which the conceptual framework of selective exposure is built.",[]],["This tendency to favor specific media content (Knobloch-Westerwick, 2014) has a more direct bearing on choice.",["Knobloch-Westerwick, 2014"]]],"rt":[["media exposure",[]],["beliefs",[]],["attitudes",[]],["preferences",[]],["selective avoidance",[]],["preference",[]],["selection",[]],["media use",[]]],"sb":[["First-level selective exposure",[]],["second-level selective exposure",["p.1223"]]]},{},{"de":[["back-end AI refers to AI technology used in the background to influence communication without direct user interaction.",[]],["Back-end AI seeks to improve the underlying algorithms to reduce biases and increase precision.",[]]],"ex":[["Chat-GPT, an Open AI-trained language model designed to simulate human conversation (Reynolds and McDonell, 2021)",["Reynolds and McDonell, 2021"]]]},{},{"de":[["manifests in various ways, such as fabricated news stories, propaganda, and unfounded rumors (Benkler et al., 2018).",["Benkler et al., 2018"]],["Disinformation campaigns aim to manipulate public opinion or incite confusion and mistrust.",[]]]},{"de":[["has become increasingly complex in the digital age due to the pervasive collection and use of personal data by both private companies and governments",["Schwartz, 2003"]],["This complexity arises from various practices, such as targeted advertising, content personalization, and behavioral monitoring, which rely on extensive data collection.",[]]],"ex":[["thirdparty tracking codes on websites exemplify how privacy can be compromised in the digital landscape.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Front-end AI",[]]]},{"de":[["These computer-generated images of people are intended to appear and behave like real people, complete with distinct personalities and viewpoints.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Whereas these self-reports capture self-aware, deliberately articulated judgments, implicit measures capture effortless, automatic associations held in long-term memory.",[]]]},{"de":[["they might be simply 'talking the talk' or engaging in 'virtue signaling': mimicking dominant elite discourse rather than expressing genuinely held beliefs (cf. Engelhardt, 2023)",[]]],"sy":[["talking the talk",[]]]},{"de":[["dominant discursive processes that apportion physical territory, separating people from one another, and emphasize lived experiences that examine borders through lenses of (im)mobility which connect populations and communities in border areas",["Agnew, 2008;Anzaldúa, 2012;Brown, 2010;Coronado & Mumme, 2020;Keck & Clua-Losada, 2021;Sarabia, 2020","Agnew, 2008","Anzaldúa, 2012","Brown, 2010","Coronado & Mumme, 2020","Keck & Clua-Losada, 2021","Sarabia, 2020"]]]},{"de":[["the ways in which media define and construct political issues or public controversies",[]],["Framing plays a central role in the process of defining social problems, raising public awareness and establishing specific ways of interpreting them",["Entman et al., 2009","Hove et al., 2013"]],["When news organizations frame political and social issues in certain ways, they are showing plausible causes and consequences and presenting ways of how to solve the problem",["Entman, 1993(Entman, , 2004)"]],["Framing theory assumes an issue can be interpreted in many ways and from various points of view.",[]],["Framing can significantly shape public opinion",["Iyengar, 1991","Nelson & Kinder, 1996"]],["Frames lead an individual to pay attention to specific characteristics and patterns of an issue, reducing the complexity of it to, seemingly, core elements",["T. Nelson et al., 1997a"]],["When news organizations frame political and social issues in certain ways, they are showing plausible causes and consequences and presenting ways of how to solve the problem (Entman, 1993(Entman, , 2004)).",["Entman, 1993(Entman, , 2004)"]],["Framing is a social construction of a social phenomenon (Chong & Druckman, 2007) and helps explain how an issue is presented to the public (Entman, 2007;Fryberg et al., 2012;Gross & D'Ambrosio, 2004).",["Chong & Druckman, 2007","Entman, 2007","Fryberg et al., 2012","Gross & D'Ambrosio, 2004"]]],"ex":[["Goffman gives the example of a picture frame where the frame represents the structure and the picture represents the content.",[]],["To illustrate the concept, Goffman gives the example of a picture frame where the frame represents the structure and the picture represents the content.",[]]]},{"rt":[["news frames",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["The frames that most embody a 'national zone' type of approach were those of political contention and immigration package.",[]]]},{"de":[["Framing boar hunting as a battle means supporting the right of humans to outwit non-human species, and demonstrates pride in defeating nature.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["In the consumption frame, the hunters become tourists, detached from the activities and routines of everyday life and free from stress",["Corbett 2006"]]],"rt":[["nature as a marketplace",[]]],"ex":[["buy a weapon, kill a pig, and feel good about yourself.",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["Locations and activities",[]],["Participants' appearances and attributes",[]],["Boars' appearance and role",[]],["Close ups",[]],["Music and sound",[]],["Camera movements",[]],["Editing",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["hunting as battle",[]],["hunting as consumption",[]]]},{},{"de":[["these hegemonic nature frames suppress more constructive ways of framing the human-nature relationship",[]],["all of which constitute and are constituted by the underlying notion of human as superior to nature.",[]]],"sb":[["hegemonic nature frames",[]]],"ex":[["commodity",[]],["threat",[]],["sacred",[]]]},{"de":[["The nature-culture dichotomy has been identified by Uggla (2010) in policy discourse on climate change and biodiversity, by Cassidy and Mills (2012) in a study of media representations of 'urban foxes', and by Seegert (2014) when demonstrating how 'Bruno the bear' rhetorically queered the anthropogenic landscape.",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["connection",[]]]},{"de":[["framing of boar hunting as a matter of interacting with nature as a particular form of enacting status",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Social psychologists view bias as universal.",[]],["Biases can be favourable (for example, intelligent), neutral (for example, feminine) or unfavourable (for example, untrustworthy).",[]],["is universal but takes on specific contents for specific social groups.",[]],["is universal but takes on specific contents for specific social groups",[]]],"rt":[["biased beliefs",[]],["emotions",[]],["behavioural tendencies",[]],["stereotypes",[]],["prejudice",[]],["discrimination",[]]],"sb":[["stereotypes",[]],["prejudice",[]],["discrimination",[]]]},{"rt":[["admiration",[]],["contempt",[]],["envy",[]],["pity",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["Capability/Intelligence",["16"]],["Assertiveness/Dominance",["16"]]]},{},{"de":[["behavioural tendencies",[]],["The FMAT indicated that Chinese people were more likely to be actively and passively harmed (versus facilitated)",[]],["Biased intergroup behaviour (discrimination) derives from intergroup emotions (prejudice) that originate from cognitive beliefs about social groups (stereotypes).",["49"]]],"sy":[["behavioural tendencies",["8"]]],"rt":[["stereotypes",[]],["prejudice",[]],["behavioural",[]]],"sb":[["active facilitation",[]],["passive facilitation",[]],["passive harm",[]]],"sp":[["bias",[]]],"ex":[["either attack (versus help) or exclude (versus cooperate with) Chinese people",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["outgroup derogation",["9"]]]},{"rt":[["ingroup favouritism",["9"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["emotions",[]],["the Anglophone text producers expressed less admiration and more contempt towards Chinese",[]],["Biased intergroup behaviour (discrimination) derives from intergroup emotions (prejudice) that originate from cognitive beliefs about social groups (stereotypes).",["49"]]],"sy":[["emotions",["8"]]],"rt":[["stereotypes",[]],["discrimination",[]],["affective",[]]],"sp":[["bias",[]]],"ex":[["scorn (versus admire) Chinese people yet equally envy and pity them",[]]]},{"de":[["biased beliefs",[]]],"sp":[["bias",[]]]},{"de":[["The latest SCM work elaborates further by subdividing the Warmth dimension into Sociability/Friendliness and Morality/Trustworthiness facets, and the Competence dimension into Capability/Intelligence and Assertiveness/Dominance facets.",["16"]]],"rt":[["Warmth",[]],["Competence",[]]]},{"de":[["low-warmth and low-competence stereotypes of Chinese people",[]],["Although stereotypes are mostly social constructions, they may sometimes have some factual basis.",[]]],"sy":[["biased beliefs",["8"]]],"rt":[["prejudice",[]],["discrimination",[]],["cognitive",[]]],"sb":[["model minority",["53"]],["Yellow Peril",["53"]]],"ex":[["less sociable/friendly",[]],["less moral/trustworthy",[]],["less assertive/dominant",[]],["equally capable/intelligent",[]],["perceive Chinese people to be less trustworthy, less friendly and less assertive, while holding them to be as equally intelligent",[]]]},{"sb":[["Sociability/Friendliness",["16"]],["Morality/Trustworthiness",["16"]]]},{"de":[["symbolises the focus of public and political disputes of the present",[]]],"sy":[["Falschmeldungen",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["postfaktisch",[]]]},{"sy":[["post-factual",[]]]},{"de":[["the increasing evasion of audited and impartial facts in the contemporary design of public opinion",[]],["not the claim to truth, but the pronouncement of the 'perceived truth' is trend-setting",["8"]]],"sy":[["postfaktisch",[]],["post-factual",[]],["postistinitoj epohi",[]],["posttruth",[]],["post-faktisch",[]]],"rt":[["postfaktisch",[]]]},{"sy":[["post-factual age",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["These methods are especially effective for long range dependencies, as they allow for a deep analysis of linguistic and semantic features to identify signs of misinformation",["27"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["narrativa específica del true crime",[]]]},{"sp":[["marcos",[]]]},{"de":[["Resulta común la insistencia en los detalles morbosos del crimen.",[]]],"sp":[["narrativa específica del true crime",[]]]},{"sp":[["cinco momentos de la historia",[]]]},{"de":[["la audiencia está esperando un relato que lo explique todo, que ponga en duda la versión oficial y que le haga sentir que es un \"detective de sofá\"",["Romero, 2020, p. 17"]]],"sp":[["narrativa específica del true crime",[]]]},{"de":[["El eje narrativo sustenta una tesis, que incluye la construcción de los personajes y la interpretación de los acontecimientos.",[]]]},{"sy":[["framing",[]]]},{"de":[["aparece en varias ocasiones en las informaciones periodísticas",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sb":[["interés humano",[]],["Reacción social o popular",[]],["personificación",[]],["Víctima y Villano",[]]]},{"sy":[["encuadre",[]]]},{"de":[["se incluyen en las crónicas aspectos sobre la familia 'humilde' de la joven Rocío, la infancia de la chica y el divorcio de sus padres, o el trabajo de la madre como limpiadora en la Costa del Sol",[]]],"rt":[["reacción popular",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]],["relato escandaloso",[]]]},{"sp":[["narrativa específica del true crime",[]]]},{"de":[["La narración adquiere un mayor sentido de intensidad dramática al representar las diferentes posiciones de la controversia a través de personajes específicos",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Eso ayuda a que el crimen relatado adquiera tintes más dramáticos",[]]],"sp":[["narrativa específica del true crime",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Desarrollaron un estilo conocido como «narrativa de no ficción», a partir de la información periodística tradicional.",[]]]},{"de":[["En estos casos, una sola persona encarna toda la historia",[]],["Se describe por ejemplo la personalidad de la víctima para dotar de mayor fuerza emocional a todo el relato.",[]],["Y al aparecer o descubrirse al posible autor, se vuelve a emplear este frame de personificación, esta vez revistiendo al personaje de unos atributos que lo estigmatizan y lo dibujan como perverso, anormal o inadaptado social: se construye el perfil de un villano.",[]],["detalles ambos que activan el enfoque de interés humano y las emociones, dibujando a Rocío Wanninkhof como todavía infantil y vulnerable, y empleando a su vez el enfoque de personificación",[]]],"rt":[["interés humano",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]],["relato escandaloso",[]]]},{"sp":[["frames",[]],["relato escandaloso",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Es clara distinción villano-víctima que sustenta muchas de esas informaciones",[]]],"rt":[["protagonista",[]],["antagonista",[]],["héroe",[]],["villano",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]],["Narrativa clásica",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["In this case, AI systems are based on graph models, which examine the connection between users and their activity on social media and isolate outliers and suspicious interactions.",["Lim et al., 2025"]]]},{"de":[["The issue is that such systems do not process all languages equally. They privilege some, neglect others, and in doing so reshape older language hierarchies in new ways.",[]],["In the age of digital intelligence, power is exercised not only through policy, schooling, and cultural prestige but also through data accumulation, platform visibility, model performance, and infrastructural design.",[]],["algorithmic dominance directs attention to the infrastructures through which that authority is now renewed.",[]],["Dominant languages are presented as practical, interoperable, and future-oriented, while less dominant ones are implicitly cast as limited or technically burdensome.",[]]],"sy":[["digital disadvantage",[]]],"rt":[["data dominance",[]],["platform dominance",[]],["model dominance",[]],["ideological dominance",[]]],"sb":[["data dominance",[]],["platform dominance",[]],["model dominance",[]],["ideological dominance",[]]],"sp":[["linguistic imperialism",[]]]},{"de":[["Speakers may also resist or adapt through everyday multilingual practices, especially digital code-switching",[]]],"ex":[["users may post in English to reach wider publics while using Māori, Irish, Welsh, Lao, Khmer, or other less-supported languages in community spaces to sustain intimacy, identity, and local authority.",[]]]},{"sy":[["algorithmic dominance",[]]]},{"sb":[["testimonial",[]],["hermeneutical",[]]]},{"de":[["Data asymmetry, platform visibility, and model performance do not carry meaning on their own. They become powerful because they are interpreted in ways that conceal their historical and political foundations.",["2022","2023"]]],"sp":[["algorithmic dominance",[]]]},{"de":[["It points to a durable structure in which one language comes to stand for mobility, competence, authority, and access, while others are pushed towards the margins.",[]],["Linguistic imperialism helps explain the historical making of unequal language orders; algorithmic dominance helps explain how those orders are now reproduced through