MBDef 1.0.0: Explorer data for exactly the released rows, map and topics made on them
714cbfe verified | [{"de":[["In this application, visuals were de-contextualized and deliberately taken out of their original context to legitimize counter-factual claims.",[]]],"ex":[["one message published by Café Weltschmerz used an image of an ultrasound showing a fetus of an allegedly \"vaccinated pregnant woman\" as evidence that the babies of vaccinated women have a lower likelihood to survive. The ultrasound showed irregularities in the fetus, which were highlighted with a marker. However, no reference was made to the source, date, or origins of the image.",[]],["a decontextualized graph is used as evidence for population replacement in relation to allegedly rising immigration and hidden schemes of the government (see supplemental materials Figure S5).",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["the interaction between textual and visual elements",[]],["narratives are bound to (socio-political) contexts, and refer to a reality that is reconstructed through the integration of communication elements",[]]]},{"de":[["social media platforms created a context for epistemic populism",[]]]},{"de":[["Hyper-partisan alternative media have also been associated with delegitimizing populist viewpoints that circumvent factual knowledge and expert interpretations by focusing on common sense and the experiences of ordinary people allegedly neglected in established information coverage",["Saurette & Gunster, 2011"]],["the tendency to circumvent and attack conventional knowledge whilst selectively quoting sources that align with platforms' ideological perspectives makes alternative media a likely platform for the dissemination of disinformation.",[]]],"sp":[["alternative media",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This amplifying effect occurs because visuals are easy to understand, attention-grabbing, and able to establish an emotional connection with recipients",["e.g., Powell et al., 2015"]]],"rt":[["multimodal framing perspective",[]]]},{"de":[["Thus, visual disinformation can be constructed by manipulating or fabricating images or videos, deceptively re-contextualizing existing images or videos, or combining both text-and image-based manipulation (in that case, both the visual elements and the textual interpretation are based on fabrication or manipulation).",[]],["The deceptive re-contextualization of authentic images and videos plays a central role in visual disinformation narratives, and may be even more prominent than manipulated or AI-generated visual disinformation",["Brennen et al., 2021","Weikmann & Lecheler, 2023"]],["it aims to serve as a starting point for the (quantitative) assessment of the functions of visuals in disinformation narratives that aim to offer legitimacy to counterfactual claims.",[]]],"sb":[["AI-generated visuals or deepfakes",["Dan et al., 2021"]],["cheapfakes",["Dan et al., 2021"]],["Signaling legitimacy and adherence to conventional news values through seemingly unrelated images",[]],["illustrating authoritative expert consensus through the visualization of disinformation by alternative experts",[]],["emphasizing widespread social support for unconventional truth claims through the inclusion of visuals depicting the vox populi",[]],["offering decontextualized proof for conspiracy theories and counter-factual claims",[]]]},{"de":[["we do not focus on deceptive or fabricated visual information in isolation, but consider its embedding and re-contextualization in more comprehensive disinformation narratives.",[]]],"ex":[["beyond the fabrication or manipulation of images, we explore the ways in which authentic visuals are deceptively re-contextualized by adding a manipulated and false textual interpretation to existing footage taken from another setting.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["persuasion",[]]],"sp":[["Persuasion",[]]]},{"rt":[["persuasion",[]]],"sp":[["Persuasion",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Thus, it has at least one source, one target, and one goal. The source is manipulating the target into beliefs, or action, or both, intended to achieve the goals.",[]],["Note that this taxonomy is intended to be comprehensive and capture all nuances of deception, which means also the legal aspects when the source of the deception is being charged with a crime for example. Hence, this taxonomy will take into account the intent of the source in contrast with the above section.",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]],["phishing",[]],["disinformation",[]]],"ex":[["fake news, phishing, and job scams",[]]]},{"rt":[["simulation",[]]],"ex":[["masking, repackaging, and dazzling",[]]]},{"rt":[["persuasion",[]]],"sp":[["Persuasion",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["opinion spam",[]]]},{"sp":[["Persuasion",[]]]},{"rt":[["persuasion",[]]],"sp":[["Persuasion",[]]]},{"sy":[["fake reviews",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["persuasion",[]]],"sp":[["Persuasion",[]]]},{"rt":[["dissimulation",[]]],"ex":[["mimicking, inventing, and decoying",[]]]},{"de":[["This advertising bias means that most stories on the foreign pages needed to be shortened to the extent that they even lost the original context information they came with.",[]],["This advertising bias, in both cases, affects foreign news selection in a way that usually results in only one or two extremely significant news articles on calamities being selected, due to lack of space.",[]]]},{"de":[["the GNA represented freedom from the dominant view and projected an African side of the story",[]]]},{"de":[["relating to the investigation of Africa's coverage",[]],["subject matter: stories that focus exclusively on events that are negative in nature, such as famine, disease, wars, poverty and killings.",["Bunce (2017)","Anju Chaudhary (2001)","Susan Moeller (1999)"]],["the tone of the reportage, that is, when an event or policy is negatively evaluated on the whole, whilst ignoring positive aspects that are also crucial to the discussion.",[]],["the omission or silence on some parts of a complex reality, either consciously or inadvertently, either because of a lack of native knowledge or because the media or reporting body in question adopts a simplistic posture in reporting complex issues",["Nyamnjoh, 2017","Mody, 2010","Hawk, 1992"]],["the negation of positive stories by framing them against an outdated or unrelated contextual background.",[]],["Afro-pessimism in the Western media has been researched in various studies.",[]],["The first parameter -in accordance with Bunce (2017), Anju Chaudhary (2001) and Susan Moeller (1999) -is subject matter: stories that focus exclusively on events that are negative in nature, such as famine, disease, wars, poverty and killings.",["Bunce (2017), Anju Chaudhary (2001) and Susan Moeller (1999)"]],["The second parameter is the tone of the reportage, that is, when an event or policy is negatively evaluated on the whole, whilst ignoring positive aspects that are also crucial to the discussion.",[]],["The third parameter is the omission or silence on some parts of a complex reality, either consciously or inadvertently, either because of a lack of native knowledge or because the media or reporting body in question adopts a simplistic posture in reporting complex issues",["Nyamnjoh, 2017;Mody, 2010;Hawk, 1992"]],["The fourth parameter is the negation of positive stories by framing them against an outdated or unrelated contextual background.",[]],["essentialisation, racialisation, selectivity, ethnocentric ranking and prediction",["Nothias, 2012, p. 1"]],["humanitarian/disaster stories as the most prominent subject of Afro-pessimism",[]],["The third parameter is the omission or silence on some parts of a complex reality, either consciously or inadvertently, either because of a lack of native knowledge or because the media or reporting body in question adopts a simplistic posture in reporting complex issues (Nyamnjoh, 2017;Mody, 2010;Hawk, 1992).",["Nyamnjoh, 2017","Mody, 2010","Hawk, 1992"]]],"rt":[["essentialisation",["2012"]],["racialisation",["2012"]],["selectivity",["2012"]],["ethnocentric ranking",["2012"]],["prediction",["2012"]],["negative stories",[]]],"ex":[["news stories focusing fully on negative or natural disaster on the continent",["Bunce et al., 2017","Miller, 1999"]],["wholly negative evaluation of policies and events (excluding natural events)",["Nyamnjoh, 2017","Mody, 2010"]],["omission or silence on some parts of complex reality",["Nyamnjoh, 2017","Mody, 2010"]],["positive stories negated with unrelated contextual and historical background",["Hawk, 1992"]],["all news stories focusing fully on negative or natural disaster on the continent",["Bunce et al., 2017","Miller, 1999"]]]},{"de":[["the news must reflect the readership taste, which they are sure is negative and sensational.",[]]]},{"de":[["the global news networks play multiple roles in policy-making, diplomacy and international relations, and that rigorous theoretical and methodological frameworks are required to better establish the roles and their effects.",["Eytan Gilboa (2005)"]]]},{},{"de":[["They gave responses to questions that had nothing to do with the BBC World Service and still managed to mention the British broadcaster as the yardstick.",[]]],"ex":[["\"If you take the BBC, for instance, they make sure they are covering almost everywhere\" (Editor 2 -Daily Guide)",[]],["\"When the BBC or other international news agencies are reporting this stuff, I can't complain\" (Editor 7 -Daily Guide)",[]]]},{"de":[["The literature dealing with journalistic co-orientation considers these lingering historical and contemporary relationships as cultural affinity, or a form of proximity.",[]]],"sy":[["proximity",[]],["a form of proximity",[]]],"rt":[["lingering historical and contemporary relationships",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["theme",[]]]},{"rt":[["media advertising research",[]],["readership research as media advertising research",[]]],"sp":[["readership research",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["internalised oppression",[]]]},{"de":[["the binary articulation of essentialism and difference can also be restrictive, even obfuscating, in that it allows us to ignore or deny the differences within essentialism.",[]],["The opposition is a helpful one in that it reminds us that a complex system of cultural, social, psychical, and historical differences, and not a set of pre-existent human essences, position and constitute the subject.",["Diana Fuss (1989)"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["evaluated negatively, as a false representation of reality",[]],["remains a dominant way for people around the world to inform themselves about each other, and to re-align events occurring across the globe to their local conditions",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This doctrine, which has been applied to collective human rights, has many flaws and, as such, has proved beneficial to developed nations and detrimental to vulnerable and less endowed nations.",[]]]},{"sy":[["free flow concept/ doctrine",[]]],"rt":[["freedom of expression",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This level recognises the agency of individual journalists or media workers as actors under a larger professional constraint which eventually determines their actions.",[]]]},{"de":[["Contacts that journalists met during conferences, meetings and by working together on assignments remain a major determinant of intermedia agenda-setting relationships.",[]]],"rt":[["intermedia agenda-setting relationships",[]]]},{"de":[["intermedia agenda-setting preferences between the Ghanaian press and their foreign counterparts",[]],["workings of intermedia agenda-setting relationships",[]],["the process of intermedia agenda-setting is moderated by five factors, namely, lag length, medium type, language/institutional barriers and election or non-election context",[]],["labels intermedia agenda-setting as the fourth phase of agenda-setting theory, which explores the origins of the media agenda",["p. 118"]]],"sy":[["the influences of the news media on each other",[]]],"rt":[["interorganisational borrowing",[]],["agenda-setting theory",[]]],"sp":[["agenda-setting theory",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["epidermalisation of inferiority",["Fanon, 2008","Fanon (2008)"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["the innovation that will transform foreign news in many ways, both positively and negatively",[]]]},{"rt":[["editorial readership research",[]]],"sp":[["readership research",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The cognitive fixation of citing the BBC as the usual example also became metonymic",[]]],"ex":[["\"With technology, most nights I go on my phone to the BBC and the next morning I have my stories because I have read them, I just go ahead and follow how things are breaking on from each of these networks\" (Editor 3 -The Ghanaian Chronicle)",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This ideal notion of mirroring society becomes very difficult in the face of limited editorial space.",[]]]},{"de":[["The dominance of the contextual background in many stories gives the impression that the contextual background is pertinent to the present story, framing it as an evolving story, even though the negative context relates to events that happened decades ago.",[]]]},{"de":[["These categories, in Chaudhary's research, appeared in articles on \"oil spills, famines, floods, earthquakes, droughts, fires, pestilence and diseases\"",["p. 33"]]]},{},{"de":[["The New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO) debate",[]],["The concept of New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO) occupied global media policy debates from the 1970s until the 1990s, amidst the strong ideological battle relating to decolonisation and the collapse of Soviet communism",[]],["even though NWICO was located in mass media, its fundamental ethos was rooted in international law.",[]],["NWICO was attacked as a curb on media freedom",[]]],"rt":[["freedom of information",[]]]},{"de":[["its validity is rather restricted to the questions of how far news factors determine size, placement and layout of news stories",[]]],"rt":[["newsworthiness",[]],["news value",[]],["news selection",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This phenomenon significantly affects journalism's cannons of objectivity and impartiality, per the analysis of Paterson (2011), because it contributes to the \"reinforcement of the hegemony of the two powerful news agencies in London and that is inherently partial\" (p. 13).",["Paterson (2011)"]]]},{"de":[["news values sometimes blur the distinction between news selection and news treatment",["171"]]],"rt":[["news selection",[]],["news treatment",[]]]},{"de":[["The theories of newsworthiness",[]],["at its basic level, the theory uses the concept of news factors to trace news selection back to the specific qualities of events, which are suspected as the determinant of the news value of an event and hence the decision of journalists regarding whether or not that event is newsworthy.",[]],["the theory uses the concept of news factors to trace news selection back to the specific qualities of events, which are suspected as the determinant of the news value of an event and hence the decision of journalists regarding whether or not that event is newsworthy.",[]],["Newsworthiness is only one of a vast array of factors that influence what becomes the news and how prominently events are covered",["Shoemaker (2006)"]]],"rt":[["news factors",[]],["news value",[]],["news selection",[]]]},{"rt":[["subject-based approach",[]],["news selection",[]]]},{"rt":[["subject-based argument",[]]]},{"de":[["regarding the developing countries",[]]]},{"rt":[["parachute journalism",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["the Self and Other",[]]],"ex":[["artificial censorship",[]],["the limitations of social contact",[]],["the comparatively meagre time available in each day for paying attention to public affairs",[]],["the distortion arising because events have to be compressed into very short messages",[]],["the difficulty of making a small vocabulary express a complicated world",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Postcolonial theory provides a historical and international depth to the understanding of cultural power. It studies issues of race, class, gender, sexuality, and nationality, that are of concern to contemporary critical scholarship by situating these phenomena within geopolitical arrangements, and relations of nations and their inter/national histories.",["p. 252"]],["It seeks to affirm that foreign news selection in Ghana has something to do with economic and political relationships; political ideology and social structure as well as several elements in the micro-and meso-levels which are consciously and inadvertently influenced by these vast and complex historical relationships.",[]],["Thus, this ideological function is considered an overarching element in the theoretical framework which actually explains the superstructure of power and its dynamics when it comes to foreign news.",[]],["postcolonial studies as an interdisciplinary field that theorises the problematics of colonisation and decolonisation.",["2002"]]],"sy":[["postcolonial studies",[]]],"rt":[["critical scholarship",[]]],"ex":[["slavery",[]],["dispossession",[]],["settlement",[]],["migration",[]],["resistance",[]],["representation",[]],["difference",[]],["race",[]],["gender",[]],["class",[]],["otherness",[]],["place",[]],["diaspora",[]],["subaltern",[]],["sexuality",[]],["hybridity",[]],["mimicry",[]],["ethnicity",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Public diplomacy as an element of soft power relies on media communication to inform and influence the public",["Guo and Vargo, 2017","Golan and Himelboim, 2016"]]],"rt":[["soft power",[]]],"sp":[["soft power",[]]]},{"rt":[["editorial readership research",[]]]},{"de":[["By selecting news, in the first place, the media represents the world rather than reflects it.",[]],["negative representations of a group of people over time shape the group's self-identity, which progressively becomes dependent on how they have been seen by others.",["1997"]],["negative representations of a group of people over time shape the group's self-identity, which progressively becomes dependent on how they have been seen by others",[]]],"sy":[["reflection",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["reflexivity",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Public diplomacy as an element of soft power relies on media communication to inform and influence the public",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["object-based approach",[]],["news selection",[]]]},{"rt":[["object-based argument",[]]]},{"rt":[["psychic realm disruption",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["cultural theme",[]]]},{"rt":[["subjects",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["hybrid identity",["Bhabha (1994)"]]]},{},{"de":[["They argue that the term \"Western press\" is a generalisation",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["and has proved to be very harmful for society in last decade",[]]]},{"de":[["where LMs must differentiate between the societal norms (e.g., bringing a gift when visiting someone) of different cultures",["Shi et al., 2024","Chiu et al., 2024","Bhatt and Diaz, 2024","Palta and Rudinger, 2023","Fung et al., 2023","Huang and Yang, 2023"]]]},{},{"de":[["the functionality of words used for entities changes depending on context.",[]]]},{"de":[["the types of information made available on Wikipedia may not reflect the full range of information that is available about a particular politician due to filtering and censorship",["15"]]],"sb":[["an editorial bias toward positivity, in which negative information about active politicians is far more likely to be removed from Wikipedia than positive information.",[]],["editorial bias toward positivity, in which negative information about active politicians is far more likely to be removed from Wikipedia than positive information.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["identificaban elementos propios de una polarización ideológica atravesada por rasgos del conservadurismo español marcados por la heteronormatividad",[]]]},{},{"de":[["When watching a TV series or standup comedy capitalizing on cringe humor, we often experience this immediate affective and physiological response [= embarrassment] in our own bodies. Importantly, we experience this discomfort not because of our own mishaps, but vicariously due to the misbehavior of the protagonist (i.e., the target)",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sb":[["image macro",[]],["meme cycle",[]],["founder meme",[]],["anchor meme",[]]]},{"sb":[["an original meme, called the founder meme (Shifman, 2014) or anchor meme (Attardo, 2023) and all its variants",["Shifman, 2014","Attardo, 2023"]],["founder meme",[]],["anchor meme",[]]],"sp":[["meme",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["the users (the audience of traditional media)",[]]],"rt":[["produsage",[]]]},{},{"de":[["i.e., resolution of the incongruity",[]]]},{},{"de":[["narratives and fictional worlds, not just characters, (…) extend (…) across media platforms.",[]]],"sy":[["transmedia",[]]]},{"de":[["narratives and fictional worlds, not just characters, (…) extend (…) across media platforms.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["a persistent cognitive bias",["40"]],["people frequently continue to draw inferences from the original misinformation",[]]],"sy":[["continual influence effect",["40"]]]},{"de":[["These categories capture concrete conversational moves such as asking guided questions, looking for image artifacts, asking to check sources, or asking about their confidence",[]]],"sb":[["general behaviors",[]],["evidence strategies",[]],["reasoning strategies",[]],["emotional strategies",[]],["knowledge activation",[]],["metacognitive strategies",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"ex":[["sensational, vague",[]]]},{"de":[["further amplify this vulnerability, as people often rely on fast, effortless judgments rather than deliberate scrutiny, which have been found to overwrite the likelihood of such errors happening.",["42","71","72"]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["lighting, shadows",[]]]},{"de":[["Human independent thinking features personal opinions, uncertainty expressions, and intuitive observations, while AI independent thinking demonstrates analytical reasoning, hedging language, and systematic exploration of alternative perspectives.",[]]]},{"de":[["This method has shown promise in buffering individuals against subsequent falsehoods",["47","60","74"]],["it requires anticipating specific manipulative tactics and often struggles to generalize across the wide variety of misinformation domains.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Providing explanations or rationales does not consistently mitigate this effect; in some cases, explanations increase deference by making outputs appear more authoritative",["63"]]]},{"de":[["such cues can therefore strongly amplify both susceptibility to and persistence of misinformation.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sb":[["context-dependent claim detection (Levy et al., 2014(Levy et al., , 2017))",[]]]},{"rt":[["identifying check-worthy claims",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Only those claims should be considered for which these topics can be directly inferred without any need for additional knowledge.",[]],["Sentences that just assert evidence or present facts should not be considered as claims.",[]]]},{"ex":[["a claim about the origin of COVID-19, suggesting that the virus came from space, which is the claim object",[]]]},{"de":[["as shown in Table 1.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Sentences that just assert evidence or present facts should not be considered as claims.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["identifying the stance for target-context pairs",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Such cases are prominent on social media, posing a challenge to understand opinion holders' prior beliefs for a better prediction of argumentation outcome.",[]]],"rt":[["prior beliefs",[]],["opinion holders",[]]]},{"de":[["quotation discourse, which is used in CMV to quote and attack others' weak points.",[]]],"rt":[["discourse styles",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It is a fluid subject that is differently perceived, interpreted and understood by individuals depending on many factors. Fake news is often embellished, sensationalised and made alarmingly attractive. Sometimes, it can be difficult to detect fraudulent news especially when such stories contain authoritative lies except through critical examination of the words mostly designed to capture and retain the attention of receivers in uncommon ways. Fake news is subtly and sophisticatedly presented to hide its falsity with unverifiable sources or claims. Fake news violates contextual and multicultural realities through mischief and ignorance presented as valid information",["Dubawa, 2019","Ting & Song, 2017"]],["Fake news is a complex phenomenon that can be defined based on three parameters as suggested by Wardle (2017): the type of content created and shared; the intentions of those behind this, and; the forms of dissemination.",["Wardle (2017)"]],["It is a fluid subject that is differently perceived, interpreted and understood by individuals depending on many factors.",[]],["Fake news is often embellished, sensationalised and made alarmingly attractive.",[]]],"sy":[["fraudulent news",[]],["false information",[]],["disinformation",[]]],"rt":[["yellow journalism",[]],["character assassination/slander",[]],["misleading content",[]],["impostor content",[]],["fabricated content",[]],["false connection",[]],["false context",[]],["manipulated content",[]],["post-truth",[]]],"sb":[["high-profile fake news",[]],["low-profile fake news",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["News, simply put, is an account of what happened.