MBDef 1.0.0: Explorer data for exactly the released rows, map and topics made on them
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It is mainly due to the fact that often there is no personal interest that could be ascribed by the law to a particular person in order to protect the information, for example in the court.",1,-1,[],[43404]]],"sy":[["public",1,13463,[],[43404]]],"rt":[["personal truths",1,-1,[],[43404]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":24,"df":[],"de":[["From various tasks, we often find extrinsic hallucinations, including both untruthful and factual ones, across various tasks such as Machine Translation and question answering, which causes degradation in performance.",1,-1,[],[21526]],["Notably, the extrinsic hallucination is not always erroneous because it could be from factually correct external information",1,-1,[],[7465]],["Responses with extrinsic hallucination are impossible to verify with the given inputs.",1,-1,[],[7465]],["Such factual hallucination can be helpful because it recalls additional background knowledge to improve the informativeness of the generated text. However, in most of the literature, extrinsic hallucination is still treated with caution because its unverifiable aspect of this additional information increases the risk from a factual safety perspective.",1,-1,[],[7465]],["This means the generated text is neither supported by nor directly contradicts the available information, rendering the output unverifiable and potentially misleading.",1,-1,[],[7606]],["extrinsic hallucinations as it is more challenging to detect and mitigate content based on world knowledge.",1,-1,[],[7465]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Intrinsic hallucinations",2,30226,[["Intrinsic hallucinations",1],["intrinsic hallucinations",1]],[11398,21526]],["external inconsistency",1,-1,[],[7465]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["hallucination",5,4995,[["hallucination",5],["hallucinations",2]],[7465,7466,7605,11398,12063,21526]]],"ex":[["\"Nigel\" in the PTGEN abstract and \"2016\" in both GOLD and GPT-TUNED are extrinsic hallucinations; these terms are not introduced in the document.",1,-1,[],[11398]],["\"Pickwick hotel\" might be \"in san diego\", and Djokovic may have been \"in the top ten singles players of the world\".",1,-1,[],[7465]],["China has already started clinical trials of the COVID-19 vaccine",1,-1,[],[7465]],["For example, in Table 1, \"Houston has won two straight games and six of their last seven.\" is not mentioned in the source table [268].",1,-1,[],[7466]],["in the abstractive summarization task from Table 1, the information \"China has already started clinical trials of the COVID-19 vaccine.\" is not mentioned in source.",1,-1,[],[7465]],["in the abstractive summarization task from Table 1, the information \"China has already started clinical trials of the COVID-19 vaccine.\" is not mentioned in source. We can neither find evidence for the generated output from the source nor assert that it is wrong.",1,-1,[],[7465]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Ultimately, victimization was offset by the presentation of the migrant as a political subject (and, therefore, a bearer of rights and obligations).",1,-1,[],[42105]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The level of legitimate public concern would have to be such as outweighs the level of harm likely to be caused.",1,-1,[],[54810]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["análisis semiótico del discurso del odio que difunden los bulos sobre inmigrantes",1,-1,[],[53053]],["conducen rápidamente a la audiencia hacia una ideología de sesgo peyorativo",1,-1,[],[53053]],["discursos mediáticos favorables a la interpretación, muchas veces sin argumentación",1,-1,[],[53053]],["multifacético",1,-1,[],[53053]],["subjetividad del discurso del odio, al considerarlo como un sentimiento de interpretación libre con límites difuminados",1,-1,[],[53053]],["uno de los rasgos propios de los discursos del odio, que se elimina la identidad individual y se proyecta sobre la persona el prejuicio de un grupo al que se le denigra.",1,-1,[],[60887]]],"sy":[["hate speech",2,18278,[],[16010,60887]]],"rt":[["desprecio",1,-1,[],[53053]],["discriminación",1,-1,[],[53053]],["estigmatización",1,-1,[],[53053]],["etiquetado peyorativo",1,-1,[],[53053]],["rechazo social",1,-1,[],[53053]]],"sb":[["actos de acoso",1,-1,[],[60887]],["ciberacoso",1,-1,[],[60887]],["expresiones abiertas de odio (uso mordaz de insultos)",1,-1,[],[53053]],["expresiones más encubiertas e implícitas",1,-1,[],[53053]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The devaluation in the statements cited above undermine the legitimacy of the language as an autonomous system, thereby diminishing the authenticity of Ukrainian cultural identity.",1,-1,[],[49859]],["serves to legitimize Russia's imperial claims over Ukraine by presenting the Ukrainian language as an unnatural political construct rather than a fully-fledged national language",1,-1,[],[49859]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["topos of the artificiality of the Ukrainian language",1,-1,[],[49859]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["The claim that the Ukrainian language was deliberately contaminated with borrowings from Polish and English is an example of the topos of artificiality.",1,-1,[],[49859]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["in which committee members try to impose a different understanding of reality by changing interpretive frames",1,-1,[],[29873]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["brief keywords or abbreviations, prefixed with the hash symbol '#'",1,-1,[],[25992]],["channel tags",1,4242,[],[25992]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["conception is never really neutral -it consists in mental activity, being shaped by the previous experience, capabilities, and current state of the conceptualizer.",1,-1,[],[55757]],["linguistic expressions are understood as concrete evidence of how we structure, or construe, conceptual content.",1,-1,[],[55757]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["News framing",1,12351,[],[59663]],["conceptual content",1,-1,[],[55757]]],"sb":[["granularity",1,-1,[],[55757]],["perspective",1,23315,[],[55757]],["prominence",1,22450,[],[55757]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["when determining credit scoring, the feature of race is not used. However, if people of a specific race live in a specific area and address is used as a feature for training a prediction model, the trained model might make unfair determinations even though the race feature is not explicitly used.",1,-1,[],[21781]]],"sy":[["indirect discrimination",1,15486,[],[21781]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["socialization in a poor, unequal environment where competition is often stimulated could foster the belief that the world is a competitive jungle, where one must struggle to overcome resource scarcity (i.e., CWB). This could in turn make the goal of obtaining power, dominance, and superiority over others salient, expressed by high levels of SDO",1,-1,[],[46983]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["El asunto se personaliza, mostrando el lado humano, pudiendo llegarse a la dramatización",1,-1,[],[15217]],["se incluyen en las crónicas aspectos sobre la familia 'humilde' de la joven Rocío, la infancia de la chica y el divorcio de sus padres, o el trabajo de la madre como limpiadora en la Costa del Sol",1,-1,[],[44308]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["reacción popular",1,-1,[],[44308]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["encuadres",1,19710,[],[15217]],["frames",1,7860,[],[44308]],["relato escandaloso",1,-1,[],[44308]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["media literacies today and going forward must emphasize how we embrace our views in dialog with others, where we accept differences, learn from dissonance, and embrace plural ideas.",1,-1,[],[17803]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":24,"df":[],"de":[["Also, media diplomacy has weakened the importance of the government headquarters because the state actors can speak in the media, regardless of whether he makes the statement from the headquarters or a foreign country far from his government headquarters.",1,-1,[],[59070]],["Appeal for conflict resolution",1,-1,[],[3752]],["Conflict resolution",1,-1,[],[3752]],["Domestic/foreign societies",1,-1,[],[3752]],["Establishing the relationship between political actors and institutions and the media within the framework of a balanced structure is extremely necessary for an effective and rational foreign policy structuring.",1,-1,[],[42659]],["In fact, foreign policies were formulated through media diplomacy and not just based on the government's statements, as was the case a while ago.",1,-1,[],[59070]],["In order for media diplomacy to be successful, the balance between the media used as a functional tool and political goals should be designed by considering the structural features of the media and its duties in the democratic process.",1,-1,[],[42659]],["In this study, media diplomacy refers to officials' uses of the media to communicate with state and nonstate actors, to build confidence and advance negotiations, and to mobilize public support for agreements.",1,-1,[],[3752]],["In times of conflict, media diplomacy appears as an alternative channel of communication",1,-1,[],[59070]],["It enables communication even between countries that do not have diplomatic relations, and these messages and attitudes are conveyed through the media.",1,-1,[],[59070]],["It functions in terms of visualizing the solutions and finding a response in society",1,-1,[],[42659]],["It would therefore be more appropriate to define them as media diplomacy pursued in the context of conflict resolution than as public diplomacy, usually pursued when relations are antagonistic.",1,-1,[],[3752]],["Joint",1,-1,[],[3752]],["Mass media",1,-1,[],[3752]],["Media diplomacy acts in a shorter timeframe than public diplomacy",1,-1,[],[42659]],["Media diplomacy concerns how the media link policymakers to foreign governments and the public",1,-1,[],[59070]],["Media diplomacy determines media actions, including press conferences, interviews, leaks, visits of heads of state and discourse of mediators, visits to other countries, or even organized actions over communication channels such as nascent social media is the structure.",1,-1,[],[42659]],["Media diplomacy differs from public diplomacy in content, timing, and intended purposes.",1,-1,[],[42659]],["Media diplomacy is a concept that is often confused with public diplomacy.",1,-1,[],[42659]],["Media diplomacy is more specific than public diplomacy",1,-1,[["Media diplomacy is more specific than public diplomacy",1],["Media diplomacy is more specific than public diplomacy.",1]],[42659]],["Media diplomacy is not only the relationship and cooperation of political actors and institutions with communication professionals, but also the effort to get the support of the internal public; it is a peaceful