infrastructures that appear neutral, efficient, and politically innocent.",[]]],"rt":[["algorithmic dominance",[]]],"ex":[["Phillipson (1992) used the term to show how English came to occupy a privileged position through structural and cultural asymmetries, especially in education, administration, and knowledge production.",["1992"]]]},{"de":[["moves away from a narrowly top-down picture and shows how hierarchy is maintained in everyday life-through communication, business, academia, and education-by subtle, locally reproduced mechanisms that are often taken for granted",["2023"]]],"rt":[["linguistic imperialism",[]]]},{"rt":[["model performance",[]]],"sp":[["algorithmic dominance",[]]]},{"de":[["These practices echo broader accounts of multilingual agency",[]]]},{"de":[["visibility is closely tied to legitimacy.",[]],["digital marginalisation is reinforced when languages lack both computational support and meaningful presence in the infrastructures through which digital publics are formed.",[]],["Platform dominance, therefore, works not only through exclusion but also by making dominant-language choices appear more publicly viable.",[]]],"rt":[["data dominance",[]]],"sp":[["algorithmic dominance",[]]]},{"sp":[["evaluation",[]]]},{"sp":[["evaluation",[]]]},{"de":[["In this case people perceive the contradictory information as a threat to their identity or worldview, leading them to defend their original belief even more strongly",["Nyhan & Reifler, 2010","2010"]],["In this case people perceive the contradictory information as a threat to their identity or worldview, leading them to defend their original belief even more strongly (Nyhan & Reifler, 2010).",["Nyhan & Reifler, 2010"]]]},{"de":[["comprise various elements, including knowledge components, experiences, perceptions, attitudes, interests, and values",["Adamina, 2008"]],["The conceptions can be situated within Amazeen's model (Figure 1) as part of the individual factors, more specifically among the dispositional factors.",[]],["These \"mental conglomerates\" (Adamina, 2008, p. 19) comprise various elements, including knowledge components, experiences, perceptions, attitudes, interests, and values (Adamina, 2008).",["Adamina, 2008"]]],"sy":[["mental conglomerates",["Adamina, 2008, p. 19"]]],"rt":[["misconceptions",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["assessing claims",[]],["assessing arguments",[]],["assessing alternatives",[]]],"sp":[["critical thinking",[]]]},{"de":[["It can take different forms, varying in intention, degree of truthfulness or facticity, and content",[]],["Some students confused fake news with incorrect information or simple lies.",[]],["Some students confused fake news with incorrect information or simple lies. Incorrect weather forecasts were frequently cited, although these do not qualify as fake news because they usually result from prediction errors rather than intentional deception.",[]]],"sy":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]],["misleading or deceptive content",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]],["misleading or deceptive content",[]],["deceptive content",[]],["incorrect information",[]]],"sb":[["Content-based manipulations",[]],["intent-based manipulations",[]]],"ex":[["political rumours, celebrity gossip and made-up stories about people, false claims (in sports contexts), as well as fake news on geographical topics such as misleading reports about wildfires or aircraft sightings",[]],["political rumours, celebrity gossip and made-up stories about people, false claims (in sports contexts), as well as fake news on geographical topics such as misleading reports about wildfires or aircraft sightings.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Prebunking involves exposing students to weakened examples of fake news and explaining typical reasoning errors before they encounter false information in real contexts.",[]]],"sy":[["pre-emptive intervention",[]]],"rt":[["inoculation theory",[]]]},{"rt":[["regulation",[]],["self-regulation",[]]],"sp":[["Media regulation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["threatened by the fragmentation of its productions into individualized items of \"content\" and their decoupling from their source",["Wilding et al., 2018, p. 37"]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["regulation, where government authorities impose legal standards and oversight on media operations",[]],["self-regulation, in which the media industry voluntarily establishes and enforces its own codes of conduct and ethical guidelines",[]],["co-regulation, a hybrid approach that allows collaborative governance between the state and media entities",["Csink & Mayer, 2014"]]]},{},{"de":[["While political economy provides the overarching framework for understanding power and resource dynamics in society, the political economy of communication narrows this lens to focus on how these dynamics operate in media and communication systems.",[]]],"sp":[["political economy",[]]]},{"de":[["specifically designed to reinforce its role in promoting diversity and reinforce its position as a public service",[]]]},{"rt":[["self-regulation",[]],["co-regulation",[]]],"sp":[["Media regulation",[]]]},{"rt":[["regulation",[]],["co-regulation",[]]],"sp":[["Media regulation",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["genuine",["Johnson & Taylor, 2018"]]]},{"de":[["and encouraged a level of objectivity.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["It involves questioning perceptions which are based on fragmented sensory experiences that can present a limited view of understanding.",[]],["As interpreter of meaning, the researcher should question the apparent and consider the hidden meanings.",[]],["It involves questioning perceptions which are based on fragmented sensory experiences that can present a limited view of understanding. As interpreter of meaning, the researcher should question the apparent and consider the hidden meanings.",[]]]},{"ex":[["victims of the mosque attacks and their families were given a tight and disrupted timeline to share their stories compared to the panellists",[]]]},{"de":[["such as limiting population exposure and reducing virus transmission in order to protect vulnerable populations and critical resources.",[]]],"ex":[["Collective efficacy includes phrases such as slow the spread, good neighbors, united, solidarity, flatten the curve, and stay home save lives.",[]],["slow the spread",[]],["good neighbors",[]],["united",[]],["solidarity",[]],["flatten the curve",[]],["stay home save lives",[]]]},{"de":[["serve as a strategy for engagement between an organization and a single message sender",[]],["they may serve to increase trust in the organization due to its responsiveness",["5"]]],"sy":[["replies",[]]]},{"de":[["Efficacy keywords express actions that an individual can take to protect themselves from being exposed to coronavirus or exposing others to coronavirus such as staying home, social distancing, washing hands, or wearing a mask.",[]]]},{"rt":[["two-way dialogic communication",["12"]]]},{"de":[["helping groups to form and exchange information",["28"]],["they become especially important for coordinating localized information",["15"]]]},{},{"de":[["is key to amplifying messages in the social media environment",["13"]]]},{},{"de":[["leads to a 7% decrease in message passing",[]],["attaching commentary to a previously constructed message doesn't aid in the diffusion of that content",[]]],"sp":[["message structure",[]]]},{},{"de":[["These factors include the design of message itself (including the contents and structural features), the characteristics of the account sending the message (such as organization type), the number of followers associated with the account, and the time during which the message was sent.",["9"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Keywords describe individuals or groups at risk of COVID-19 infection including older adults, persons with pre-existing health conditions, or institutionalized populations such as persons in nursing homes or those who are incarcerated as well as homeless persons.",[]]],"ex":[["Additional keywords relevant to susceptibility include expressions of uncertainty such as low risk, high risk, and increased risk.",[]]]},{"rt":[["critical path of the Gantt chart",["14","15"]]],"sp":[["critical path of the Gantt chart",["14","15","14,15"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["When estimating uncertain situations, people often anchor on information that comes to mind and gradually adjust their estimate until a plausible estimate is reached.",[]],["Anchoring occurs if the estimate is drawn towards the anchor and the adjustments end prematurely.",[]],["another mechanism of anchoring occurs as a priming effect.",[]],["anchors can come in many, not necessarily numerical, forms.",["53"]],["When estimating uncertain situations, people often anchor on information that comes to mind and gradually adjust their estimate until a plausible estimate is reached. Anchoring occurs if the estimate is drawn towards the anchor and the adjustments end prematurely.",[]]],"rt":[["priming effect",[]]],"ex":[["when participants were asked to estimate the average length of the Mississippi River, they gave a larger estimate when they were asked if it was longer or shorter than 2,000 miles than when they were asked to guess in comparison to 70 miles",["51"]],["participants were asked to provide an estimation of the percentage of the United Nations members that were African countries with reference to numbers between 0 and 100 randomly generated by spinning a wheel.",["5"]]]},{},{"de":[["In categorization, journalists assess initial information",[]]]},{"de":[["arise when individuals make decisions under time pressure and uncertainty.",[]]]},{"de":[["confirmation bias where people seek and interpret information in ways that are consistent with their expectations and existing beliefs",[]]]},{"de":[["CDA has been increasingly embraced by media researchers who are interested in examining social contexts through critical investigations of linguistic patterns in journalistic discourse.",[]]]},{"ex":[["where they had lunch",[]]]},{"sy":[["Internet slang",[]]],"ex":[["thx, btw, lol",["H1f"]],["thx",[]],["btw",[]],["lol",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["obviously",[]],["clearly",[]],["apparently",[]],["presumably",[]]]},{"de":[["Overall, these patterns suggest that journalists engaged in System 1 thinking when they navigated Twitter than when they composed texts and transcripts for traditional news media such as newspapers and informational broadcast programs.",[]],["emotional and focused on the present",[]],["more certainty but included fewer analytical words and fewer numerical terms",[]],["self-validating and intuitive reasoning",[]],["fast and frugal",[]],["inherently embedded in journalism practices",[]]],"rt":[["System 2 thinking",[]]]},{"de":[["After categorization, journalists select a certain angle (termed 'theory generation')",[]]]},{"de":[["cover stories by choosing sources (referred to as 'theory testing')",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)",[]]]},{"rt":[["central route",[]],["peripheral route",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["keyword-based approach",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["false claims favor the peripheral route by providing less information and crafting information in a way that requires less cognitive effort from the recipient.",[]]],"sy":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["deception cues",["14"]]]},{"sp":[["Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)",[]]]},{},{"de":[["disinformation is unintentional but may still be harmfulfoot_0",[]],["unintentional but may still be harmful",["foot_0"]],["which%20 may%20cause%20public%20harm",["14/11/2023"]],["disinformation is unintentional but may still be harmful",["foot_0"]]]},{},{"de":[["misinformation is intentionally used \"to deceive or secure economic or political gain\"",[]],["intentionally used \"to deceive or secure economic or political gain\"",[]]]},{"de":[["It is mostly used to qualify terms referring to social agents (e.g., faction, follower, movement) and to explain or reformulate specific technical terms (e.g., vaccine hesitancy) in more popular terms.",[]],["the expression is used mostly in news discourse and mostly to qualify movements and individuals in relation to the problems they cause to health policies, with the effects of polarising positions.",[]],["The phraseological constructions that include no(-)vax seem to depict no-vax people as the cause of the spread of the contagion of the virus (e.g., [contagion] caused by a \"no-vax nurse\"), or as a problem that cannot be avoided (e.g., no-vax people exist everywhere) and that needs to be eradicated (e.g., no-vax are to be eliminated).",[]],["news discourse refers to no(-)vax in a more subjective way, with strong connotations and often manifesting solid positioning.",[]],["in which religious and moral beliefs, complacency and skepticism made the perception of vaccine as scary and unnecessary.",["(1)"]]],"sy":[["no-vax",[]],["novax",[]],["no vax",[]],["no(-)vax",[]]],"rt":[["vaccine hesitancy",[]]],"ex":[["no vax no gigs",[]],["no vax no job",[]],["no vax no ride",[]],["no vax no service",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Vaccine hesitancy is by far the more neutral term.",[]],["Vaccine hesitancy is mostly used to define groups of people (e.g., among the American community, employers, residents)",[]],["vaccine hesitancy appears to carry a negative aura when preceded by verbs that belong to the semantic field of battles and war (e.g., combat, fight, fuel, tackle …): such hesitancy is represented as a position to be opposed especially because of its threatening nature.",[]],["scientific discourse discusses hesitancy in relation to people's mistrust in expert discourse",[]],["The more scientific hesitancy, instead, is used to map different positions within the issue of vaccines, but at the same time often provides no further explanation on the debate.",[]],["scientific discourse discusses hesitancy in relation to people's mistrust in expert discourse, while news discourse sees misinformation as the main cause.",[]]],"sy":[["skepticism",[]],["reluctance",[]],["indecision",[]],["irresolution",[]],["uncertainty",[]],["no-vax",[]],["novax",[]],["no vax",[]],["vaccine skepticism",[]],["vaccine reluctance",[]],["vaccine indecision",[]],["vaccine resolution",[]],["vaccine uncertainty",[]]],"rt":[["medication adherence",[]],["treatment compliance",[]],["misinformation",[]],["no-vax",[]]]},{"de":[["hallucinated, non-factual content",[]]]},{"de":[["helps downstream algorithms, supervised and unsupervised, to identify health fake news better.",[]]]},{"sy":[["emotion amplified",[]]]},{},{"de":[["narratives powered with strong emotion content may be naturally expected within them",[]]],"sb":[["satire",[]],["parody",[]],["propaganda",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the direful effects of fake news during the times of COVID-19 pandemic",[]],["called an 'infodemic' by WHO",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Misleading videos and clickbait both have the same goal: to entice more people to click on the underlying content.",[]],["they would use similar tricks to lure in users.",[]],["However, clickbait detection problems are distinguished from misleading headlines as they may exaggerate the content but are not particularly misleading (Chen et al., 2015).",[]]],"rt":[["misleading video headlines",[]],["misleading headlines",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This distortion makes detecting misleading video headlines even more arduous because the audience has to watch the video to know if the headline is representative or-as in this case-has a subtle exaggeration or misrepresentation.",[]]],"sb":[["The headline implies more than what is introduced in the video.",[]],["The headline exaggerates the video content.",[]],["The headline does not cover all the content of the video.",[]],["The headline provides contradictory information of the video.",[]],["The headline chooses specific words that cannot be supported as fact.",[]],["Some specific information from the video is not at all reflected in the headline.",[]],["The headline is not providing related evidence for the video.",[]],["The headline is completely off-topic.",[]],["The headline uses an excessively definitive tone when the video is only suggesting the content.",[]]],"ex":[["the headline \"Obama: I'm proud to be leaving without scandal\" exaggerates the view of the content; the video plays Obama's speech that he left the administration without a significant scandal.