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Stories and news appealing to the emotion and personal beliefs appear to be more believable and capable of shaping public opinion, a phenomenon that obviously seems to erode the credibility of gate-kept news and reports and verified content.",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["The models combine aspects from binary opinion dynamics and continuous models by relying on a two-layered concept of opinion.",[]],["The models combine aspects from binary opinion dynamics and continuous models by relying on a two-layered concept of opinion. That is, an agents' opinions (o i ) is assumed to be determined by an underlying string of binary arguments (⃗ a i ) that may support a positive or a negative evaluation of an attitude object.",[]]],"rt":[["binary opinion dynamics",[]],["continuous models",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["This empirical robust cognitive mechanism challenges ACT's assumption of argument adaption at a constant rate independent of the current opinion.",[]],["when agents are assumed to moderately favor consistent over inconsistent arguments",[]]],"rt":[["cognitive mechanism",[]]]},{"de":[["Under biased processing the probability that r accepts the new argument a ′ k depends on r's current opinion o r such that information that confirms the current opinion is accepted at a higher rate.",[]]]},{"sp":[["opinion dynamics",[]]]},{},{"de":[["a relative conception of homophily. First, an agent i is chosen and then the interaction partner j is drawn from all other agents with a probability that depends in a non-linear way on the opinion similarity between i and j.",[]]]},{"rt":[["KL divergence",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The repulsive forces implemented by negative influence may somewhat trivially lead to extreme bi-polarization, but the empirical relevance of the mechanism is disputed",["Takács et al. 2016"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["It uses agent-based computational models (ABMs) to simulate the evolution of opinions in a population of artificial agents.",[]]],"sb":[["Binary state dynamics",[]],["Continuous opinion dynamics",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["assimilative social influence",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["incorporating elements of infotainment-including dramatic background music, live-event coverage techniques drawn from sports journalism, and the thematic blending of politics, crime, and spectacle",["Mercado-Sáez & Monedero-Morales, 2017"]]]},{},{"de":[["It usually manifests itself as the capacity of the field to define and enforce its own internal norms, values, and boundaries, relatively independent from external forces such as politics, the market, or the state",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["partisan outlets, often able to obtain press accreditation and attend press conferences alongside professional journalists-sometimes to disrupt journalistic work",[]]],"rt":[["professional news organisations",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["veracidad",[]]]},{"de":[["substituting \"abusive remarks for evidence when attacking another person's claim or claims.\"",["LaBossiere (2010, p 46)"]]]},{},{"de":[["Agitprop focuses on the emotional, non-rational parts of the brain \"to arouse [the] audience to indignation or action\"",["\"Agitprop,\" n.d.","(\"Agitprop,\" n.d.)"]],["the term also includes organized guerilla armies as Moscow has done in Spain, Ukraine, and Israel",[]]],"sb":[["organized guerilla armies",[]]]},{"de":[["Hitler coined the term Big Lie in Mein Kampf (\"his combat\") to express using a lie so \"colossal\" that no one would believe that someone \"could have the impudence to distort the truth so infamously.\"",[]]],"sy":[["große Lüge",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Purposefully concealing (hiding, obscuring, masking) of the truth is another form of deception.",[]]],"sy":[["hiding",[]],["obscuring",[]],["masking",[]]],"ex":[["deceiving the government taxation office by failing to report all sources of one's income",[]]]},{"de":[["the perpetrator does two things: denies it and attacks the victim (for example, by bullying, threats, terror), thus attempting to shift blame to the victim.",[]]]},{"de":[["another tactic to handle the situation when he did not have the answer",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["divide and rule",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["points out six techniques to evade answering a political question. They include ignoring the question \"What you are asking is not important,\" acknowledging the question without answering it, attacking the question, and attacking the questioner \"What are you talking about?\" and \"Don't you have something better to do?\"",[]]]},{"sy":[["auxesis",[]]],"ex":[["his brain is the size of a pea",[]]]},{"de":[["It is a myth on a mission.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["It involves two elements 1) providing false information (an act of commission) in conjunction with the 2) intention to mislead.",[]]]},{"sy":[["meiosis",[]]],"rt":[["understatements",[]],["downplaying of facts",[]]]},{"de":[["The mirroring tactic is found on the playground of schools and of politics. Children mirror insults with, \"That's what you are, but what am I?\".",[]]]},{"de":[["works because humans have limited attention capacity",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["voicing \"deliberately ambiguous or unclear [statements] in order to mislead or withhold information\"",["\"Palter,\" n.d."]],["active use of truthful statements to influence a target's beliefs by giving a false or distorted impression.",["Gerdeman (2016)"]]],"sb":[["equivocations",[]],["exaggerations",[]],["minimalization",[]],["spin",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"ex":[["I will march in your parade if you march in mine",[]]]},{"de":[["assert as true without factual basis",[]]]},{"de":[["It involves both the minimization of inconvenient facts and the exaggerating of helpful facts to make vague statements.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["narcissism of small differences",[]]]},{"de":[["Commentator Stephen Colbert calls this effect \"truthiness,\" a sense that a belief is true without checking the facts (\"Truthiness,\" n.d.).",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["news criteria",[]]]},{"de":[["Doxa is the taken-for-granted of social practice, the seemingly natural, which we rarely make explicit and which we rarely question",[]],["The general doxa of social practice can be described as ''the universe of the tacit presuppositions that we accept as the natives of a certain society''",["Bourdieu, 2005, p. 37"]],["''Doxa is a particular point of view, the point of view of the dominant, which presents and imposes itself as a universal point of view''",[]]],"sb":[["Journalistic doxa",[]]]},{"de":[["The qualification of stories is very implicit, very embedded, very implied.",[]],["doxic news values, for instance ''newsworthiness'', which are silent and belong to the universe of the undisputed",[]]],"rt":[["Orthodox news values",[]],["Heterodox news values",[]],["orthodox/heterodox news values",[]],["orthodox values",[]]],"ex":[["the notion of ''newsworthiness''",[]],["Exclusivity",[]]]},{"de":[["The type and amount of editorial capital of the individual agent and the total distribution of capital in a field will constitute the habitus.",[]]]},{"ex":[["Ethnocentrism",[]],["Altruistic Democracy",[]],["Responsible Capitalism",[]],["Small-town Pastoralism",[]],["Individualism and Moderatism",[]],["Social Order and National Leadership",[]]]},{"de":[["prestigious and well-paying",[]]],"rt":[["soft news",[]]],"ex":[["foreign news, political journalism, economy and business journalism",[]]]},{"rt":[["Doxic news values",[]],["Orthodox news values",[]]],"ex":[["''soft news''",[]]]},{"de":[["The closer an event is *socially, geographically, culturally etc. *the more newsworthy the story is",["see also Galtung and Ruge, 1965"]]],"rt":[["news criteria",[]]],"sp":[["news criteria",[]]]},{"sb":[["the explicit orthodox/heterodox news values which are part of the sphere of journalistic judgement",[]],["the implicit, silent doxic news values which are part of the sphere of journalistic doxa",[]]]},{"sy":[["editorial capitals",[]]],"sp":[["cultural capital",[]]],"ex":[["professional experience (years of work experience, kind of experience, etc.), ''formal'' organisational position (reporter or editor, general reporter or specialist reporter, etc.), news beat (political news or human-interest news, etc.), journalistic prizes, etc.",["Schultz, 2005"]]]},{"de":[["Speaking of the journalistic doxa is naming a set of implicit, tacit presuppositions in the journalistic field, not least the practical schemes that editors and reporters take for granted",["Bourdieu, 1998(Bourdieu, [1996]], p. 25"]],["''With the concept of doxa, we can understand these practicial schemes as principles of both 'vision and division'''",[]],["naming a set of implicit, tacit presuppositions in the journalistic field, not least the practical schemes that editors and reporters take for granted",[]],["Doxa is a particular point of view, the point of view of the dominant, which presents and imposes itself as a universal point of view",[]],["Speaking of the journalistic doxa is naming a set of implicit, tacit presuppositions in the journalistic field, not least the practical schemes that editors and reporters take for granted (Bourdieu, 1998(Bourdieu, [1996]], p. 25).",["Bourdieu, 1998(Bourdieu, [1996]], p. 25"]]],"rt":[["Journalistic Judgement",[]]],"sp":[["Doxa",[]]]},{"sp":[["field of cultural production",[]],["field of power",[]]]},{"de":[["But the game can be played from different positions, and different dispositions point to different forms of mastering the game.",[]],["The type and amount of editorial capital of the individual agent and the total distribution of capital in a field will constitute the habitus.",[]],["Using the concept of habitus in analysing news work, it might be appropriate to speak of a ''professional habitus'', a mastering of a specific, professional game in a specific professional field.",[]]],"sb":[["editorial habitus",[]],["reporter habitus",[]],["intern habitus",[]],["foreign correspondent habitus",[]],["investigative reporter habitus",[]],["magazine habitus",[]],["newspaper habitus",[]],["television habitus",[]]]},{"rt":[["Journalistic Doxa",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The criteria, which have been developed over the years in a dialectical relationship between media, sources, public and audience, express the editorial sense of what catches the interest of the audience and 'sells the story', and what makes a story more relevant than another",[]]],"sb":[["Timeliness",[]],["Relevance",[]],["Identification",[]],["Sensation",[]],["Conflict",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["news habitus implies a fast decision-making processes.",[]]],"sy":[["professional journalistic habitus",[]]],"sp":[["professional habitus",[]]]},{"de":[["editors and reporters alike have a distinct gut feeling of what a good news story is and what newsworthiness is about.",[]]]},{"de":[["These criteria can be understood as the institutionalised, practical schemes of Danish news reporters but very importantly, the criteria are relative when used to construct newsworthiness.",[]]],"rt":[["Doxic news values",[]],["Heterodox news values",[]],["doxic values",[]]],"sb":[["Timeliness",[]],["Relevance",[]],["Identification",[]],["Conflict",[]],["Sensation",[]]],"ex":[["''hard news''",[]],["the five orthodox news values are Timeliness, Relevance, Identification, Conflict and Sensation.",[]]]},{"rt":[["doxic news values",[]]],"ex":[["Timeliness, Relevance, Identification, Conflict and Sensation",[]]]},{"de":[["it suggests what subjects to treat because ''the others'' are talking about them, it may give them ideas for stories or at least allow them to situate themselves and to define a perspective that will distinguish them from their competitors.",["(Champagne, 1999(Champagne, [1993]], p. 47)","Champagne, 1999(Champagne, [1993]], p. 47"]],["daily update of the positions in a symbolic news field",[]],["The ''press review'' is a professional necessity: it suggests what subjects to treat because ''the others'' are talking about them, it may give them ideas for stories or at least allow them to situate themselves and to define a perspective that will distinguish them from their competitors.",["Champagne, 1999(Champagne, [1993]], p. 47"]]]},{},{"de":[["a relevant story is a story that is either moderately important to a lot of people or very important to a smaller group of people.",[]]],"rt":[["news criteria",[]]],"sp":[["news criteria",[]]]},{"rt":[["news criteria",[]]],"sp":[["news criteria",[]]],"ex":[["''man-bite-dog''",[]],["man-bite-dog",[]]]},{"rt":[["hard news",[]]]},{"de":[["The closer to the media deadline the story is, the more timely it is, which is why the criteria of timeliness will be different from print to electronic media.",[]]],"rt":[["news criteria",[]]],"sp":[["news criteria",[]]]},{"de":[["has evolved from newswire disinformation in the early 20 th century (McKernon, 1925) to a complex online threat today.",[]],["Large language models (LLMs) have worsened this problem by making it easier and cheaper to produce realistic-looking content at scale, which could easily erode public trust and well-informed decision-making (Walker et al., 2023;Barman et al., 2024).",["Walker et al., 2023","Barman et al., 2024"]]]},{"de":[["remove posts and videos related to COVID-19 that contradict current scientific and medical advice",[]],["content moderation practices undertaken by technology companies",[]],["content moderation strategies",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["I have lost interest over the last 2.5 months. Reading and listening far less. It's all just pretence and finding authentic information seems too challenging.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Rather than viewing trust as the opposite of distrust, it is more accurate to consider them as distinct components (Cheng and Chen, 2020:4).",["Cheng and Chen, 2020:4"]],["Trust is highly contextual.",[]],["Trusting another involves an assessment of their competence, reliability, integrity and benevolence, fusing together beliefs about how and why actions occur in a specific context (Botsman, 2017:126).",["Botsman, 2017:126"]]],"rt":[["distrust",["Cheng and Chen, 2020:4"]]]},{},{"de":[["trust can only exist where there is the possibility for betrayal-rather users distrust the creators and managers of a given technology",["Annette Baier (1986)"]]]},{"de":[["could turn to a questionable practice when fragments of discourse are selected or skipped",["Martín, 1995 p. 54","(Martín, 1995 p. 54)"]]]},{},{"rt":[["package",[]]]},{"de":[["Two social-scientific features of the term are adopted: an account of the existing order in the form of a 'worldview' and a model of a desired future as a vision of the 'good society'",["2","Heywood, 2017, p. 11"]],["an account of the existing order in the form of a 'worldview' and a model of a desired future as a vision of the 'good society'",["Heywood, 2017, p. 11"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["One method of analysis might be to consider them as social practices and, therefore, to consent that they are fragments of a social environment in terms of its constrictions and relations",[]]]},{},{"de":[["entails a policy position that derives from the frame, as well as multiple 'symbolic devices' that symbolize the manifestation of frames and policy positions",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["material processes",[]],["verbal processes",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["alphabetical, media and information literacies",[]]]},{"de":[["Framing issues, such as gender, in particular ways can define social norms, even though such 'effect' can be complicated where there are competing 'frames' in the encoding-decoding processes (Chong and Druckman 2007).",["Chong and Druckman 2007"]]],"rt":[["encoding-decoding processes",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["functional literacy",[]]]},{"rt":[["antagonistic conflicts",[]]]},{"rt":[["agonistic conflicts",[]]]},{"de":[["aligning with the radical role",[]],["the role of the former is to mobilize against the ideological 'enemies' to the extent of spreading fabricated news, rumors, and misinformation.",[]]],"rt":[["lapdog journalist",[]]],"sp":[["radical role",[]]]},{"de":[["The expectation that journalists fulfill a collaborative role, providing support to state discourse",[]]],"rt":[["radical oppositional journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["a vehicle to disseminate the military regime's propaganda",[]],["concurring with the collaborative role. The main function of the latter is to legitimize the political camp he or she is supporting",[]]],"rt":[["monitorial role",[]],["facilitative role",[]],["radical role",[]]],"sb":[["lapdog journalist",[]]],"sp":[["normative roles",[]],["core-normative roles",[]],["normative/critical approach",[]]]},{"rt":[["monitorial role",[]],["radical role",[]],["collaborative role",[]]],"sp":[["normative roles",[]],["core-normative roles",[]],["normative/critical approach",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The main function of the latter is to legitimize the political camp he or she is supporting",[]]],"sy":[["collaborative role",[]]],"rt":[["attackdog journalist",[]]],"sp":[["collaborative role",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["facilitative role",[]],["radical role",[]],["collaborative role",[]]],"sp":[["normative roles",[]],["core-normative roles",[]],["normative/critical approach",[]]]},{"sb":[["monitorial role",[]],["facilitative role",[]],["radical role",[]],["collaborative role",[]]]},{"sb":[["monitorial role",[]],["facilitative role",[]],["radical role",[]],["Collaborative role",[]]]},{"de":[["often 'takes on an extremely polemic tone and often uses rumors and fabricated accusations'",[]]],"rt":[["collaborative journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["provide privileged access to all actors opposing the new regime",[]]],"sy":[["radical/oppositional role",[]]],"rt":[["monitorial role",[]],["facilitative role",[]],["collaborative role",[]]],"sb":[["attackdog journalist",[]]],"sp":[["normative roles",[]],["core-normative roles",[]],["normative/critical approach",[]]]},{},{"de":[["la desinformación tiene un impacto menor del esperado en la posibilidad de cambio en el sentido del voto",[]],["la desinformación, la misinformación o la malinformación generan un impacto en terreno de lo emocional, relegando el concepto de la veracidad y el discurso racional a un segundo nivel de comprensión, favoreciendo la proliferación de extremismos y manipulaciones informativas",["García, 2020"]]],"rt":[["misinformación",[]],["malinformación",[]]]},{"de":[["Cada punto geográfico, provisto por el plano del eneagrama, se corresponde con un tipo de personalidad también acreditado como el eneatipo, y se emplea para identificar, nivelar y comprender las diferentes respuestas de taxonomía psicológica de determinados perfiles de sujetos",["Castro, 2019"]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{"rt":[["desinformación",[]],["misinformación",[]]],"ex":[["discursos del odio, el ciberacoso y las filtraciones",["p. 5"]]]},{"rt":[["desinformación",[]],["malinformación",[]]]},{"de":[["Tiene una expansiva capacidad para gestionar el entorno.",[]],["El neurolíder dispone de unas cotas de inteligencia emocional intrapersonal muy elevadas, lo que se proyecta en altas dotes para delegar desafíos y compartir responsabilidad.",[]],["Podría tener inclinaciones emocionales para percibir e interpretar la realidad inquietante que puede desembocar en cierta agresividad comportamental y bajo nivel de mente de principiante.",[]]],"rt":[["Eneatipo 8",[]]]},{},{"de":[["we considered direct quotes from police officers or others involved in the design/implementation of the systems as an indicator of police engagement",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the police provide stories about new technologies, and the press writes supportive articles in return.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["in an effort to expand the framework by incorporating new media and application areas",["Finnemann, 2011, p. 67-89"]]]},{"de":[["The mediatization of religion sets a trend that not only reflects readership trends, but also suggests that social values and concerns are being lost to online versions of news.",[]],["The bombardment of religious news in news websites suggests a trend of mediatization of religion.",[]],["The mediatization of religion can significantly influence public perceptions of religion and religious organizations.",[]],["It can promote understanding and respect for different religious traditions, promote cultural awareness, and enhance charitable work.",[]],["However, in relation to RQ 2 news frames that focus on conflicts, religious crimes, or political dimensions can lead to a perception of religion as a source of tension and violence.",[]]],"rt":[["news frame",[]],["religious coverage",[]]],"sp":[["mediatization",[]]]},{},{"de":[["'news frames' serve as a pivotal construct that shapes the way religious narratives are presented, interpreted, and received by diverse audiences.",[]]],"rt":[["media framing research",[]]],"sb":[["Attribution of Responsibility",[]],["Human Interest",[]],["Morality",[]],["Economic Consequences",[]],["Conflict",[]]],"ex":[["Attribution of Responsibility",[]],["Human Interest",[]],["Morality",[]],["Economic Consequences",[]],["Conflict",[]]]},{"rt":[["stance detection",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Automating the detection of stances in moderators' comments can be helpful to content moderation at large, as it allows moderators to get a high-level overview of the opinions voiced in a discussion.",[]]],"rt":[["policy prediction",[]],["explainable stance detection",[]],["transparent stance detection",[]]]},{"de":[["Transparent stance detection aims to predict the policy and stance of a comment alongside each other.",[]]],"rt":[["stance detection",[]],["explainable stance detection",[]]],"sb":[["policy prediction",[]],["stance detection",[]]]},{"de":[["it is labeled at the message-level, the stance itself is presumed to be held by the author with a history of messages.",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["clickbait",[]]]},{"sp":[["clickbait",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["using this kind of content leads to a decrease in the loyalty of regular audiences.",[]],["the research is proposed as a systematic literature review with the objective of analyzing the trends in studies on clickbait in the Scopus and Web of Science databases from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2023.",[]],["clickbait is used as a digital marketing strategy.",[]],["clickbait links take readers to destination sites that present advertisements along with generally low-quality content.",[]],["the quality of the content rarely fulfils the promise of the headline.",[]],["clickbait headlines are often characterized as misleading or disappointing.",[]],["attracts the reader to click",[]],["presented (as a title or text) to arouse curiosity in the audience",[]],["of low quality",[]],["misleading, exaggerated or malicious nature encouraging increasing advertising revenue",[]],["using sensational headlines and informal language",[]],["resorting to keywords and/or algorithms",[]],["It is a viral strategy",[]],["Hides true information about the content",[]],["Open the curiosity gap",[]],["Use of keywords",[]],["The content the click leads to is of low quality.",[]],["Use of weak fonts",[]],["Abandon the principles of journalism",[]],["Clickbait is deceptive in nature.",[]],["Use of falsehood and bias",[]],["Unverified information",[]],["Harms the digital ecosystem",[]],["It is spam-like content",["Lazar & Pop 2021"]],["Increase the income generated to digital portals.",[]],["Use of sensational headlines",[]],["Clickbait uses informal language",[]],["Use of bad words",[]],["Clickbait uses informal language (less formal than standard).",[]],["it attracts the reader to click, that it is presented (as a title or text) to arouse curiosity in the audience, that it is of low quality, that it has a misleading, exaggerated or malicious nature encouraging increasing advertising revenue, using sensational headlines and informal language, and resorting to keywords and/or algorithms.",[]],["the only purpose of clickbait links is to induce a click.",[]]],"rt":[["objectionable or harmful content",[]],["advertising strategy",[]],["rhetorical construct",[]],["false information",[]],["Rumors",[]],["Fake news",[]],["hoaxes",[]]],"sb":[["exaggeration",["Küçükvardar (2023)"]],["teasing",["Küçükvardar (2023)"]],["inflammatory content",["Küçükvardar (2023)"]],["format",["Küçükvardar (2023)"]],["graphics",["Küçükvardar (2023)"]],["bait and switch",["Küçükvardar (2023)"]],["ambiguous",["Küçükvardar (2023)"]],["incorrect content",["Küçükvardar (2023)"]],["jokes",[]],["inflammatory",[]],["graphic",[]],["ambiguity",[]],["misleading",[]],["exaggeration, jokes, inflammatory, format, graphic, bait and switch, ambiguity, and misleading.",["Biyani et al. (2016)"]]],"sp":[["misinformation",["Rastogi and Bansal (2023)"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["the development of the Internet and digital applications.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["clickbait",[]]]},{"sp":[["clickbait",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["clickbait",[]]]},{"sp":[["clickbait",[]]]},{"sp":[["clickbait",[]]]},{"de":[["it is difficult to distinguish truthful news from misinformation.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["misinformation are fake news, propaganda, conspiracy theories, hoaxes, biases, rumors, clickbait, and satire.",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["malinformation",[]]],"sb":[["fake news",["Rastogi and Bansal (2023)"]],["propaganda",[]],["conspiracy theories",[]],["hoaxes",[]],["biases",[]],["rumors",[]],["clickbait",[]],["satire",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["clickbait",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["This is a role that requires compassion and empathy.",["Gemini, 2025"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["gender equality",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Gender, on the other hand, unlike the concept of sex, refers to the roles and responsibilities of women and men determined by society.",[]],["gender is the product of a cultural construction process and that the concept explains social classification through masculinity/femininity",["Oakley, 1972"]]],"rt":[["sex",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Communication: Emotional openness, mutual respect, and the \"right to say no\" gain importance.