action designed to build trust with the foreign public and foreign societies through actions related to conflicts.",1,-1,[],[42659]],["Media diplomacy is pursued in the context of conflict resolution, while public diplomacy is conducted in the context of confrontation; media diplomacy usually aims at short term results while public diplomacy aims at long range outcomes; media diplomacy is more specific than public diplomacy -whereas the latter is designed to create a friendly climate within a foreign society towards fundamental political and social issues, such as capitalism versus communism or human rights, the former is designed to create a favourable climate for a particular diplomatic process at a particular time and in a particular context.",1,-1,[],[3752]],["Media diplomacy is pursued in the context of negotiations",1,-1,[],[42659]],["Media diplomacy is pursued in the context of negotiations, whereas public diplomacy is conducted in the context of ideological confrontation.",1,-1,[],[42659]],["Media diplomacy, which is used as a tool to solve foreign policy problems, becomes dysfunctional under these conditions.",1,-1,[],[42659]],["Officials",1,-1,[],[3752]],["Public diplomacy primarily involves the use of propaganda or public relations designed to foster an image and media diplomacy primarily entails a serious appeal for conflict resolution.",1,-1,[],[42659]],["Regardless of their geographical locations, their statements went global without the need to broadcast through traditional diplomatic channels.",1,-1,[],[59070]],["Short range",1,-1,[],[3752]],["Specific",1,-1,[],[3752]],["The aim here is to create a communication channel before reconciliation by mutually revealing the aims through the media and to conduct the relations through this communication channel. The purpose of the said communication channel is to eliminate the existing deadlocks, create an atmosphere of consensus by giving mutual messages, review the practitioner's strategic structures according to the behavior and reaction structures of the other party, and reconstruct them under the necessary conditions (Ceyhan, 2016, p. 988).",1,-1,[],[42659]],["The designers and advocates of foreign policy drew attention through the media.",1,-1,[],[59070]],["The goal of media diplomacy is to influence other governments and to reach an international agreement beneficial to the country (Gilboa, 1998(Gilboa, , 2001)); to achieve conflict resolution and garner international support (Gilboa, 1998(Gilboa, , 2001(Gilboa, , 2008b)), usually in times of conflict or crisis (Semetko, 2009).",1,-1,[],[59070]],["The media disseminate them to the international audience in real time.",1,-1,[],[59070]],["The media has become an important factor in global politics within the scope of media diplomacy. This new position also affected the development of diplomatic methods and results and changed the actors involved in the implementation of diplomacy.",1,-1,[],[42659]],["The media have provided a channel for political actors of different countries to give political statements on specific matters without having to meet or have one party visit the other.",1,-1,[],[59070]],["They aim for a broad impact.",1,-1,[],[59070]],["Usually, media diplomacy aims at short-range results, whereas public diplomacy long-range outcomes.",1,-1,[],[42659]],["Whereas the latter is designed to create a friendly climate within foreign society toward fundamental political and social issues, such as capitalism versus communism or human rights, the former is designed to create a favorable climate for a particular diplomatic process at a particular time and in a particular context.",1,-1,[],[42659]],["designed to create a favourable climate for a particular diplomatic process at a particular time and in a particular context",1,-1,[],[3752]],["it is a peaceful action designed to build trust with the foreign public and foreign societies through actions related to conflicts.",1,-1,[],[42659]],["media diplomacy acts as a conflict resolution integrated into the international functioning, not in the international arena that requires great power and economic investment such as military or economic interventions in a country's national interests.",1,-1,[],[42659]],["media diplomacy aims at short-range results",1,-1,[],[42659]],["media diplomacy has weakened the importance of the government headquarters because the state actors can speak in the media, regardless of whether he makes the statement from the headquarters or a foreign country far from his government headquarters.",1,-1,[],[59070]],["media diplomacy is a conflict resolution tool",1,-1,[],[42659]],["media diplomacy is done by state actors",1,-1,[],[59070]],["media diplomacy messages are communicated only through the media",1,-1,[],[59070]],["media diplomacy primarily entails a serious appeal for conflict resolution",1,-1,[],[42659]],["media diplomacy primarily entails a serious appeal, sometimes made jointly by two rival sides, for conflict resolution directed at both domestic and foreign constituencies",1,-1,[],[3752]],["media diplomacy uses the media to mobilize public support for policy-makers to exert pressure on other political actors and reach an agreement.",1,-1,[],[42659]],["media diplomacy, when one or both sides are ready for conflict resolution and seek negotiation and agreements",1,-1,[],[3752]],["permits those who are engaged in complex negotiations to send signals that are multidirectional and can be interpreted and understood differently by different audiences",1,-1,[],[42659]],["primarily entails a serious appeal, sometimes made jointly by two rival sides, for conflict resolution directed at both domestic and foreign constituencies",1,-1,[],[3752]],["the former is designed to create a favorable climate for a particular diplomatic process at a particular time and in a particular context",1,-1,[],[42659]],["the media diplomacy includes all aspects of public diplomacy where the media are involved as well as others not associated with public diplomacy including the sending of signals by governments through the media, and the use of the media as a source of information",1,-1,[],[59070]],["the messengers are the state actors who convey messages through the media (Gilboa, 1998)",1,-1,[],[59070]]],"sy":[["public diplomacy",1,7322,[],[59070]]],"rt":[["public diplomacy",3,7322,[],[3752,42659,59070]],["diplomacy tools",1,-1,[],[42659]],["distribution",1,27245,[],[42659]],["media tools",1,-1,[],[42659]],["media use",1,31583,[],[42659]],["media-broker diplomacy",1,11628,[],[59070]],["production",1,19854,[],[42659]],["traditional diplomacy",1,26806,[],[42659]],["traditional diplomatic channels",1,-1,[],[59070]]],"sb":[["basic communication variant",1,-1,[],[3752]],["media events variant",1,-1,[],[3752]],["travelling diplomacy variant",1,-1,[],[3752]]],"sp":[["public diplomacy",1,7322,[],[3752]]],"ex":[["The designers and advocates of foreign policy drew attention through the media. Regardless of their geographical locations, their statements went global without the need to broadcast through traditional diplomatic channels. The media disseminate them to the international audience in real time.",1,-1,[],[59070]],["as was the case with Kosovo",1,-1,[],[59070]],["press conferences, interviews, leaks, visits of heads of state and discourse of mediators, visits to other countries, or even organized actions over communication channels such as nascent social media",1,-1,[],[42659]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["relational epistemology of meaning underlines that the identity of a discursive element depends on its semantic function in the context of its appearance.",1,-1,[],[22061]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["essentialist epistemology of meaning",1,-1,[],[22061]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["reality (first world)",1,-1,[],[20449]],["reality as experienced by a person (subjective idea -second world)",1,-1,[],[20449]],["the presentation (objectification) of reality by means of human symbols, including language and books -third world",1,-1,[],[20449]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["peaks",1,-1,[],[27750]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Continued trust formed by the pragmatic discourse enables the journalists to form time-saving routines",1,-1,[],[48638]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["contextual discourse",1,13090,[],[48638]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["trust discourses",1,27273,[],[48638]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["hybrid",1,30960,[],[3189]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["principio de transparencia informativa",1,-1,[],[15196]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["act as a heuristic for assessing news story credibility (Curry & Stroud, 2021)",1,-1,[],[45393]],["providing people with what could be the actual ideological distribution of journalists",1,-1,[],[45393]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["showing Republicans a scenario in which half the journalists working for an outlet are Republican",1,-1,[],[45393]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This overcorrection for biases appears to also influence the judgement of veracity when it comes to correcting misinformation and affirming factual information that stems from a polarizing source.",1,-1,[],[5685]],["occur for mood-related biases when people assume their feelings are affecting their judgement and attempt to correct for their influence",1,-1,[],[5685]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["For example, Isbell & Wyer [51] found that participants rated political figures less favourably when participants were happy than when they were not, in an attempt to adjust for what they perceived to be an irrelevant affective influence.",1,-1,[],[5685]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These decisions are based on the creators' own point of view, which will be determined by their opinions, assumptions and prejudices, as well as the media to which they have been exposed.",1,-1,[],[28277]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["even the most objective documentary filmmaker has to decide which frames to use, what to cut, and where to place the camera",1,-1,[],[28277]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["In this case, concepts could be different in image and text, and a combination of both gives the list of all concepts.",1,-1,[],[58833]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Proximity",1,17836,[],[58833]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Proximity",1,17836,[],[58833]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["trait anxiety loads primarily on NE",1,-1,[],[24725]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["comparing the extent to which members of different racial groups are portrayed as perpetrators",1,-1,[],[25258]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["German Euroscepticism",1,-1,[],[27071]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["individualism",1,9469,[],[6151]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["An