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["one of the most dangerous automatic message generators and disinformation sharing propaganda methods in the toolkit of various cyber criminals",[]],["the widespread presence and weaponization of bots, or automated social media accounts, has been one of the most dangerous automatic message generators and disinformation sharing propaganda methods in the toolkit of various cyber criminals.",[]]]},{"de":[["As the media, including print, broadcast, digital news outlets, and social media platforms, can play an important role in civil society to facilitate public discourse, hold institutions accountable, and/or gives voice to diverse perspectives, it is included here.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["by experts and professionals",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["readily available for athletic administrators, coaches, athletes, and other athletic department personnel to access",["Paule-Koba & Rohrs-Cordes, 2019, p. 4"]]]},{"de":[["interpretive schema created through prior experiences.",[]],["the way people interpret and experience situations are grounded in the generic or sport-specific factors",["Sherif (1967)"]],["While that is mainly examined in the context of media coverage, it also applies to policy formation.",[]]],"rt":[["media framing",[]],["mental health policy framing",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["media functions not only as a channel for legal information distribution, but also as a cognitive agent shaping public perceptions regarding legality, legitimacy, and justice of religion-based legal systems within public spaces that continue transforming socially, digitally, and normatively.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["active discursive actors in shaping collective perceptions regarding the legality, legitimacy, and ethics of religious law in Aceh",[]],["shape the landscape of legal meaning as a field of value contestation",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["law in practice",[]]]},{"sy":[["concept",[]]],"sp":[["three-dimensional legal approach",[]]]},{"sy":[["law as concept",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["It helps reveal the emotions hidden in text data",["Bhonde et al., 2015","Pé rez-Pé rez, 2019"]]]},{},{"de":[["is a common method in opinion mining. It helps reveal the emotions hidden in text data",["Bhonde et al., 2015","Pé rez-Pé rez, 2019"]]]},{},{"de":[["It relies on predefined dictionaries and rules to measure the strength of emotions in text.",[]]]},{"rt":[["comic books",[]]],"sp":[["iconographic language modality",[]]]},{"rt":[["source domain",[]],["target domain",[]]]},{"de":[["One of the domains of this metaphor is not visible, as suggested by the visual context.",[]],["Consequently, this context is indispensable, because out of this context, there is no possibility to visualize the absent term.",[]],["One of the domains of this metaphor is not visible, as suggested by the visual context. Consequently, this context is indispensable, because out of this context, there is no possibility to visualize the absent term.",[]]],"sp":[["multimodal metaphors",[]]],"ex":[["In the anti-smoking advertisement we can see the picture of a burning cigarette, smoking, with a building on the background. If the visual context was removed, we could not build the metaphor CIGARETTE IS A CHIMNEY.",[]]]},{"de":[["an editorial cartoon should be considered as a political, humorous, caricatural representation that aims to satirize a specific fact.",[]]],"rt":[["caricatures",[]],["comic books",[]]],"sp":[["iconographic language modality",[]]]},{"de":[["In this model, parts of both domains of this metaphor are visually present, in this way, even if taken out of the visual context, the objects can still be visualized.",[]]],"sp":[["multimodal metaphors",[]]],"ex":[["DKNY perfume advertisement exemplifies this model. In this advertisement, we can see the package of the perfume hybridized with a green apple, making both objects being seen as a single shape.",[]]]},{"de":[["In this type of metaphor we have a unified object or a gestalt presented integrally and this object reminds us of another object, without visual cues.",[]]],"sp":[["visual metaphor",[]]]},{"sp":[["visual metaphor",[]]],"ex":[["In the anti-smoking advertisement below, we have an example of an integrated metaphor. In this advertisement, there are two cigarettes that form a gun shape, leading us to build the metaphor CIGARETTE IS A WEAPON.",[]]]},{"de":[["metaphor is seen as omnipresent in our thoughts and language, associated to our daily life, language, thought and action",[]],["a tool to understand and experience something from another thing's perspective",[]],["there is a systematic mapping between two conceptual domains: the source domain, seen as an inference source, and the target domain, the domain in which the inference will be applied.",[]],["According to researchers, there is a systematic mapping between two conceptual domains: the source domain, seen as an inference source, and the target domain, the domain in which the inference will be applied.",[]]],"rt":[["source domain",[]],["target domain",[]]],"ex":[["the metaphor \"TIME IS MONEY\". From this metaphor we can understand the target domain, time, based on the systematically organized knowledge we have about the source domain, money.",[]]]},{"de":[["These gestures are characterized independently of the context in which they occur (sign, or spoken language), as voluntary body movements that use mappings between domains to express thoughts and feelings.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["this is a crude categorization, because in the auditory mode we have grouped, simultaneously, spoken language, music and other non-verbal utterances.",[]]],"rt":[["1) pictorial sign, 2) written sign, 3) spoken sign, 4) gestures, 5) sounds, 6) music, 7) scent, 8) taste and 9) touch",[]]],"ex":[["1) pictorial or visual mode, 2) auditory mode, 3) olfactory mode, 4) taste mode and 5) touch mode.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["multimodal metaphors, so that we could not only postulate the existence of these metaphors but could also understand the meaning resulting from them",[]]]},{"de":[["metaphors not only in the verbal mode",[]]],"sb":[["verbal-visual metaphors",[]],["contextual metaphor",[]],["hybrid metaphors",[]]]},{"de":[["a variety of semiotic resources being used to produce the sign in concrete social contexts",[]],["texts are becoming more and more multimodal, dealing with the coexistence of different semiotic levels as, for instance, the visual, audio, gestural, etc.",[]]],"rt":[["semiotic modes",[]],["semiotic resources",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["signs based on signifiers such as colors, perspectives and lines; used in the material representation of the signified",[]]],"rt":[["signifiers",[]],["signified",[]]]},{"rt":[["target domain",[]]]},{"sp":[["multimodal metaphors",[]],["visual metaphor",[]]]},{"sb":[["visual metaphors with one term visually presented",[]],["visual metaphors with both terms presented",[]],["visual similes",[]],["verbal-visual metaphors",[]]]},{"ex":[["In the advertisement of the car Hyundai i30, we have this type of metaphor. In this advertisement, there is the picture of the product juxtaposed to a chessboard and chess pieces, together with the words: \"Hyundai I30, be part of this game\". We can consider the visual metaphor of this advertisement, a simile, as HYUNDAI I30 IS A CHESS PIECE.",[]]]},{"de":[["every negatory rumour is coupled with an assertive rumour",[]]],"rt":[["negatory rumour",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It plays an active role in the process of collecting, analysing, and disseminating news and information",["Gillmor 2004"]],["It plays an active role in the process of collecting, analysing, and disseminating news and information (Gillmor 2004).",["Gillmor 2004"]]],"sy":[["citizen journalism",["2"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["rumours",["Renard 2005: 223"]]]},{},{"de":[["The characteristic feature of negatory rumours is the hypercritical pattern of thinking -this is evident in the suspicions about both real and imagined events that are described in the stories.",[]],["Negatory rumours open up or expose another reality, truer than the present one.",[]],["It means that every negatory rumour is coupled with an assertive rumour, replacing the denied reality with a new one.",[]]],"rt":[["assertive rumour",[]]],"ex":[["Typical examples of negatory rumours known from history refer to beliefs about the death or secret life of a leader or celebrity.",[]],["speculations concerning the whereabouts and identity of the targets of rumour arise: the dead are actually not dead or the living are in fact dead, being replaced by their lookalikes, etc.",[]]]},{"sp":[["folk media criticism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Rumours like jokes give an opportunity to talk about things that would otherwise be quieted; they convey messages that would be difficult or impossible to express directly",["Neubauer 1999: 169;Oring 2016: 117","Neubauer 1999: 169","Oring 2016: 117"]],["Rumours that help to verbalise fear and uncertainty are especially important for people living in undemocratic and authoritarian societies.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It can be done by actors to alter the way the public sees a certain issue through the discourse portrayed in the media.",["Rothman, 2011"]]],"rt":[["norm diffusion",[]]]},{"sb":[["The direct route means that media framing can alter the \"belief importance\", the way people perceive the importance of some aspects of a particular issue.",[]],["the indirect route points out the \"belief content\", which gives people new consideration instead of only altering the existing beliefs.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["discourse dominance",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["soft power can be achieved by promoting positive images and shaping public opinion, which later will be translated into public support",["Nye, 2004"]],["where public diplomacy develops trust, liking, and alliances for a country, soft power is generated",["Chitty, 2017"]],["the new conceptualization of soft power uses media and institutions as the means to influence others",["Rothman, 2011"]],["soft power focuses on agenda-setting, institutional control, and framing and rhetoric.",[]],["soft power of ASEAN in the context of the political-security issues",[]],["ASEAN's overall soft power because those three issues are interconnected to one another, as the pillars of the ASEAN Community.",[]]],"rt":[["strategic narrative",[]],["message framing",[]],["public diplomacy",[]]]},{"de":[["These councils clearly do not meet the normative criteria laid out by UNESCO (2008) or the Council of Europe (Parliamentary Assembly, 2008) but serve as government tools to control (access to) the profession and exert strict sanctions.",[]]]},{"de":[["These instruments may fall in both the professional and political accountability frame as they may be set up by members of the profession, with or without the inclusion of other stakeholders (e.g., media companies), or because of statutory requirements frequently found in the broadcast sector.",[]]]},{"sp":[["models of media accountability",[]]],"sb":[["ombudspersons",[]],["company codes",[]],["media journalism",[]],["social media",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Journalistic organizations have adopted codes and established ethics councils or committees, but the professional model exists only on paper, as there is no ethics body with broad acceptance across the profession.",[]]]},{"sp":[["media accountability",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Going beyond a normative understanding of journalism ethics, media accountability includes the question of the implementation of ethical rules and feedback from outside journalism.",[]],["media accountability includes the question of the implementation of ethical rules and feedback from outside journalism.