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["breadwinner",[]],["authority figure",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["the bias implies that digits further to the right are ignored to a greater extent than their numerical value implies.",[]],["The leftmost-digit-bias is often attributed to inattention, as individuals use leftmost digits as a judgmental shortcut for processing multi-digit information.",[]],["small changes in the assigned grade that happens to shift the leftmost grade digit have large effects on citizens' subsequent evaluation of school performance. On the other hand, large changes in the average grade within the same leftmost digit have no or small effects on citizens' evaluation of school performance.",[]],["very small changes in the reported performance information, which happen to shift the leftmost digit, can lead to very large changes in citizens' judgment of performance.",[]],["Individuals will truncate or use a drop-off mechanism instead of using a more demanding rounding principle when processing numbers from left-to-right",["Schindler & Kirby, 1997","Bizer & Schindler, 2005","Thomas & Morwitz, 2005","Korvost & Damian 2008"]]],"sy":[["leftmost-bias",[]],["leftmost-digit-effect",[]]],"ex":[["school grades",[]],["For instance, individuals will invest an extra effort across a number of fields in order to avoid falling below a salient round number.",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["diagnoses (problem definitions -what is seen as a problem)",[]],["prognoses (solution definitions)",[]],["motivations (calls for action)",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["anti-establishment",[]],["anti-elite",[]],["xenophobic stances",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["media framing",[]]],"rt":[["issue-specific frames",[]],["counter-frames",[]],["media narrative",[]]],"sb":[["issue-specific frames",[]]],"ex":[["identifies ten issue-specific frames that problematize Kotleba in relation to either his general political actions or the regional elections",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["logics of actions",[]]],"ex":[["How can you expect Russia to trust Ukraine? Me sleeping with a knife next to my husband is like Ukraine joining the NATO.",[]],["Putin knows NATO can flatten him if he uses nukes.",[]]]},{"de":[["In the case of warrelated problem definitions and their constituting topics, the causal attribution usually pertains to assigning responsibility for initiating or escalating the war.",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["logic of evaluation",[]]]},{"sp":[["logics of actions",[]]],"ex":[["Why is it that the NATO is afraid of #VladimirPutin fuck him & his #russianinvasion.",[]]]},{"sp":[["deductive frames",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["logic of evaluation",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"rt":[["problem definition",[]],["causal attribution",[]],["evaluation",[]],["treatment recommendations",[]]]},{"de":[["frames become organizing principles that give a meaningful structure to both media content (media frames; Scheufele, 1999, p. 115), and the world (recipient frames; Matthes, 2014, p. 18).",["Scheufele, 1999, p. 115","Matthes, 2014, p. 18"]],["In political conflicts, media frames can advance \"particular definitions and interpretations of political issues\" (Shah et al., 2002, p. 343) by simultaneously excluding other parts of reality (Entman, 1993).",["Shah et al., 2002, p. 343","Entman, 1993"]]],"sb":[["media frames",["Scheufele, 1999, p. 115"]],["recipient frames",["Matthes, 2014, p. 18"]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["logic of evaluation",[]]]},{"de":[["Interpretive repertoires include a (limited) set of actors, structures, interactions, and evaluative standards that portray the complexity of the world in a coherent, generalized manner.",[]],["Whereas frames do not predefine what actors or structures might be involved in causing or treating the problem, \"repertoires emphasize a set of relevantindividual and collective-actors as well as given and mutable structures\"",["Baden and Springer, 2017"]]],"sb":[["logics of actions",[]]]},{"sb":[["belief",[]],["desire",[]],["ought",[]],["negotiation",[]],["exchange",[]],["technology",[]],["life",[]]],"sp":[["Interpretative repertoires",[]]]},{"rt":[["recipient frames",["Matthes, 2014, p. 18"]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["logic of evaluation",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["logics of actions",[]]],"ex":[["NATO & the EU must send strong signals to deter Russia's further aggression.",[]]]},{"sp":[["logics of actions",[]]],"ex":[["NATO & the EU must send strong signals to deter Russia's further aggression.",[]],["We ask NATO to establish a NO fly zone over Ukraine.",[]]]},{"rt":[["actors",[]],["structures",[]],["topics",[]],["logic of action",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"sp":[["deductive frames",[]]]},{"rt":[["media frames",["Scheufele, 1999, p. 115"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["truthfulness as an evaluative standard becomes especially relevant in the context of war because propaganda and mis/disinformation can be weaponized.",[]]],"sp":[["logic of evaluation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Censorship is both a method of control and a mean of precise regulation.",[]]],"ex":[["Ordinary individuals were unable to publish anything. Only a few institutions were eligible and allowed to publish under rigorous supervision.",["Lauk, 1999, p. 19"]]]},{"de":[["The Code provides important and binding guidelines and instructions related to the journalistic vocation, free flow of information, respect for fundamental human rights and freedoms, autonomy of judgment and editorial responsibility",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Such code provides instructions on exemplary conduct and specifies the general set of values so that the conduct of the relevant individuals corresponds to ethical and moral principles",["Tetřevová, 2017"]]]},{"de":[["Ethical norms are supported by public opinion through which pressure is exerted on the violator of ethical norms to respect them.",[]],["While legal norms regulate people's material and social relations, ethical norms regulate moral relations -good, evil, honour, justice.",["Smith & Quelch, 1993, p.10"]],["Ethical norms are not codified and can therefore respond more flexibly to possible changes or new circumstances.",[]]],"rt":[["legal norms",[]],["Moral principles",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["traditional media",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"sb":[["Civil Rights",[]],["Health Care",[]],["Labor & Employment",[]],["Social Welfare",[]]]},{"de":[["if the newspaper di¤erentially gives more emphasis to Democratic topics and less to Republican ones when the incumbent is a Democrat, the newspaper is said to behave as an electoral lapdog towards the incumbent President",[]],["the New York Times is captured by the incumbent President during the presidential campaign, i.e. it acts as an electoral lapdog",[]]]},{"de":[["the newsaper acts as an electoral watchdog with respect to the incumbent President. This is so because the newspaper di¤erentially focuses the attention away from topics over which the incumbent President is on average perceived as strong, towards topics over which he is perceived as weak.",[]],["the newspaper acting as an electoral watchdog of the incumbent President during the presidential campaign",[]]]},{},{"de":[["I classify a given topic as being owned by the Republican or the Democratic party if a majority of citizens believes that such party is better at handling problems related to it than the opponent.",[]],["any story regarding an issue owned by a given candidate or party, no matter how negative, would not induce readers to change their perception about the ownership of the issue itself.",[]],["candidates tend to emphasize owned issues in their political speeches.",[]],["given that issues owned by the Democratic (Republican) party are salient, turnout of Republicans (Democrats) tends to decrease, while the opposite holds for Democrats (Republicans). Moreover, Independents vote more for the Democratic (Republican) candidate.",[]]],"ex":[["the Republican party owns the issues of crime and defense",[]]]},{"de":[["the induced salience of an issue would give an electoral advantage to a given candidate, to the extent that there is a majority of voters who believe this candidate to be better at handling it, than his opponent.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["the systematic variations in the editorial choices of the Times I have shown to occur during presidential campaigns are consistent with media bias",[]]]},{"sb":[["Defense",[]],["Law & Crime",[]]]},{"de":[["This is the case if journalists, which are an essential input for news production, are characterised by a common ideological stance, i.e. they are all on average conservatives or liberal.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["false news tends to have more followers compared to true news, indicating a higher level of dissemination for false information.",[]],["Our study is a contribution to the combating of fake news because we offer a strong system of identification and evaluation of news credibility that gives impressive outcomes using a small dataset.",[]],["posing a high risk as it is driven by motives such as social popularity, political agendas, or manipulation of public opinion",["43","39","50"]]],"sy":[["false information",[]],["false news",[]]]},{},{"de":[["short, high-impact political developments where data is sparse and rapidly evolving",[]]]},{"sb":[["potential",[]],["out-bursting",[]],["spreading",[]],["being solved",[]]]},{"de":[["They can be infectious diseases, uncertain group epidemics, serious food poisoning or occupational poisoning, and other public emergencies which may do harm to public health.",[]],["Most public health emergencies are of the nature of crisis.",[]]]},{"de":[["Science acts as the terminator of rumors and sci-tech information dissemination can effectively surpass the abnormal fission diffusion of public opinions.",[]]]},{"de":[["The arrogant gaze is rooted in the arrogant perceiver's supremacy (Akdoğan 2020)",[]],["rooted in the arrogant perceiver's supremacy",["Akdoğan 2020"]]],"rt":[["loving gaze",[]]]},{"sb":[["grievable",[]],["ungrievable",[]]]},{"de":[["This perspective allows us to acknowledge the shared partiality of social location in all of us as well the contextual specificity of each person.",["1997: 43"]],["An ethic of care respect also requires that we try to understand an individual in her own terms and not through our favoured ways of seeing her and that we try to promote, where possible and desirable, the interests of individuals consistent with that ethic.",["1997: 43"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"ex":[["position sex workers as non-citizens, as rubbish, not to be cared about, or indeed there to be violated",[]]]},{"de":[["It is seeing only one part of their experience and negating the others, which is part of an I-It relationship.",[]]]},{"sp":[["biopolitics of grievability",[]]]},{"de":[["Stigmatisation happens when one sees only a specific facet of a person, the facet one is judging, thereby making them into an objectified It. Furthermore, in this I-It relationship, the I places itself, not in a mutual and equal relationship, but at a distance from the It, which it analyses or classifies from this viewpoint.",[]]],"rt":[["I-Thou",[]]]},{"de":[["This means that many components of their experience and circumstances are missed.",[]]],"rt":[["I-Thou relationship",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The I sees their Thou as a whole, unique, and complex person and cannot define them anymore by just the one part of their identity that is being judged.",[]]],"rt":[["I-It relationship",[]],["I-It",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["world-travelling",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["a philosophical movement that opposes the research of absolute truth in philosophy. It claims, on the contrary, that the value of an idea or narrative is defined by its usefulness.",["Rosenthal 2023"]],["reorienting philosophy away from abstract concerns and turning it instead toward an emphasis on human experience",["Morgan 2014(Morgan : 1046)"]],["Pragmatism, by focusing on usefulness instead of deontological ethics, invites us to overcome the taboo surrounding sex work and to consider people's lived experiences in order to find what is useful for their welfare",[]],["Being pragmatic is defined as 'solving problems in a sensible way that suits the conditions that really exist now, rather than obeying fixed theories, ideas, or rules' | 144 | (Cambridge Dictionary 2020).",[]]]},{"de":[["Pragmatist ethics considers the practical consequences of discourse for the people and communities concerned.",[]]],"sy":[["pragmatic ethics",[]]],"rt":[["situation ethics",[]]]},{"sp":[["complex thinking",[]]]},{"rt":[["moral absolutism",[]],["pragmatist ethics",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["biopolitics of grievability",[]]]},{"rt":[["media outlet popularity",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["predict the political bias and the factuality of a news outlet",[]],["classify the political bias of the outlet",[]]],"rt":[["factuality",[]]]},{"de":[["The media may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about",[]],["Originally concentrating on the transfer of problem salience (Level 1) from the media agenda to the public agenda",[]],["it is still a crucial framework for comprehending media influence.",[]],["AST remains a valuable framework for understanding media influence, demonstrating its resilience and adaptability in the complex digital media landscape.",[]]],"sb":[["attribute agenda setting",[]],["Network Agenda Setting (NAS)",[]]]},{"de":[["Often unnoticed by consumers, this \"algorithmic agenda setting\" generates questions regarding openness and possible prejudices.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["second level",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["strengthening existing opinions and limiting exposure to various perspectives",[]]]},{},{"de":[["strengthening existing opinions and limiting exposure to various perspectives",[]]]},{"sp":[["Agenda Setting Theory's (AST) evolution",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["reverse agenda setting",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Media coverage stressing economic factors of immigration as opposed to humanitarian ones, for example, might influence public perception of the essential qualities of the problem and possible remedies.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Influences public understanding by structuring interconnected \"issue networks,\" shaping how issues are cognitively linked and perceived as related [4,23].",["4","23"]],["It suggests that problems and qualities are linked rather than separate and that the perceived significance of one item affects the relationship with others. According to the NAS model, media coverage creates networks of problems and characteristics that can shape the development of comparable networks in the public's perception",["55"]],["Examining networks of related problems and qualities beyond linear salience transfer offers a more complex way to grasp how meaning is created and communicated in networked settings",["88"]],["This networked perspective reflects the complexity of online communication and provides a stronger foundation for understanding agenda formation in digital contexts.",[]],["It suggests that problems and qualities are linked rather than separate and that the perceived significance of one item affects the relationship with others.",[]],["NAS theorizes that the pattern of these relationships in media coverage will reflect the pattern of how the public perceives these concerns.",[]]],"sy":[["third level of agenda setting",["54"]]],"rt":[["third level",[]],["intermedia agenda setting",[]],["reverse agenda setting",[]]],"sp":[["Agenda Setting Theory (AST)",[]],["third level of agenda setting",[]]],"ex":[["Media coverage, for instance, could regularly connect the problem of \"immigration\" with qualities like \"national security\" and \"economic impact,\" while linking \"healthcare reform\" with \"affordability\" and \"access.\"",[]]]},{"de":[["The advent of the NAS model is not only an incremental improvement but also a qualitative change in our understanding of agenda-setting processes from separate, hierarchical transfers to intricate, interrelated webs of influence.",[]],["Examining networks of related problems and qualities beyond linear salience transfer offers a more complex way to grasp how meaning is created and communicated in networked settings",["88"]],["a qualitative change in our understanding of agenda-setting processes from separate, hierarchical transfers to intricate, interrelated webs of influence",[]]],"rt":[["networks of related problems and qualities beyond linear salience transfer",["88"]]],"sp":[["agenda-setting processes",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["intermedia agenda setting",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Agenda Setting Theory's (AST) evolution",[]]]},{"de":[["Through techniques of selective exposure, filtering, sharing, and commenting, digital audiences actively shape agendas",["92"]]],"rt":[["selective sharing",[]]]},{"rt":[["selective exposure",[]]]},{"de":[["Their agenda signals may be stronger given their perceived genuineness and relational connection with followers.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Agenda Setting Theory's (AST) evolution",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Approach-Avoidance Model of Persuasion",[]]]},{"de":[["as to approach tendency",[]]]},{"de":[["as it intensifies the organism's physiological responses.",[]],["People experience stronger emotions when activation of the sympathetic nervous system is amplified",["Demaree et al., 2004"]]],"sp":[["expressive regulation",[]]]},{"de":[["persuasive and designed to induce attitude change",["Duncan, 1979, p. 302"]]]},{},{"de":[["Its property of a favorability evaluation is why attitude may be called appetitive.",[]],["response-focused emotion regulation that suppresses appetitive attitudes will apply first to the facial expression response, because conscious control of facial expression is easy in comparison to other response systems.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["attitudes involve a readiness of the body to act according to the evaluation",["Niedenthal et al., 2005"]],["Eagly and Chaiken (2007) distinguish three evaluative components in attitudes: cognition, affect, and behavior.",["Eagly and Chaiken (2007)"]],["Attitudes represent a tendency to \"evaluate a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor\" (Eagly and Chaiken, 2007, pp. 598-599).",["Eagly and Chaiken, 2007","Eagly and Chaiken, 2007, pp. 598-599"]]]},{"sp":[["resistance strategies",[]],["resistance to persuasion",[]]]},{"sp":[["resistance strategies",[]],["resistance to persuasion",[]]]},{"de":[["Cognitive reappraisal, as a down-regulating strategy, changes the perception of emotional events to become more objective and analytical, decreasing felt emotion.",[]],["As a cognitive strategy, reappraisal modifies both appraisal and action readiness.",[]]],"sp":[["antecedent-focused strategy",[]],["emotion regulation strategies",[]],["Emotion regulation",[]]],"ex":[["someone who has recently lost a parent can think, \"Dying is natural to life and it happens sooner or later.\"",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["resistance strategies",[]],["resistance to persuasion",[]]],"ex":[["counter arguing",[]],["source derogation",[]],["message derogation",[]]]},{"de":[["one prominent advantage of embodied resistance to persuasion as a strategy is that it applies to behavioral expression in the first place.",[]]],"rt":[["counter-arguing",[]],["attitude bolstering",[]]],"ex":[["instructing such regular consumers to feign a specific facial expression, e.g., lowering their brows could help them to resist persuasion attempts.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Emotion is thus comparable to a luxury variant of affect: it contributes to affect a number of component emotion processes notably (1) an elaborate appraisal of the stimulus, including feeling and action tendencies as component processes, and (2) preparation for action.",[]]]},{"de":[["measured through statements like, \"When I want to feel more positive emotion (such as joy or amusement), I change what I'm thinking about\" or \"When I am feeling positive emotions, I am careful not to express them.\"",[]]],"sb":[["response-focused strategies",["Gross, 2002"]],["Cognitive reappraisal",[]],["Expressive regulation",[]]]},{"sp":[["resistance strategies",[]],["resistance to persuasion",[]]],"ex":[["attitude bolstering",[]],["social validation",[]]]},{"sy":[["expression regulation",[]]],"sb":[["Suppression of bodily expressions",[]],["Amplification",[]]],"sp":[["emotion regulation strategies",[]],["Emotion regulation",[]]]},{"de":[["Facial expression regulates emotion strength because facial expression feeds back on felt emotion intensity",["Leventhal, 1984"]]]},{"de":[["facial expressions have been argued to reflect forms of action readiness",["Frijda, 2007"]]]},{"de":[["Zajonc (1985, p. 16) went on to demonstrate that \"facial muscles act as ligatures on facial blood vessels and thereby regulate cerebral blood flow, which, in turn influences subjective feeling.\"",["Zajonc, 1985"]]],"ex":[["Zajonc et al. (1989) asked participants to read aloud stories containing ü (U-umlaut), a vowel that involves action of the corrugator muscle and nostril constriction.",["Zajonc et al., 1989"]]]},{"de":[["This phenomenon occurs automatically and spontaneously whenever another person is co-present and visible.",[]],["The mere perception of facial expressions of others' emotions activates observers' facial muscles -as measured by facial electromyography -that correspond to the perceived emotion",["Dimberg, 1982","Lundqvist, 1995"]],["Facial mimicry occurs fast -within 300 ms (Dimberg et al., 2002) -and it may even be an innate aspect of perceiving others (Niedenthal et al., 2005).",["Dimberg et al., 2002","Niedenthal et al., 2005"]],["it involves the process of mimicking, which modulates the \"(. . .) subject's own expressive displays rather than one-to-one mimicry outcomes\".",["Bush et al., 1989"]],["Thus, facial mimicry may be the vehicle for interpersonal sharing of emotion but also of interpersonal sharing of regulation.",[]]],"ex":[["when two smiling persons mimic each other, mutual feelings of liking are enhanced",["Lakin et al., 2003"]]]},{},{"rt":[["facial mimicry",[]]]},{"sb":[["avoidance",[]],["contesting",[]],["empowering",[]],["biased processing",[]],["Avoidance strategies",[]],["Contesting strategies",[]],["empowerment strategies",[]]]},{"de":[["Through this process, expression of emotion and its regulation in one individual will affect co-viewers and vice versa.",[]]],"ex":[["when two smiling persons mimic each other, mutual feelings of liking are enhanced",["Lakin et al., 2003"]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["presidentialization",[]]],"sp":[["individualization",[]]]},{"sp":[["individualization",[]]]},{"sb":[["centralized personalization",[]],["decentralized personalization",[]]]},{"de":[["Unlike article ideologies, where authors compose articles that follow an ideology, news personalization is harder to define.",[]],["news personalization is harder to define.",[]]],"rt":[["article ideologies",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Personal characteristics make people aware of a politician's positive or negative aspects as those who focus on those aspects aim at attaining certain political goals.",[]]],"sp":[["privatization",[]]]},{"sp":[["privatization",[]]]},{"rt":[["marketing",[]],["ecommerce",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["prime ministerialisation",["42"]],["personalization",["43"]]]},{"sb":[["personal characteristics",[]],["personal life",[]]]},{"de":[["it appreciates that groups vary in all kinds of ways and so will become part of the social landscape in different ways. this means that they cannot necessarily be accommodated according to a single plan and will in different ways change the society into which they are integrated",["46"]]]},{"de":[["Cosmopolitanism implies an extension of the concept of Germanness 'in light of migration, mobility, nomadism, and hybridity'",["7"]]]},{},{"de":[["a hybrid genre",["Families,14"]]],"sy":[["ethnic romantic comedies",[]]],"rt":[["romantic comedy",[]],["family melodrama",[]]],"ex":[["My Big Fat Greek Wedding (dir. by Joel Zwick, 2002)",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["cosmopolitan society",[]]]},{"de":[["Migrant comedies exploit dichotomous divisions and stereotypes based on pronounced cultural differences to characterize their protagonists as members of specific ethnicities.",[]],["to do so, migrant comedies often use a pair of young characters bound by a strong emotional connection but hailing from different, often hostile, religious, ethnic or racial communities.",[]],["these comedies assert that social integration of various minorities is possible, in nearly all possible circumstances",[]],["the reaffirmation of the primary role of the family (and, more broadly, of the minority community), which is uniquely capable of surviving all turbulence and absorbing various deviations from the traditional cultural habitus",[]],["through the use of common slapstick conventions, self-caricature, and the parodic blending of immigration-related themes with disparate subjects and genres, these films minimize tragedy, focusing instead on the absurdities that sometimes result from immigrant families' efforts to juggle tradition, history, and the desire for acceptance and assimilation fostered by the demands of global popular culture",["22"]],["the comic relief, provided primarily by immigrants of various age, gender, and backgrounds, is driven by the clash of different lifestyles, customs, traditions, and opinions on the most important spheres of social life, such as communication, sexuality, marriage, cooking, or music",[]],["even serious conflicts and problems (like young men's conflicts with the police, their accusations of racial prejudice, unemployment and poverty) are tempered and alleviated",[]],["an optimistic tale about the benefits of multicultural integration, the power of immigrants, and their ability to create a multi-ethnic community",[]],["the humour in migrant comedies derives from the desire to reconcile conflicting requirements imposed by separate cultural formations or appears as a result of their inevitable collision.",[]],["through the use of common slapstick conventions, self-caricature, and the parodic blending of immigration-related themes with disparate subjects and genres, these films minimize tragedy, focusing instead on the absurdities that sometimes result from immigrant families' efforts to juggle tradition, history, and the desire for acceptance and assimilation fostered by the demands of global popular culture.",["22"]],["migrant comedies resolve their primary conflicts through reconciliation and cheerful overcoming.",[]],["these comedies assert that social integration of various minorities is possible, in nearly all possible circumstances.",[]]],"sy":[["migrant comedies",[]],["immigrant comedy",[]]],"rt":[["romantic comedy",[]],["family melodrama",[]],["slapstick",[]],["screwball comedy",[]],["coming-of-age dramedies",[]],["immigrant comedy",[]]],"sp":[["diasporic cinema",[]]],"ex":[["Kebab Connection",[]],["Salami Aleikum",[]],["Evet, ich will!",[]],["Bend It like Beckham",[]],["Vingar av glas (Wings of Glass, dir. by Reza Bagher, 2000)",[]],["Serial (Bad) Weddings and Salami Aleikum",[]]]},{"de":[["multiculturalism or the accommodation of minorities is different from integration because it recognizes groups, not just individuals, at the level of: identities, associations, belonging, including diasporic connections; behaviour, culture, religious practice, etc.; and political mobilization.",["4"]],["multiculturalism or the accommodation of minorities is different from integration because it recognizes groups, not just individuals, at the level of: identities, associations, belonging, including diasporic connections; behaviour, culture, religious practice, etc.; and political mobilization. it appreciates that groups vary in all kinds of ways and so will become part of the social landscape in different ways. this means that they cannot necessarily be accommodated according to a single plan and will in different ways change the society into which they are integrated",["4"]]],"sy":[["accommodation",["4"]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["semantic filtering",["Möller et al., 2018"]]],"rt":[["collaborative",[]],["hybrid",[]]]},{"rt":[["gatekeeping",[]]]},{"rt":[["filter bubbles",["Pariser, 2011"]]]},{"rt":[["echo chambers",["Sunstein, 2009"]]]},{},{"de":[["tailoring the selection of articles to each individual user",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["viewpoint diversity",[]]],"sp":[["diversity",[]]]},{"rt":[["prior positive polar word",[]]]},{"sy":[["disaster fictions",[]]]},{"rt":[["discourse of emotion",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["the verb force is metaphorical",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["A set of such criteria should consist of disinformation narratives (news) and descriptions of situations, which can be derived from the following question: To what extent do you consider the following news to be implausible or, on the contrary, to be credible?",[]]],"rt":[["news",[]]]},{},{"de":[["emphasizing the risks associated with the pressure for idealized self-presentation on these platforms",["Haux and Lund (2018)"]]]},{"de":[["These dimensions are seen as complementary in QoL research",["Mirella et al., 2001","von Wirth et al., 2015","Mirella et al., 2001;von Wirth et al., 2015"]]],"rt":[["objective dimensions",[]]],"sp":[["Quality of Life (QoL)",[]]]},{"de":[["This metric captures variations in generated outcomes among demographic attributes [Hardt, Price, and Srebro 2016], such as gender, and quantifies fairness by evaluating equilibrium.",["Hardt, Price, and Srebro 2016"]]]},{"de":[["Walton (1999) traces the term's history with argumentation and concludes that bias implies onesidedness.