issue bias, for LLMs, is a consistent tendency to express a particular stance (pro, neutral, con) on a particular issue.",1,-1,[],[56138]],["which may in turn influence how users think about this issue",1,-1,[["which may in turn influence how users think about this issue",1],["which may in turn influence how users think about this issue.",1]],[56138]],["while models can be steered to express any stance on most issues, stronger default stances are harder to overcome",1,-1,[],[56138]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Default Stance Bias",1,27181,[],[56138]],["Distorted Stance Bias",1,2889,[],[56138]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["SCM",1,26564,[],[45352]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This type of fallacy is used to damage an opponent's credibility.",1,-1,[],[36016]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["bias",1,30859,[],[5932]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Four Theories of the Press",1,10052,[],[38070]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["theories of the press",1,-1,[],[38070]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["conjunction fallacy",1,24649,[],[20516]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":48,"df":[["''Hard news'' we can assume, is not a neutral category, but a practical scheme partly defined by its relation to the category of ''soft news'' and symbolising a certain position in the journalistic universe.",2,-1,[],[24086,60279]]],"de":[["If a crime story was reported in a way that contextualized and linked the issue to the public good -for example, if the report referred to penal policies or to the general causes or consequences of crime -it was judged to be a hard news story assimilated to public affairs.",1,-1,[],[9219]],["Information about these events is presumably important to citizens' ability to understand and respond to the world of public affairs",1,-1,[],[9219]],["The terms have been used to classify both individual news reports and media formats.",1,-1,[],[9219]],["a factual, text-oriented style is regarded as indicating hard news",1,-1,[],[9219]],["can leave the audience feeling alienated, disempowered, helpless and, worst of all, apathetic, insensitive, and even hostile to learning about our world.",1,-1,[],[5091]],["elicit weaker emotional responses as they typically focus on delivering factual information",1,-1,[],[44055]],["hard news as being important, usually more interesting to men than women, or news that people should know when they want to understand public affairs.",1,-1,[],[9219]],["hard news is characterized as being timely, needing urgent dissemination or by the type of scheduling",1,-1,[],[9219]],["hard news, and not editorials or features",1,-1,[],[38202]],["political and economic",1,-1,[],[24311]],["prestigious and well-paying",1,-1,[],[60279]],["regarded as hard news",1,-1,[],[9219]],["the serious, enlightening kind of journalism that enhances democracy",1,-1,[],[33200]],["the traditional hard (prestigious and well-paying) genres like foreign news, political journalism, economy and business journalism",1,-1,[],[24086]],["thematic framing and the concentration on societal-level consequences of an event are regarded as indicators for hard news",1,-1,[],[9219]]],"sy":[["policy issues",1,34142,[],[6158]],["policy stories",1,30017,[],[44055]]],"rt":[["soft news",9,21047,[["soft news",8],["Soft news",1]],[6158,9219,24086,24311,26420,33200,35659,57248,60279]],["editorials",1,20853,[],[38202]],["features",1,10375,[],[38202]],["harder",1,-1,[],[9219]],["infotainment",1,9984,[],[9219]],["non-policy-related stories",1,-1,[],[44055]],["sensationalism",1,9105,[],[9219]],["tabloidization",1,16136,[],[9219]]],"sb":[["breaking news",1,17509,[],[56394]],["explanatory reporting",1,-1,[],[56394]],["investigative reporting",1,1825,[],[56394]],["public service",1,15612,[],[56394]]],"sp":[["Real news",1,18020,[],[51117]],["The two main categories are soft news and hard news",1,-1,[],[61794]],["different types of news",1,-1,[],[9219]]],"ex":[["foreign news, political journalism, economy and business journalism",2,-1,[],[24086,60279]],["Nieuwsuur",1,-1,[],[4471]],["politics and economics",1,-1,[],[35659]],["politics, history, economy, and finance",1,-1,[],[58684]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Specifically, stereotyped knowledge is a cognitive representation that has several traits: (1) it is shared between members of a particular social group; (2) it assumes simple and strong correlations between a single feature (which is often used as a label) and all other features; (3) it is used to draw (often negative) contrasts between one thing and another; (4) it is not based on direct observation; (5) it is applied uniformly; and (6) it is treated as inviolable and often revealed only in violation.",1,-1,[],[54426]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The resulting network is what we call the social bulk, i.e. a network core of endorsement and exchange among users.",1,-1,[],[19933]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[["Sources that come from a particular point of view and may rely on propaganda, decontextualized information, and opinions distorted as facts.",2,-1,[],[22642,46602]]],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["low-credibility sources",2,5756,[],[22642,46602]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Generative AI technologies could create new instantiations of this risk by synthesizing fake but convincing content that may serve as evidence for blackmail.",1,-1,[],[21046]],["Moreover, by automating the process of gathering and compromising information at scale, AI can also exacerbate blackmail risks. As we have seen, ML algorithms can analyze vast datasets from social media, location services, and personal files to identify content that could be used as fodder for blackmail.",1,-1,[],[21046]],["by automating the process of gathering and compromising information at scale, AI can also exacerbate blackmail risks. As we have seen, ML algorithms can analyze vast datasets from social media, location services, and personal files to identify content that could be used as fodder for blackmail.",1,-1,[],[21046]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["privacy risk",1,-1,[],[21046]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Newspeak",1,27636,[],[32641]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Causa falsa: consiste en sostener que, debido a que dos fenómenos se relacionan el uno con el otro, especialmente en el caso en que varían conjuntamente, uno ha de ser causa del otro;",1,-1,[],[13349]],["Compleja: Implica formular preguntas que suponen la aceptación de una información previa",1,-1,[],[13349]],["Equivocidad: se trata de utilizar un término ambiguo varias veces en un argumento; de tal forma, que este pueda ser interpretado en algunas instancias de cierta manera, y de otra forma en otras;",1,-1,[],[13349]],["Generalización apresurada: Consiste en utilizar incorrectamente el razonamiento inductivo, enunciando una regla general a partir de las excepciones;",1,-1,[],[13349]],["Pendiente resbaladiza: consiste en afirmar que una acción o decisión será el primer paso para una serie de acontecimientos que será difícil detener.",1,-1,[],[13349]],["Razonamiento circular: la conclusión de un argumento ya está contenida en los supuestos al comienzo del argumento;",1,-1,[],[13349]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":460,"df":[["\"Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a [political] cause or point of view\"",3,-1,[["\"Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a [political] cause or point of view\"",1],["Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view",1],["information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view.",1]],[9609,24146,50652]],["Propaganda is the expression of an opinion or an action by individuals or groups deliberately designed to influence the opinions or the actions of other individuals or groups with reference to predetermined ends",2,-1,[],[32048,54659]],["Propaganda is then defined as disinformation paired with an explicit or implicit political agenda",2,-1,[],[19104,28400]],["Propaganda is then defined as disinformation paired with an explicit or implicit political agenda (van der Linden, 2017).",2,-1,[],[19104,28400]],["a communication strategy that uses truth to maintain an organization's apparent legitimacy",2,-1,[["a communication strategy that uses truth to maintain an organization's apparent legitimacy",1],["a communication strategy that uses truth to maintain an organization's apparent legitimacy.",1]],[25573,52716]],["language that invites us to respond emotionally, emphatically, more or less immediately, and in an either-or manner",2,-1,[],[25573,52716]],["propaganda is directed at the ally, enemy, and neutral sides",2,-1,[],[23174,44996]],["propaganda is distinguished by its reliance on technology, widespread dissemination, and embeddedness in institutions of power",2,-1,[],[25573,52716]]],"de":[["propaganda can turn groups into intoxicated, mindless crowds",2,-1,[],[25573,52716]],["\"the desired intent of the propagandist\" always has to do with achieving, maintaining, and reinforcing a position of social power, often underpinned by ideological content",1,-1,[],[43236]],["Armenians used these terrorist acts as propaganda material during and after the First Karabakh War.",1,-1,[],[48129]],["At its origin stands a specific group intending to utilise such fabrications as a means of achieving political and ideological goals.",1,-1,[],[40480]],["Audiences.",1,-1,[],[33062]],["Authoritarian political powers aim to destroy the freedom of the individual by means of language and, in consequence, propaganda makes freedom of speech a meaningless, blank concept.",1,-1,[],[41974]],["Bernays (2005Bernays ( [1928]]: 54) argued that if elites 'can no longer do what they want without the approval of the masses, they find in propaganda a tool which is increasingly powerful in gaining that approval'.",1,-1,[],[8566]],["Bolsover et. al [2017] dug deeper into this definition identifying its two key elements: (i) trying to influence opinion, and (ii) doing so on purpose.",1,-1,[],[13227]],["But when propaganda is not transparent about its aims, when it uses language in ways that distort reality, it can be harmful, even when its intentions are well-meaning and designed to support a worthy cause.",1,-1,[],[52716]],["By defining propaganda in relation to its form, context, and impact on audiences, Postman acknowledges that propaganda is present in many forms of contemporary media, including entertainment, information, and persuasion.",1,-1,[],[52716]],["By reducing complicated facts to straightforward clichés, propaganda produces black-and-white, \"us\" and \"them,\" good-and-evil dichotomies that are frequently connected to calls to despise or dislike an adversary",1,-1,[],[56564]],["Can be political or industrial (e.g., tobacco industry).",1,-1,[],[9609]],["Deliberateness and a relatively heavy emphasis on manipulation distinguish propaganda from casual conversation