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["countries associated with the Professional Model, where these councils are well-established",[]]],"sp":[["models of media accountability",[]]],"sb":[["press councils",[]],["codes of ethics",[]],["broadcasting commissions",[]],["media journalism",[]],["media-critical blogs",[]],["social media",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Instead, media and journalism are under full government control, and no form of accountability practice is possible apart from informal and non-public dialogue between trusted individuals.",[]]]},{"de":[["Statutory councils are not the outcome of self-regulation but are established by government decree or by law, and their budget comes from public funds, with different degrees of public or indeed government control over who is represented in them.",[]]]},{"de":[["The concept of collocation has been used to refer to the patterning phenomena that some lexical words predominantly co-occur with each other within some evaluative discursive structures.",[]]],"rt":[["semantic preference",[]],["semantic prosody",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Frames are knowledge structures containing systems of categories and categorical associations.",[]]],"rt":[["knowledge structures",[]]]},{"de":[["units of schematic meaning",[]],["psychological devices offering perspectives and manipulating judgments",["Rhoads, 1997"]],["are crucial units of meaning to interrogate both source texts and translated texts in translation studies.",[]]],"rt":[["knowledge structures",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Lexical concepts are deeply grounded in frames and serve to modify conceptual structures for translation strategy use.",[]]],"rt":[["frames",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["metaphorical mappings",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Unlike the classical view which sees metaphor as a figurative use of language, Frame Semantics views it as modelled in terms of 'mapping' between two things from different areas of knowledge (Hamawand, 2016, p.85).",["Hamawand, 2016","2016"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["contrastive framings",["Pan, 2017"]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["collocation",[]]]},{"de":[["Central to semantic prosody is human evaluation. The pragmatics fundamental to a linguistic choice in context corresponds to the evaluative meaning (Bublitz, 1995;Hunston, 1995Hunston, , 2002;;Partington, 1998;Stubbs, 1995) derived from the judgment of the value of discourse.",["Bublitz, 1995","Hunston, 1995","Partington, 1998","Stubbs, 1995"]],["the semantic prosody of a linguistic choice can be positive, negative or neutral",[]],["The pragmatics fundamental to a linguistic choice in context corresponds to the evaluative meaning (Bublitz, 1995;Hunston, 1995Hunston, , 2002;;Partington, 1998;Stubbs, 1995) derived from the judgment of the value of discourse.",["Bublitz, 1995","Hunston, 1995","Hunston, 2002","Partington, 1998","Stubbs, 1995"]]],"rt":[["semantic preference",[]]]},{"de":[["thus are useful to conduct comparative analyses between the source text and the translated text.",[]]],"rt":[["frames",[]],["frame elements",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Fake news",[]]]},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["misinformation",[]]],"sb":[["fabrication",[]],["news satire",[]],["manipulation (e.g., editing pictures)",[]],["advertising (e.g., ads depict as professional journalism)",[]],["propaganda",[]],["news parody",[]],["serious fabrications",[]],["large scale hoaxes",[]],["humorous fakes",[]],["clickbait",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["False news is typically manipulated and its modifications the manner how human beings interpret and see real news.",[]]],"sy":[["False news",[]]],"rt":[["fake records",[]],["False news",[]]],"sb":[["hoaxes",[]],["disinformation",[]]],"ex":[["a fake news report that US President Barak Obama got injured in an explosion",["1"]],["fake report that iodized salt would help counteract the effects of radiation after the Fukushima nuclear leak in Japan",["2"]],["fake reporting of the Bagalkot strike",[]],["a fake news report that US President Barak Obama got injured in an explosion [1]",["1"]],["the sudden shortage of salt in Chinese supermarkets after a fake report that iodized salt would help counteract the effects of radiation after the Fukushima nuclear leak in Japan [2]",["2"]],["fake reporting of the Bagalkot strike and resulted in the deaths of military personnel and the loss of expensive military equipment.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["framing is concerned with elements/attributes/angles of news highlighted for intended public attention and consumption.",[]],["Framing is also seen as the biases that media add to their published news and articles (Entman, 2007).",["Entman, 2007"]],["Cho and Grower (2006) see framing as the power of the media to select the aspect of information to be presented to create the desired effect.",["Cho and Grower (2006)"]],["Framing theory assumes that an issue can be seen from different angles, with the idea that the issue can have multiple values which are considered in various ways, offering people perspectives/angles from which they view issues.",[]],["Psychologist, Gregory Bateson, used the Venn diagram and picture frame to illustrate how framing includes wanted and excludes unwanted materials in news (Ardevol-Abreu, 2015).",["Ardevol-Abreu, 2015"]]]},{"de":[["The theory suggests that attitude change involves six steps, with each previous step being a necessary rung for the development of the next.",[]],["It is a theory that seeks to understand how people handle information once exposed to such information until they are able to take intended action based on the information received (Teh-Runningman, 2011).",["2011","Teh-Runningman, 2011"]]]},{},{"de":[["Psychologist, Gregory Bateson, used the Venn diagram and picture frame to illustrate how framing includes wanted and excludes unwanted materials in news (Ardevol-Abreu, 2015).",["2015"]],["The authors argue that media in agenda-setting make some issues more salient in people's minds, while in framing, it is assumed that how an issue is characterized in news reports can have an influence on how it is understood by the audience.",[]],["Thus, while agenda-setting is concerned with attention/prominence given to a news item through the frequency of the report, position, time allotted, etc, framing is concerned with elements/attributes/angles of news highlighted for intended public attention and consumption.",[]],["Framing theory assumes that an issue can be seen from different angles, with the idea that the issue can have multiple values which are considered in various ways, offering people perspectives/angles from which they view issues.",[]],["Framing is also seen as the biases that media add to their published news and articles (Entman, 2007).",["2007"]],["Cho and Grower (2006) see framing as the power of the media to select the aspect of information to be presented to create the desired effect.",["2006"]],["Agenda-setting and priming concern themselves with accessibility effects (what people hear) while framing is interested in how people apply their minds to what they hear -applicability effects (Schuefele & Tewskbury, 2007).",["2007"]]],"rt":[["agenda-setting",[]],["priming",[]],["interpretative schemas",[]],["primary frameworks",[]]],"sb":[["Media (macroconstruct) frames",[]],["individual (microconstruct) frames",[]]],"ex":[["COVID-19 vaccines and all the controversies that they generate",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["intention is the keyword; disinformation is a weapon particularly in the hands of governmental bodies and political actors.",[]],["disinformation disseminated by political parties and major political figures",[]],["disinformation exported to foreign audiences, whether done by governmental bodies or political parties",[]],["disinformation propagated by both domestic and foreign governments",[]],["disinformation, hate speech, privacy, surveillance, and related online phenomena also constitute one dimension that is shaping the current political activity on the traditional left-right axis",["Fuchs (2018)"]],["Here, intention is the keyword; disinformation is a weapon particularly in the hands of governmental bodies and political actors.",[]],["the dataset used defines disinformation simply as \"misleading viewpoints or false information.\"",[]]],"rt":[["propaganda",[]]]},{"rt":[["conspiracy theories",[]]],"sb":[["conspiracy theories",[]],["conspiracy theories and related phenomena belong to this category",[]]]},{"de":[["supporters of opposing political camps are reluctant to engage in friendly interactions, for example, in family functions, civic associations, their free time activities and workplaces",["Coppedge et al. 2021a, p. 224"]]],"ex":[["supporters of opposing political camps are reluctant to engage in friendly interactions, for example, in family functions, civic associations, their free time activities and workplaces",["Coppedge et al. 2021a, p. 224"]]]},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This implies that exposures from multiple sources impacts the probability of spreading a given piece of information.",[]],["This threshold mechanism differs significantly from, say, the spreading of a virus, where many exposures from a single source are sufficient to increase probability of infection.",[]],["The best fit of complex contagion (CC, right) dynamics correctly estimates the probability of retweeting across the number of sources of exposure.",[]]],"rt":[["simple contagion",[]],["social reinforcement",[]],["social influence",[]],["echo chambers",[]],["human cognitive limits",[]]],"sb":[["threshold complex contagion model",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["complex contagion",[]]]},{},{"de":[["this policy brief will use the terms 'fake news' and 'disinformation' interchangeably",[]]],"sy":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["this policy brief will use the terms 'fake news' and 'disinformation' interchangeably",[]]],"sy":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"sy":[["fake news",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["this policy brief echoes the following steps to guide ASEAN's fast-checking network: (1) cross-reference to research, (2) consult experts, (3) check sources, (4) cross-checking of online information",["ASEAN, 2023a"]]]},{},{"sb":[["Main event (M1) sentence describes the major events and subjects of the news article.",[]],["Consequence (M2) describes events that are triggered by the main event.",[]],["Previous Event (C1) describes recent events that are a possible cause of the main event.",[]],["Current Context (C2) describes remaining contextual information.",[]],["Historical Event (D1) describes past events that precede the main events in months and years",[]],["Anecdotal Event (D2) describes unverifiable facts",[]],["Evaluation (D3) describes opinionated contents from immediate participants, experts or journalists",[]],["Expectation (D4) describes speculations or possible consequences of the main or context events.",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["main",[]],["consequence",[]],["previous event",[]],["current context",[]],["historical",[]],["anecdotal",[]],["evaluation",[]],["expectation",[]]]},{"de":[["Politically influential, and in some cases state-sponsored and even ideologically driven disinformation campaigns",[]]]},{"de":[["The theory postulates that the higher the reliance of people on media, particularly when they have to face some social insecurity in their lives, the higher will be the power of media in affecting their beliefs, attitudes, as well as behaviors",["Ball-Rokeach, 1998"]],["the theory implies that a higher level of media dependency in users increases the chances of being exposed to disinformation and the possibility of feeling distrust toward the digital media.",[]],["The theory postulates that the higher the reliance of people on media, particularly when they have to face some social insecurity in their lives, the higher will be the power of media in affecting their beliefs, attitudes, as well as behaviors (Ball-Rokeach, 1998).",["Ball-Rokeach, 1998"]]]},{},{"de":[["news framing has two dimensions: issue selection and emphasizing or highlighting specific aspects of the issue's reality.",[]]],"rt":[["issue selection",[]]]},{"rt":[["issue selection",[]]]},{"de":[["Finally, this viewpoint influences which facts are used and which details are highlighted. This point of view ultimately determines which facts are used, which information is emphasized and which is omitted, and the direction of the news.",[]]],"rt":[["Robert Entman",[]],["Zhongdang Pan and Gerald M. Kosocki",[]],["William A. Gamson and Modigliani",[]],["Murry Edelman",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The information is always up to date, so what is communicated is never lost and can be accessed from anywhere without regard for place or time",["Situmeang, 2020"]],["Online media is becoming more efficient in conveying news and information to its readers as it evolves. The information is always up to date, so what is communicated is never lost and can be accessed from anywhere without regard for place or time",["Situmeang, 2020"]]],"sy":[["online journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["Through the objectification of minors, pedophilia provides an outlet for sexual desire",["Rahardjo & Puri, 2021"]]],"sb":[["heterosexual pedophiles",["Probosiwi & Daud, 2015"]],["homosexual pedophiles",["Probosiwi & Daud, 2015"]]]},{"de":[["Sexual harassment is a deviant act that is unpleasant and can cause physical and psychological trauma to the victim.",[]]]},{"de":[["Articles would at times present only one side of an argument and give undue amount of coverage to that side over the other in order to make viewers side with a particular party.",["D'Alessio and Allen, 2006"]]],"sy":[["Coverage / visibility bias",[]]],"sp":[["biases",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In an article, a politician can either be framed positively or negatively changing perception of the general public about them.",["5","D'Alessio and Allen, 2006"]],["In an article, a politician can either be framed positively or negatively changing perception of the general public about them.foot_5",["foot_5"]]],"sy":[["tonality / statement bias",[]]],"sp":[["biases",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The new generation of Internet filters ... are prediction engines, constantly creating and refining a theory of who you are and what you'll do and want next. Together, these engines create a unique universe of information for each of us-what I've come to call a filter bubble-which fundamentally alters the way we encounter ideas and information.",["30"]],["diversification addresses the filter bubble phenomenon by increasing the number of unique news topics in the recommendation lists.",[]]]},{"de":[["The new generation of Internet filters ... are prediction engines, constantly creating and refining a theory of who you are and what you'll do and want next. Together, these engines create a unique universe of information for each of us-what I've come to call a filter bubble-which fundamentally alters the way we encounter ideas and information.",["30"]]]},{},{"de":[["The polarity is represented by two scores, each indicating a degree of positive or negative description of a stakeholder.",[]],["Descriptive polarities enable us to deal quantitatively with the viewpoints of news articles to stakeholders.",[]],["Well assigned descriptive polarity is defined as polarity whose state, whether more positive or more negative, is equivalent to the tendency of an article's point of view.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["the stakeholder mining mechanism is helpful for discovering news articles' bias.",[]]],"rt":[["bias analysis",[]]]},{"de":[["Backwardness Corruption is a historical evil, an obsolete practice associated with a backward society.",[]],["The corrupt insist on an obsolete modus operandi, blocking national progress.",[]]],"rt":[["backwardness frame",[]]]},{"de":[["The backwardness frame conceives corruption as a stubborn remnant from the past",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"de":[["Corruption is an endemic, damaging condition affecting society.",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{},{"de":[["corruption is subject to historical and cultural relativity: the meanings of corruption and its antonym, integrity, vary by time and place",[]],["corruption transfers resources from the mass public to the elites-and generally from the poor to the rich. It is functionally an extra tax on citizens, leaving less money for public expenditures.",["Rothstein and Uslaner (2005, 53-54)"]],["the very logic of corruption involves exclusion: the corrupt use their control over resources to achieve gains at the expense of those excluded in collective decision making or organization of collective actions.",["Warren (2004, 333)"]],["the discursive function of corruption therefore consists in providing a symbolic representation of modernization deficiencies and cultural lags that can only be overcome by consistently observing the binding rules and procedures of administrative-technical professionalization",["Tänzler et al. 2012, para. 25"]]],"rt":[["integrity",[]]]},{"de":[["\"Deleterious symbiosis.