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["parties often accuse each other of onesidedness",[]]]},{"de":[["Onesidedness is a phenomenon that influences the perception of information seekers",[]]],"sb":[["global bias",[]],["local bias",[]]],"ex":[["which aspects are included or excluded (global bias)",[]],["what strategies are used to address certain aspects (local bias)",[]]]},{"rt":[["frame bias",[]]]},{"de":[["Affective polarization arises when individuals have strong negative emotions toward out-group members and positive emotions toward in-group members",["Iyengar et al., 2012"]],["Affective polarization arises when individuals have strong negative emotions toward out-group members and positive emotions toward in-group members (Iyengar et al., 2012(Iyengar et al., , 2019)).",["Iyengar et al., 2012","Iyengar et al., 2012(Iyengar et al., , 2019)"]]],"rt":[["social polarization",["Iyengar et al., 2012;Iyengar and Westwood, 2015"]]],"sp":[["political polarization",[]]]},{"de":[["Conceiving political polarization as \"consistency\" means imagining citizens as divided into opposite factions with alternative and irreconcilable belief systems",[]]],"rt":[["partisan sorting",[]],["issue partisanship",[]],["issue alignment",[]]],"sp":[["political polarization",[]]],"ex":[["partisan sorting",[]],["issue partisanship",[]],["issue alignment",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["an election or the recent COVID-19 pandemic",[]],["an election",[]],["the recent COVID-19 pandemic",[]]]},{"de":[["The intersection of misinformation and malinformation leads to disinformation.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["malinformation",[]]],"sp":[["problematic information",[]]]},{"de":[["Divergence can emerge in opinions about controversial and highly politicized issues that become an arena of conflict among political elites and their voters",[]],["asymmetric, extremism, hyperpartisanship, issuebased polarization, radicalization, etc.",[]]],"sy":[["issue polarization",["Mason, 2015"]],["issue-based extremity",["Wojcieszak and Rojas, 2011"]]],"rt":[["issue polarization",["Mason, 2015"]],["issue-based extremity",["Wojcieszak and Rojas, 2011"]]],"sp":[["political polarization",[]]]},{"de":[["social networking sites allow politically like-minded individuals to cluster and be exposed to ideas that reinforce their viewpoints, leading to extremism.",[]]],"sp":[["political polarization",[]]]},{"sp":[["polarization",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["disinformation",[]],["fake news",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["malinformation",[]]],"sp":[["problematic information",[]]]},{"sp":[["political polarization",[]]]},{"sb":[["divergence",[]],["consistency",[]],["affective",[]],["perceived",[]],["Affective polarization",[]],["perceived polarization",[]]],"ex":[["partisan sorting",[]],["issue partisanship",[]],["issue alignment",[]]]},{"sp":[["political polarization",[]]]},{"sp":[["political polarization",[]]]},{"sy":[["disinformation",[]],["rumors",[]],["false information",[]],["untrustworthy",[]],["anti-scientific",[]],["malicious",[]],["counter-media content",[]]],"sb":[["conspiracy theories",[]],["disinformation",[]],["fake news",[]],["misinformation",[]],["rumors",[]],["malinformation",[]],["propaganda",[]],["post-truth",[]]],"ex":[["conspiracy theories",[]],["rumors",[]],["propaganda",[]],["completely madeup news",[]],["from completely false news and conspiracy theories to gaslighting information, propaganda, and post-truth",[]]]},{"rt":[["Affective polarization",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Unlike Western feminism, which often embraces confrontation, African feminism favours a more strategic and diplomatic approach.",[]],["Ogunyemi (1996) notes that African women do not prioritise public disruption or personal exposés.",["Ogunyemi (1996)"]],["Nkealah (2016), citing Ezeigbo (2012), uses the metaphor of the snail to illustrate this approach.",["Nkealah (2016)"]],["African feminists navigate patriarchy with caution, flexibility, and foresight, collaborating with non-sexist men, avoiding direct confrontation, and applying diplomacy to effect change.",[]],["one characteristic of African feminism that sets it apart from its understanding in the West is its opposition to male exclusion.",[]]],"sb":[["nego-feminism",["Browne et al. (2024)"]]]},{"sy":[["empowerment",[]]],"rt":[["empowerment",[]],["self-actualisation",[]],["choice",[]],["freedom",[]]]},{"de":[["captures symbolic shifts without structural redistribution",["Ridgeway, 2011"]]]},{"de":[["conditional agency which is recognised only when it aligns with socially sanctioned femininity",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["the Ghanaian entertainment industry should integrate the edutainment approach to address a broader range of social issues, including health, politics, and gender equality.",[]],["As a communication strategy, edutainment has been used for years to inform, influence, and shift societal and individual behaviours",["Grady et al., 2021"]]],"sy":[["entertainment-education",[]]]},{},{"de":[["entertainment-education programming achieves sustainable empowerment when it integrates theoretical models like Bandura's social learning and social cognitive theory into practices",[]],["an outcome of being westernised",[]]],"sy":[["agency",[]]]},{"de":[["communication strategy to promote adolescent reproductive health encouraged positive change, motivated adoption, and enabled these new behaviours to be practised and advocated by viewers to others.",[]]],"sy":[["edutainment",[]]],"rt":[["communication for social change",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["social norms",["2019","Cislaghi and Heise (2019)"]]]},{"sy":[["gender ideology",["Davis and Greenstein (2009)"]],["attitudes about gender",["Davis and Greenstein (2009)"]],["gender-related attitudes",["Davis and Greenstein (2009)"]],["gender egalitarianism",["Davis and Greenstein (2009)"]],["gender role ideology",["Cookson, 2023"]]],"rt":[["gender role ideology",["2023"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["heteronormativity with a corresponding heterosexual dominance, dictating courtship strategies, commitment orientations and sexual goals that differ for men and women.",[]]]},{"rt":[["gender norms",[]]]},{"ex":[["wearing clothing associated with the opposite sex as a performance solution to the gender by which heterosexuality is naturally accepted",["1999"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["identity editing technique",[]]],"sp":[["Identity manipulation",[]]]},{"sy":[["identity modification",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Conceptualized as a manifestation of confirmation bias",[]],["In other words, debunking an ideological belief reinforces rather than weaken the belief itself",["Swire, Ecker, & Lewandowsky, 2017"]]],"rt":[["confirmation bias",[]]],"sp":[["confirmation bias",[]]]},{"de":[["Accordingly, people tend to hold tightly to their beliefs even in the face of contradictory evidence.",[]],["This cognitive bias implies that impressions, once formed, are difficult to change",["Flynn et al., 2017"]]]},{"rt":[["motivated reasoning",[]]]},{"de":[["One way to overcome confirmation bias is to expose individuals to a plethora of conflicting views and engage in self-reflection to challenge their personal assumptions.",[]],["confirmation bias refers to the implicit tendency to accept evidence that coincides with our preexisting beliefs and reject evidence that contradicts with them",[]]],"sb":[["backfire effect",[]],["the backfire effect",[]]]},{"de":[["digital media literacy skills (DMLS)",[]],["This includes everything from knowing how to find credible information online to being able to communicate using digitally mediated technologies",["(Hague & Payton, 2010)","Hague & Payton, 2010"]],["Through digital media literacy instruction, students will be better placed to to use digital technology to engage in selfdirected enquiry and to discriminate between multiple sources of information.",[]],["DML provides guidance on where to draw the line between decisions based on sound evidence, and decisions based on poorly informed claims",["(Cooke, 2018)"]]],"rt":[["Information literacy",["McGrew et al., 2019"]],["digital literacy",["McGrew et al., 2019"]],["information disorder",[]]],"sp":[["media competence and communication",["McGrew et al., 2019"]]]},{},{"de":[["Intense political polarization and the propagation of fake news are often said to be caused or exacerbated by echo chambers",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In other words, constant repetition and exposure to misinformation would enhance its believability.",[]]],"rt":[["illusory truth effect",[]]]},{"de":[["Filter bubbles place like-minded users in an echo chamber of their own beliefs",["(Pariser, 2011)"]]],"rt":[["echo chamber",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["A large body of research on cognitive psychology has demonstrated that constantly exposing people to falsehood will increase belief in the false information as people rely on familiarity in their cognitive processing",["Pennycook, Cannon & Rand, 2017"]]],"rt":[["familiarity backfire effect",[]]]},{"de":[["It refers not only to a deluge of information, but also to the fact that the information could not be verified and much of it is probably not accurate (Gamble et al., 2018).",["Gamble et al., 2018"]]]},{"rt":[["normative social influence",["Smith, 2010"]]]},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["propaganda",[]]]},{"de":[["The motivation for people to engage in motivated reasoning is to safeguard self-identity and group identity, especially when they come into direct contact with counter-evidence",["Fazio et al., 2015"]],["motivated reasoning refers to the tendency to readily accept new information that aligns with our worldview and critically analyze that which does not.",[]]],"rt":[["cognitive dissonance",[]]]},{"de":[["A post-truth society is one in which subjective viewpoints and unverified assumptions rival valid scientific facts.",[]],["The decreasing level of trust in established institutions and sources of information is a hallmark of post-truth sentiments",["Kavanagh & Rich, 2018"]]]},{},{"ex":[["Filter bubbles",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["informed preferences",["40"]]]},{"sy":[["mass e-mail",[]],["e-postcard",[]]]},{"de":[["[d]eliberative democracy methods aim at engaging people who would not normally participate, . . . and at creating",["21"]]],"rt":[["deliberative democracy",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["mass e-mail",[]],["astroturf",[]]]},{},{"de":[["These preferences are most likely to be formed when the issue is seen as closely related to in-group values, when the communication includes the group's specific position on the issue, and when the individual has little information about the issue from other sources.",["38","39"]],["This type of preferences is common to participants in mass comments or mass email campaigns.",[]]],"sp":[["preferences",["37"]]]},{"sb":[["adaptive preferences",["40"]]],"sp":[["preferences",["37"]]]},{"sy":[["e-postcard",[]],["astroturf",[]]]},{"sb":[["Spontaneous preferences",["38"]],["Group-framed preferences",["39"]],["informed preferences",["40"]],["adaptive preferences",["40"]]]},{"sp":[["preferences",["37"]]]},{"sb":[["femonationalism",[]],["homonationalism",[]],["secularism",[]],["philosemitism",[]],["individual freedoms",[]],["freedom of speech",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Thus, it concerns what people judge as good and bad, which in turn relates to rights and responsibilities.",[]]]},{"rt":[["moral orders",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This process identifies desirable traits in the in-group and undesirable traits in the out-group, implicitly establishing superiority",["Brons, 2015","2015"]]],"sy":[["othering",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It focuses on the patterns of reasoning in human interactions, connecting to the local moral domain through beliefs and the dichotomy of rights and duties",["Harré et al., 2009"]],["This theory facilitates a transition from individual engagements to interactions among nation-states, with discourse as the primary medium",["Harré et al., 2009"]],["Positioning involves assigning fluid roles in personal narratives, reflecting a person's moral and personal attributes",["Harré, 2015"]]]},{"rt":[["rational discourse",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Biased words mainly capture the subjective sentiment expressed in the sentence, including factive verbs, assertive verbs, implicatives, and other entailments, hedges, and subjective intensifiers [2].",["2"]]],"rt":[["Subjective bias lexical features",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["neutral point of view",[]]]},{},{"de":[["People may inadvertently add their subjective ideas when recording opinions, introducing subjective bias into the text and affecting readers' thinking.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["sharing of possible misinformation has significant potential to engender false beliefs in others, this practice is problematic even when done without ill intent",[]]]},{"de":[["the phrase 'sharing misinformation' is ambiguous between multiple phenomena",[]]]},{"rt":[["stance detection",[]]]},{"de":[["Stance detection in NLP classifies views in texts as \"in favor\", \"against\", or \"neither\"",[]],["Unlike sentiment analysis, which can be applied to any text without a specific target, stance detection requires a predefined target for analysis.",[]],["The applicability of stance detection models depends on their training data, architecture, and task-specific adaptation.",[]],["specifically geared towards identifying the relative position or perspective of the author or speaker on a particular topic",[]]],"rt":[["sentiment analysis",[]]]},{"de":[["They compare it to google trends and demonstrate how news framing influences the public attention.",[]]]},{"rt":[["media bias",[]]],"sp":[["media bias",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["thus can have severe effects on democratic processes",["9"]]]},{"rt":[["frame identification",[]]]},{"de":[["a high-level effect of WCL bias but also a universal perception dimension.",[]]],"sy":[["targeted sentiment",[]]]},{"sp":[["bias by word choice and labeling (WCL)",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["agenda-setting",[]]],"sp":[["agenda-setting",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["monolingual methods for stance detection and adapt them to the cross-lingual stance detection task by replacing the original word embeddings with the hidden vectors of mBERT.",[]]],"sp":[["Stance detection",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["News value",[]]]},{"sp":[["News value",[]]]},{"de":[["Through this understanding, reality becomes plural. Everyone can have a different construction of reality",["Eriyanto, 2002: 15"]],["Through this understanding, reality becomes plural. Everyone can have a different construction of reality (Eriyanto, 2002: 15)",["Eriyanto, 2002: 15"]],["Everyone who has certain experiences, preferences, education, and a certain social or social environment will interpret that social reality with their respective constructs.",[]]]},{"de":[["considers the creator of the news text as the determinant that will direct the audience's mindset.",[]],["The main question of the constructionist paradigm is how events or reality are constructed, and in what way the construction is formed (Eriyanto, 2002: 37-38).",["Eriyanto, 2002: 37-38"]]]},{"sp":[["News value",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Framing is run by the media by selecting certain issues and ignoring other issues; and highlight aspects of the issue by using a variety of discourse strategies -striking placement (placing in the headline, front page, or back), repetition, using graphics to support and reinforce the prominence, the use of certain labels when describing the person or event being reported (Sobur, 2004: 164).",["Sobur, 2004: 164"]],["One of the most fundamental effects of framing is that complex, dimensional, and irregular social realities are presented in the news as simple, orderly, and fulfilling a certain logic.",[]]]},{"de":[["determines how events are defined. Framing also determines whether an event is considered a social problem or not.",["2002"]],["How the audience responds, and how the attitude towards an event, among others, depends on how the event is seen and interpreted.",[]],["When an event is seen as a social problem and is defined as a common problem, the public's attention will become bigger",["p. 145"]],["Framing analysis as a method of text analysis has had a lot of influence from sociological and psychological theories.",["Eriyanto, 2002: 11"]],["This analysis examines the strategy of selection, prominence, and linking of facts into the news to make it more meaningful, more interesting, more meaningful, or more memorable, to lead to audience interpretation according to their perspective.",[]],["Framing analysis as a media content analysis method is a new version. It develops in conjunction with the views of constructionist.",[]],["From a communication perspective, framing analysis is used to dissect media methods or ideologies when constructing facts (Sobur, 2002: 162)",["Sobur, 2002: 162"]],["framing analysis is an approach to find out how the perspective or point of view used by journalists when selecting issues and writing news.",[]],["strategy of selection, prominence, and linking of facts into the news to make it more meaningful, more interesting, more meaningful, or more memorable, to lead to audience interpretation according to their perspective.",[]]],"rt":[["problem identification: what events are seen as and with what values",[]],["identification of the causes of the problem (causal interpretation): who is considered to be the cause of the problem",[]],["moral evaluation, which is an assessment of the causes of the problem",[]],["treatment recommendation, which offers a way to solve problems and sometimes predicts the results.",[]]]},{"de":[["Stories that can evoke human emotions such as funny, sad, angry, dramatic, emotional, strange, and even ironic.",[]]],"sp":[["News value",[]]]},{},{"de":[["a belief that is planted without realizing it, a belief that is polished in such a way that it is not like belief.",[]],["The ideology of a mass media includes being believed to be a belief system (false ideas or consciousness) that is contrasted with scientific knowledge.",[]],["ideology as a representation of a person's imaginary relationship with the reality that occurs around him (Althusser, 2006)",["Althusser, 2006"]],["ideology is a belief that is planted without realizing it, a belief that is polished in such a way that it is not like belief.",[]],["The ideology of a mass media is in the form of an ideal image packaged by the mass media as facts and understood as a concrete reality.",[]]]},{"de":[["is in the form of an ideal image packaged by the mass media as facts and understood as a concrete reality.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["As a science, journalism is a \"field of study\" regarding the creation and dissemination of information (events, opinions, thoughts, and ideas) through the mass media.",["Romli, 2012"]]]},{},{"sb":[["Timeliness",[]],["Proximity",[]],["Prominence",[]],["Consequence",[]],["Conflict",[]],["Development",[]],["Disaster and Crimes",[]],["Weather",[]],["Sport",[]],["Human interest",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["cybermedia",["Romli, 2012: 30"]],["new media",["Romli, 2012: 30"]],["internet media",["Romli, 2012: 30"]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["News value",[]]]},{"sp":[["News value",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["News value",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["holds that stereotypes and other biased associations in a pre-trained model are transferred to post-fine-tuning downstream tasks, where they can cause further, task-specific harms.",[]],["A weaker version of this hypothesis holds that downstream harms are at least mostly determined by the pretrained model",["Bommasani et al., 2021"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["These content-based methods strive to explore diverse textual features associated with each single article to identify their authenticity.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["For a particular news n i , its label y i ∈ Y L ∪ Y U is 1 if the news is fake, and 0 if it is authentic.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["exploration of high-level semantics enables the model to acquire a better perception of deeper contextual nuances, which encompass fabricated knowledge among entities with real meaning on a particular topic",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["concealability",[]],["course",[]],["disruptiveness",[]],["origin",[]],["peril",[]],["stigmas",[]]],"sp":[["features of stigmas",[]]]},{"de":[["clusters that emerge from human participants ratings of features of stigmatized groups",["Pachankis et al. 2018b"]]],"sp":[["types of stigmas",["Pachankis et al. 2018b"]]],"ex":[["autism",[]],["e.g., autism",[]]]},{"rt":[["aesthetics",[]],["course",[]],["disruptiveness",[]],["origin",[]],["peril",[]],["stigmas",[]]],"sp":[["features of stigmas",[]]]},{"rt":[["aesthetics",[]],["concealability",[]],["disruptiveness",[]],["origin",[]],["peril",[]],["stigmas",[]]],"sp":[["features of stigmas",[]]]},{"rt":[["aesthetics",[]],["concealability",[]],["course",[]],["origin",[]],["peril",[]],["stigmas",[]]],"sp":[["features of stigmas",[]]]},{"rt":[["aesthetics",[]],["concealability",[]],["course",[]],["disruptiveness",[]],["peril",[]],["stigmas",[]]],"sp":[["features of stigmas",[]]]},{"rt":[["aesthetics",[]],["concealability",[]],["course",[]],["disruptiveness",[]],["origin",[]],["stigmas",[]]],"sp":[["features of stigmas",[]]]},{"de":[["clusters that emerge from human participants ratings of features of stigmatized groups",["Pachankis et al. 2018b"]]],"sp":[["types of stigmas",["Pachankis et al. 2018b"]]],"ex":[["old age",[]],["e.g., old age",[]]]},{"ex":[["diseases, socioeconomic status, disabilities, and religion",[]]]},{"de":[["clusters that emerge from human participants ratings of features of stigmatized groups",["Pachankis et al. 2018b"]]],"sp":[["types of stigmas",["Pachankis et al. 2018b"]]],"ex":[["having a criminal record",[]],["e.g., having a criminal record",[]]]},{"de":[["clusters that emerge from human participants ratings of features of stigmatized groups",["Pachankis et al. 2018b"]]],"sp":[["types of stigmas",["Pachankis et al. 2018b"]]],"ex":[["obesity",[]],["e.g. obesity",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This is how the common world appears in its objectivity and visibility.",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["free speech",[]]]},{"de":[["The way this image creation can be done is through modern techniques and with the help of media.",[]]],"sy":[["image creation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It aims to address indistinctly every citizen, not necessarily seeking to replace their beliefs but undermining their sense of reality.",[]]],"sy":[["modern lie",[]]]},{"de":[["manipulation of factual truths, lying in political discourse, and misinformation dissemination techniques on social media platforms",[]],["the loss is not of truth as such but of a common world in which we can so much as experience common sense and so a shared reality.",[]],["the loss of truth but rather the loss of a shared reality",[]],["people were ignoring facts and reality in favor of their personal opinions or perspectives on events.",["14"]]],"rt":[["continuation of a longer process of devaluing truth in political discussion",["Hyvönen, A., (2018), 32."]],["worldlessness",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["alienation is one of the great threats to the preservation of the common world",[]],["world-alienation amplified by penetrative techniques of social media that are so persuasive in shaping beliefs and opinions",[]],["alienation -when the common world is not taken as part of our \"private worlds\" -",[]],["a kind of world alienation endorsed by the algorithmic limitation that operates strongly in digital networks",[]]],"rt":[["worldlessness",[]]]},{"de":[["The gaps are of similar size, indicating that respondents are indeed not very well informed about parties' positions on EU issues.