or the free and easy exchange of ideas.",1,-1,[],[40480]],["Disinformation arises whenever the process of information is defective. This can happen because of: (a) a lack of objectivity, as in the case of propaganda;",1,-1,[],[15842]],["Due to this, propaganda is a consequential type of false information as it can change the course of human history (e.g., by changing the outcome of an election).",1,-1,[],[7023]],["Furthermore, the definition suggests three categories for empirical enquiry that are (1) production and distribution, (2) content and (3) reception orientated",1,-1,[],[8566]],["Garth S. Jowett and Victoria O'Donnell described it as, \"the deliberate, systematic attempt to form attitudes, manipulate cognitions, and guide behavior to obtain a response that furthers the propagandist's desired\" purpose\" [5].",1,-1,[],[38637]],["Harold D. Lasswell described propaganda in 1938 as \"the technique of controlling human behavior through the manipulation of representations\" [3].",1,-1,[],[38637]],["Hate against Muslims is regarded as propaganda",1,-1,[],[41078]],["Hate against Uyghurs is regarded as propaganda",1,-1,[],[41078]],["He also stresses its most important properties in relation to communication: 1) Lying, 2) Th e withholding of information, 3) strategic selectivity, 4) exaggeration, 5) explicit or covert aff ective appeals to desire or to fear and 6) Use of a \"rhetoric of visual display and/or linguistic structure which seek to manage phatic contexts (e.g., of trust, of intimacy) and to organize the fl ow of meaning and of value in ways not arising out of the rational content of the communication\"",1,-1,[],[42892]],["He also stresses its most important properties in relation to communication: 1) Lying, 2) Th e withholding of information, 3) strategic selectivity, 4) exaggeration, 5) explicit or covert aff ective appeals to desire or to fear and 6) Use of a \"rhetoric of visual display and/or linguistic structure which seek to manage phatic contexts (e.g., of trust, of intimacy) and to organize the fl ow of meaning and of value in ways not arising out of the rational content of the communication\" (Corner, 2007, pp. 674-675).",1,-1,[],[42892]],["Historically, states, political organizations, and other actors have used propaganda to steer society and gain their support.",1,-1,[],[48129]],["Historically, states, political organizations, and other actors have used propaganda to steer society and gain their support. This can take various forms, involving media, communication tools, and the manipulation of information. Propaganda can be used to shape the perspective of society, support policies, or guide society in a specific direction.",1,-1,[],[48129]],["History shows that propaganda is used in shaping the public\"s perception and discernment in order to achieve the influencer\"s political or economic goal",1,-1,[],[43408]],["However, three main factors help distinguish between them: the purpose, the parties spreading the message, and the veracity (i.e. whether the news is fake or based on fact).",1,-1,[],[42237]],["I adopt this broad definition of propaganda to include any messaging that deliberately intends to generate strategic effects -in this case, in the context of a conflict -either behavioural or cognitive.",1,-1,[],[61592]],["In 1922, Walter Lippmann's book \"Public Opinion\" included the first concept of propaganda. \"Propaganda is an attempt to change the image to which men react, to substitute one social pattern for another\" [1].",1,-1,[],[38637]],["In 1928, Bernays described propaganda as a \"constant, persistent attempt to produce or form events to influence people's general relations to an undertaking, thinking, or gathering\" [2].",1,-1,[],[38637]],["In Colombian Spanish, the word propaganda connotes advertising as well as the instrumentalization of media by armed actors.",1,-1,[],[40920]],["In India, propaganda has a deep social character that it refuses to lose its efficacy.",1,-1,[],[31755]],["In a state of total war, which required civilians to participate in the war effort, morale came to be recognised as a significant military factor, and propaganda [...] emerged as the principal instrument of control over public opinion and as an essential weapon in the national arsenal.",1,-1,[],[31602]],["In addition, the most important point is, perhaps, that propaganda always serves someone's interests.",1,-1,[],[34188]],["In contrast, propaganda presents unverified speculation or projections in the same tone as facts, and employs a variety of persuasion strategies to convince the readers, with the purpose to manipulate public beliefs to a predetermined conclusion.",1,-1,[],[26317]],["In literature writing, propaganda is often referred to as a technique in controlling and manipulating the society\"s beliefs.",1,-1,[],[43408]],["In other words, it is an intentional and systematic attempt to shape perception, manipulate knowledge or modify behavior so that the elicited response would contribute to the desired goals of the propagandist.",1,-1,[],[48333]],["In the Mao era, the media were primarily understood as a tool for propaganda to mobilize the masses for revolution.",1,-1,[],[52631]],["In the context of this study, propaganda is a tool of political influence that destroys the functioning of the democratic public sphere and ultimately deprives the electorate of the possibility of democratic decision-making.",1,-1,[],[47146]],["In the language of propaganda, exalted or depreciated values are a distorted expression, as they are manipulated and based on misleading, lying, irrational elements, even if they are deliberately promoted as expressions of a common feeling.",1,-1,[],[1236]],["In the temporal dimension, it is a prolonged war which is not interested in the very facts but in their misinterpretation (Martin, 1982).",1,-1,[],[28443]],["In this view, Russian-language media mostly represent a platform for the government to maintain a desired level of support among its citizens.",1,-1,[],[41270]],["Indeed, propaganda wants to pass as informative communication-whose only purpose is to create mutual understanding of data, concepts, and ideas that are considered to be accurate and fact-based.",1,-1,[],[45749]],["Intentions and agendas for cultivating particular ideas or directing particular behaviours.",1,-1,[],[33062]],["It determines how people's actions are viewed and evaluated",1,-1,[],[61681]],["It imitates the formal aspect of journalistic pieces.",1,-1,[],[32122]],["It involves imposing on citizens a world-view that falsifies reality and forces them to exhibit particular behaviors.",1,-1,[],[41974]],["It is a persuasive communication technique employed by individuals, organizations, or governments to shape public opinion and advance specific agendas.",1,-1,[],[39418]],["It is a special instance of fabricated stories that aim to harm the interests of a particular party and, typically, has a political context",1,-1,[],[1029]],["It is a special instance of fabricated stories that aim to harm the interests of a particular party and, typically, has a political context (Zannettou et al. 2019).",1,-1,[],[1029]],["It is a substance of linguistic strategies in its role.",1,-1,[],[55268]],["It is also characterised by a degree of concealment and manipulation, selectivity of the facts of reality. Messages can involve different degrees of coercion or threat, can leverage fear or appeal to positive aspirations (Piazza 2020).",1,-1,[],[1236]],["It is also observed that propaganda posts are written professionally and are compelling which makes most of the readers believe the information to be authentic.",1,-1,[],[32959]],["It is precisely the job of propaganda to put a spin on the obvious and produce new hegemonic narratives.",1,-1,[],[31602]],["It is used to influence public opinion to help a person, organization, or government.",1,-1,[],[34116]],["It takes facts and makes them fictions and preys on the conditions and foundations of how humans make decisions.",1,-1,[],[3686]],["It usually relies on the creation of enemies, stereotyping, and the simplification of language, images, and content, and defines the election as a choice between different political systems (old vs. new, elite vs. power of the masses, good vs. evil), thus denying the legitimacy of political competition within a democratic framework.",1,-1,[],[47146]],["It usually relies on the creation of enemies, stereotyping, and the simplification of language, images, and content, and defines the election as a choice between different political systems (old vs. new, elite vs. power of the masses, good vs. evil), thus denying the legitimacy of political competition within a democratic framework. In the context of this study, propaganda is a tool of political influence that destroys the functioning of the democratic public sphere and ultimately deprives the electorate of the possibility of democratic decision-making.",1,-1,[],[47146]],["Its persuasive function.",1,-1,[],[33062]],["Jacques Ellul described propaganda as, \"a variety of tactics employed by a dispersed group that needs to realize the complex or uninvolved interest in its activities of a large number of people, mentally brought together by mental controls and consolidated in an association\" [4].",1,-1,[],[38637]],["Misinformation against Muslims is regarded as propaganda",1,-1,[],[41078]],["Misinformation against Uyghurs and the situation in Xinjiang is regarded as propaganda",1,-1,[],[41078]],["Note that this definition is orthogonal to that of disinformation: Propagandist news can be both true and false, and it can be both harmful and harmless",1,-1,[],[22532]],["Nowadays, propaganda is extensively shared through online channels due to their interaction-based structure.",1,-1,[],[37107]],["O\" Shaughnessy (2004) suggests that the term propaganda is \"open-ended\".",1,-1,[],[31755]],["Often defined as an insidious dissemination of information, propaganda is spread through various outlets, the media being one of them.",1,-1,[],[31755]],["Once confined to the political realm, these communication techniques and their specific mode of operating images seem to have spread throughout various realms of life.",1,-1,[],[39744]],["One of propaganda's narrative functions is to spread knowledge about an idea, an ideology, a cause, or a person.",1,-1,[],[42186]],["One of the central objectives of propaganda, particularly applied during times of war, is what Lasswell (1971Lasswell ( [1927]: 195) ]: 195) termed 'to mobilise hatred against the enemy'.",1,-1,[],[8566]],["Propaganda 'can thus be understood as the forming of texts and opinions in support of particular interests and through media and non-media mediated means with the intention to produce public support and relevant action'",1,-1,[],[42186]],["Propaganda as a means and instrument of semantic warfare occupies a virtual space and affects the entire mental sphere of a person and forms his semantic constructs.",1,-1,[],[28443]],["Propaganda campaigns aim at influencing people's mindset with the purpose of advancing a specific agenda.",1,-1,[],[13227]],["Propaganda can be compared to a filter that distorts reality. It