\"",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["framing",[]]]},{"de":[["Frames are a way of linking culture and behavior: rather than causing the behavior, which would imply a cause-effect relation, frames condition behavior",["Small, Harding, and Lamont 2010"]],["Frames define problems, diagnose causes, make moral judgments about causal agents and their effects, and suggest remedies.",["Entman (2006)"]]],"sb":[["inequality frame",[]],["hidden pact frame",[]],["backwardness frame",[]],["chronic disease frame",[]]]},{"de":[["analyses frames in terms of four dimensions: problem definition, diagnosis and solution, the role of the corrupt (in Lepianka's case, the poor), and framing devices (metaphors, visual imagery, catchphrases).",[]]]},{"de":[["Hidden pact Convergence of a pair of agents' interests from different societal spheres (state & market).",[]],["secret, illegal agreements",[]],["Actors from different spheres of society collude for their mutual benefit in terms of wealth/power.",[]],["influence agents by offering payments that are not passed on to the principal.",[]]],"rt":[["principal-agent concept",[]]]},{"de":[["In this frame, corruption is defined as a convergence of interests of at least two people or institutions to expand political or economic power.",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"de":[["Corruption is described as a crime committed by and benefiting the \"powerful,\" \"rich,\" \"elite,\" or \"ruling class.\"",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"de":[["A concept displaying substantial overlap with the politicization of the judiciary",[]],["can be seen as a symptom of the politicization of the judiciary",[]],["result-oriented judging",[]],["The difference seems to lie in the fact that, while the politicization of the judiciary is a macro trend, judicial activism is specific action carried out by courts and judges.",[]],["an ulterior motive beyond the desire to apply the law: to engender direct democracy.",[]]],"rt":[["politicization of the judiciary",[]],["judicialization of politics",[]]],"sb":[["result-oriented judging",["Kmiec 2004","1476"]],["(1) invalidation of the arguably constitutional actions of other branches, (2) failure to adhere to precedent, (3) judicial 'legislation,' (4) departures from accepted interpretive methodology, and (5) result-oriented judging.",[]]]},{"de":[["political actors played a crucial role in both cases",[]]],"ex":[["the criminalization of a long-standing form of creative accounting by the executive branch (pedaladas fiscais)",[]],["the criminalization of caixa dois (illicit campaign financing) by the Ten Measures against Corruption",[]]]},{"rt":[["politicization of justice",[]],["judicial activism",[]],["politicization of the judiciary",[]]],"ex":[["the criminalization of a long-standing form of creative accounting by the executive branch (pedaladas fiscais)",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["when courts can make politically consequential decisions : : : those interested in judicial decisions have reason to seek influence and : : : control appointments to the courts and legal institutions : : : . As a result, judicial decision-making tends to become politics carried on by other means.",["Ferejohn (2002, 63-64)"]]],"rt":[["judicialization of politics",[]],["judicial activism",[]]]},{"sp":[["judicial activism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The freedom of expression does not contain solely verbalization of opinions and ideas by speech. There are many different ways, including but not limited to, expression verbally or in writing, especially to media and journals (Observer and Guardian v. U.K.), in TV programs (Hogston v. U.K.), radio broadcast (Autronic AG v. Switzerland), cinema (Wingrove v. U.K., 1996), paintings and other art works (Müller and others v. Switzerland, 1988), non-verbal protest manifestations (Steel and Others v. U.K., 1988), even by clothing (Stevens v. U.K., 1986) or symbols (Chorherr v. Austria, 1993), and all available means to make the ideas and opinions public.",[]],["Everyone has the right to express and disseminate his/her thoughts and opinions by speech, in writing or in pictures or through other media, individually or collectively. This freedom includes the liberty of receiving or imparting information or ideas without interference by official authorities.",[]],["in the light of its accessibility and its capacity to store and communicate vast amounts of information, the Internet plays an important role in enhancing the public's access to news and facilitating the dissemination of information in general.",["Cengiz and Others v. Turkey, 2015"]]],"sy":[["freedom of expression and speech",[]]],"rt":[["freedom of thought and opinion",[]],["hate speech",[]],["freedom of opinion",[]]]},{"de":[["hate speech is frequently utilized on the internet and it is almost an unregulated phenomenon",[]],["ECtHR condemns online hate speech aimed at inciting handicapped groups in the society",["Balsytė-Lideikienė v. Lithuania, 2008","Delfi AS v. Estonia , 2013","Sanchez c. France, 2021"]],["any discrimination or other offenses due to prejudice directed at those groups should be considered hate speech",[]],["In Türkiye, hate speech is widely understood as prejudices and offenses against Islam, namely Islamophobia.",[]]],"sy":[["Islamophobia",[]]],"rt":[["freedom of expression",[]],["discrimination",[]],["protected groups",[]]]},{},{"de":[["social media is a virtual and most common space to get people to express themselves and has become an inevitable part of modern life.",[]],["In this context, social media serves to build social networking as a virtual communication that provides the users with a platform to build and develop social relations and interactions among people with similar interests, whether it be for romantic or social purposes, despite time differences and geographical distance",["Sadiku, Omotoso, & Musa, 2019"]],["Social media has become part of our everyday experience, and its use has a growing impact on our politics, society, and interpersonal relationships",["Rosen, 2022"]]],"rt":[["social networking",[]],["social networks",[]]]},{"rt":[["social media",[]]]},{"rt":[["social media",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["Fake news",[]],["fake reviews",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"ex":[["if the ordering of images in search results shifts recruiters' perceptions about the real-world suitability of different peoples for different jobs",["Kay et al., 2015"]],["if the ordering of images in search results shifts recruiters' perceptions about the real-world suitability of different peoples for different jobs (Kay et al., 2015)",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["Word Embedding Association Test (WEAT)",[]]]},{"rt":[["allocational harms",[]]],"ex":[["the overrepresentation of one gender when querying for a profession (e.g., \"nurse\" versus \"doctor\") or one ethnicity in explicit and NSFW content",["Birhane et al., 2021"]],["an individual applying for a certain job may be discouraged if all faces returned by Google search on the position do not match their own identity",[]],["a recruiter may be influenced towards unfairly prioritizing applicants from the well-represented demographic",[]],["an individual applying for a certain job may be discouraged if all faces returned by Google search on the position do not match their own identity or a recruiter may be influenced towards unfairly prioritizing applicants from the well-represented demographic.",[]],["the overrepresentation of one gender when querying for a profession (e.g., \"nurse\" versus \"doctor\")",[]],["one ethnicity in explicit and NSFW content (Birhane et al., 2021)",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["viewpoint",[]],["support",[]],["stance",[]]]},{},{"de":[["tweets with indirect stances towards Trump mention neither his firstname, lastname nor his Twitter handle (@realdonaldtrump).",[]]]},{},{"de":[["where the task is to infer the speaker's reaction to a potential rumor or argument, respectively.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Stance detection",[]]]},{"de":[["stance detection by design typically outperforms sentiment detection methods within shared tasks (e.g., SemEval) aiming to measure targets' approval.",[]],["Stance detection refers to a set of loosely connected tasks in NLP such as argumentation mining and rumor verification.",[]],["Stance detection and TS differ in that the author may take an indirect stance without explicitly mentioning the target.",[]],["targeted methods, especially stance detection, have high fluctuations and perform worse than sentiment lexicons for certain datasets",[]],["the task of inferring whether a document is written in favor or against the given target",[]],["the task of inferring whether a document is written in favor or against the given target.",[]]],"sy":[["stance methods",[]]],"rt":[["rumorstance detection",[]],["argument stance detection",[]],["argumentation mining",[]],["rumor verification",[]],["targeted sentiment detection",[]],["TS",[]]]},{"rt":[["Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis",[]]]},{},{"de":[["possibly due to the availability of several methods that can be used without much overhead in an off-the-shelf (OTS) manner.",[]]]},{"de":[["In such approaches, analytics goes beyond purely linguistic characteristics. It involves data on activity in social networks, in particular, the number of subscribers, the frequency of publications, and the level of engagement (comments, likes, reposts).",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["use not only text, but also pictures or distribution patterns on social networks.",[]]],"ex":[["SpotFake",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["response bias",[]]],"sp":[["response bias",[]]]},{"de":[["In the context of misinformation, discernment is defined as",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"sp":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["metacognitive awareness of one's own thinking and limitations, is common to most definitions",["Alfano et al., 2017","Krumrei-Mancuso & Rouse, 2016","Leary et al., 2017","McElroy et al., 2014"]],["Many definitions also emphasize related aspects, such as openness to conflicting ideas, acceptance of the potential to be wrong, and a willingness to update beliefs in response to evidence",["Alfano et al., 2017","Krumrei-Mancuso & Rouse, 2016"]],["Some researchers have also highlighted the importance of other facets of intellectual humility, such as respecting others' viewpoints even if they differ from one's own, and acknowledging the worth and value of others' intellectual contributions",[]],["The GIH was used to measure awareness of one's own limitations and belief flexibility",[]],["the AOT-E focuses on openness to changing one's beliefs or opinions according to evidence, which are relevant dimensions of intellectual humility.",[]],["The GIH focuses on acknowledging one's own fallibility and belief flexibility.",[]],["The AOT-E focuses on openness to evidence and updating one's beliefs.",[]],["The OM adds to these scales by measuring willingness to learn from others and open mindedness.",[]],["awareness of the limits of one's own knowledge is a core component of intellectual humility",[]],["may increase one's insight into the correctness of one's judgments",[]],["awareness of one's own limitation, openness to diverse and opposing viewpoints, critical evaluation of evidence, and willingness to update beliefs",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation discernment",[]],["metacognitive discernment",[]]]},{"rt":[["response bias",[]]],"sp":[["response bias",[]]]},{"de":[["ability to discern between one's own correct and incorrect responses",[]]]},{"de":[["a score of 0 indicates no response bias, scores < 0 indicate a liberal bias (more likely to report responses), scores > 0 indicate conservative bias (more likely to withhold responses)",[]]]},{"de":[["short-format news headlines or claims",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["a score of 0 indicates no response bias, scores < 0 indicate a liberal bias (more likely to label headline as true), scores > 0 indicate conservative bias (more likely to label headline as false)",[]],["Higher C scores indicate a higher acceptance threshold for judging headlines as true, suggesting a more conservative response bias. Conversely, lower C scores imply a more liberal response strategy, where a participant is more inclined to label a headline as true",[]]],"sb":[["conservative response bias",[]],["liberal response strategy",[]]]},{"rt":[["discernment",[]],["response bias",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["hate speech",[]]],"ex":[["Que escroto caquético! É a velha hipocrisia judaica no mundo dos pilantras monetários. Judeu dos infernos! Translation: What a cachectic asshole! It's the old Jewish hypocrisy in the world of monetary hustlers. Jew from hell!.",[]]]},{"sp":[["hate speech",[]]],"ex":[["Intervenção militar já !!! Acaba Supremo Tribunal Federal, não serve pra nada mesmo. . . Translation: Military intervention now !!! Close the Supreme Court, d it is of no use at all. . ..",["d"]],["Intervenção militar já !!! Acaba Supremo Tribunal Federal, não serve pra nada mesmo. . . Translation: Military intervention now !!! Close the Supreme Court, d it is of no use at all. . .",[]]]},{"ex":[["the terms \"worm\" and \"useless\" are examples of terms annotated as context-dependent given that these terms may be found in both non-pejorative and pejorative contexts of use.",[]]]},{"ex":[["the terms \"wretched\" and \"hypocritical\" are examples of terms annotated as context-independent due to the fact that both terms are mostly found in pejorative contexts of use.",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["hate speech",[]]],"ex":[["Velha barriguda e bem folgada, heim? Porca rosa, Peppa!. Translation: Old potbellied and very lazy, huh? Pink Nut, Peppa e !.",["e"]]]},{"de":[["Hate speech spreading on the web and social media is an important research problem, and its regulation is still ineffective due to the high difficulty in identifying, quantifying, and classifying hateful communication.",[]],["On the other hand, offensive comments not targeted against groups should be classified as non-hate speech.",[]]],"rt":[["hate targets",[]],["Offensive language",[]]],"sb":[["Antisemitism",[]],["Apologist for dictatorship",[]],["Fatphobia",[]],["Homophobia",[]],["Partyism",[]],["Racism/racial segregation",[]],["Sexism",[]],["Xenophobia",[]],["racism",[]],["religious intolerance",[]]],"sp":[["offensive language",[]]]},{"ex":[["racism",[]],["antisemitism",[]],["religious intolerance",[]],["misogyny and sexism",[]],["cyberbullying",[]],["the term \"bitch\" and the expression \"Jews from hell\" potentially are able to indicate hate speech comments against gender and Jews.",[]]]},{"sp":[["hate speech",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Otherwise, comments that have no terms or