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["It relates to aspects such as racial and ethnic origin, religious or gender identity, physical appearance, or socioeconomic status.",["13"]]]},{"de":[["investment in media literacy and digital skills not only contributes to economic growth and social cohesion, but also helps make citizens less susceptible to hostile propaganda.",["1"]],["Expanding access to media education and building media literacy are essential for ensuring national information security and preserving social cohesion.",["2"]],["Developing media literacy and digital communication culture among young people is a complex, multifaceted process that encompasses ethical, cultural, and philosophical aspects.",[]],["the formation of a responsible attitude towards information, based on ethical principles of honesty, objectivity, and respect",[]]]},{"de":[["Emotional contact: use of emoticons, emojis, informal or formal forms of address, ignoring aggressive remarks, established forms of greeting and farewell in official correspondence, etc.",[]],["Technical features: citation rules, font type, size, and color, specific text formatting, presentation design, and other technical nuances.",[]],["Administrative aspects: acceptability or inappropriateness of flame wars, advertising or its prohibition, group topics, and other administrative issues.",["6"]]]},{},{"de":[["The main task of such operations is to influence the emotions, motives, critical thinking of the target audience and, ultimately, their behavior, as well as the actions of relevant governments, organizations, groups, or individuals.",[]],["They are aimed at influencing a specific person or group of people in order to impose foreign ideological and social attitudes, create false stereotypes of behavior, and change their moods, feelings, and will in the desired direction.",[]]],"rt":[["communication",[]],["information and psychological measures",[]]],"sb":[["propaganda",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["CNs have a fixed gender which is not associated with the genders of the people within that group.",[]]]},{"de":[["in French, this type of noun has a gender which does not depend upon the referent's",[]],["French CNs adhere to specific semantic rules, which means that their usage may not be universally applicable to all sentences, sometimes resulting in constructions that appear asemantic.",[]],["CNs in French, and more specifically human CNs, feature specific semantic characteristics due to how they are used to group human beings under a common denomination, based for example on their profession (\"le professorat\" [professorate]), their social status (\"l'aristocratie\" [the aristocracy]), or their political leaning (\"la gauche\" [the left]).",[]]],"rt":[["human CNs",[]]],"ex":[["académie",[]],["armée",[]],["milice",[]],["artillerie",[]],["auditoire",[]],["ballet",[]],["police",[]]]},{"de":[["whether they may have a generic (e.g. \"personne\", person, as in Example 6) meaning or a specific (e.g. \"spécial-iste\", specialist) one",[]]]},{"de":[["gender neutralization appears to be less effective to counter gender biases induced by the use of MG",["Spinelli et al. (2023)","Tibblin et al. (2023)"]],["this writing technique is less contentious among the general population compared to others which explicitly highlight the feminine ending of words or separate it from the masculine ending",[]]]},{"de":[["Combining human CNs with specific verbs or contexts may thus not be considered semantically correct, and may occur when transforming a sentence.",[]]],"ex":[["\"le professorat\" [professorate]",[]],["\"l'aristocratie\" [the aristocracy]",[]],["\"la gauche\" [the left]",[]]]},{"de":[["CNs have a fixed gender which is not associated with the genders of the people within that group.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["The underlying traits of one's demographic group shape one's thoughts and worldviews (Garimella et al., 2016), and therefore may surface in one's language preferences and biases in the day-to-day life.",["Garimella et al., 2016"]]]},{"ex":[["This is a <word>",[]],["The <word> is here",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["La ira asociada con la desconexión moral es un predictor de actos de acoso.",[]],["Estos mecanismos, como la justificación moral, la difusión de la responsabilidad o la deshumanización, operan para desactivar los mecanismos de autorregulación moral, permitiendo que las personas realicen acciones que normalmente (si estuvieran moralmente conectados) considerarían inaceptables.",[]],["A través de la desconexión moral se explica qué mecanismos desarrollan las personas para llegar a participar en comportamientos inmorales sin experimentar culpa ni remordimiento. Estos mecanismos, como la justificación moral, la difusión de la responsabilidad o la deshumanización, operan para desactivar los mecanismos de autorregulación moral, permitiendo que las personas realicen acciones que normalmente (si estuvieran moralmente conectados) considerarían inaceptables.",[]]],"sb":[["justificación moral",[]],["difusión de la responsabilidad",[]],["deshumanización",[]],["la difusión de la responsabilidad",[]],["la deshumanización",[]]]},{"de":[["mensajes de odio incitan directa o indirectamente a la comisión de actos de discriminación o violencia por motivos de odio racial, xenófobo, orientación sexual, u otras formas de intolerancia.",["Cabo Isasi y García Juanatey (2017)"]],["No se ataca a las víctimas por su identidad personal, sino por su pertenencia a un determinado colectivo dotado de un rasgo que incita al agresor a sentir repulsión y desprecio.",[]],["El discurso del odio estigmatiza o denigra a un grupo atribuyéndole actos considerados perjudiciales para la sociedad, incluso cuando es difícil, si no imposible, demostrarlo.",[]],["Convierte al grupo en cuestión en blanco de odio sobre la base de narrativas prejuiciosas, o leyendas negras, que pretenden justificar la incitación al desprecio y creen que la sociedad debe sentir hacia sus objetivos.",[]],["Quienes promueven mensajes de odio y cometen delitos de odio están convencidos de que existe una desigualdad estructural entre ellos y la víctima.",[]],["Este tipo de mensajes suelen adoptar la forma de diatribas en las que no se hace ningún esfuerzo por aportar argumentos coherentes, sino que se hace hincapié en expresar desprecio y animar a otros a difundir el mensaje",["Hare & Weinstein, 2009","Cortina, 2017"]],["A menudo se disfrazan de libertad de expresión, pero en realidad buscan excluir y reforzar jerarquías sociales de dominación.",[]],["El odio conduce a una dinámica de destrucción, donde lejos de alimentar un sentido de la justicia y el propósito de construir un mundo mejor, acaba inculpándose a determinadas personas y colectivos de los males que aquejan a las sociedades.",[]],["una de las características principales de los discursos del odio es que anula la identidad personal de las víctimas considerándolas como parte de un determinado colectivo. A dicho colectivo se le dota de un rasgo que lleva al agresor a sentir desprecio por él.",[]]],"sy":[["discursos del odio",[]]],"rt":[["miedo",[]],["ignorancia",[]],["desconfianza",[]]]},{"de":[["uno de los rasgos propios de los discursos del odio, que se elimina la identidad individual y se proyecta sobre la persona el prejuicio de un grupo al que se le denigra.",[]]],"sy":[["hate speech",[]]],"sb":[["actos de acoso",[]],["ciberacoso",[]]]},{"de":[["concibe a la libertad de expresión como vinculada con la responsabilidad de las personas.",[]],["la persona \"regule sus sentimientos constructivamente, mediante reflexiones argumentadas y éticas, buscando alternativas creativas para la transformación de los discursos de odio\"",[]],["la educación ética en valores concibe a la libertad de expresión como vinculada con la responsabilidad de las personas.",[]],["regule sus sentimientos constructivamente, mediante reflexiones argumentadas y éticas, buscando alternativas creativas para la transformación de los discursos de odio",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["la axiología",[]]]},{"de":[["los valores son dinámicos y no estáticos.",[]],["contienen un potencial que solo la creatividad humana puede ir descubriendo.",[]],["No es una invención arbitraria, sino un descubrimiento",[]],["una vez descubiertos dichos valores nos resultan irrenunciables porque hacen que habitemos un mundo mejor, más humano.",[]],["el valor, aunque no es una cualidad física no deja de tener realidad, es decir, se realiza, cobra realidad",[]]],"sb":[["valores intrínsecos",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["La bondad moral es la realización misma del resto de valores extramorales",[]]]},{"de":[["Hate speech is a broad and contested term [4], and there is no common standard definition for hate speech [5].",["4","5"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Thus, hate speech employs communication strategies that use prejudiced labels to slight and condemn others",["Brown, 2017","Alkiviadou, 2019"]],["Hate speech takes diverse forms that range from communications or expressions, composed records, advertorials, musicals to write-ups.",[]],["Hate speech could also be distributed through a number of mediums, including spoken words or utterances, text, images, videos, and even gestures",["MacAvaney et al., 2019","Bahador, 2020"]],["Often, hate speech is deployed to achieve several objectives that range from inciting hatred, sustaining discrimination, deepening hostility, to unleashing violence.",["Bahador (2020)","Bahador, 2020"]],["hate speech has negative effects on targeted persons or groups as it undermines their rights to equality and freedom from discrimination",["Pálmadóttir & Kalenikova, 2018","MacAvaney et al., 2019"]],["hate speech usually opposes freedom of speech and violates fundamental rights of a human being",[]],["Hate speech in Nigeria is often expressed in line with ethnicity and religion.",[]],["Efficiency in this context, also connotes the limited censorship of hate speech due to several factors, especially the adoption of a different lexicon that could circumvent detection",["Ferroggiaro, 2018"]],["broadly conceptualized hate speech to include personal attacks, insults, discriminatory and dehumanizing comments, demonization, peddling of falsehood and incitement to violence.",[]],["The political supporters and electorates promoted hate speech in an effort to impugn or discredit non-preferred candidates to the benefit of preferred candidates.",[]],["The study went beyond hate speech \"as attacks or uses of pejorative or discriminatory language against a person or a group, based on identities linked to their religion, ethnicity, nationality, race, colour, descent, gender or other identity factor\" (United Nations, 2019, p. 1).",["United Nations, 2019, p. 1"]],["The volume of hate speech churned out was quite alarming and tended to heat up the polity.",[]],["One, the hate comments attacked their persons instead of discussing political issues. Two, the hate posts negatively profiled their ethnic affiliation and presented them in their hate-inspired categorization.",[]],["the danger that hate speech poses to society is its propensity to catalyse violence, including violent expressions of hate in real space, or to serve as a lubricant to the machinery of political violence (Ikeanyibe et al., 2017).",[]]],"sy":[["verbal terror",["Auwal (2018, p. 58)"]],["a war waged on others by means of word",["Auwal (2018, p. 58)"]],["foul language",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["xenophobia",["United Nations, 2019, p.1"]],["racism",["United Nations, 2019, p.1"]],["intolerance",["United Nations, 2019, p.1"]],["anti-Semitism",["United Nations, 2019, p.1"]],["anti-Muslim hatred",["United Nations, 2019, p.1"]],["persecution of Christians",["United Nations, 2019, p.1"]],["freedom of speech",[]],["incitement to harm",[]],["degrading of individuals and groups",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In political context, integrity means the exercise of political power honestly and truthfully, in a consistent manner, for the greater good of the people.",[]],["The key attributes of integrity from this context will include honesty, incorruptibility, impartiality, justice, and accountability (Huberts, 2018).",["Huberts, 2018"]],["The key attributes of integrity from this context will include honesty, incorruptibility, impartiality, justice, and accountability",["(Huberts, 2018)","Huberts, 2018"]],["this study generally conceptualizes it as consistent honesty, exemplified by, uncompromising adherence to the highest moral and ethical principles and values.",[]]],"rt":[["honesty, incorruptibility, impartiality, justice, and accountability",["Huberts, 2018"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The public sphere provides a seemingly egalitarian platform for mass participation.",[]],["the public sphere requires unlimited access to information, equal and protected participation, and the absence of institutional influence, particularly regarding the economy",["Kruse, Norris & Flinchum, 2017, p. 62-3"]],["core attributes of the public sphere, which include open dialogue, unlimited access to information, equal and seemingly protected participation",[]],["As a public sphere and by its nature, engagements on Facebook are quite interactive, thus providing the right platform for people to air the views uncensored.",[]],["The public sphere denotes, the \"domain of our social life in which such a thing as public opinion can be formed. Access to the public sphere is open, in principle, to all citizens. A portion of the public sphere is constituted in every conversation in which private persons come together to form a public\" (Habermas, 2019, p. 143).",["Habermas, 2019, p. 143"]]],"rt":[["social media",[]]]},{"de":[["Social media is akin to the public sphere, due to its pervasiveness and communicative attributes.",[]]],"rt":[["public sphere",[]]]},{"ex":[["exemplified by the 2013 theme: 'Promote Putonghua, Build the Chinese Dream Together'",["Xu 2021"]]]},{},{"sp":[["monolingual regimes",[]]]},{"de":[["it entailed aligning the form and content of putonghua with socialist ideology, while countering the spread of 'corrupt ideological content like colonialism, feudalism, pornography, and vulgarity, which obstructs the progress of socialist civilization'",["Wang 2000"]]]},{"de":[["has been found to foster more nationalistic attitudes but not necessarily more positive evaluations of government performance",["Mattingly and Yao 2022"]],["heighten anti-foreign attitudes but do not affect citizens' perception of government performance",["Mattingly and Yao (2022)"]]]},{"de":[["Easton's (1975) notion of 'specific support' (as opposed to 'diffuse support')",[]],["Conceptually, this variable corresponds to Easton's (1975) notion of 'specific support' (as opposed to 'diffuse support'), which refers to 'what the political authorities do and how they do it' (437).",[]]],"rt":[["diffuse support",[]]]},{"rt":[["Deception",[]]]},{"de":[["such as framing, setting up defaults, manipulating the environment, and priming with subconscious cues.",[]]]},{"de":[["Deception seeks to manipulate a person's understanding of the world, potentially compromising his ability to act in his own best interest.",[]],["Deception trespasses against the right to honest-dealing, treating a person as a mere means, a kind of instrument of another.",[]]]},{"de":[["are morally problematic and need to be scrutinized by senior officers.",[]]]},{"de":[["deceptive and manipulative operations",[]],["taking into account different variations regarding the normatively important elements of content, attribution, target, and purpose.",[]],["The instrument identifies actions that are presumptively immoral. These are actions that liberal states have strong reasons to avoid.",[]],["maximally inclusive term for a family of actions",[]],["I will be using the term \"influence operations\" as a maximally inclusive term for a family of actions",[]]],"sy":[["information operations",[]],["information warfare",[]],["cognitive warfare",[]],["political warfare",[]],["psychological operations",[]],["propaganda",[]]],"rt":[["information operations",[]],["information warfare",[]],["cognitive warfare",[]],["political warfare",[]],["psychological operations",[]],["propaganda",[]]]},{"de":[["the manipulator tries to shape the target's behavior, by countering or bypassing his deliberative faculties.",["4"]],["The manipulator consciously seeks to provoke a particular emotion from the target in order to hamper his deliberations and guide him to a particular end.",[]],["Countering deliberative faculties is accomplished by appealing to social norms, provoking emotional states, and appealing to desires.",[]],["Bypassing deliberative faculties, is accomplished \"by exploiting non rational elements of psychological makeup or by influencing choices in a way that is not obvious to the subject\"",["5"]]],"rt":[["rational persuasion",[]],["coercion",[]],["deception",[]]],"ex":[["framing",[]],["setting up defaults",[]],["manipulating the environment",[]],["priming with subconscious cues",[]],["such as framing, setting up defaults, manipulating the environment, and priming with subconscious cues.",["6"]]]},{"de":[["Military actors are liable to deception.",[]]]},{"de":[["blocking or removing false content before it is uploaded online",[]],["Additional funding and support should be directed towards independent and automated fact-checking initiatives",[]]]},{"de":[["It is expected that soon, the only practical constraint on one's ability to produce a deep fake will be the availability of, and access to, a sufficiently large training dataset -i.e., video and audio of the person to be modeled.",["61"]],["Highly realistic and difficult-to-detect depictions of real people doing or saying things they never said or did could discredit leaders and institutions, incite violence and tilt cities towards civil unrest, exacerbate existing divisions in society, or influence the outcome of elections.",["63"]],["The growing ease of making and sharing fake video and audio content across computers and mobile devices may create ample opportunities for intimidation, blackmail, and sabotage beyond the realm of politics and international affairs.",["64"]]],"ex":[["fake video of former US President Barack Obama to demonstrate a program they had developed, capable of turning audio clips into a realistic, lip-synced video of Obama speaking those words.",["65"]],["method to train AI to create fake UN speeches",["67"]],["generate controversial text for a speech supposedly given by a political leader, create a 'deep fake' video of the leader standing in the UN General Assembly delivering the speech (trained on the large amount of footage from such speeches), and then reinforce the impersonation through the mass generation of news articles allegedly reporting on the speech.",["68"]]]},{},{"de":[["next generation of disinformation which, fuelled by advances in AI and decentralised computing, promises to spread faster, to be more sophisticated, and harder to detect.",[]]],"rt":[["information operations",[]],["information cascade",[]],["misinformation",["6"]]]},{},{"rt":[["disinformation",["5"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["responding to hate speech with empathy and challenging the hate narratives, rather than responding with more hate speech directed in the opposite direction",[]]],"ex":[["This statement is based on an outdated and narrow-minded view of gender roles and the value of women in society. [...] It is not the downfall of Western civilization for women to seek equal opportunities and contribute to the workforce.",[]]]},{"ex":[["I've just seen a video posted by a Patriot, of Muslim men of fighting age sleeping in a church because the asylum hotels are full. Free food, clothes and blankets. . . they don't do that for our homeless! Why did the Patriot post this video? What was his intention in sharing it? What are your thoughts on this video?",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["Why gays do not try to heal? [...] Why? The main reason for the reluctance of homosexuals to leave the \"disease\" is that the gay lifestyle is more comfortable than heterosexuality.",[]]]},{"ex":[["I just read that the Home office is handing out mobile phones to migrant invaders so that they can progress their asylum claims . . . you couldn't make this up! https://www.dailysabah.com/ Excerpt: The Home Office in the UK has started handing out mobile phones to migrants who are in the process of making asylum claims [...]",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["Blacks have no sense of morality and are incapable of love. I'm sorry, but I can't help with this request.",[]]]},{"ex":[["Social media is banging on about the MOBO Awards again. When will we see awards for Music of WHITE Origin? #MeToo is going to be a good thing. But before we get too excited, are we willing to put up with the consequences?",[]]]},{"de":[["For example, the assertive says is more neutral than argues, since the latter implies that a case must be made, thus casting doubt on the certainty of the proposition.",[]],["lexicons for linguistic biased words",[]]],"ex":[["says, allege, verify and claim",[]],["allege, verify, hypothesize, claim",[]]]},{"sp":[["two broad classes, namely, epistemological bias and framing bias",[]]]},{"de":[["lexicons for linguistic biased words",[]]],"ex":[["reveal, realise, regret or point out",[]],["the phrase revealed that he was lying takes for granted that it is true that he was lying",[]],["E.g., the phrase revealed that he was lying takes for granted that it is true that he was lying.",[]],["regret, amuse, strange, odd",[]]]},{"sp":[["two broad classes, namely, epistemological bias and framing bias",[]]],"ex":[["pro-life vs. anti-abortion",[]]]},{"de":[["that may however, induce societal biases in generated text.",[]]],"sp":[["bias",[]]]},{"de":[["used to avoid bold predictions and statements, since they impart uncertainty onto a clause",[]],["words like apparently, possibly, maybe and claims are used to avoid bold predictions and statements, since they impart uncertainty onto a clause.",[]],["For example, words like apparently, possibly, maybe and claims are used to avoid bold predictions and statements, since they impart uncertainty onto a clause.",[]],["lexicons for linguistic biased words",[]]],"ex":[["apparently, possibly, maybe and claims",[]],["apparent, seems, unclear, would",[]]]},{"de":[["lexicons for linguistic biased words",[]]],"ex":[["avoid, hesitate, refrain, attempt",[]],["Example words are avoid, hesitate, refrain, attempt.",[]]]},{"ex":[["joyful, super, achieve or weak, foolish, hectic",[]],["For example, saying joyful, super, achieve or weak, foolish, hectic have strongly positive and negative connotations respectively.",[]]]},{"de":[["lexicons for linguistic biased words",[]]],"ex":[["dismissed, praised, claimed or disputed",[]],["Example report verbs are dismissed, praised, claimed or disputed that are all references to discourse-related events.",[]],["praise, claim, dispute, feel",[]]]},{"sb":[["strongly subjective",[]],["weakly subjective",[]],["words that are strongly subjective (e.g., celebrate, dishonor)",[]],["weakly subjective (e.g., widely, innocently)",[]]],"ex":[["celebrate, dishonor",[]],["widely, innocently",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["law enforcement frames",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["law enforcement frames",[]]]},{"sy":[["rotten apples",[]]],"rt":[["system errors",[]]]},{"de":[["the relationship between the media and the police",[]]]},{"de":[["over the construction of the mediated pictures of policing",[]]]},{"de":[["premised on the notion that the police do a vital and difficult job for society, during which, sadly, the use of force is at times necessary. The work is dangerous, and police officers on the front line may risk their lives and health. Sometimes, regrettable mishaps and accidents occur that affect the persons being arrested.",[]],["The police discourse is premised on the notion that the police do a vital and difficult job for society, during which, sadly, the use of force is at times necessary.",[]]],"rt":[["racism discourse",[]]]},{"de":[["the premise of the racism discourse is that the death was caused by unnecessary police brutality and that Obiora's especially brutal treatment was because of his African background.",[]]],"rt":[["police discourse",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["social mobilization",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["framing",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["appears sporadically in the form of corruption scandals involving opposition figures (Informer, May 12), or in statements contrasting the government's economic achievements with the purportedly destructive agenda of the opposition, described as \"blockers\" (Informer, May 19)",[]]]},{"de":[["In the media context, theorists refer to the \"protest paradigm\" (Papaioannou, 2020;Mourão, 2019;McLeod, 2007).",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It labels opposition figures as planners of violence, including attempts to assassinate the president and carry out a violent overthrow of the government. This frame reinforces the portrayal of President Vučić and the state leadership as the only morally upright actors.",[]],["It labels opposition figures as planners of violence, including attempts to assassinate the president and carry out a violent overthrow of the government.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["appears in the form of personalized narratives, where specific, symbolically charged public figures articulate views aligned with the newspaper's ideological stance",[]],["appears in the form of personalized narratives, where specific, symbolically charged public figures articulate views aligned with the newspaper's ideological stance.",[]]]},{"de":[["focusing on ordinary citizens' experiences and emotions",[]]]},{"de":[["This perceived immorality is expressed symbolically and rhetorically.",[]],["in Danas, through the opposition's struggle representing citizens against repressive authorities; and in Informer, conversely, through the government's responsibility to protect the state and citizens from a violent and irresponsible opposition.",[]],["The narrative is structured around a dichotomy between a morally upright and responsible government, embodied by Vučić, and an immoral opposition allegedly seeking to destabilize Serbia by exploiting public grief following recent tragedies to seize power through violent means.",[]],["The morality frame is also ethicized and internationalized by associating the opposition with historical or perceived enemies of Serbia.",[]],["the morality frame was present in both: in Danas, through the opposition's struggle representing citizens against repressive authorities; and in Informer, conversely, through the government's responsibility to protect the state and citizens from a violent and irresponsible opposition.",[]]],"rt":[["responsibility frame",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This narrative suggests that the nation is under threat, linking to frames of national security.