interweaves narratives transmitted not only via the news but also through entertainment shows, films, books, and public events. As a result, people who encounter this filter become dismissive of any alternative information, which they tend to condemn as \"fake news\".",1,-1,[],[12749]],["Propaganda can be designed to cultivate attitudes and/or provoke action.",1,-1,[],[22515]],["Propaganda can be harmful to both individuals and society as a whole, such as disseminating false information, inciting people's perceptions, leading to conflicts, perpetuating prejudices, impeding democracy process etc. (Bernays, 2005;Stanley, 2015;Little, 2017).",1,-1,[],[26317]],["Propaganda can be readily associated with 'coordinating words, images and actions in pursuit of national power'.",1,-1,[],[50911]],["Propaganda can be used to shape the perspective of society, support policies, or guide society in a specific direction.",1,-1,[],[48129]],["Propaganda content not only presents unverified or even false information, but also employs a variety of argumentation strategies to convince the readers (Yu et al., 2021).",1,-1,[],[26317]],["Propaganda creation is often associated with governments, but individuals and organizations outside of politics may use propaganda as well.",1,-1,[],[34116]],["Propaganda has already been used in ancient times [30], while it is nowadays used for domestic and foreign influence.",1,-1,[],[37107]],["Propaganda has always existed, but social media platforms have made it easier for individuals and organizations to promote their agenda and narratives quickly across large audiences.",1,-1,[],[29178]],["Propaganda is a conscious form of communication aimed at influencing people's thoughts and behaviors.",1,-1,[],[48129]],["Propaganda is a form of communication that is used in influencing communities, or people in general, to push forward an agenda for a certain goal.",1,-1,[],[43408]],["Propaganda is a form of misinformation or deceptive narratives that incite or mislead the public, usually with a political purpose.",1,-1,[],[26317]],["Propaganda is also used as a tool to manipulate people's emotions and behavior, often for political or ideological purposes.",1,-1,[],[29178]],["Propaganda is far away from persuasion but closer to manipulation.",1,-1,[],[31755]],["Propaganda is interconnected and systematically organized aiming to form opinions based on what individuals or groups convey with specific goals.",1,-1,[],[59993]],["Propaganda is not a form of communication that simply seeks to inform.",1,-1,[],[55268]],["Propaganda is not the disinformation and it cannot even be categorized as the misinformation",1,-1,[],[13396]],["Propaganda is one such communication tool to influence the opinions and the actions of other people in order to achieve a predetermined goal",1,-1,[],[56126]],["Propaganda is political communication because it involves strategic communicative practices that have the goal of persuading or manipulating people's minds, opinions, emotions or behaviours, in order to gain support for ideas, causes, ideologies or actions (Herman and Chomsky, 2002;Lasswell, 2013;Lippmann, 1922;Wilke, 2008), i.e. to gain political power.",1,-1,[],[42186]],["Propaganda is primarily used to gain people's trust in an individual, group, or a political party.",1,-1,[],[38637]],["Propaganda is still valued as an instrument for advancing all shades of political interests and agendas",1,-1,[],[33062]],["Propaganda is therefore wholly defined in terms of the intent of a writer or group of writers, and may contain factually correct content.",1,-1,[],[45083]],["Propaganda may be more effective if rooted in truth, but may just as easily appeal to people's preconceived notions or stereotypes.",1,-1,[],[32230]],["Propaganda remains the main tool of information warfare in Russia (nothing has changed since the Cold War).",1,-1,[],[53880]],["Propaganda shapes certain behavioural patterns and attitudes, with the propagandist taking on a central role.",1,-1,[],[34188]],["Propaganda should be understood as a tool: it can be applied toward ends that may be immoral or moral",1,-1,[],[56564]],["Propaganda sought to gain trust by stoking normal human fears about threats to life, health, property or morals.",1,-1,[],[40480]],["Propaganda stories are profoundly utilized in political contexts to mislead people with the overarching goal of inflicting damage to a particular political party or nation-state.",1,-1,[],[7023]],["Propaganda thus becomes a professional device that can be very unobtrusive, even unrecognizable",1,-1,[],[32571]],["Propaganda uses psychological and rhetorical techniques that are intended to go unnoticed to achieve maximum effect.",1,-1,[],[32048]],["Propaganda would normally consist of accurate or semi accurate information, which is used to influence people to spread the various agendas to achieve a specific goal.",1,-1,[],[43408]],["Propaganda, misinformation, and fake news have the power to polarise public opinion, to encourage hate speech and violent extremism, and ultimately to weaken democracies.",1,-1,[],[47454]],["Propagandists, like (Frankfurtian) bullshitters do not care whether what they are saying is true or not.",1,-1,[],[32230]],["Recently, Bolsover et. al [2017] dug deeper into this definition identifying its two key elements: (i) trying to influence opinion, and (ii) doing so on purpose.",1,-1,[],[13227]],["Refers to biased information that is often generated to promote a political point of view.",1,-1,[],[23185]],["Sophisticated propaganda techniques",1,-1,[],[52654]],["States are the main actors of propaganda.",1,-1,[],[1029]],["States are usually seen as the main actor of propaganda, and recently it has taken a different turn with politicians and media organs using it to support a certain position or view",1,-1,[],[5439]],["Strategic communication has undoubtedly served as a useful euphemism to avoid the negative connotations associated with propaganda, which is why propaganda is the term typically ascribed to opponents' communications.",1,-1,[],[50911]],["Such propaganda is a device, which uses 'glittering generalities' (Institute for Propaganda Analysis, 1995Analysis, [1937]]: 219).",1,-1,[],[8566]],["Systematic information campaigns, such as propaganda, may be used by governments to mislead and manipulate people's knowledge, attitudes, or values",1,-1,[],[12897]],["The aim of propaganda is not to communicate information but to convince on an emotional basis, and this type of communication is therefore, indifferent to the truth of the message.",1,-1,[],[47146]],["The characteristic of this type of language is the targeted use of fake news, of fake stories, characteristic even more highlighted by the articulated distortion made of the reality provided in the narratives (Brunner 1991, pp.1-21, Di Donato 2011;Mittica 2011).",1,-1,[],[1236]],["The components which form the building blocks of propaganda are the concepts of brainwashing, distortion and persuasion",1,-1,[],[27553]],["The components which form the building blocks of propaganda are the concepts of brainwashing, distortion and persuasion rendering it an extremely powerful tool in time of conflicts.",1,-1,[],[27553]],["The concept of propaganda is furthermore often used in the jurisprudence to describe 'behavioural patterns and forms of intent in a variety of ideological, political and military, individual or collectively coordinated efforts'",1,-1,[],[61681]],["The desired action can be evoked by manipulating certain significant or conventional symbols in order to manipulate collective attitudes (Lasswell 1927: 627).",1,-1,[],[61435]],["The desired effect is achieved through pulp political talk shows, TV series, and other propaganda activities.",1,-1,[],[28443]],["The destructive propaganda mechanism, however, also influences other spheres of social life, in which concepts that are crucial for the functioning of the community are subjected to manipulation and, as a result, change their meanings",1,-1,[],[41974]],["The diverse goals and functions of propaganda determined its dynamic and expansive nature; it actively shaped landscapes and subordinated them to ideological objectives.",1,-1,[],[49983]],["The effect of propaganda thus is not merely, or perhaps not at all, the persuasion of some individuals of the morality or desirability of their criminal behaviour but the atmosphere where such behaviour is enabled.",1,-1,[],[61681]],["The effectiveness of propaganda depends on the willingness of people to conceive relevant narratives.",1,-1,[],[28443]],["The first task of the student of propaganda is to divest the word of its pejorative and derogatory associations",1,-1,[],[33062]],["The functioning of propaganda is currently based on the misuse of the democratic vocabulary towards achieving certain goals for the sake of political manipulators and demagogues.",1,-1,[],[41974]],["The fundamentals of propaganda communication: persuasion using symbols, emotions, stereotypes, and pre-existing frameworks with the intention of swaying perceptions and influencing cognition and behavior in order to further the propagandist's agenda (Alieva et al., 2022).",1,-1,[],[49963]],["The goal of propaganda in totalitarian systems is to attain and maintain power by means of language",1,-1,[],[41974]],["The identified propaganda clichés were based on repetition and partly on intimidation (due to the inclusion of an emotional component or objective data).",1,-1,[],[34188]],["The ideological distancing involving the separation of the decoder or observer from the activity or communication could be viewed a neutral perspective of propaganda",1,-1,[],[31755]],["The instrument of semantic war is propaganda, which strives to provide a person with a sense of \"ontological security\".",1,-1,[],[28443]],["The intended influence and manipulation distinguish it from dissemination of mere factual information.",1,-1,[],[61681]],["The intent behind propaganda and clickbait varies from opinion manipulation and attention redirection to monetization and traffic attraction.",1,-1,[],[51170]],["The language of propaganda does not use overtly denigrating expressions, or an overtly racist, offensive or discriminatory language; instead, it uses apparently neutral expressions, which act as keywords, capable of opening up a universe of unconscious, underlying, unspoken meanings.",1,-1,[],[1236]],["The latter is more interactive and tries to satisfy the needs of both actors.",1,-1,[],[54336]],["The main aim of propaganda has been to protect state-corporate power from the threat of public understanding and participation.",1,-1,[],[8566]],["The myth invades every part of the recipient's consciousness, leaving no faculty or motivation untouched, and once accepted it controls the whole individual, who becomes immune to any other influences.",1,-1,[],[37050]],["The primary aim of propaganda is manipulation, often using untrue statements.",1,-1,[],[47146]],["The propaganda apparatuses that governments established during the World Wars were only nominally dismantled afterwards.",1,-1,[],[56532]],["The propagandist intends to promote his or her goals, while there might seem to be a