expressions with any pejorative connotation should be classified as non-offensive.",[]],["Offensive posts include insults, threats, and messages containing any form of untargeted profanity",["Zampieri et al. 2019"]]],"rt":[["hate speech",[]]],"sb":[["hate speech",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["hate speech",[]]],"ex":[["Os petralhas colocaram sua corja em todos os lugares, não salva ninguém, que tristeza. . . Esquerda parasita lixo. Translation: The petralhas g have puted their crowds everywhere, no one can be saved, how sad. They are parasite and wreckage .",["g"]]]},{},{"de":[["It presumes biological or cultural superiority of one or more racial groups, used to justify or prescribe the inferior treatment or social position(s) of other racial groups",["Clair and Denis 2015"]]],"sp":[["hate speech",[]]],"ex":[["E uma chita ela né! Opssss, uma chata. Translation: So, she is a cheetah right! Opssss, a boring girl.",[]]]},{"ex":[["a method proposed by Van Hee et al. (2015b) used a sentiment lexicon to compute the number of positive, negative, and neutral words that occur in a given comment.",[]]]},{"de":[["Sexist behavior is mostly related to patriarchy that consists of a system of social structures that allow men to exploit women",["Walby 1990"]]],"rt":[["patriarchy that consists of a system of social structures that allow men to exploit women",["Walby 1990"]]],"sp":[["hate speech",[]]]},{"de":[["They are considered a type of opinion-based information that is highly confrontational, rude, or aggressive",["Jay and Janschewitz 2008"]]],"sp":[["opinion-based information",[]]]},{"sp":[["hate speech",[]]],"ex":[["Ele está certo. Vai ter um monte de argentino faminto invadindo o Brazil. Translation: He is right. There will be a lot of hungry Argentine people invading Brazil.",[]]]},{"de":[["the clickbait headline does not necessarily reflect the journalistic content but challenges the reader to determine him/her to access the content.",[]],["clickbait also has its role, that of taking the reader to the text.",[]],["the clickbait headline caters to the time-pressed internet user.",[]]],"sy":[["clickbait",["Bader,Sîrb 58"]],["click-fishing mechanisms",["Bader,Sîrb 63"]]]},{"de":[["the clickbait headline does not necessarily reflect the journalistic content but challenges the reader to determine him/her to access the content",[]],["clickbait also has its role, that of taking the reader to the text",[]],["clickbait headline caters to the time-pressed internet user",[]]]},{"sy":[["clickbait headline",[]],["clickbait headlines",[]]],"ex":[["Warning to over a million Android users: You must delete this app now!",[]],["How much did a tourist pay for the Predeal cable car",[]],["How many cases of COVID-19 were recorded in the last 24 hours",[]],["Money for students in the form of educational vouchers. What documents must parents submit",[]],["How much is the rent for a London studio apartment where the bathroom is in the closet",[]],["CJRAE Constanța, mourning the loss of a valuable colleague",[]],["SCANDAL slip of a high-ranking cleric: A woman is not raped unless she wants to",[]],["Breaking news about actress Jane Fonda. The announcement that saddened fans",[]],["Constanța authorities, important announcement! This is how a PARKING PLACE should be signaled, correctly",[]],["Be careful what SCHOOL SUPPLIES you buy for your children! Here are the dangerous substances detected in pencil boxes or erasers",[]],["Be careful where you park your car! Traffic is completely restricted, in a busy area of Constanta",[]]]},{"de":[["curiosity works on the model of physiological needs, such as hunger or thirst.",["Bader,Sîrb 63"]],["offering information in small doses, in incomplete or ambiguous syntaxes, causes the appearance of curiosity which, once manifested, will be satisfied by attempts to complete the data puzzle previously provided",["Bader,Sîrb 63"]]],"rt":[["click-fishing mechanisms",[]]]},{"de":[["Curiosity arises, according to Loewenstein, following the awareness of the existence of an informational or epistemic gap. Understood in this way, Loewenstein continues, curiosity works on the model of physiological needs, such as hunger or thirst. Thus, offering information in small doses, in incomplete or ambiguous syntaxes, causes the appearance of curiosity which, once manifested, will be satisfied by attempts to complete the data puzzle previously provided.",["Bader,Sîrb 63"]]],"rt":[["clickbait headlines",["Bader,Sîrb 63"]]]},{"de":[["gives the reader the essence of the information",["Preda 2006: 121"]],["the king title of the daily press, but also of all articles in the periodical press, intending to teach the reader something and to deliver useful information for his/her culture, his/her daily life",["Agnès 133"]],["the informative headline is denotative and brings relevant information",[]],["The informative headline has as its reference the journalistic text",[]],["intending to teach the reader something and to deliver useful information for his/her culture, his/her daily life",["Agnès 133"]]],"sy":[["informative title",[]]]},{},{"de":[["its aim is not to summarize the main information of the article, rather it coveys its general meaning, being sufficiently sharp to encourage reading",["Agnès 135"]]],"ex":[["'Shock and horror', 'Swallowed by the flood'",["Preda 121"]]]},{"ex":[["'Shock and horror'",[]],["'Swallowed by the flood'",[]]]},{"de":[["considering that media offer an increasing amount of content while the attention by the audience is a limited resource (Webster, 2014).",["Webster, 2014"]]]},{"de":[["Inertial behaviour is not surprising in a profession whose production process involves various routines.",[]]],"sy":[["inertial bias",[]]],"rt":[["status quo bias",[]]]},{"de":[["Economic theory and decision science consider the potential bias derived from a preference for the status quo, which has also been defined as inertial bias.",[]],["If mass media frequently address certain issues, an inertial bias means that such issues will be treated again independently of their absolute or relative newsworthiness.",[]]],"sy":[["status quo bias",[]],["status-quo bias",[]]],"rt":[["inertial behaviour",[]]]},{"de":[["the measure of media bias changes with the research objectives and the media under analysis",["Groseclose & Milyo, 2005"]],["Media bias has both ex ante and ex post effects.",[]],["bias and the consequential skepticism reduce the demand for news.",[]]],"sb":[["quantitative bias",[]],["qualitative bias",[]]]},{"de":[["Mega events (also called major events and hallmark events, these terms being synonymous or not depending on the author) are a complex phenomenon, due to their impact on the economy (Hall, 2012;Getz & Page 2016;Gruneau & Horne, 2016), society (Tzanelli, 2015) and places (Essex & Chalkley, 2007;Smith, 2008).",[]]],"sy":[["major events",[]],["hallmark events",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["inertial bias",[]]],"rt":[["inertial behaviour",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["bias",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["leads to detrimental or unfavourable treatment",[]]]},{},{"de":[["asks for traceability, explanation and disclosure of limitations so biased patterns can be detected and contested",[]]]},{"de":[["systematically higher error or burden rates for a group",[]]]},{"de":[["different outcomes for similar facts",[]]]},{"de":[["This amplification occurs through several mechanisms. First, the echo chamber effect, where users are predominantly exposed to like-minded perspectives, can reinforce and exaggerate existing biases against religious outgroups (Sunstein, 2017). Second, the rapid spread of information, including misinformation and inflammatory content, can escalate interreligious tensions more quickly and widely than traditional media (Evolvi, 2019). Third, the anonymity and distance provided by digital platforms can lower inhibitions, leading to more extreme expressions of religious intolerance or prejudice (Piela, 2017). Finally, the gamification of social media interactions, through likes, shares, and comments, can incentivize provocative or divisive religious content, further amplifying the othering process (Renser & Tiidenberg, 2020). This amplification can create a feedback loop where online othering spills over into offline contexts, potentially exacerbating real-world interreligious tensions.",["Sunstein, 2017","Evolvi, 2019","Piela, 2017","Renser & Tiidenberg, 2020"]],["This amplification occurs through several mechanisms. First, the echo chamber effect, where users are predominantly exposed to like-minded perspectives, can reinforce and exaggerate existing biases against religious outgroups (Sunstein, 2017). Second, the rapid spread of information, including misinformation and inflammatory content, can escalate interreligious tensions more quickly and widely than traditional media (Evolvi, 2019). Third, the anonymity and distance provided by digital platforms can lower inhibitions, leading to more extreme expressions of religious intolerance or prejudice (Piela, 2017). Finally, the gamification of social media interactions, through likes, shares, and comments, can incentivize provocative or divisive religious content, further amplifying the othering process (Renser & Tiidenberg, 2020).",["Sunstein, 2017","Evolvi, 2019","Piela, 2017","Renser & Tiidenberg, 2020"]]],"rt":[["echo chamber effect",[]]]},{"de":[["It includes key aspects of dehumanization including religious group objectification and a mechanistic view of religious practices.",[]]]},{"de":[["They allow religious communities to engage with digital technologies while maintaining a degree of control over content and interactions, mirroring offline strategies of enclosing and maintaining boundaries.",[]]],"rt":[["epistemic enclosure",[]]]},{"de":[["These others are linked to the self as a subordinate relation and are characterized by what the self perceives of them. The difference is maintained through language and representation. In the digital realm, these dynamics are shaped by the specific affordances of social media platforms, including algorithmic curation, viral sharing, and the collapse of traditional spatial and temporal boundaries.",[]],["while it has the potential to broaden exposure to diverse religious perspectives, it often reinforces existing boundaries and beliefs",[]],["digital othering is neither a uniform global phenomenon nor entirely determined by local factors but rather emerges through the complex interplay of technological affordances, cultural norms, and religious traditions.",[]],["digital othering frequently manifested through more subtle cultural signifiers rather than overt religious symbolism.",[]],["Pakistani users tended to engage in more direct and confrontational forms of othering, often invoking historical conflicts and doctrinal disputes in their online interactions.",[]],["These others are linked to the self as a subordinate relation and are characterized by what the self perceives of them.",[]],["The difference is maintained through language and representation.",[]],["In the digital realm, these dynamics are shaped by the specific affordances of social media platforms, including algorithmic curation, viral sharing, and the collapse of traditional spatial and temporal boundaries.",[]],["Our analysis demonstrates that digital othering is neither a uniform global phenomenon nor entirely determined by local factors but rather emerges through the complex interplay of technological affordances, cultural norms, and religious traditions.",[]]],"sb":[["identity performance",[]],["epistemic enclosure",[]],["amplification of othering",[]],["belonging",[]]],"sp":[["othering",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["Amplification of Othering",[]]]},{"sy":[["information cocoons",["Sunstein, 2017"]],["digital enclaves",[]]],"rt":[["information cocoons",["Sunstein, 2017"]]]},{"de":[["This process involves both inclusion (strengthening ingroup ties) and exclusion (distancing from out-groups), as well as the filtering, interpretation, and sharing of religious information. Drawing on mediatization theory (Hjarvard, 2016;Renser & Tiidenberg, 2020), this process examines how religious groups establish and reinforce doctrinal and community boundaries in digital spaces. It considers how social media affordances may both challenge and strengthen existing religious demarcations. Our findings reveal that exposure to other religions on social media often strengthened users' identification with their own religious tradition, reinforcing in-group boundaries rather than fostering open dialogue across religious divides (Tsuria, 2020). We observed a tendency to impose categories and norms to groups classified as \"others\" and to see the difference through modes of perception specific to one's own religion.",["Hjarvard, 2016","Renser & Tiidenberg, 2020","Tsuria, 2020"]],["This process involves both inclusion (strengthening ingroup ties) and exclusion (distancing from out-groups), as well as the filtering, interpretation, and sharing of religious information.",[]],["Drawing on mediatization theory (Hjarvard, 2016;Renser & Tiidenberg, 2020), this process examines how religious groups establish and reinforce doctrinal and community boundaries in digital spaces.",["Hjarvard, 2016","Renser & Tiidenberg, 2020"]]],"rt":[["digital enclaves",[]]]},{"de":[["This process of identity performance reflects the mediatization of religious identity construction. As Hjarvard (2016) argues, religious authority and identity formation are increasingly influenced by media logics as communities engage with digital platforms. Religious users must navigate how to present their identities online in ways that align with community values while adapting to the affordances and norms of social media. It examines the interplay between personal religious expression and adherence to community norms.",["Hjarvard (2016)"]],["This process of identity performance reflects the mediatization of religious identity construction.",[]],["It examines the interplay between personal religious expression and adherence to community norms.",[]]]},{"rt":[["echo chambers",["Sunstein, 2017"]]]},{"rt":[["interreligious encounter",[]]]},{"rt":[["interreligious dialogue",[]]]},{"de":[["focuses on the meso-level",[]],["In the context of social media,",[]]],"rt":[["mediatization",[]]]},{"de":[["provides a macro-level context",[]]],"rt":[["mediation",[]]]},{"rt":[["ingroup-outgroup formation",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["religion-focused groups on mainstream platforms like Facebook, Instagram, or TikTok",[]],["niche platforms specifically designed for religious users",[]]]},{"de":[["provides a micro-level lens",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This includes reductive religious categorizations and hashtag-based religious profiling.