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["recognized as a media framework for many mass events, initiated by various \"triggers, \" as a \"routinized pattern of media coverage\" or \"normative role of mainstream media within the contemporary political process\" (Tomanić Trivundža and Slaček Brlek, 2017, p. 134).",["Tomanić Trivundža and Slaček Brlek, 2017, p. 134"]],["predominantly a negative and well-established framework employed by mainstream media to either legitimize or delegitimize various forms of dissent, depending on the nature of the protest and the stance adopted by the media outlet.",[]],["The protest paradigm portrays demonstrators as a uniform group, overlooking the diversity within modern protests, which often involve multiple organizers or factions with varying levels of militancy, routinely framing protestors as either 'good' or 'bad' .",[]],["The protest paradigm has been recognized as a media framework for many mass events, initiated by various \"triggers, \" as a \"routinized pattern of media coverage\" or \"normative role of mainstream media within the contemporary political process\" (Tomanić Trivundža and Slaček Brlek, 2017, p. 134).",["Tomanić Trivundža and Slaček Brlek, 2017, p. 134"]]],"sy":[["routinized pattern of media coverage",["Tomanić Trivundža and Slaček Brlek, 2017, p. 134"]]],"ex":[["the frames of \"'the people' and 'the masses' represent the binary potential of democracy in which 'masses' (crowd) represents 'the other' nature of 'the people' (demos or public): the violent and animalistic Mr. Hyde to the civilized and enlightened Dr. Jekyll\" (Tomanić Trivundža and Slaček Brlek, 2017, p. 136).",["Tomanić Trivundža and Slaček Brlek, 2017, p. 136"]]]},{"de":[["the coverage presents a clear asymmetry: the government is portrayed as responsible and protective, while the opposition is presented as reckless and destructive.",[]]],"rt":[["morality frame",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["aims for skills enhancement and capacity-building of journalists in the form of training workshops and seminars.",[]],["It may be conducted by non-profit organisations, media organisations or by a self-motivated group of media workers and aims for skills enhancement and capacity-building of journalists in the form of training workshops and seminars.",[]]],"ex":[["developing reporting skills in the conflict areas to employing safety and survival techniques and post-conflict trauma awareness programmes",[]]]},{"de":[["offers an alternative approach to journalists (Galtung, 1998). While giving the physical account of the conflict, they ought also to give the structural and cultural causes of violence as they affect the lives of the people.",["Galtung, 1998"]],["news stories aim to provide a platform for communication between all the conflicting parties and, at the same time, suggest possible solutions or initiatives that can reduce the intensity of the conflict.",[]],["new concepts have emerged such as 'civic journalism', 'caring journalism', 'peace journalism', 'citizen journalism', 'reliable journalism' and 'innovative journalism'. All of them are essentially drawn from notions which stress the social responsibility of the media and advocate a proactive role for the media in resolving conflicts.",[]],["Peace journalism was always linked with conflict resolution but now it is also increasingly being applied to photojournalism, documentary making, film production, investigative journalism and community programmes.",[]],["Journalists act like mediators when they bring together the conflicting parties and help them talk to each other. They might not resolve the conflicts per se, but they do provide a basis for communication which is essential to resolving conflicts and offer possible solutions.",[]],["students would benefit as much from studying peace journalism and how media can interpret conflicts and shape public perception of conflicts as it would be for the students of journalism to study conflict resolution and analysis.",[]],["tracing connections between the stories of people…and the big issues and eye catching events of the day -showing how the actions and concerns of individuals bear indirectly on the personal fortunes of every reader, listener or viewer.",[]],["The value of peace journalism lies in the possibility of it bringing a positive change in the media's coverage of conflict situations and a better understanding to the people as to why do they happen.",[]],["The ideals of peace journalism do not fundamentally change journalistic good practice and as an approach, it has the flexibility to encompass other forms of media.",[]],["The current trend shows that the concept has gained greater acceptance among the academicians and journalists across the world and there is a paradigm shift of the traditional media approach towards conflict.",[]],["there is now greater acceptance of it as an attitude that frames a news story.",[]]],"rt":[["photojournalism",[]],["documentary making",[]],["film production",[]],["investigative journalism",[]],["community and specialised media",[]],["civic journalism",[]],["caring journalism",[]],["citizen journalism",[]],["reliable journalism",[]],["innovative journalism",[]],["conflict resolution",[]],["cultural and structural violence",[]],["propaganda model",[]],["social agent for peace",[]]]},{"rt":[["peace journalism",[]],["civic journalism",[]],["caring journalism",[]],["citizen journalism",[]],["innovative journalism",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["fake news",[]]]},{"sy":[["filter bubbles",["9"]]]},{"de":[["Having more connotations and wider use in everyday life, fake news has been labelled as demonizing by traditional news organizations.",["12"]],["false information and fake news about Syrian refugees intensifies on social media networks during election periods.",[]],["the aim of the fake news circulated on social media networks is to promote nationalism, target the government and put pressure on the economy.",[]]],"sy":[["false information",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["misinformation",[]]]},{"sy":[["echo chambers",["9"]]]},{},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["The posttruth world is one in which perceptions are more important than truth, and an era in which all sorts of manipulations and fake content can be directed to masses of people with ease.",["13"]]]},{"de":[["an era in which all sorts of manipulations and fake content can be directed to masses of people with ease",["13"]]]},{},{"de":[["these stories exemplify the 'cruel optimism' in the making of the developmental subject",[]]],"ex":[["one top answer for Q1 (32,533 upvotes, 13-9-2021) fictionalizes a protagonist who grew up being beaten by his father for unsatisfactory performance at school, became determined to study hard to transform his fate, met his first love, and eventually made it to the university but could not fit in due to his humble background. He then saw the effortless 'success' of Ding Zhen on the internet while he was struggling to secure a job on an increasingly competitive (neijuan) and exploitative labour market.",[]],["a fictional 'Zhang Zhen' from Hebei endured great suffering in the school system to get through the gaokao, worked hard to complete his MA, but still could not secure a job in a SOE 'after 20 years of education'. He then found out that Ding Zhen landed a SOE job 'just because of his pretty face'.",[]]]},{"rt":[["meritocracy",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["meritocratic nationalism",[]]]},{"rt":[["logic of developmentalist racism",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["in the Chinese context is fundamentally tied to the education system and the National College Entrance Examination (gaokao), whereby education is perceived as a means to acquire talent (through hard work) and standardized tests such as gaokao a verification of talent.",[]]]},{"rt":[["meritocratic nationalism",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Meritocratic nationalism functions as a structuring logic that assigns or denies merit to individuals and groups by measuring their value against dominant ideals of selfimprovement and productivity.",[]],["Personal advancement through schooling, credentialism, and hard work is not merely an individual pursuit, but also a patriotic contribution to national strength.",[]],["As noted earlier, meritocratic nationalism as a structuring logic organizes not only the ideal relationship between the individual and the nation-state, but also the nation's 'deserved status 'within global hierarchy.",[]],["the discourse of meritocratic nationalism helps naturalize structural relations of dominance and bolster the grievance politics of ethnic majority men",[]],["Meritocratic nationalism underpins the belief that a nation's global status should correspond to its meritorious achievement and developmental success, measured in particular through its possession of techno-scientific knowledge and industrial capacity.",[]],["Finally, meritocratic nationalism sustains social hierarchies within the nation by framing certain bodies, often racialized and gendered, as less capable of merit.",[]],["It aligns individual aspirations for success with national development, both understood as attesting to the 'fate-transforming power of diligence' and knowledge, especially technical prowess.",[]],["meritocratic nationalism is underpinned by racialized and gendered assumptions about who is capable of merit and whose success is deemed deservingly meritorious.",[]]],"rt":[["developmentalist ideology",[]],["moral economy of merit",[]]],"sp":[["Chinese national identity",[]]]},{"de":[["It is used to refer both to the Chinese nation, or what Leibold and Chen (2024) call the Zhonghua race-nation, and to 'subnational' ethnic groups, which used to be translated as 'nationalities' but are now more commonly as 'ethnic minorities'.",["Leibold and Chen (2024)","2024"]]],"rt":[["Chinese nation",[]],["Zhonghua race-nation",[]],["nationalities",[]],["ethnic minorities",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Conceptualizing this 'post-alteric imaginary', scholars note that the remoteness of 'ethnically marked' regions is both derogated and celebrated, mobilized as a resource for 'public image-making and profit' in socioeconomic and cultural projects in which urban and rural, Han and minority actors participate (Luo et al. 2019, 273).",["Luo et al. 2019, 273"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Internet users employ this term to suggest that groups with higher 'united front value', such as ethnic minorities, overseas Chinese, and foreign residents in China, gain more resources and benefits from the state. According to this logic, patriotic Han citizens who are the core political base of the partystate are neglected or discriminated against as they have 'low united front value'. It reflects populist sentiments and discontent from the majority who claim that they are victimized and devalued precisely because of their loyalty.",[]],["Internet users employ this term to suggest that groups with higher 'united front value', such as ethnic minorities, overseas Chinese, and foreign residents in China, gain more resources and benefits from the state.",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["capital",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["in the context of news media, it refers to which information is presented and how it is structured within a story",[]],["Framing may be an individual decision-making process taken by journalists, but it is also an organizational product, process, and political-strategic tool",["Entman et al., 2009"]],["the news media's emphasis on certain elements and considerations of an issue give them the authorization to shape, interpret, and legitimize existing political dynamics and economic and power relations in the environmental discourse",["Fry, 2003","Parida et al., 2021"]],["in the context of news media, it refers to which information is presented and how it is structured within a story.",[]]],"rt":[["tone of voice",[]],["entities",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["tone",[]]]},{"de":[["Words or phrases that typically express opinions, personal feelings, judgments, or beliefs receive higher subjectivity scores, while factual statements receive lower scores.",[]],["we extracted the polarity and subjectivity used to identify and categorize the opinions stated in the articles, which can be used to capture the attitude of the writer toward a particular topic",["García et al., 2012","Kirilenko et al., 2018"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Diffusion is therefore a process, rather than the outcome, delineating the relevance of interdependences in policy choices",["Elkins and Simmons 2005"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["The category of national-populism is helpful for implying a combination of analytical elements (nationalism and populism) in the ideological core of those commonly referred to as populist actors, especially in (Central and Eastern) European contexts.",[]],["In the former, national-populists tend to claim representation of \"the ordinary people\" vis-à-vis \"elites,\" both the categories being discursively constructed. As for the horizontal extent, a clash is perceived to be happening between \"people like us\" sharing and praising our way of life and \"outsiders\"not only outside of the \"national borders,\" but also those who might be living among us, but pose a threat to our culture, customs, and lifestyle.",[]]],"rt":[["populism",[]],["nationalism",[]],["Kulturnation",[]]]},{"rt":[["national-populism",[]]]},{"de":[["national-populists tend to claim representation of \"the ordinary people\" vis-à-vis \"elites,\" both the categories being discursively constructed.",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["the West",[]],["Europe",[]]]},{"de":[["populism is not an essential, but conditional qualifier of such actors emerging from other central ideological roots (nationalism, social-democracy, etc.).",[]],["Populism, although renowned as a \"politically contested concept\" (Müller 2017, 9), has generally come to the fore of studies examining the prominent political concerns about the crisis of the post-World War II liberal order.",["Müller 2017, 9"]]],"rt":[["national-populism",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Intuitively, if the descriptive vectors of sub-regions are distributed further from each other, the language model would be considered to have more bias on their parent regions since the social groups inside a sparse cluster receive distinct judgements.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Societal bias in texts",[]],["Societal bias",[]]]},{"de":[["Liu et al. classifies societal bias into direct bias and indirect bias",[]]],"rt":[["indirect bias",[]]],"sp":[["societal bias",[]]]},{"de":[["Liu et al. classifies societal bias into direct bias and indirect bias",[]]],"rt":[["direct bias",[]]],"sp":[["societal bias",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The revealed country-level regional biases share a generally similar trend in the close regions that can be grouped by geographical features",[]],["the common linguistic, cultural, and other objective characteristics shared by people in neighbouring regions are distorted into biases during the language model pre-training.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Societal bias in texts",[]],["Societal bias",[]]]},{},{"de":[["misinformation detection is a multilayered task, with claim detection as the first step",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation detection",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["FNC This claim cannot be verified and is therefor not check-worthy.",[]]],"ex":[["The company will probably go bankrupt within a year.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["OPN This is clearly an opinionated speculation.",[]]],"ex":[["Don't ever use the word smart with me.",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["stance",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["stance",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["stance",[]]]},{},{"de":[["If issues of public importance such as housing, healthcare, and energy supply are primarily reported in business pages, or in a narrow business context, this may assume a number of commercial frames such as success being measured in shareholder returns, rental yields or price indices' rather than broader societal frames such as the public good",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Framing Analysis looks at the ways in which news items are depicted and portrayed by news reports",["Scheufele and Tewksbury 2007"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["neoliberal assumptions such as 'self-regulating' markets and the superiority of privately controlled enterprises and markets",[]],["They were more numerous and more persistent than any other frames evidenced; and are consistent with the Neoliberal Frames identified in Preston and Silke's (2011) map of the key concepts of neoliberal discourse of the media.",[]],["These include archetypal neoliberal constructs on deregulation and competition, market confidence, customer benefits, anti-state, anti-public service, anti-regulation, anti-worker, anti-union, critical of government and execution of privatisation procedures while supporting the policy itself.",[]],["this paper contends that the frames emerging here revolve around the idea of perceived benefits of market deregulation and competition; this was especially evident among the articles categorised as 'overtly pro-privatisation'.",[]],["It is posited that market deregulation is a positive thing which will lead to competition which will in turn bring about the prospect of consumer switching and the potential for making savings.",[]],["Other neoliberal frames among the pro-privatisation classification were an anti-state stance, specifically anti-public service, and drawing attention to perceived waste and excess in state-run organisations.",[]],["This was supplemented with a typical anti-worker and particularly an anti-union position.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["supported extensive economic liberalisation and its key principles: market orthodoxy, privatisation, deregulation, free trade, fiscal austerity and reductions in government spending in order to restrict government involvement with and simultaneously boost the private sector's role within the economy",[]]]},{},{"de":[["this is a form of primitive accumulation (Marx 1967(Marx /1867))",[]]],"rt":[["privatisation",[]],["commodification",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Through agenda setting, the media influence what people are much concerned and pay attention to.",[]],["the media attach relevance to importance of issues through wide coverage thereby giving it popularity and constitute useful debates that shape peoples understanding over such issues as a step forward in solving societal problems.",[]]]},{"de":[["it provides an explanation on the existing relationship between the extent at which media give coverage to a particular story and the level of importance people attach to such a story.",[]],["Agenda setting theory provides clear explanation on the contrivable nature of media contents that appeal to the intellects of the public by calling their considerable attention to issues and events in a society through intermittent coverage of such issues and events in different media channels.",[]]],"sb":[["second level of agenda setting",[]],["The first level focuses on the objects of transmission; for instance, politicians, political parties, events and public officers; the mass media informs the public what to think about through their coverage.",[]],["The second level focuses on how the public about the objects by highlighting their attributes",[]]],"sp":[["Media Effect Theories",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["substantive issues",[]]]},{"de":[["They form a distinctive media genre with its own history, specific styles, conventions and communicative purposes.",[]]],"rt":[["social agenda",[]],["media discourse",[]]]},{"sp":[["agenda setting theory",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["nonsubstantive issues",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["life politics",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["For the regulars, visiting the third place is \"an ordinary part of a daily routine\" (1999,37).",["1999,37"]]]},{},{"de":[["descriptions of third places could also describe the WELL [online community]",[]],["third places emphasise localised community",[]],["third places are social levellers",[]],["third places are accessible",[]],["Third places, according to Oldenburg, can be commercial venues.",[]],["Within a \"Third place conversation is typically engrossing. Consciousness of conditions and time oĞ en slips away amid its lively fl ow\"",[]],["Third places, for Oldenburg, are typically plain, unimpressive and are not normally advertised (1999,(36)(37). This, he argues, helps to protect them from too much transient customers and discourages pretention while facilitating equality.",["1999,(36)(37)"]],["characteristics include: place, commerce, access, neutrality, a home away from home and a group of regulars",[]],["The third place is a generic designation for a great variety of public spaces that host the regular, voluntary, informal, and happily anticipated gatherings of individuals' and is a core seĴ ing of informal public life",["(1999,16)","1999,16"]]],"rt":[["virtual third place",[]],["third space",[]]],"ex":[["the traditional English pub to a Parisian café",[]],["the traditional English pub to a Parisian café.",[]]]},{"de":[["To this end, third places must be open \"at almost any time of the day or evening\" and \"access must be easy\" (1999,32).",[]]],"ex":[["pubs",[]]]},{"de":[["the ultimate determination must be made through analysis of the discourse and paĴ erns of participation.",[]],["the concept itself is deliberately expansive.",[]],["Third spaces can, thus, include both geographic and non-geographic communities.",[]],["The biggest diff erence from Oldenburg's approach is that third space does not privilege place-based communities.",[]],["the existence and behaviour of Super-participants is crucial",[]],["does not privilege place-based communities",[]],["non-political online spaces where political talk emerges.",[]]],"rt":[["third place",[]]],"sp":[["third place",[]]]},{},{"de":[["partly because of a speaker or writer's desire to be \"original\" to demonstrate verbal skills, and to capture the attention of an audience",["Ito and Tagliamonte 2003"]]]},{"sy":[["content or information carrying words",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["media frames",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The primary focus is on the dire circumstances and immediate requirements of refugees who have endured perilous journeys, with the humanitarian emphasis reinforced by imagery and narration illustrating the plight of vulnerable populations, including women, children, and the elderly.",["BBC, 2023"]]],"sp":[["media frames",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["humanitarian frame",[]],["security threat frame",[]],["cultural differences frame",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["the proliferation of misinformation and hate campaigns has rendered narratives concerning security more significant than those focused on altruism",[]],["incites hatred, fear, and violence towards Rohingya refugees",[]],["can rapidly attain popularity and influence public opinion",["Ratcliffe & Syakriah, 2024"]]],"rt":[["hate campaigns",[]]]},{"de":[["The procedure entails offering contextual information, presenting many perspectives, and avoiding stereotypes or inciting fear.",[]],["the media must prioritize honesty, justice, and the safeguarding of human rights.",[]]],"sy":[["ethical journalism",[]]],"ex":[["media and journalists striving to provide unbiased and thorough coverage of the Rohingya refugee crisis, highlighting individual stories and the complexities of the issue",["Ratcliffe & Syakriah, 2024"]]]},{"de":[["securitizing agents, such as the media, use speech acts to instill a sense of threat and provoke irrational behavior",["Balzacq, 2005"]],["how these concerns are framed as \"security threats,\" potentially resulting in the implementation of drastic measures that beyond standard democratic procedures.",[]],["The securitization process is more complicated by alterations in media coverage and its interplay with societal dynamics and political agendas",["Viartasiwi & Missbach, 2023"]],["The shift in narrative is seen in the prevalence of security themes throughout media coverage, encompassing concerns regarding societal stability, economic difficulties, and potential criminal activity",["VOA, 2023"]],["Depicting refugees as potential security threats can heighten public apprehension and compel authorities to prioritize security concerns over humanitarian responsibilities.",[]],["The securitization of the Rohingya refugee crisis is driven not only by media coverage but also by overarching social, political, and economic forces.",[]],["The involvement of securitization agents and their discursive actions is a crucial element of the Rohingya situation's securitization process.",[]]],"ex":[["the enforcement of stringent border laws, the establishment of restricted refugee camps, and the imposition of limitations on access to critical services and food procurement",["Human Rights Watch, 2024"]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["media frames",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["corrective coverage is used as a proxy to identify the most potent false or misleading claims currently in circulation",[]]],"sy":[["corrective coverage",[]]]},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]]],"sp":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["fact-checks can be either confirming or disconfirming, meaning that their verdict can be either that the claim at hand is correct or that it is false.",[]],["fact-checks are generally journalists' domain.",[]],["It should be noted that fact-checks represent a relatively new journalistic genre that is to be distinguished from factual or spelling corrections of journalists' own work (e. g., rectification of mistakes in reporting published in the newspaper of the following day).",[]],["Moreover, fact-checks can be either confirming or disconfirming, meaning that their verdict can be either that the claim at hand is correct or that it is false.",[]]],"rt":[["correction",[]],["corrections",[]]]},{"sp":[["journalistic corrections",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["the most common items of health-related misinformation are long-lasting and repurposed for the scope of new outbreaks, justifying the use of the term \"health myth\" to describe them.",[]]],"sb":[["the virus is man-made",[]],["the virus is harmless",[]],["the virus is a form of divine punishment for humanity (\"wrath of God\")",[]],["one can diagnose, treat, or prevent viral contagion by alternative means",[]]],"sp":[["Myths",[]]],"ex":[["The four most common health myths concerned the origin of the virus (man-made; divine punishment), risk assessments (harmless), and alternative means to prevent / diagnose contagion or to cure the disease.",[]],["(1) the virus is man-made; (2) the virus is harmless; (3) the virus is a form of divine punishment for humanity (\"wrath of God\"); and (4) one can diagnose, treat, or prevent viral contagion by alternative means.",[]]]},{"sp":[["myths",[]]]},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In contrast, misinformation -in what constitutes an unfortunate doubling of the umbrella term, which also includes disinformation -refers to a falsehood that the communicator mistakenly holds to be true and distributes without intent to deceive.",[]],["false and misleading claims appear alongside accurate information, making it difficult for audiences to discern between the two.",[]],["Li (2020) suggested thinking of misinformation as a cascade in which falsehood ascends, descends, and every so often, re-emerges.",[]],["misinformation does not necessarily have to be low in complexity, appeal to negative emotions, and so on -although empirical analysis may find that it often exhibits these properties.",[]],["News items that mentioned the existence of misinformation in passing, without devoting space to the debunking of specific false or misleading claims, were not included.",[]],["appeals to emotion, complexity, supporting visuals, and appeals to values and norms",[]],["In the academe, two forms of misinformation are described based on whether the actors in which falsehood originated had the intention to deceive -namely, disinformation and misinformation (Dan, 2021;Egelhofer & Lecheler, 2019).",["Dan, 2021;Egelhofer & Lecheler, 2019"]],["Misinformation stands out by being simple. First, claims provide a simple explanation, for instance, by establishing causal links between things that happened in proximity to one another, but that were in fact unrelated.",[]]],"sy":[["fake news",["Tandoc et al., 2018"]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["conspiracy",[]],["fake news",[]],["hoax",[]]],"sb":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["They are accepted as true by a considerable portion of the population and can pertain to health, as well as a wide variety of domains (e. g., migration; e. g., Peter & Koch, 2016).",["Peter & Koch, 2016"]],["As reviewed below, one stand-alone feature of myths is that they can be recycled whenever new developments, such as a new disease outbreak, allow for this.",[]]],"sb":[["health myths",[]]]},{"de":[["People exposed to narratives experience transportation, which is known to lower both their capacity to think critically about what is told and their ability to counterargue.