definite purpose and even a conclusive conclusion, the true intent is likely to be hidden. It aims to manage public opinion and exploit behavioral trends by controlling the flow of information.",1,-1,[],[38637]],["The purpose can be political, ideological or religious",1,-1,[],[7112]],["The purpose can be political, ideological or religious [74,73].",1,-1,[],[7112]],["The purpose of propaganda is to encourage people to promote a political cause or to think in a particular way and turn people away from a political cause (Bentzen, 2022).",1,-1,[],[34116]],["The severity of bringing about the massive participation of the population in mass action falls under its most dangerous guise when the intent of the propagandist is laced with the dolus specialis of the crime of genocide.",1,-1,[],[27553]],["There are instances where propaganda is used to divert attention from important issues by passing on fake and irrelevant information.",1,-1,[],[47454]],["These actions are subservient to the propagandist's main aim of which the direct outcome is only or mainly beneficial to the propagandist and his or her associated parties.",1,-1,[],[61435]],["These articles are designed to manipulate public perception or behaviour.",1,-1,[],[40501]],["They portrayed these actions not as acts of terrorism but as a struggle for independence and utilized them as propaganda material both at the national and international levels.",1,-1,[],[48129]],["This can result in a decline in critical thinking abilities, impairing the capacity to make well-informed decisions grounded in factual information and evidence.",1,-1,[],[29178]],["This can take various forms, involving media, communication tools, and the manipulation of information.",1,-1,[],[48129]],["This form of political communication is 'deceptive because those involved know people would less likely be persuaded if they knew the full picture' (Bakir et al., 2018: 12)",1,-1,[["This form of political communication is 'deceptive because those involved know people would less likely be persuaded if they knew the full picture' (Bakir et al., 2018: 12)",1],["This form of political communication is 'deceptive because those involved know people would less likely be persuaded if they knew the full picture' (Bakir et al., 2018: 12).",1]],[42186]],["This implies a deliberate attempt to advance specific ideologies or agendas by disseminating inaccurate or biased information on various digital platforms.",1,-1,[],[38637]],["This information is often manipulated in a strategic way to shape societal beliefs (Rashkin et al., 2017;Barron-Cedeno et al., 2019).",1,-1,[],[26317]],["This is not mere information dissemination; rather, it is a one-sided and assertive broadcasting of a particular standpoint.",1,-1,[],[34188]],["Through the emotional appeal used to trigger emotions at the expense of reason, propaganda has become a modern and postmodern weapon.",1,-1,[],[15842]],["Today, marketing and propaganda are the component part of many disciplines.",1,-1,[],[13396]],["Tweets designed to spread pro-China stance in the context of the Uyghur conflict (in form of e.g. slogans, hashtags, ...) are also regarded as propaganda",1,-1,[],[41078]],["Tweets designed to spread pro-Hindutva stance (in form of e.g. slogans, hashtags, ...) are also regarded as propaganda",1,-1,[],[41078]],["Ukierunkowana jest na kształtowanie przekonań oraz manipulowanie wiedzą i zachowaniami jednostek w taki sposób, by były zgodne z oczekiwaniami propagandzisty.",1,-1,[],[19116]],["Underlying causal unities are perceived where none exist.",1,-1,[],[58407]],["Unlike education, propaganda is a one-way communication [12], not involving interaction.",1,-1,[],[34188]],["Unlike education, propaganda is a one-way communication [12], not involving interaction. In addition, the most important point is, perhaps, that propaganda always serves someone's interests. This is not mere information dissemination; rather, it is a one-sided and assertive broadcasting of a particular standpoint.",1,-1,[],[34188]],["Usage of propaganda is seen in times of war, or if we recall the authoritarian regimes of the 20 th century, however, it remains alive and well even in modern and democratic societies.",1,-1,[],[41742]],["Use of flawed reasoning or emotional appeal.",1,-1,[],[33062]],["We know that propaganda is not an end in its self but a mean to an end.",1,-1,[],[55268]],["What is communicated is a short, superficial, trivial, if not distorted and unstructured oral content.",1,-1,[],[1236]],["While they aim to change the cognitive belief structures that an individual has, they utilise a strong affective dimension. Propaganda tools were found to also invoke an emotional response including a sense of outrage or anger at perceived injustices.",1,-1,[],[23837]],["a specific form of communication with specific characteristics-such as for example group-related denigration",1,-1,[],[15182]],["according to a predefined strategy to promote a particular viewpoint or political",1,-1,[],[33915]],["and in Polish reality after the war the persuasive function was decidedly at the foreground; and this function aimed to manipulate the behavior of the recipients of the propaganda message, that is, to influence their behavior, attitude, outlook on the world, and, ultimately, leading to the control of public opinion as exerted by the state authorities.",1,-1,[],[59822]],["any content with biased messages either intentional or unintentional is propaganda",1,-1,[],[20154]],["any content with biased messages either intentional or unintentional is propaganda [11]",1,-1,[],[20154]],["attempts to manipulate social consciousness by constructing and perpetuating certain myths.",1,-1,[],[37050]],["behavioural patterns and forms of intent in a variety of ideological, political and military, individual or collectively coordinated efforts",1,-1,[],[61681]],["both are based on facts which are promoted as objective but are presented only from one side or perspective, with the purpose of persuading the targeted audience, rather than informing it",1,-1,[],[39244]],["both have similarities such as its use for the deliberate aim to manipulate based on gain, such as ones that are political (Wardle, 2018)",1,-1,[],[38240]],["can be harmful when it distorts people's understanding of social reality",1,-1,[],[52716]],["can be seen as extreme bias.",1,-1,[],[12205]],["can be used in either an explicit or implicit approach.",1,-1,[],[55268]],["can proliferate rapidly on social media, particularly when users cannot critically assess the content they encounter",1,-1,[],[52654]],["capacity to reshape attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge",1,-1,[],[25573]],["common elements include that this is a deliberate action to influence the mindset, persuade or manipulate the impressions of a specific group of people, thereby enriching the promoter or fulfilling his interest.",1,-1,[],[32571]],["competition for military, economic and moral superiority over combatants on opposite sides of the Iron Curtain",1,-1,[],[40480]],["constitute forms of distorting reality in order to influence the opinions and actions of a given audience and obtain beneficial results",1,-1,[],[51140]],["different from political persuasion. The latter is more interactive and tries to satisfy the needs of both actors.",1,-1,[],[54336]],["distorting the perception of reality.",1,-1,[],[1236]],["distorts people's understanding of social reality",1,-1,[],[25573]],["emphasizing its capacity to undo more reasoned habits of mind",1,-1,[],[52716]],["engages the active participation of audiences, whose hopes, fears, and dreams are addressed through symbolic expression",1,-1,[],[25573]],["extreme bias",1,-1,[],[12205]],["faculty attitudes toward fake news generally fall within the more negative sub-topics of misinformation, propaganda, and rumor",1,-1,[],[1182]],["features in the Party-audience single-directional flow of information",1,-1,[],[52631]],["how Twitter can be exploited to organize and promote counter narratives",1,-1,[],[7023]],["how news management lacking neutrality shapes information by emphasizing positive or negative aspects purposefully",1,-1,[],[32048]],["how news management lacking neutrality shapes information by emphasizing positive or negative aspects purposefully (Jowett and O'Donnell 2012, p. 1).",1,-1,[],[32048]],["hybrid warfare tool",1,-1,[],[32571]],["identifying its two key elements: (i) trying to influence opinion, and (ii) doing so on purpose.",1,-1,[],[13227]],["in Polish reality after the war the persuasive function was decidedly at the foreground; and this function aimed to manipulate the behavior of the recipients of the propaganda message, that is, to influence their behavior, attitude, outlook on the world, and, ultimately, leading to the control of public opinion as exerted by the state authorities.",1,-1,[],[59822]],["in general, propaganda involves some kind of deception or prevents the audience from rationally and knowledgeably evaluating the message that the communicator wishes to convey",1,-1,[],[51314]],["insidious dissemination of information",1,-1,[],[31755]],["instrument of ideological warfare",1,-1,[],[32571]],["it can be categorized as a kind of public communication",1,-1,[],[54336]],["it can be harmful, even when its intentions are well-meaning and designed to support a worthy cause.",1,-1,[],[25573]],["it denoted a fanatical appeal to the masses based on unilateral informing and manipulation via communication channels",1,-1,[],[28443]],["it entailed aligning the form and content of putonghua with socialist ideology, while countering the spread of 'corrupt ideological content like colonialism, feudalism, pornography, and vulgarity, which obstructs the progress of socialist civilization'",1,-1,[],[60911]],["it has negative connotations",1,-1,[],[42186]],["it involves a speaker's attempt to persuade an audience in order to obtain specific -usually political and strategic -results.",1,-1,[],[61592]],["it is a language that makes us understand how important narratives are, in the legal, political and social context.",1,-1,[],[1236]],["it is an intentional and systematic attempt to shape perception, manipulate knowledge or modify behavior so that the elicited response would contribute to the desired goals of the propagandist.",1,-1,[],[48333]],["it operates as part of the communication strategies of many political, economic, cultural, and social organizations around the Western world.",1,-1,[],[42186]],["it operates with many different kinds of truth -the outright lie, the half truth, the truth out of context.",1,-1,[],[33062]],["it was used extensively during the First World War",1,-1,[],[51314]],["its aims, when it uses language in ways that distort reality, it can be harmful, even when its intentions are well-meaning and designed to support a worthy cause.",1,-1,[],[25573]],["its veracity may vary from untruths to true but manipulative information",1,-1,[["its veracity may vary from untruths to true but manipulative information",1],["its veracity may vary from untruths to true but manipulative information.",1]],[29467]],["key words that suggest manipulation and control, both