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["Emotional appeal",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["information subsidy",[]]],"sp":[["information subsidy",[]]]},{"rt":[["Emotional appeal",[]]]},{"de":[["In other words, framing selects an aspect of reality to make it more prominent.",[]],["Framing reflects the judgments made by the communicator or message sender",["Hallahan, 1999"]],["Social frameworks provide an understanding of events that incorporate the will, aim, and controlling effort of an intelligence, a live agency (Goffman, 1986).",["Goffman, 1986"]],["Framing is a process that involves elements of selection and salience (Entman, 1993).",["Entman, 1993"]],["Framing reflects the judgments made by the communicator or message sender (Hallahan, 1999).",["Hallahan, 1999"]],["framing selects an aspect of reality to make it more prominent.",[]]],"sy":[["social frameworks",[]]]},{},{"de":[["describe how information flows in society",[]],["practice that occurs in two areas of media organizations: business and journalism",[]],["motivated by the position of the media as an industry. The mass media is interested in obtaining as much profit as possible, which can affect the content being produced",[]],["part of a competitive market that benefits both parties: the media and news sources",[]],["news sourced from information subsidies is cheap",[]],["News that gets its sources from public relations is considered a cost-effective practice",[]],["Information subsidy is part of a competitive market that benefits both parties: the media and news sources",["Curtin, 2009"]],["Information subsidy is a practice that occurs in two areas of media organizations: business and journalism",["Curtin, 2009"]],["news sourced from information subsidies is cheap.",[]],["In the view of the political economy of the media, the phenomenon of information subsidy is motivated by the position of the media as an industry.",[]],["Information subsidy is part of a competitive market that benefits both parties: the media and news sources (Curtin, 2009).",["2009","Curtin, 2009"]],["News that gets its sources from public relations is considered a cost-effective practice (Boumans, 2018).",["2018","Boumans, 2018"]],["motivated by the position of the media as an industry",[]]],"sy":[["information subsidization",[]]],"rt":[["information flows",[]],["news sources",["Curtin, 2009"]],["editorial subsidy",[]]],"ex":[["information subsidy offered by public relations through press releases",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Gandy asserts that press releases as a routine channel are an economical source of information for journalists",["Gandy, 1980"]]]},{"rt":[["Emotional appeal",[]]]},{"rt":[["Emotional appeal",[]]]},{},{"de":[["old names are called famous because they feel familiar",[]]]},{"de":[["the finding that exposure to false information changes the perceived truthfulness and plausibility of that information",[]],["repeating statements of uncertain truth tends to shift their truth-value ratings toward the true end of the scale",[]]]},{"de":[["the effect extends to longer narratives",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["source misattribution",[]]],"rt":[["source misattribution",[]],["source monitoring errors",[]]]},{"sy":[["source errors",[]]]},{"de":[["participants use familiarity to develop a source for their memory",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["understood as the dissemination of information and amplification of attention across different channels and media",[]],["the international exchange and dissemination of information, analyzing how news from one country spreads to others",[]],["describe public circulation of specific content and stories across media channels",[]],["Chadwick regards these \"information flows,\" understood as the dissemination of information and amplification of attention across different channels and media, as essential for empirical analysis.",[]]],"sy":[["news flows",[]]],"rt":[["news flows",[]],["concentrations and diffusions of power",[]],["power struggles",[]],["competition, conflict, and interdependency among media and their publics",[]],["fragmentation of attention and audiences",[]],["integration",[]]]},{"de":[["analyzes information flows from local to national media, often focusing on the salience of issues (e.g., economy, education, immigration) on the media agenda rather than on the circulation of specific content and stories (e.g., Guo & Zhang, 2023)",[]],["Intermedia agenda-setting is a persistent feature of hybrid media systems in the 20th and 21st centuries, pointing to the dynamic and reciprocal influences among various media channels in shaping public discourse.",[]],["Intermedia agenda-setting is the broadest approach",[]]],"rt":[["information flows",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["News aggregation",[]]]},{"de":[["Scandals and media events spread through intermedia agenda-setting but refer to specific topics and occurrences that draw widespread attention across multiple media channels.",[]],["They are said to \"integrate societies in a collective heartbeat\"",[]],["They are not only televised but also receive extensive pre-and post-event press coverage, reinforcing their perceived significance",["Fürst, 2020"]],["more recent research on media events has examined both ceremonial and disruptive events across various media channels, including television, newspapers, and social media",["Clancy, 2019","Nashmi, 2018","Sumiala et al., 2018","Vaccari et al., 2015"]],["focus on events that generate massive media coverage across different channels and reach a vast audience",[]],["those labeled media or television events or those said to attract billions of viewers",[]],["events that attract extraordinary public attention",[]]],"rt":[["intermedia agenda-setting",[]]],"sb":[["ceremonial events",[]],["disruptive events",[]],["unplanned occurrences such as crises, wars, terror attacks, and natural disasters",["Hepp & Couldry, 2010","Katz & Liebes, 2007","Kyriakidou, 2008","Morgner, 2016","Wilke, 2010"]]],"ex":[["moon landing",[]],["royal weddings",[]],["Eurovision Song Contest",[]],["1968 Olympics",["Bartz, 2003"]],["Super Bowl",["Martin & Reeves, 2001"]],["televised presidential debates",["Fürst, 2021, p. 346"]],["Lisbon earthquake of 1755",["Wilke, 2010"]],["the moon landing",[]],["the Eurovision Song Contest",[]],["the moon landing, royal weddings, and the Eurovision Song Contest",[]]]},{},{"de":[["used in news coverage to highlight public response, evoking perceptions of what society or different publics are watching or discussing",["Fürst, 2023"]],["serve particular political, technical or economic interests",["Wyatt, 2021, p. 408"]]],"ex":[["shitstorm",[]],["candystorm",[]],["wave of indignation",[]],["going viral",[]],["media attention",[]],["media frenzy",[]],["headlines",[]],["ratings machine",[]],["ratings boon",[]],["ratings bonanza",[]],["Twitter storm",[]]]},{"de":[["using news aggregation to minimize the resources required for original reporting",["Coddington, 2019;Harder et al., 2017"]]],"rt":[["journalistic coorientation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This explicit communication about public attention and popularity is a defining feature of the news factor public response",[]]]},{"rt":[["information flows",[]]]},{"de":[["This factor includes coverage of issues that have attracted media publicity, considerable crowds, large media audiences, or high engagement on social media.",[]],["captures how journalists explicitly refer to the public attention an actor, event, or topic has received-for example, by noting social media likes and shares or trending hashtags (Beckers & Harder, 2016;McGregor, 2019;von Nordheim et al., 2018), reporting the number of journalists and cameras covering an event (Mertens, 2006), or estimating the audience size (Fürst, 2020).",[]]],"rt":[["news value approach",["Eilders, 2006","Preston, 2016"]],["intermedia agenda-setting approach",[]]],"sp":[["news factor",[]]]},{"de":[["sometimes used broadly in public discourse, for example to refer to (perceived or alleged) norm violations that do not attract much public attention",["Bösch, 2009"]],["the coverage actually pertained to (perceived or alleged) norm violations that attracted broad attention across media channels and types",[]],["fictional scandals, i.e., scandals that occur in plays or books",[]]],"ex":[["the Wirecard scandal",[]],["the Cum-Ex scandal",[]],["the Volkswagen diesel scandal",[]]]},{"de":[["Scandals and media events spread through intermedia agenda-setting but refer to specific topics and occurrences that draw widespread attention across multiple media channels.",[]],["revolve around violations of social norms and rely heavily on media visibility for their emergence",["Lull & Hinerman, 1997;McNair, 2019;Thompson, 2000"]]],"rt":[["scandal narratives",[]],["intermedia agenda-setting",[]]],"ex":[["sex, power, and money",["Haller, 2013, p. 328;McNair, 2019;Oehmer, 2011;Tumber & Waisbord, 2019;Vorberg & Zeitler, 2019"]]]},{"de":[["Photographers own the copyright on any original photographs that they create.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["infodemic of inaccurate information",[]]]},{},{"de":[["is their enormous pervasiveness both in news media and in the public's search for information",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["misinformation",[]],["rumor",[]],["spam",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["rumor",[]],["spam",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Disinformation has different forms, e.g., fabricated content, misleading content, accurate content shared with false contextual information, satire and parody.",[]],["disinformation is based on the dissemination of false information (misleading) in the form of news or imitation of documentary formats, -it is strategic communication that always involves the promotion of specific goals, -it has a covert nature, concerning not only false information but also the concealment of the true purposes of disinformation.",[]],["Disinformation messages under this definition are munitions in campaigns of information warfare, nonlethal weapons intended to subdue adversaries rather than reason with them.",["25"]],["We analyzed disinformation from the perspective of the influencer's intentions",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["Such a campaign is thoroughly planned with predetermined intentions and fake news is the means of this influence.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Speaking about the journalistic format, disinformation is presented in fake news.",[]],["one can analyze the results of the influence of fake news on the object(s).",[]],["Our selection of fake news is based on the data of Ukrainian state bodies",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["In this process, the subject expresses his/ her attitude towards the object.",[]],["The individuality of intentions is manifested in the choice of objects and the expression of attitude.",[]]]},{"de":[["In other words, intention is the directedness of consciousness toward an object in communication. In this process, the subject expresses his/ her attitude towards the object.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Key characteristics of these models include the audience's motivation to engage with media, 16 methods of influence in mass communication processes, 17 and crucial categories of arguments used for persuasion. 18",["16","17","18"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The theory has influenced the creation of electronic journalism ethics codes in Arab contexts, which place a strong emphasis on objectivity, privacy, and accuracy",["Youssef & Hussein, 2017"]],["The accountability and transparency that render social responsibility theory relevant to a conversation about AI; when automation progresses unchecked, there lies the potential for the extension of bias and diminished credibility, thereby reinforcing the need for ethical accountability",["Cheng, Varshney, Liu, 2021"]],["participants emphasized transparency, accountability, and the risks of misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["When Arab academics apply UGT to digital platforms, they discover that online networks satisfy their need for self-expression and interaction",["Al-Saggaf, 2013"]],["These dynamics are expanded in the AI era by personalization algorithms. Research reveals that while generative AI (like ChatGPT) fosters creativity and self-expression, AI-supported educational tools satisfy user needs for learning and social interaction",["Chang et al., 2021","Lin & Ng, 2024"]]]},{"de":[["The assertion detection is used to get better understanding of intention and state of mind of the users behind event posts on Facebook.",[]]]},{"de":[["It may refer to an incident, object or problem of public concern.",[]],["It may prove to be a social destructive phenomenon in any human culture.",[]],["Usually, the social media rapidly transmits the unverified statements that may be harmful for anybody.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["A parallel 'Disinfodemic'-a crisis of communication",[]]],"rt":[["infodemic",[]]]},{"de":[["When disinformation is shared, it is turned into misinformation.",[]]],"rt":[["mis-information",[]],["mal-information",[]]],"sp":[["information disorder",[]]]},{"de":[["we're not just fighting an epidemic; we're fighting an infodemic",["Robie & Krishnamurthi, p. 180","UN tackles 'infodemic', 2020"]]]},{"rt":[["mis-information",[]],["dis-information",[]]],"sp":[["information disorder",[]]]},{"de":[["When disinformation is shared, it is turned into misinformation.",["Wardle, 2020"]]],"rt":[["dis-information",[]],["mal-information",[]]],"sp":[["information disorder",[]]],"ex":[["members of the same political party",["Wardle, 2020"]],["parents who don't vaccinate their children",["Wardle, 2020"]],["activists concerned about climate change",["Wardle, 2020"]],["those who belong to a certain religion, race or ethnic group",["Wardle, 2020"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["sentiment analysis",[]]]},{"de":[["The practice of sentiment analysis (sometimes called opinion mining) examines such feelings as they pertain to any given entity",["9"]]],"sy":[["opinion mining",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["they voluntarily adopt a frugal lifestyle now in order to realize the ultimate consumer dream of owning a home in the future.",[]]]},{"de":[["relocation of love from a revolutionary discourse to a market discourse, which also has the desired outcome of minimizing the possibility of a revolution.",[]],["Subscribing to this new formula, the love stories in CCTV's Grassroots Reports treat the lovers' commitment to each other as synonymous with their commitment to realizing a consumerist goal.",[]]],"rt":[["revolution-plus-love formula",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["based exclusively on kinship-based support and conjugal love",[]]],"rt":[["consumption plus love",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Liu (2003: 212) sees the revolution-plus-love formula as an attempt on the part of leftist writers, who are committed to proletarian literature, to \"mix utopian desires with reality anxiety.\"",["212"]],["Haiyan Lee (2006: 256) attributes the rise of this literary genre to the radicalization of the intelligentsia in the 1920s, and their need-from both the left and right ends of the ideological spectrum-to reconcile the tension between \"revolutionary fervor\" and a \"reluctance to relinquish the discourse of love.