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["journalistic corrections",[]]]},{},{"de":[["A factor contributing to this is likely their primary focus on posting in high-brow channels.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["This simulates real-world misinformation scenarios where misleading text and visuals coexist.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Examples include mismatched image captions, misleading textual descriptions, or contradictory multimodal content.",[]]],"sb":[["Mismatched Pairs",[]],["Contradictory Captions",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["strategically weaponized, exploiting digital ambiguity to erode societal trust",["4"]],["This follows social-science literature [68] and international guidance, emphasizing intent rather than mere factual inaccuracy.",["68"]],["emphasizing intent rather than mere factual inaccuracy.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]],"sb":[["multimodal disinformation",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["fear",[]],["anger",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sb":[["circular reasoning",[]],["strawman arguments",[]],["ad hominem attacks",[]]],"ex":[["circular reasoning",[]],["strawman arguments",[]],["ad hominem attacks",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["false content shared without intent to deceive",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]],"sb":[["False or misleading information",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]]],"sp":[["disinformation",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["the working audience is both the subject and the object of this transaction",[]],["The audience performs the labour of learning about the particular brand, and is thus responsible for the creation of demand for that particular commodity within the domain of monopoly capitalism",["Smythe 1977b"]]],"rt":[["Internet prosumer commodity",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["the process of reproduction of labour-power in itself is congealed into the audience labour performed by the workers/audience.",[]],["digital labour is a distinct form of labour that can be recognised within a Marxist framework",[]]],"rt":[["audience labour",[]],["audience commodity",[]],["Internet prosumer commodity",[]]]},{"rt":[["echo-chambers",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The main task of a RS is identifying the interests of a user, whom we have identified in the paper as a prosumer, and then providing meaningful recommendations.",[]]]},{"de":[["social murder committed under the conditions of digital capitalism, through a withdrawal of necessary social security and increasingly violent instruments of legal coercion",[]],["caused by hunger, starvation and disease, or even the precarious conditions of living that make one prone to various fatal accidents",[]]],"rt":[["capitalist alienation",[]]],"ex":[["social murders are not limited to industrial towns or capitalist countries but also extend into the domains of the colonies",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the spectacle creates conditions for the alienation of the prosumer class in particular and the overall working class in general",[]],["the spectacle when the dominant mode of production completely subjugates society at large",[]],["the spectacle in society and on social media",[]]],"sb":[["spectacle of violence",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["church-state relations",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["state church",[]],["cooperation",[]],["disestablishment",[]],["symphony",[]],["affinity",[]],["disillusionment",[]]],"sp":[["procedural frames",[]]]},{"de":[["pointing to an adversarial relationship of the state versus the Church or the Russian people",[]]],"sp":[["church-state relations",[]]]},{"sp":[["church-state relations",[]]]},{"sp":[["rational-instrumental",[]]]},{"sp":[["rational-instrumental",[]]]},{"de":[["encompassing religious, rational-instrumental, and procedural frames",["63"]]],"rt":[["religious",[]],["rational-instrumental",[]],["procedural",[]]],"sb":[["religious",[]],["rational-instrumental",[]],["procedural",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["morality frames",[]]]},{"sp":[["morality frames",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["church-state relations",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Disinformation-false information intended to cause harm or for profit-is pervasive.",[]],["a type of misinformation-disinformation-is spread by actors who know it to be false.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]],"sp":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"sb":[["central",[]],["peripheral",[]]],"sp":[["dual processing models",["51","52","53","54"]],["ELM is one of many dual processing models [51][52][53][54].",["51","52","53","54"]]]},{},{"sy":[["mindful processing",[]]],"rt":[["automatic processing",[]]]},{"sb":[["consumption",[]],["confidence",[]],["sharing",[]]]},{"ex":[["Oprah's show, which ran on American television for 25 years",["39"]],["such as Oprah's show, which ran on American television for 25 years",[]]]},{"de":[["This includes entities committing acts falling under racism, sexism, homophobia, antisemitism, islamophobia, or any kind of hate speech.",[]],["This includes entities committing acts falling under racism, sexism, homophobia, antisemitism, islamophobia, or any kind of hate speech. This is mostly in politics, not in CC.",[]]],"sy":[["racism",[]],["sexism",[]],["homophobia",[]],["antisemitism",[]],["islamophobia",[]]],"sp":[["antagonist",[]]],"ex":[["This includes entities committing acts falling under racism, sexism, homophobia, antisemitism, islamophobia, or any kind of hate speech.",[]]]},{"de":[["They engage in covert activities to achieve their goals.",[]]],"sp":[["antagonist",[]]],"ex":[["Figures involved in political scandals or espionage, such as Watergate conspirators or modern cyber espionage cases. In CC, this could manifest as persons or organizations conspiring to bypass environmental regulations for profit.",[]],["Figures involved in political scandals or espionage, such as Watergate conspirators or modern cyber espionage cases.",[]]]},{"de":[["This includes corrupt politicians, business leaders, and officials.",[]]],"sp":[["antagonist",[]]],"ex":[["Companies involved in environmental pollution, executives engaged in massive financial fraud, or politicians accepting bribes and engaging in graft.",[]]]},{"de":[["They undermine trust and truth.",[]]],"sy":[["manipulators",[]],["propagandists",[]]],"sp":[["antagonist",[]]],"ex":[["Politicians spreading false information for political gain, or media engaging in propaganda.",[]]]},{"de":[["Emotional framing often leverages language that elicits specific feelings, such as fear, anger, or compassion, to influence how entities are understood",["Iyengar, 1991;Nabi, 2003;Semetko and Valkenburg, 2000;Brader, 2006"]]],"rt":[["sentiment",[]],["emotion-laden narratives",[]]],"ex":[["referring to a group as \"freedom fighters\" versus \"terrorists\" not only frames their role but also activates distinct emotional reactions.",[]]]},{"de":[["the complexity of entity framing and the importance of capturing role transitions within our taxonomy",[]],["the goal was to predict the framing of that entity mention",[]],["Entity framing focuses on analyzing how a text portrays a specific entity through word choice and narrative structure.",[]]],"rt":[["role portrayal",[]]]},{"de":[["They are often victims of labor exploitation, trafficking, or economic manipulation.",[]]],"sp":[["innocent",[]]],"ex":[["Workers in sweatshops; victims of human trafficking; communities suffering from corporate exploitation of natural resources.",[]]]},{"de":[["They are often depicted as threats to national security.",[]],["They are often depicted as threats to national security. This is mostly in politics, not in CC.",[]]],"sp":[["antagonist",[]]],"ex":[["Rival nations involved in espionage or military confrontations, such as the Cold War adversaries, or countries accused of election interference.",[]],["Rival nations involved in espionage or military confrontations, such as the Cold War adversaries, or countries accused of election interference. In CC, foreign adversaries could include portrayal of how other countries are not adhering to CC policies (e.g., China refuses to adhere to CC policies resulting in 20% increase in CO2 emissions.",[]]]},{"sp":[["innocent",[]]],"ex":[["Indigenous populations facing ongoing discrimination; homeless individuals struggling without adequate support; refugees fleeing conflict or persecution.",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["protagonist",[]]],"ex":[["Police officers protecting citizens during a crisis, firefighters saving lives during a disaster, community leaders standing against crime or leaders standing up for action to address climate change.",[]]]},{"de":[["This includes people committing foolish acts or making poor decisions due to lack of understanding or expertise. Their actions, often unintentional, result in significant negative consequences.",[]]],"sp":[["antagonist",[]]],"ex":[["Leaders making reckless policy decisions without proper understanding, officials mishandling crisis responses, or managers whose poor judgment leads to organizational failures.",[]]]},{"de":[["This includes refugees, who face systemic neglect and exclusion.",[]]],"ex":[["Indigenous populations facing ongoing discrimination; homeless individuals struggling without adequate support; refugees fleeing conflict or persecution.",[]]]},{"de":[["They may provoke violence or unrest.",[]]],"sb":[["Sabateur",[]]],"sp":[["antagonist",[]]],"ex":[["Politicians using inflammatory rhetoric to incite violence, or groups instigating protests to destabilize governments. In CC, this could also include Greta Thunberg or activists chaining themselves to trees.",[]],["Politicians using inflammatory rhetoric to incite violence, or groups instigating protests to destabilize governments. In CC, this could also include Greta Thunberg or activists chaining themselves to trees. In the previous example, they were portrayed in positive light as rebels. However, they could just as well be framed in a negative light if they are being portrayed as troublemakers and instigators of problems, and in such a scenario, they would also take the sub-role of Sabateur.",[]]]},{"de":[["These individuals are often celebrated for their selflessness and dedication.",[]]],"sp":[["protagonist",[]]],"ex":[["Civil rights leaders like Martin Luther King Jr., who was assassinated while fighting for equality, or journalists who risk their lives to report on corruption and injustice.",[]]]},{"de":[["They often engage in diplomacy, negotiations, and mediation.",[]]],"sp":[["protagonist",[]]],"ex":[["Nelson Mandela's efforts to reconcile South Africa post-apartheid, or diplomats working to broker peace deals between conflicting nations.",[]]]},{"de":[["They often take on roles such as law enforcement officers, soldiers, or community leaders (e.g., climate change advocacy community leaders).",[]]],"ex":[["Police officers protecting citizens during a crisis, firefighters saving lives during a disaster, community leaders standing against crime or leaders standing up for action to address climate change.",[]]]},{"de":[["They are often seen as champions of justice and freedom.",[]]],"sp":[["protagonist",[]]],"ex":[["Leaders of independence movements like Mahatma Gandhi in India, or modern-day activists fighting for democratic reforms in authoritarian regimes. In CC domain, this includes characters such as Greta Thunberg, or persons who, for instance, chain themselves to trees to prevent deforestation.",[]]]},{"de":[["They aim to weaken or destroy targets from within.",[]]],"sp":[["antagonist",[]]],"ex":[["Insiders tampering with critical infrastructure, or activists sabotaging industrial operations.",[]]]},{"de":[["They are made to bear the brunt of criticism and punishment without just cause.",[]]],"sp":[["innocent",[]]],"ex":[["Minority groups blamed for economic problems; political opponents, accused of provoking national strife, without evidence.",[]]]},{"de":[["They operate in secrecy and deception.",[]],["They operate in secrecy and deception. This is mostly in politics, not in CC.",[]]],"sy":[["double agents",[]]],"sp":[["antagonist",[]]],"ex":[["Historical figures like Aldrich Ames, who spied for the Soviet Union, or contemporary cases of corporate espionage.",[]]]},{"de":[["They are viewed as significant threats to peace and security.",[]],["They are viewed as significant threats to peace and security. This is mostly in politics, not in CC.",[]]],"sy":[["mercenaries",[]],["insurgents",[]],["fanatics",[]],["extremists",[]]],"sp":[["antagonist",[]]],"ex":[["Groups like ISIS or Al-Qaeda carrying out attacks, or lone-wolf terrorists committing acts of violence.",[]]]},{"ex":[["Political, military, or social groups defined by their association with a location or entity, e.g., \"Trump supporters,\" or \"residents of Ukraine.\"",[]],["Entities denoting a geographic or organizational affiliation, such as \"Russian forces\" or \"European officials.\"",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Their actions are viewed as a significant breach of trust.",[]],["Their actions are viewed as a significant breach of trust. This is mostly in politics, not in CC.",[]]],"sp":[["antagonist",[]]],"ex":[["Whistleblowers revealing sensitive information for personal gain, or soldiers defecting to enemy forces.",[]],["Whistleblowers revealing sensitive information for personal gain, or soldiers defecting to enemy forces. Note that if whistleblowers are portrayed in a positive light, their role would be Virtuous. This could equally apply to both politics and CC.",[]]]},{"de":[["They are often characterized by their authoritarian rule and exploitation.",[]]],"sp":[["antagonist",[]]],"ex":[["Dictators like Kim Jong-un in North Korea, or corrupt officials embezzling public funds and suppressing dissent.",[]]]},{"de":[["Their stories often inspire others.",[]]],"sp":[["protagonist",[]]],"ex":[["Grassroots political candidates overcoming well-funded incumbents, or small nations standing up to larger, more powerful countries. In CC, this could included NEs portrayed as underfunded organizations that are framed as showing promise to make positive impact on CC.",[]]]},{"de":[["Their experiences evoke sympathy and calls for justice, focusing on either physical or economic suffering.",[]]],"sb":[["victims of physical harm",[]],["victims of economic harm",[]]],"sp":[["innocent",[]]],"ex":[["Victims of natural disasters, such as hurricanes or earthquakes; individuals affected by violent crimes. Victims of economic blockades, sanctions, or boycotts.",[]]]},{"de":[["They are often role models and figures of integrity.",[]]],"sp":[["protagonist",[]]],"ex":[["Judges known for their fairness, or politicians with a reputation for honesty and ethical behavior. In CC, this includes leaders standing up for environmental ethical values to protect planet Earth, or activists pushing for environmental sustainability.",[]]]},{"ex":[["media's coverage of the swine flu in the 1970s",["Rubin & Hendy, 1977"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["The dominant form of communication in these programmes is debate, discussion, and conversation between two or more participants, led by a host.",[]]]},{"de":[["The dominant form of communication in these programmes is debate, discussion, and conversation between two or more participants, led by a host.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["May include conflict in society (e.g., strikes, protests).",[]]],"ex":[["students, families travelling to their cabins, minority groups, bus drivers, and more",[]],["students, families travelling to their cabins, minority groups, bus drivers",[]],["strikes, protests",[]]]},{"de":[["Situated at a micro level.",[]]],"ex":[["human interest stories",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This risk is exacerbated by the overabundance of information available and the rapid spread of inaccurate, premature, and misleading information online referred to as an infodemic.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["how media stimulate public connection among citizens",["Newman et al., 2021"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Includes moral responsibility and often involves political disagreement.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["human interest",[]],["conflict",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Misleading and manufactured news reports that are published in a wide variety of media venues are frequently disseminated with the goal of achieving a variety of unfavorable ends, such as the ridicule of the general public or financial benefit",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["The art of persuasion, known as rhetoric, encompasses various rhetorical devices that English writers should focus on in order to enhance their understanding of rhetoric and the concepts it entails.",[]],["Rhetoric encompasses more than just the mere use of persuasive language.",[]]],"rt":[["figures of speech",[]],["contrast",[]],["exaggeration",[]]]},{"de":[["an epidemic of misinformation",[]],["The uncontrolled spread of (mis)information, news and propaganda related to COVID 19 created an 'infodemic' leading to panic and unscientific practices among the mass.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["In a disorder story, we might see protesters as marginal figures, or we might be shown pictures of armed police in riot gear (Nelson, Clawson et al. 1997).",[]]],"sp":[["protest framing",[]],["framing",[]]]},{"de":[["Frames serve as bridges between elite discourse about a problem or issue and popular comprehension of that issue",["1997b","1997b, p. 224"]],["Frames can be thus regarded as cues for interpreting matters of public significance and for making judgements about appropriate remedies for particular problems.",[]],["lower values on the framing scores represent a tendency to portray protests as disorder, while higher values indicate a freedom to protest trend in framing",[]]],"rt":[["agenda-setting",[]]],"sb":[["protest as public disorder (the disorder frame)",[]],["protest as representing the right of citizens to public assembly (the freedom to protest frame)",[]],["disorder frame",[]],["freedom to protest frame",[]]]},{"de":[["For example, in a story framed as freedom to protest, we might find positive references to protests as respectable and legitimate expressions of mass concern about important political issues.",[]]],"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{"sy":[["not controlled by the state",[]]]},{"de":[["We include the latter type of protests, but exclude those featuring armed groups whose main objective was to seize local authority buildings and other government offices and assume power in particular localities.",[]],["A number of protests have had a violent outcome, in that they involved clashes with other groups or the police, or have resulted in occupation of public buildings and death.",[]]],"sb":[["protests have had a violent outcome, in that they involved clashes with other groups or the police, or have resulted in occupation of public buildings and death",[]]],"ex":[["demonstrations organized together with football matches played in the cities (such as in Kharkov on 27 April 2014)",[]]]},{"de":[["frames on one end stigmatize street protest",[]],["In a disorder story, we might see protesters as marginal figures, or we might be shown pictures of armed police in riot gear",["Nelson, Clawson et al. 1997"]]],"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{"de":[["in a story framed as freedom to protest, we might find positive references to protests as respectable and legitimate expressions of mass concern about important political issues.",[]]],"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{},{"de":[["to refer to pro-Russian nationalist mobilization in Ukraine",[]]]},{"sy":[["Russian World",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["has been conceptualized as a predisposition to engage in and endorse specific conspiracy theories",["Imhoff et al., 2022"]]],"rt":[["Manichaeism",["Hawkins, 2009"]],["political and social distrust",["Goertzel, 1994"]]]},{"rt":[["Manichaeism",["Hawkins, 2009"]],["political and social distrust",["Goertzel, 1994"]]]},{"de":[["People with low need for cognition are therefore more likely to endorse a Manichean outlook, the simplistic worldview that divides good and evil, which is typical of populist attitudes",[]],["the simplistic worldview that divides good and evil",[]]],"rt":[["populist attitudes",[]]]},{},{"de":[["indicates that individuals with populist attitudes prefer information that supports their strong and positively valued group identity (i.e., the \"pure\" people and their common sense), to the point of labeling as fake news the headlines that contrast with their prior beliefs",[]]]},{"de":[["Those who display a high need for cognition are consistently interested in learning new things, are comfortable with complex problems, willing change their opinions when presented with persuasive messages, and are less likely to engage in heuristic processing",["Cacioppo and Petty, 1982","Kosic et al., 2004","Cacioppo and Petty, 1982;Kosic et al., 2004"]],["individuals found to have a high need for cognition are more likely to endorse complex explanations of human behavior, including abstract and external causes of behavior",["Haugtvedt et al., 1992"]],["individuals with a high need for cognition are more likely to process persuasive messages in arguments",["Cacioppo et al., 1996"]],["those who score low on need for cognition prefer to think superficially about information, considering fewer dimensions and forming judgments through superficial evaluation, without much effort.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["expands the understanding of populism beyond its purely political features",[]]]},{"de":[["hostility toward political and cultural outgroups (which may result from the combination of agreeable and neurotic traits), distrust of authorities (linked to a tendency to prefer conspiracist accounts of social and political events), and a preference for simplified and emotional narratives (stemming from low need for cognition)",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Psychologically, brands and images are associations, framing associations with places, particular events or points in history",[]]]},{"de":[["Destination images alternatively comprise of numerous components, including popular attractions, accessibility, facilities, infrastructure and price",["2004","2014"]]],"rt":[["branding",[]],["destination branding",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Fading memory requires some time for conflict-ridden destinations to recover and the media plays a significant role in this process.",[]]],"rt":[["Place Repression",[]],["Destination Redefining",[]]],"ex":[["a headline in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (29 August 2004) headlines: \"Sarajevo rises from the ashes of war and welcomes tourists.\"",["Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (29 August 2004)"]]]},{},{"de":[["During times of conflict it is difficult to identify a particular brand image, but the associations of the place are negative and travel to the destination is deterred. Therefore, repression deals with deterring something (i.e. travel).",[]]],"rt":[["Fading Memory",[]],["Destination Redefining",[]]],"ex":[["In 1998, USA Today (23 January) listed BiH as a 'danger zone', and despite not elaborating too much on the negative connotations associated with 'danger', this would deter travel.