of which are central to propaganda themes.",1,-1,[],[40501]],["la propaganda es el instrumento de persuasión de los actores políticos.",1,-1,[],[26255]],["linguistic and epistemic mischief caused by propaganda, which can create \"a thicket of unreality\"",1,-1,[],[25573]],["manipulative and deceptive language is used by, or concerns, institutions and individuals who have the power to institute, process and introduce norms, to affect, condition, and transform the lives of citizens.",1,-1,[],[1236]],["manipulative persuasion",1,-1,[],[8598]],["mass tool used by the media and social network users",1,-1,[],[32571]],["measured as the fraction of articles in a certain frame flagged as propagandist, out of all articles from that frame",1,-1,[],[27845]],["media messages intentionally crafted and disseminated by armed actors on any side of the conflict to support their military and political goals",1,-1,[],[40920]],["messages about public policy, social movements, traditional values, and community behavior recommendations",1,-1,[],[34480]],["methods for detecting the use of rhetorical techniques to influence others",1,-1,[],[27845]],["misleading and manipulative communications",1,-1,[],[22515]],["not intended to simply make up a story with objective errors, but instead use a variety of techniques to convince people, such as selectively conveying facts or appealing to emotions",1,-1,[],[38692]],["one purpose of propaganda is 'to maintain the legitimacy of the institution or organisation that it represents and thereby ensure the legitimacy of its activities'",1,-1,[["one purpose of propaganda is 'to maintain the legitimacy of the institution or organisation that it represents and thereby ensure the legitimacy of its activities'",1],["one purpose of propaganda is 'to maintain the legitimacy of the institution or organisation that it represents and thereby ensure the legitimacy of its activities'.",1]],[8566]],["politics is about propaganda",1,-1,[],[31755]],["professional device that can be very unobtrusive, even unrecognizable",1,-1,[],[32571]],["propaganda and disinformation are used synergetically to achieve specific objectives, effectively turning social media into a weapon.",1,-1,[],[13227]],["propaganda and fabrication, on the other hand, are aimed to trick a wider public",1,-1,[],[38046]],["propaganda as a technology of information and psychological influence within the framework of modern political communications",1,-1,[],[28443]],["propaganda can cause changes in people's ideas, attitudes and behaviour, shape the perception of events and influence the formation of public opinion.",1,-1,[],[28007]],["propaganda content seeks to manipulate people through the dispossession of the recipient.",1,-1,[],[61592]],["propaganda for the party-state to maintain and strengthen the communist dictatorship",1,-1,[],[51669]],["propaganda frequently combines truths, falsehoods, and ambiguities to confound readers.",1,-1,[],[51160]],["propaganda had taken the 'place of more direct means of control'",1,-1,[],[8566]],["propaganda in the democratic world today works in a more subtle way and, by violating the mechanisms of a democratic debate, it destroys the values of the community.",1,-1,[],[41974]],["propaganda is 'more often … concerned with reinforcing existing trends and beliefs'",1,-1,[],[33062]],["propaganda is based on the assumption that the propagandist is, de facto, better informed and holds the authority to determine what changes should be introduced",1,-1,[],[34188]],["propaganda is based on the assumption that the propagandist is, de facto, better informed and holds the authority to determine what changes should be introduced. Propaganda shapes certain behavioural patterns and attitudes, with the propagandist taking on a central role. Unlike education, propaganda is a one-way communication [12], not involving interaction. In addition, the most important point is, perhaps, that propaganda always serves someone's interests. This is not mere information dissemination; rather, it is a one-sided and assertive broadcasting of a particular standpoint.",1,-1,[],[34188]],["propaganda is ethically neutral -it may be good or bad",1,-1,[["propaganda is ethically neutral -it may be good or bad",1],["propaganda is ethically neutral -it may be good or bad.",1]],[33062]],["propaganda is much more difficult to grasp in a democratic society than in a totalitarian regime, since it often takes on a masked form.",1,-1,[],[41974]],["propaganda is not an end in its self but a mean to an end.",1,-1,[],[55268]],["propaganda is often associated with manipulation or disinformation (false information with an intention)",1,-1,[],[54336]],["propaganda is often referred to as a technique in controlling and manipulating the society\"s beliefs.",1,-1,[],[43408]],["propaganda is one of the social sciences which is a part of rhetorical arts in communication.",1,-1,[],[55268]],["propaganda is strategically used to manipulate public opinion and shape narratives around wars",1,-1,[],[37107]],["propaganda mechanism that shaped public perception and exerted pressure on creators and artists",1,-1,[],[51669]],["propaganda or advocacy-oriented content seeks to persuade, mobilize, or shape attitudes",1,-1,[],[34480]],["propaganda techniques are used 'to convince, persuade and influence public opinion' and they 'focus on manipulating emotions and preconceptions, at the expense of the faculties of reasoning and judgment'",1,-1,[],[61681]],["propaganda that misrepresents reality in order to promote a worthy cause",1,-1,[],[25573]],["propaganda to annihilate the enemy's morale and credibility",1,-1,[],[47146]],["propaganda uses relatively more assertive verbs and superlatives.",1,-1,[],[51160]],["propaganda wants to pass as informative communication-whose only purpose is to create mutual understanding of data, concepts, and ideas that are considered to be accurate and fact-based.",1,-1,[],[45749]],["provides a rich array of opportunities for learners to engage in sense-making using strategies of reasoning and interpretation",1,-1,[],[52716]],["psychological exploitation, achieved largely by disseminating propaganda through the mass media of communication",1,-1,[],[8566]],["publicly funded political messages are disseminated unhindered, uncritically, and as widely as possible.",1,-1,[],[47146]],["que puede venir tanto por parte de las autoridades oficiales como por parte de terceros que aprovechan el conflicto en su beneficio.",1,-1,[],[50378]],["research into techniques of persuasion, opinion measurement, interrogation, political and military mobilization, propagation of ideology and related questions",1,-1,[],[8566]],["selective presentations of information, persuasive framings, and use of emotional appeals",1,-1,[],[22515]],["snapshot as a weak one (i.e., more emotive or symbolistic)",1,-1,[],[48333]],["states, governments, and corporations, as well as criminal and terrorist groups, have used propaganda to shape public opinion and to manufacture consent (Herman, 2000;Herman and Chomsky, 2002;Lasswell, 2013;Lippmann, 1922) in order to legitimate political regimes, elites and ideologies and/or to gain support for a cause and particular interests.",1,-1,[],[42186]],["strategic use of propaganda as a form of political communication, which occurs in a violent context",1,-1,[],[42186]],["strategy of propaganda was mostly creating a fallacious reasoning connection concerning the topics being discussed.",1,-1,[],[55268]],["techniques of propaganda and ideological control in journalism",1,-1,[],[51669]],["the etymology of which stems from the Latin root meaning 'to sow' or to 'spread out'",1,-1,[],[27553]],["the key strategies of Soviet propaganda-to dismiss, distract, distort, and dismay",1,-1,[],[12749]],["the language of propaganda can be used in either an explicit or implicit approach.",1,-1,[],[55268]],["the manipulating of individuals, and by extension communities through the creation of selective and incompatible narratives.",1,-1,[],[3686]],["the more a message circulates, the more it accrues in propagandist force",1,-1,[],[31602]],["the most important point is, perhaps, that propaganda always serves someone's interests.",1,-1,[],[34188]],["the objective of propaganda as a tool and means of information warfare is the destruction of reality.",1,-1,[],[28443]],["the passage of the article could be interpreted as a strong propaganda product (i.e., laying out of arguments, etc.)",1,-1,[],[48333]],["the patterns which emerge from the propagandists' conduct can reveal or at least indicate the intent hidden behind an entire propaganda mechanism.",1,-1,[],[27553]],["the persuasive function was decidedly at the foreground; and this function aimed to manipulate the behavior of the recipients of the propaganda message, that is, to influence their behavior, attitude, outlook on the world, and, ultimately, leading to the control of public opinion as exerted by the state authorities.",1,-1,[],[59822]],["the study is expected to show that the propaganda will be accepted considerately as the thing that constructed systematically to have great effects beneficial to the speaker or propagandist.",1,-1,[],[55268]],["the task of propaganda is to influence the relationship, and hence people's actions with the help of linguistic stimuli, wordsin writing or orally",1,-1,[],[26786]],["the term propaganda is usually associated with nefarious communication and most current definitions include the notion of manipulation",1,-1,[],[8598]],["the term propaganda need not be reserved for the actions of government agencies and political parties.",1,-1,[],[22515]],["there is a common perception that it involves purposefully generated information used for targeting audiences to influence their attitudes and actions.",1,-1,[],[48333]],["they use propaganda to influence others",1,-1,[],[27845]],["this concept takes on a pejorative connotation; propaganda becomes involved in the relationship between freedom and power",1,-1,[],[41974]],["this political propaganda can be defined in terms of transforming certain ideas into their opposites; the paradigm of propaganda, he argues, is to present biased and subjective intentions as objectively valuable goals",1,-1,[],[41974]],["to generate distorted and often misleading information, which can result in heightened polarization on specific issues and division among communities.",1,-1,[],[36541]],["tool used to legitimise current government power",1,-1,[],[40480]],["un sistema impuesto de propaganda sistemática",1,-1,[],[29481]],["wave of propaganda-based scapegoating and the promotion of conspiracies",1,-1,[],[40480]],["when portrayed with collective consent by mainstream institutions, it does more damage.",1,-1,[],[31755]],["which is different from political persuasion",1,-1,[],[54336]]],"sy":[["disinformation",3,17423,[["disinformation",2],["Disinformation",1]],[1182,18800,51314]],["brainwashing",2,31454,[],[32571,52014]],["consent-engineering",2,20521,[["consent-engineering",1],["engineering of consent",1]],[8566,29481]],["distortion",2,28504,[],[32571,52014]],["fake news",2,33960,[],[18800,51314]],["manipulation",2,148,[],[32571,52014]],["advertising",1,6013,[],[52716]],["advocacy-oriented