\"",["256"]]],"rt":[["revolutionary fervor",[]],["discourse of love",[]],["grand narrative of class, nation, and revolution",[]]]},{"de":[["revolution presents itself as both a motivation and a social milieu in which lovers relate to each other while participating in revolutionary activities. In this sense, personal love is mobilized by revolution, and individual love stories necessarily unfold in the grand narrative of class, nation, and revolution.",[]],["In this sense, personal love is mobilized by revolution, and individual love stories necessarily unfold in the grand narrative of class, nation, and revolution.",[]],["Liu (2003: 212) sees the revolution-plus-love formula as an attempt on the part of leftist writers, who are committed to proletarian literature, to \"mix utopian desires with reality anxiety.\"",[]]],"rt":[["proletarian literature",[]],["consumption plus love",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["domestic utopia",[]]]},{"de":[["gave the Chinese people a heightened sense of meaning and purpose.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["discrimination, in its negative connotation, can allow for an individual's isolation, although in some circumstances can create the potential for an individual's benefit over others.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This is a subset of misinformation, which also may be unintentional.",[]]],"sb":[["misinformation",[]]],"sp":[["Misinformation",[]]],"ex":[["malicious content such as hoaxes, spear phishing and computational propaganda",[]]]},{"de":[["psychological technique",["50"]]]},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"sy":[["information overload phenomenon",[]]],"rt":[["information overload phenomenon",["59"]]]},{},{"rt":[["masstargeting",[]]]},{"de":[["misinformation, which also may be unintentional",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]],"sb":[["Disinformation",["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation"]]],"ex":[["false rumours, insults and pranks",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["an identifiable natural person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, an online identifier or to one or more factors specific to the physical, physiological, genetic, mental, economic, cultural or social identity of that natural person",["40"]]]},{},{"de":[["This Privacy by Design approach would empower users with full control over accessible content and related profiling activities.",[]]],"sy":[["PbD",[]]]},{"de":[["there is an intrinsic quantitative and qualitative aspect of the concept of accessibility",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["While being knowledgeable (i.e. credibility on the basis of knowledge) and being credible are often interrelated, knowledgeable does not necessarily factor into credibility",["McComas and Trumbo, 2001"]]]},{"de":[["While being knowledgeable (i.e. credibility on the basis of knowledge) and being credible are often interrelated, knowledgeable does not necessarily factor into credibility",["McComas and Trumbo, 2001"]]]},{"de":[["Thus, source credibility is a decisive component for journalists in assessing whether to include a source in the news",["Powers and Fico, 1994"]],["Credibility is a key concern in messages acceptance, but perhaps nowhere is it such an important concern as in crisis communication",["McComas and Trumbo, 2001"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Previous studies report that the selection of sources in media indeed depends on availability and willingness to talk",["Broersma et al., 2013","Gans, 1979","Seo and Lim, 2010"]]]},{"rt":[["hate speech",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["all accounting for various types of false information",["Nasir et al., 2021"]],["all accounting for various types of false information (Nasir et al., 2021).",["Nasir et al., 2021"]]],"sy":[["misinformation",["Nasir et al., 2021"]],["disinformation",["Nasir et al., 2021"]],["hoax",["Nasir et al., 2021"]],["rumor",["Nasir et al., 2021"]]]},{"sy":[["digital ecosystems",[]]],"rt":[["digital ecosystems",[]]]},{"sy":[["'networked' organisations",[]]]},{},{"de":[["becomes visible when static and dynamic content are treated as parts of a coordinated system rather than isolated artefacts",[]],["not reducible to platform difference alone",[]],["structures attention and affect, with definitional threat cues priming receptivity for subsequent evaluative and accusatory sequences.",[]],["the strategic partitioning of discursive functions between static and dynamic formats",[]],["offers a template for identifying comparable patterns of segmented propaganda in other settings and for linking them to specific organisational arrangements and media systems",[]],["whereby key elements of political framing are distributed across modalities.",[]]],"rt":[["semiotic affordances",[]],["production economies",[]],["centralised strategic coordination",[]],["segmented propaganda",[]],["organisational arrangements",[]],["media systems",[]],["division of labour",[]]]},{"sb":[["problem definition",[]],["causal attribution",[]],["moral evaluation",[]],["solution recommendation",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["It establishes what the 'problem' is and who belongs inside or outside the moral community.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["traders perceive investment instability caused by scandal; then, other traders and algorithms pick up on these market tendencies, media report on those movements, and the market goes down en bloc, along with the currency",[]]]},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["The disruptive potential depends on the relevance of disclosed information to institutional processes (what can be included, what will count as evidence, etc.), and the eventual trajectory of the processes triggered by disclosure (what is the ultimate outcome, e.g. how much political damage can the disclosed information inflict).",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["The processes of horizontal accountability institutions are not merely legal, but also deeply political in nature, and their consequences are furthermore both reflected and shaped by the media trajectory of the scandal",["Thompson, 2000"]]]},{},{"de":[["The actors cannot derive private knowledge possessed by other actors, but nonetheless, all observing actors take the actions to be significant down the sequence stream.",[]],["When making their respective choices, these actors might then base their actions on false assumptions about the private knowledge of others, adding to the weight of the social proof.",[]],["Cascades emerge when all actors make the same assumptions, reproduce the action, and pass on the same signaleven when the signal might be untrue.",[]],["Information cascades may have damaging consequences that can impinge upon the equilibrium and survival of a representative democracy.",[]]],"rt":[["infostorms",[]]]},{"de":[["any information element in a scandal is only as interesting as its potential value.",[]],["This anticipated potential of information is tied to another aspect of information value: information about the perceived center of political agency, such as the Presidency, is valued higher than information about more marginal actors.",[]]],"rt":[["disruptive potential",[]],["perceived center of political agency",[]]]},{"de":[["The cascade only triggers when there is \"a preponderance of evidence [that] supports one action or the other by just enough to outweigh one individual's private signal\" (Bikhchandani, Hirshleifer and Welch, 1998).",["Bikhchandani, Hirshleifer and Welch, 1998"]],["The actors cannot derive private knowledge possessed by other actors, but nonetheless, all observing actors take the actions to be significant down the sequence stream.",[]],["When making their respective choices, these actors might then base their actions on false assumptions about the private knowledge of others, adding to the weight of the social proof.",[]]],"rt":[["scandals",[]],["media storms",[]],["moral panics",[]],["media hypes",[]],["agenda-setting",[]]],"ex":[["In the context of media, the mechanism consists in disclosed information about corruption, reaching the public via news agencies, front pages, political news media, or news broadcasts. When various media outlets repeat the same signal over and over, an information cascade might form.",[]]]},{"de":[["information about the perceived center of political agency, such as the Presidency, is valued higher than information about more marginal actors.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["this dimension is notoriously weak in Brazil",["Rennó, 2011","Winters and Shapiro-Weitz, 2013"]]],"rt":[["horizontal accountability",[]]]},{"de":[["in a hybridised media climate that sees a constant epistemic struggle over political discourse",["Galpin & Vernon, 2024"]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]],["disinformation",[]],["online rumours",[]],["conspiracy theories",[]],["internet hoaxes",[]]]},{"rt":[["populist discourse",[]]]},{"de":[["corresponds to the interpretation of post-truth populists by Conrad and Hálfdanarson (2023)",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the emergence of class-biased news merely requires that journalists cheer the economy on during periods of aggregate growth and lament its decline in aggregate downturns.",[]]],"sy":[["class-biased economic reporting",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["a normative model in which voters defend their (income groups') economic interests at the ballot box.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["economic news -usually captured by the positivity and negativity of the tone of coverage -responds to changes in the real economy.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the absence of pro-rich bias would require that the correlation between, for instance, bottom-quintile income growth and news tone be twenty times larger than the correlation between top-1 percent income growth and news tone.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["we will refer to lexical bias as the narrow focal task",[]]],"sp":[["media bias",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["lexical bias",[]]]},{"sp":[["Quality of content",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This erroneous remembering can lead to a backfire effect",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["elaboration likelihood model",[]]]},{},{"de":[["introduced by Dalton (1984) to explain dealignment from political parties in the context of election studies",["Dalton (1984)"]],["a high degree of cognitive mobilization leads to an improved adjustment of belief",[]]],"rt":[["interest in politics",[]],["education",[]]]},{},{"de":[["fact checking functions with the purpose of debunking",[]]]},{"sp":[["Quality of content",[]]]},{"sb":[["central route",[]],["peripheral route",[]]]},{"de":[["frequently providing clarifications and corrective material to counteract rumors and fake news",[]]]},{"sp":[["Quality of content",[]]]},{"de":[["clarifications are indeed capable of causing a change in the mindset and views of media recipients.",[]],["if people believe an incorrect statement, the clarifications are less effective.",[]],["journalistische Richtigstellungen tatsächlich die Korrektur falscher Vorstellungen bewirken können",[]]],"sy":[["journalistische Richtigstellungen",[]]]},{"de":[["quality is mostly defined as a subjective appraisal that depends on the user's expectations toward the media content and, therefore, focuses on the perspective of the individual and the audience",[]],["relational value judgment of individuals based on the perception of the existence or lack of features, attributes and stylistic properties inherent to media communication",["Wolling, 2002"]]]},{},{"sp":[["elaboration likelihood model",[]]]},{"de":[["It can be understood as a relational value judgment of individuals based on the perception of the existence or lack of features, attributes and stylistic properties inherent to media communication",["Wolling, 2002(Wolling, , 2009)","Wolling, 2002"]],["quality is mostly defined as a subjective appraisal that depends on the user's expectations toward the media content and, therefore, focuses on the perspective of the individual and the audience.",[]],["It can be understood as a relational value judgment of individuals based on the perception of the existence or lack of features, attributes and stylistic properties inherent to media communication (Wolling, 2002(Wolling, , 2009)).",["Wolling, 2002"]],["In the context of audience research, quality is mostly defined as a subjective appraisal that depends on the user's expectations toward the media content",[]]],"rt":[["credibility",["Flanagin & Metzger, 2007;Gunther, 1992;Wolling, 2003"]],["trust in media",["Tsfati 2010;Vogel et al., 2015"]],["media skepticism",["CarrBarnidge, Lee, & Tsang, 2014"]]]},{"sb":[["objectivity",[]],["analytical quality",[]],["diversity",[]],["formal quality",[]],["relevance",[]]]},{"sp":[["Quality of content",[]]]},{"de":[["people frequently avoid information that might challenge their attitudes",[]]]},{"rt":[["consistency theories",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["Werther effect",[]]]},{"de":[["used 'sensationalism and the personal' to its advantage",["32"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["spoke to a different constituency to the elite consumer profile of old fashioned broadsheets like The Irish Times containing long-form articles and more political content",[]]],"rt":[["penny press",[]]]},{"sy":[["Moral contagion",[]]]},{"de":[["The core concept of the movement, upon which all else is based, is that Whites are undergoing an extermination, via mass immigration into White countries which was enabled by a corrosive liberal ideology of White self-hatred, and that the Jews are at the center of this agenda",["Anglin, 2016"]]]},{"rt":[["narcissism",[]],["Machiavellianism",[]],["psychopathy",[]]],"sb":[["sadism",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["applying to Australia the ideas of scholars who had analysed Israel and Northern Ireland",[]]]},{"rt":[["psychological attributes",[]],["Dark Triad",["Buckels et al., 2014"]],["narcissism",[]],["psychopathy",[]]]},{"rt":[["psychological attributes",[]],["Dark Triad",["Buckels et al., 2014"]],["Machiavellianism",[]],["psychopathy",[]]]},{"de":[["-ranging from material that is highly professional through to the billions of often incoherent or sub-culturally coded posts in Facebook and Twitter.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["psychological attributes",[]],["Dark Triad",["Buckels et al., 2014"]],["narcissism",[]],["Machiavellianism",[]]]},{"rt":[["tetrad",["March et al., 2017"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Here, what is not reported can be critically interpreted in the same way as what is included in the text",["van Dijk, 1983"]],["The first three analytical strategies are concerned with the structure and context of media representation.",[]]],"sy":[["frame analysis",[]]]},{"de":[["The first three analytical strategies are concerned with the structure and context of media representation.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The first three analytical strategies are concerned with the structure and context of media representation.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["It is intended to acknowledge Indigenous peoples as the original inhabitants of the assertively sovereign Canadian state",["Henderson, 2002","16"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{}] |