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"ex":[["the real reaction by John Murtha to the scandal used in our experiment",[]]]},{"sy":[["shallowfakes",[]]]},{"de":[["Deepfakes are produced using approaches such as facial swapping, facial animation, and the creation of entirely synthetic images or audio.",[]],["exploring differences in responses to politician claims of misinformation after video-based versus text-based scandals",[]]],"rt":[["Liar's Dividend Hypothesis",[]]],"ex":[["deepfakes have been used to discourage supporters of opposing parties from voting in an Indian election",[]],["to influence attitudes and military responses to the Russian invasion of Ukraine",[]],["to depict a false bombing of the U.S. Pentagon",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The informational uncertainty rebuttal draws from comments such as those made by Foreign Minister Dastis and by Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, who in an attempt to discredit an Amnesty International report said: \"You can forge anything these days… We are living in a fake news era\" (Erlanger 2017).",[]],["the public may find claims of \"fake news\" to be credible due to uncertainty regarding the truth of signals in what many members of the public may perceive as a distorted media environment",[]]],"rt":[["oppositional rallying",[]]]},{"de":[["An environment of pervasive distrust in media and institutions, itself partly fostered by misinformation, constitutes a fertile ground for the liar's dividend.",[]],["the liar's dividend concept was originally developed in the context of concerns over the implications of deepfakes",[]],["The liar's dividend may pay out even more for current political leaders, reinforced when political actors, organizations, and certain media sources act in concert to amplify misinformation and undermine trust.",[]],["An open question is whether other types of scandals, including potentially more severe ones, make the payout of the liar's dividend even greater.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["Deepfakes Hypothesis",[]],["misinformation about misinformation",[]],["fake news",[]],["deepfakes",[]]],"ex":[["crying wolf about fake news",[]]]},{},{"de":[["For the oppositional rallying rebuttal, we drew inspiration from statements like that of Mayor Fouts, along with comments by then-president Donald Trump on Twitter in response to growing criticism over his handling of the pandemic: \"The Fake News Media and their partner, the Democrat Party, is doing everything within its semi-considerable power (it used to be greater!) to inflame the CoronaVirus situation.\"",[]]],"rt":[["informational uncertainty",[]]]},{"de":[["whether true or not",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["mistakenly considered synonymous with wokeness and call-out culture, or even politically correct",[]],["the term begins to strengthen as a political claim action since 2015 within Black Twitter-a community of Black Twitter users capable of mobilizing a significant number of people to moderate racist and misogynistic discourse",[]],["there are common elements synthesized as \"(a) the public shaming of unacceptable behavior, and (b) withdrawal of support, which are (c) motivated by wanting to see the target persons experience some form of consequence or penalty due to their actions (e.g., losing employment and other revenue streams) or to ensure these persons are socially banished\" (p. 3).",["p. 3"]],["the act of \"canceling\" predominantly occurs through social media denouncements, facilitated by the anonymity provided by some platforms (Tandoc et al., 2022).",["Tandoc et al., 2022"]],["These denouncements closely resemble public condemnations, aiming to enforce adherence to societal rules.",[]],["this practice employs strategies akin to consumer boycott logic to withdraw support from brands and companies, thereby damaging their reputation.",[]],["it predominantly utilizes social media to \"shame\" individuals or organizations deemed \"guilty\"-the so-called phenomenon of \"shitstorm\" (Sdrigotti, 2018).",["Sdrigotti, 2018"]],["Its intent is to exert pressure for sanctions ranging from restricting access to public platforms, damaging reputation, and consequently ending careers, to inciting legal actions.",[]],["cancel culture is not synonymous with wokeness culture, call-out culture, or political correctness, although they are often confused.",[]],["we can consider in a broad sense as an exasperation of the three previous dynamics directed at affecting mainly political or star system personalities through the action of cancelation by many people (as opposed to callout).",[]],["the ways of action of cancel culture do not stop at public criticism but oscillate from the removal of any form of support to boycotts, from the repudiation of historical facts/personages or literary and cinematographic pieces to the censorship and cancelation of the subject from public, social, and professional life.",[]],["the dynamics of the cancel culture: the new narrative imposed as politically correct penetrates all areas and establishes the rules of the game of the new cultural wars conducted with the cancelation of inconvenient and non-aligned content.",[]],["The canceling phenomenon, often driven by genuine concerns for justice and accountability, can inadvertently lead to the silencing of diverse perspectives and a potential erosion of democratic values.",[]],["Cancel culture, operating through social media denouncements, not only shapes public discourse but also amplifies false narratives, contributing to the dissemination of misinformation.",[]],["operating through social media denouncements, not only shapes public discourse but also amplifies false narratives, contributing to the dissemination of misinformation",[]],["there are common elements synthesized as \"(a) the public shaming of unacceptable behavior, and (b) withdrawal of support, which are (c) motivated by wanting to see the target persons experience some form of consequence or penalty due to their actions (e.g., losing employment and other revenue streams) or to ensure these persons are socially banished\"",[]]],"sy":[["wokeness",[]],["canceling phenomenon",[]]],"rt":[["call-out culture",[]],["wokeness culture",[]],["political correctness",[]],["fake news",[]],["misinformation",[]]],"ex":[["hashtags such as #canceled or #\"x\"isover, where \"x\" denotes an individual or organization",[]],["concrete actions range from simple \"unfollowing\" to more active measures like \"boycotting, \" which seeks to refrain from purchasing products of a certain brand and persuading others to do the same.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["fake news, which significantly distorts phenomena in terms of coverage dedicated to specific related events and uniformity of narrative frames (Mangone, 2022).",["Mangone, 2022"]],["This accentuates certain themes, concepts, or mental categories while sidelining others.",[]]],"rt":[["false news",[]]]},{"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["These platforms also encompass technologies that enable both individuals (individual or collective) and institutions to interact and pursue their goals.",[]]]},{"de":[["what is not considered \"aligned\" is censored by the same social group based on terms considered offensive and non-inclusive.",[]]]},{"de":[["as the point of union between the two dimensions, communication intervenes, which allows-in the deliberative perspectives of Habermas (1985)-the coordination and understanding between all the subjects and actors involved.",[]]]},{"de":[["Currently, this concept has expanded to include \"to any area of oppression and social inequality related to gender, sexuality, violence against women, or any legally unprotected group. Instead of promoting equality, it privileges the weakest social categories; instead of proposing concrete measures for improvement, it fights on the basis of cultural symbols\"",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Audio manipulation encompasses a combination of artificial intelligence techniques used in deepfakes and simpler editing methods",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Deepfake technology refers to the use of artificial intelligence, particularly deep learning algorithms, to generate synthetic content, such as videos, images, or audio, that closely mimics real people.",[]],["while it offers creative opportunities in entertainment, it also enables harmful applications such as misinformation and non-consensual pornography",["Barni et al., 2020"]],["enable innovative applications across entertainment, education, and other fields, their potential for misuse poses serious ethical and security challenges that demand urgent attention",[]],["The term \"deepfake\" itself is a portmanteau of \"deep learning\" and \"fake\", and typically refers to the use of neural networks to swap a target individual's face onto another person's body in video, creating convincingly realistic footage of events that never occurred (Aslam & Santhi, 2019).",["Aslam & Santhi, 2019"]]],"sb":[["Text: These are forms of text that mimic people's writing styles because they are created by AI models.",[]]],"ex":[["a voice deepfake was used in a scam to con a CEO into releasing $243,000",["Akhtar, 2023"]]]},{"sp":[["Video",[]],["deepfakes",[]]]},{"de":[["This adds an additional layer of emotional distress that technical solutions alone cannot address, emphasizing the importance of ethical frameworks based on psychological well-being and human dignity.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["They can be used to create false news, impersonate individuals in messages or emails, and spread disinformation. These texts often replicate tone, style, and context to appear authentic.",[]],["They can be used to create false news, impersonate individuals in messages or emails, and spread disinformation. These texts often replicate tone, style, and context to appear authentic. Their realism poses risks to trust, security, and online communication.",[]]],"sp":[["deepfakes",[]]]},{"sy":[["face swap",[]]],"sb":[["face swap",[]]]},{"de":[["Blind patriotism has been linked to negative feelings toward multiculturalism and immigration",["Spry & Hornsey, 2007"]],["Seven items assess blind patriotism (e.g., \"I would support my country right or wrong\")",[]]],"sp":[["Patriotism",[]]],"ex":[["I would support my country right or wrong",[]]]},{},{"de":[["people high in constructive patriotism are less concerned with the differences between their own nation and others (Staub, 1997) and tend to provide more favorable evaluations of outgroups (Willis-Esqueda et al., 2017).",["Staub, 1997","Willis-Esqueda et al., 2017"]],["five items assess constructive patriotism (e.g., \"I express my love for Ireland/Germany by supporting efforts for positive change\")",[]]],"sp":[["Patriotism",[]]],"ex":[["I express my love for Ireland/Germany by supporting efforts for positive change",[]]]},{"rt":[["fake news",[]],["misinformation",[]]]},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["IWAH is negatively correlated with blind patriotism, ethnocentrism (McFarland et al., 2012), and many specific prejudices (Dunwoody & McFarland, 2018;McFarland et al., 2019).",["McFarland et al., 2012","Dunwoody & McFarland, 2018","McFarland et al., 2019"]]]},{"rt":[["fake news",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This extends to a tendency to believe information-and misinformation-that is ideologically congruent",["Kahan, 2017","Van Bavel & Pereira, 2018"]],["and may also explain why people are more susceptible to forming false memories for fake news stories that are congruent with their political identity",["Frenda et al., 2013","Murphy et al., 2019"]]]},{},{"de":[["Patriotism was assessed using the Blind and Constructive Patriotism Scale (Cohrs, 2003;Rothi et al., 2005;Schatz et al., 1999).",[]]],"sb":[["blind patriotism is characterized as a rigid and unquestioning allegiance to one's nation, combined with intolerance of criticism",[]],["constructive patriotism refers to an attachment to one's country that is defined by \"critical loyalty\" (Schatz et al., 1999), whereby citizens may question or criticize the actions of the group with the goal of encouraging positive change.",["Schatz et al., 1999"]],["blind patriotism",[]],["constructive patriotism",[]]]},{"de":[["A central tenet of the source-monitoring approach is that when a memory is retrieved, its source is not directly specified by an abstract tag or label. Rather, it is inferred through two different judgment processes, working in tandem: a faster, heuristic and a slower, systematic process.",[]]]},{"de":[["Stereotypes can produce expectations regarding how members of different social groups will behave.",[]],["As a result, stereotypes about individuals may act as heuristic cues when making a source attribution.",[]],["Research suggests that people are particularly likely to rely on stereotypes as judgment heuristics when cognitive demands are high",["Sherman & Bessenoff, 1999"]]],"rt":[["schemas",[]],["categories",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["the dominance of media logic in public communication means that issues are often framed in ways that prioritize sensationalism, conflict, and entertainment value over substantive debate.",[]]]},{"de":[["As a concept it underlines the influence of media on aspects of social, cultural and political spheres in a society.",[]],["Hjarvard (2013) contends that mediatization is reshaping public discourse by amplifying certain voices and issues while marginalizing others.",[]]],"rt":[["metacategory of social description",[]]]},{"de":[["The integration of mediatization into news not only transform factual narratives and understandings but also redefines the projected realities and ideological constructs associated with the communication.",[]],["mediatization continues to be a system of axioms subject to extra restrictions on narrative, ideology and associativity.",[]],["As a concept it underlines the influence of media on aspects of social, cultural and political spheres in a society.",[]],["Hjarvard (2013) contends that mediatization is reshaping public discourse by amplifying certain voices and issues while marginalizing others.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["The new media logic influences not only what is presented as news but also how it is presented, often prioritizing sensationalism and conflict over nuanced discussion.",[]]],"sp":[["media logic",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The increased prevalence of pseudo-events demonstrates how media priorities impact the societal agenda and shape what people consider important.",[]],["designed to attract media attention and shape public opinion, through constructing social realities.",[]]],"sy":[["events created solely for media coverage",[]]],"rt":[["mediatization",[]]]},{"rt":[["hyperreality",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The objective of stance detection in our case is to classify the stance of an author's news article towards a given topic as 'in favour', 'against', or 'neutral'.",[]]],"sb":[["in favour",[]],["against",[]],["neutral",[]]]},{"de":[["The stance detection model is exposed as a web service and returns for each article-target entity pair a stance label (i.e. one of 'in favour', 'against' or 'neutral') along with a probability.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["journalistic balance",[]],["the absence of biased sources",[]],["fact-checked stories",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["junk news",[]],["problematic information",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["imposter news",["Tarkov, 2012","Bengani, 2019"]]]},{},{"rt":[["platform criticism",[]]]},{"de":[["These sites tend to specialize in an issue or industry, which is also an indication of how Google values information sources.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["systemic functional linguistic framework",[]]]},{"ex":[["an Afrikaans version of the word \"perstitute\" [presstitutes]",["23"]]]},{"de":[["Nouns also play an important role in creating deflection, namely by suggesting that the opponent is the guilty party and, in doing so, turning the reader's eyes away from the true perpetrators.",[]]],"ex":[["deflection is used to cover up a lie, which proved to be the truth: Gordhan is presented as a liar when the contrary is true.",[]]]},{"de":[["Left with nothing but this anomic disorientation, audiences can no longer tell truth from fiction, even if they want to. They are left with nothing but to choose statements that are ideologically congenial or mark them as members of the tribe",["Benkler et al. 2018: 36-37"]],["audiences can no longer tell truth from fiction, even if they want to. They are left with nothing but to choose statements that are ideologically congenial or mark them as members of the tribe",[]]]},{"de":[["Nouns with their high semantic potential can be used as structures to incorporate dysphemism into a propaganda text.",[]],["the aim is the same as dysphemism, namely instilling negative emotions in the target group in order to direct these emotions towards the propagandist's opponent.",[]]],"rt":[["euphemism",[]],["mystification",[]]],"sb":[["self-dysphemism",[]]],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]],"ex":[["the use of \"stemvee\" [voting herd] or \"white monopoly capitalist offspring\".",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["dysphemism",[]],["mystification",[]]],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["the true meaning is softened by selecting a specific term and, as a direct effect, the true semantic value is mystified.",[]]],"rt":[["euphemism",[]],["dysphemism",[]]]},{"de":[["changing the conventional way of understanding a word",[]]],"rt":[["lexical hardening and adjusting semantic values",[]]],"sb":[["neologisms",[]]],"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["subjective (evaluative) noun",[]]]},{"sy":[["objective or neutral nouns",[]]]},{"de":[["In other words, an objective noun has a basic semantic value",[]],["has a basic semantic value",[]]]},{"de":[["These actions are subservient to the propagandist's main aim of which the direct outcome is only or mainly beneficial to the propagandist and his or her associated parties.",[]],["The desired action can be evoked by manipulating certain significant or conventional symbols in order to manipulate collective attitudes (Lasswell 1927: 627).",["Lasswell 1927: 627"]]],"rt":[["persuasion",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the propagandist is presenting his own group in a derogatory manner: he falsely implies that this term is either used for his target group by his opponent, Pravin Gordhan, or that it indicates the way Gordhan thinks about black people.",[]],["Self-dysphemism can also be used in order to deflect attention away from the propagandist him-or herself.",[]]],"rt":[["dysphemism",[]],["ethnonyms",[]]],"sp":[["dysphemism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["carry a value judgement",[]]],"sy":[["subjective (evaluative) nouns",[]]]},{"de":[["a subjective noun presents an extra, evaluative semantic layer, along with its basic meaning.",[]],["presents an extra, evaluative semantic layer, along with its basic meaning.",[]]],"rt":[["objective noun",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["pro",[]],["neutral",[]],["anti",[]]]},{"de":[["Quite related to the concept of evidentiality or to truth claims in DQs, however, is the issue of authority or authorisation, which amounts to",[]]],"rt":[["authority",[]]]},{"de":[["DQs are lifted out of certain textual contexts and are inserted into very different ones which represent them, frame them, manipulate them, and sometimes distort and subordinate them to another voice (e.g. the voice of the newsmaker in our case) and to different communicative goals.",[]]]},{"sy":[["DQs",[]]],"ex":[["DQs",[]]]},{"sb":[["reporting speech event",[]],["reported speech event",[]]]},{},{"de":[["it is not only the reported speaker's voice that is displayed by metonymy but also the reported speaker's personality through what he/she says and how he/she says it, as well as the reported speech event itself.",[]],["DQs are vivid, life-like and have a sense of immediacy.",[]],["DQs are used to slow down the general flow of the narrative, e.g. the news story, to concentrate on certain newsmakers, what they say, their relationships, their personalities, their socio-political backgrounds and their ideological leanings",[]],["capable of directly instantiating the expressive character and function of language, i.e. language use to express a certain perspective",[]]],"sy":[["direct quotations",[]],["direct discourse",[]]],"rt":[["IQs",[]],["projecting verbs",[]],["quoted clause",[]],["projecting clause",[]],["deictic elements",[]]],"sp":[["reported speech",[]]]},{},{"de":[["linguists like Anderson (1986: 237) insist on linking the issue of direct reporting (i.e. DQs) with the question of 'evidentiality' which he defines as",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["free indirect speech",[]]]},{},{},{},{"ex":[["IQs",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This interactional position, exhibited through quotations rather than describing such a position in vernacular terms, is",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["manifest type of intertextuality",[]],["constitutive/interdiscursive",["6"]],["manifest",["6"]]],"ex":[["All intertexts are texts and every text is an intertext",["Plett (1991: 5-6 )"]]]},{"de":[["while the declarative illocution signals that the proposition is to be understood as conveying a fact 'that' signals that what follows it is a proposition construed as an entity -a situation description with no truth-commitment on the part of the speaker",["Harder 1006: 432"]]],"sy":[["indirect quotations",[]],["indirect discourse",[]]],"rt":[["DQs",[]]],"sp":[["reported speech",[]]]},{"sy":[["manifest",[]]],"sp":[["intertextuality",[]]]},{"de":[["In this respect, the greater the expanse of time of processing activities between the use of a current text and the use of previously encountered texts, the greater the mediation is going to be.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["reporting speech act verbs",[]]]},{"rt":[["expansion",[]]]},{"de":[["the use of reported speech, be it direct, indirect, free direct or free indirect, to give legitimacy to what is being reported, especially when such reported speech is uttered by, or put in the mouth of, an elite-type newsmaker whose \"declarations, announcements, warnings\", and the like, cannot be \"twisted\" and have to be taken into account.",[]]],"sb":[["direct",[]],["indirect",[]],["free direct",[]],["free indirect",[]]]},{"rt":[["reporting speech event",[]]]},{"rt":[["reported speech event",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["RC",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["a term frequently used across the Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia) to report abuses by the elites over lower socio-economic groups.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Term such as Islamist rap serve to discredit dissent proving that when it comes to reporting on Moroccan rap, journalists and academics disregard local expressions of grievance more related to class issues than to modes of governance.",[]],["trend of Islamist rappers",[]],["idea of some rappers aligning with self-declared Islamist political groups",[]],["biased perception of his music, in tune with secular liberal narratives that demonise Islam, and depoliticise cultural production these groups perceive as too religious",[]]],"ex":[["Tunisian rapper Psyco M according to Aidi (2011: 260)",["2011: 260"]]]},{"de":[["Stuart Hall's (1981) perception of popular culture as a battlefield",[]]]},{"de":[["Some academics have argued that the Arab Spring was a secular phenomenon (Hoffman and Jamal, 2014: 594)",["Hoffman and Jamal, 2014: 594"]]]},{},{"de":[["one of the most visible forms of racism in the modern-day",[]],["maintaining prejudice and unfavorable views towards Muslims",[]]],"rt":[["anti-Muslim sentiment",[]]],"sp":[["racism",[]]]},{"de":[["there is no specific benchmarking to decide the quality of content",["Cai et al., 2020","Shah et al., 2020"]]]},{},{"de":[["it is a powerful predictor of an information consumer's subsequent actions",["Yao et al., 2022"]]],"rt":[["trustworthiness",[]],["believability",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["In this sense, the content of high-level propositions may be less predictable than the content of lower level ones which tend to elaborate on already established ideas.",[]]]},{"de":[["Because these text elements have been identified as schematically important, the reader allocates extra attention to their processing in order to incorporate the information into the activated schema. This extra attention results in the better learning and recall of those schematically important text items.",[]],["readers selectively attend to information made important by inserted questions and spend less time on material irrelevant to the questions.",[]],["perspective instructions, and the schemata thus activated, act in part to focus attention and direct additional processing to the appropriate portions of the text.",[]]],"sy":[["focusing hypothesis",[]],["selective hypothesis",[]]],"rt":[["slot-filling hypothesis",[]]],"ex":[["a prospective homebuyer would be expected to pay greater attention when reading text elements that refer to the condition of a home and its need for repairs (e.g., plumbing, roof) or the desirability of the location of the house (e.g., distance to nearest school) than to comments about the occupation of the previous owner.",[]]]},{"de":[["the slot provides a ready interpretation of the new information and reduces the processing demands when compared to more active construction.",[]],["the slot hypothesis will provide a better account of processing effects.",[]]],"rt":[["selective attention hypothesis",[]],["slot hypothesis",[]]],"ex":[["As a prospective homebuyer reads about a home for sale, he/she expects certain types of information to appear. Items such as the price of the home, its location and a description of the number of rooms will nearly always be included. Since the homebuyer expects this information on the basis of his/her homebuyer schema, he/she should not require any extra attention or effort to assimilate it.",[]]]},{"sy":[["placeholders",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["Quality in Journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["A place that gives them a voice and allows them to develop a political culture grounded on dialogue aimed at forging agreements and peacefully resolving conflicts in the public arena.",[]]]}] |