content",1,-1,[],[34480]],["construcción del consenso o manufacturing consent",1,-1,[],[29481]],["deceit",1,-1,[],[52014]],["deception",1,24454,[],[32571]],["difusión de desinformación",1,-1,[],[50378]],["empty speech",1,-1,[],[32571]],["falsehood",1,10681,[],[32571]],["falsehood, distortion, deception, manipulation, brainwashing, and empty speech",1,-1,[],[32571]],["hoax",1,13150,[],[18800]],["hyperadvocacy",1,34541,[],[20196]],["integrating propaganda",1,34223,[],[8566]],["lies",1,11646,[],[52014]],["lies, distortion, deceit, manipulation, mind control, psychological warfare, brainwashing and palaver",1,-1,[],[52014]],["mind control",1,18640,[],[52014]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[18800]],["nefarious communication",1,-1,[],[8598]],["non-consensual OPC",1,-1,[],[8598]],["palaver",1,-1,[],[52014]],["persuasion",1,23143,[],[47454]],["propaganda news",1,15373,[],[34467]],["propaganda of integration",1,-1,[],[8566]],["psychological warfare",1,22775,[],[52014]],["rumor",1,17712,[],[18800]],["satire",1,9893,[],[18800]],["the manipulation of public opinion",1,-1,[],[38637]],["yellow journalism",1,18136,[],[18800]]],"rt":[["disinformation",17,17423,[],[3686,8566,12749,13227,13396,22532,24146,28221,28400,34116,36965,40480,41463,44577,49983,51314,52014]],["fake news",9,33960,[],[1236,7112,17077,26317,28007,39244,47454,49963,55992]],["persuasion",8,23143,[],[8598,22515,27553,30948,31755,42237,45749,61435]],["misinformation",5,10315,[],[28221,40480,47454,55992,60265]],["public relations",5,10627,[],[8566,22515,33062,42186,56532]],["advertising",3,6013,[],[22515,42186,49983]],["information warfare",3,6374,[],[28443,37050,53880]],["persuasive communication",3,18344,[],[34188,45749,48333]],["public diplomacy",3,7322,[],[22515,33062,55268]],["rumor",3,17712,[["rumor",1],["rumors",1],["rumours",1]],[26317,40480,49963]],["computational propaganda",2,19112,[],[25573,52716]],["distortion",2,28504,[],[20154,27553]],["political bias",2,24880,[],[26317,55992]],["political communication",2,26887,[],[42186,43236]],["Information-semantic warfare",1,770,[],[28443]],["Media and mass communication technologies",1,-1,[],[31602]],["PR",1,11611,[],[8566]],["behaviours",1,16853,[],[31755]],["brainwashing",1,31454,[],[27553]],["bullshit",1,29347,[],[32230]],["clickbait",1,6382,[],[49963]],["coercion",1,24026,[],[8598]],["communication tools",1,-1,[],[48129]],["consent-engineering",1,20521,[],[8566]],["conspiracy theories",1,1403,[],[40480]],["corporate lobbying",1,-1,[],[8566]],["cyber war",1,23800,[],[28443]],["deceit",1,-1,[],[20154]],["deception",1,24454,[],[8598]],["deceptive coercion",1,25874,[],[8598]],["democratic alibi",1,-1,[],[55268]],["discursive strategies",1,32171,[],[55268]],["disinformation campaigns",1,8138,[],[12749]],["disinformation narrative",1,2246,[],[31755]],["education",1,4970,[],[34188]],["emotions",1,22181,[],[31755]],["fake reviews",1,29609,[],[49963]],["fake stories",1,-1,[],[1236]],["false news",1,34005,[],[7112]],["healthcare warning",1,-1,[],[33062]],["ideological control",1,-1,[],[51669]],["incentivization",1,5772,[],[8598]],["information and psychological operation",1,13808,[],[28443]],["information dominance",1,14416,[],[28443]],["information security",1,19314,[],[28443]],["information weapons",1,-1,[],[28443]],["journalism",1,34243,[],[34480]],["language",1,30740,[],[31755]],["language of power",1,-1,[],[1236]],["lies",1,11646,[],[20154]],["lobbying communication",1,-1,[],[43236]],["logical fallacies",1,6585,[],[26317]],["lying",1,32166,[],[32230]],["manipulation",1,148,[],[8598]],["manipulation of information",1,25952,[],[48129]],["media",1,25574,[],[48129]],["media manipulation",1,26871,[],[8566]],["media-mediated",1,-1,[],[8566]],["mindset",1,17502,[],[31755]],["misleading content",1,17503,[],[36541]],["networking",1,-1,[],[8566]],["non-media mediated",1,-1,[],[8566]],["online astroturfing",1,2879,[],[1029]],["perception",1,21917,[],[31755]],["periodismo de declaraciones",1,23204,[],[26255]],["persuasion techniques",1,21310,[],[55992]],["persuasive technology",1,16670,[],[34188]],["political marketing",1,12142,[],[58407]],["political persuasion",1,3831,[],[54336]],["political propaganda",1,19919,[],[28443]],["political, economic, didactic, wartime, and ideological",1,-1,[],[32571]],["rhetoric",1,11146,[],[31755]],["rhetorical appeals",1,25019,[],[25573]],["rhetorical strategies",1,26718,[],[25573]],["semantic warfare",1,26233,[],[28443]],["social and ideological control",1,-1,[],[8566]],["social communication",1,263,[],[43408]],["social responsibility",1,6950,[],[8566]],["stereotyping",1,16534,[],[30504]],["strategic",1,16536,[],[61592]],["strategic communication",1,17579,[],[42186]],["suspicion",1,2948,[],[31755]],["totalitarian censorship",1,-1,[],[41974]],["winning the battle of ideas",1,-1,[],[55268]]],"sb":[["black propaganda",6,31599,[],[8598,22515,32571,48129,55731,61592]],["white propaganda",6,14837,[["white propaganda",4],["White propaganda",2]],[8598,22515,32571,48129,55731,61592]],["name calling",4,21181,[["name calling",3],["Name Calling",1]],[13227,20154,47454,55268]],["gray propaganda",3,17205,[["gray propaganda",2],["Gray propaganda",1]],[22515,48129,55731]],["grey propaganda",3,1360,[],[8598,32571,61592]],["Glittering Generalities",2,27490,[["Glittering Generalities",1],["glittering generalities",1]],[13227,55268]],["Transfer",2,7070,[["Transfer",1],["transfer",1]],[13227,55268]],["bandwagon",2,19546,[],[13227,54659]],["black",2,9652,[],[3686,32571]],["card stacking",2,21520,[],[13227,20154]],["white",2,-1,[],[3686,32571]],["Intensifying propaganda",1,18122,[],[26786]],["Political propaganda",1,19919,[],[32571]],["Propaganda speeches, real or literary",1,-1,[],[1236]],["Revolutionary propaganda",1,24429,[],[26786]],["advertising",1,6013,[],[5180]],["agitprop",1,26657,[],[22515]],["black propaganda, which is characterized by deliberate dissemination of false information, deceit, and fabrication",1,-1,[],[55731]],["censorship",1,14297,[],[59588]],["cognitive and information distortion",1,-1,[],[35122]],["deepfakes",1,4551,[],[52654]],["demonisation",1,24227,[],[8566]],["destructive propaganda",1,21488,[],[26786]],["didactic",1,-1,[],[32571]],["disinformation",1,17423,[],[28221]],["economic",1,9191,[],[32571]],["exaggeration/minimiza-tion",1,14678,[],[47454]],["flag waving",1,29045,[],[47454]],["gray",1,-1,[],[3686]],["gray propaganda, which combines elements of both white and black propaganda models",1,-1,[],[55731]],["grey",1,-1,[],[32571]],["guerrillas",1,-1,[],[32571]],["hyperadvocacy",1,34541,[],[20196]],["ideological",1,10653,[],[32571]],["institutional propaganda",1,11613,[],[8566]],["institutionalised propaganda",1,-1,[],[8566]],["loaded language",1,22124,[],[47454]],["logical fallacies",1,6585,[],[35122]],["mass-propaganda",1,25344,[],[61681]],["media-mediated",1,-1,[],[8566]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[28221]],["non-media mediated",1,-1,[],[8566]],["plain folks",1,6032,[],[13227]],["political",1,759,[],[32571]],["propaganda as primary agency of integration of the society",1,-1,[],[8566]],["propaganda of integration",1,-1,[],[8566]],["propaganda techniques",1,28434,[],[35122]],["repetition",1,33616,[],[47454]],["reports on conspiracy theories",1,-1,[],[32571]],["special propaganda",1,-1,[],[53880]],["state-sponsored propaganda",1,-1,[],[42237]],["supporting propaganda",1,10207,[],[1236]],["targeted misinformation campaigns",1,-1,[],[52654]],["testimonial",1,24660,[],[13227]],["the internal one, directed at the side's own citizens, imposing the desired interpretation of the causes, course and consequences of political-social phenomena, creating a way of perceiving reality or modeling behaviors and social attitudes in a way that is preferred by the author of the message.",1,-1,[],[59822]],["theatre of agitation propaganda",1,-1,[],[52014]],["theatre of dialectical propaganda",1,-1,[],[52014]],["theatre of integration propaganda",1,-1,[],[52014]],["undermining propaganda",1,1391,[],[1236]],["unintentional propaganda",1,4992,[],[8566]],["wartime",1,-1,[],[32571]],["white propaganda, which originates from an identifiable source and provides accurate information",1,-1,[],[55731]]],"sp":[["fake news",8,33960,[["fake news",6],["Fake news",2]],[5439,20642,23144,32122,38046,40078,51442,51758]],["disinformation",6,17423,[],[19104,19609,26317,28400,51170,51314]],["fabricated stories",2,30874,[],[1029,7023,7024]],["false information",2,20964,[],[9609,33915]],["persuasive genres",2,11614,[],[25573,52716]],["Fabricated",1,4031,[],[7023]],["Framing",1,22777,[],[1029]],["Hate speech",1,18278,[],[35816]],["Information barrier",1,29011,[],[36079]],["Organised Persuasive Communication",1,2867,[],[8566]],["biased news reports",1,-1,[],[26317]],["extreme bias",1,34194,[],[12205]],["information",1,18076,[],[24146]],["information warfare",1,6374,[],[37050]],["intent-based fake news",1,23293,[],[1029]],["junk information",1,11321,[],[34733]],["malinformation",1,22495,[],[1526]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[26317]],["political communication",1,26887,[],[42186]],["rhetorical arts in communication",1,-1,[],[55268]],["untrusted news",1,-1,[],[51160]]],"ex":[["memes",2,-1,[],[25573,52716]],["movies",2,-1,[],[25573,52716]],["news media",2,-1,[],[25573,52716]],["political campaigns",2,-1,[],[25573,52716]],["public service announcements",2,-1,[],[25573,52716]],["social media",2,-1,[],[25573,52716]],["\"Buy war bonds,\" \"Stop smoking\"",1,-1,[],[12897]],["Beautifying the current situation in Xinjiang",1,-1,[],[41078]],["Conspiracies and lies about the origin of COVID-19",1,-1,[],[41078]],["Denying / falsifying genocide claims (e.g., of Mike Pompeo)",1,-1,[],[41078]],["Denying claims of concentration camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang",1,-1,[],[41078]],["Denying claims of forced labor of Uyghurs in Xinjiang",1,-1,[],[41078]],["Nazi propaganda that by using anti-Semitic defamation wiped out millions of Jews",1,-1,[],[15842]],["Online astroturfing can be an example of the tools used for the dissemination of propaganda.",1,-1,[],[1029]],["Russian propaganda",1,-1,[],[1236]],["Ukrainian propaganda news",1,-1,[],[1236]],["airstrikes in Syria in 2018",1,-1,[],[20675]],["bandwagon",1,-1,[],[25573]],["bulos",1,-1,[],[50378]],["card stacking",1,-1,[],[25573]],["censorship",1,-1,[],[8566]],["compelling unrealities in support of their causes",1,-1,[],[52716]],["entertainment, information, and persuasion",1,-1,[],[52716]],["fake news",1,-1,[],[50378]],["flak",1,-1,[],[8566]],["glittering generalities",1,-1,[],[25573]],["mobilization of public opinion in support of the 1991 Gulf War",1,-1,[],[22515]],["narrative dispute surrounding BlackLivesMatter",1,-1,[],[20675]],["one of the most dangerous sources of international friction and war … [and that] the presence of unrestrained propaganda can sometimes make the difference between peace and war",1,-1,[],[61681]],["posters, books, handbills, radio, exhibitions, parades, and films",1,-1,[],[31602]],["red herring, obfuscation, causal oversimplification, and strawmen",1,-1,[],[35122]],["stories intimidating his enemies, framing his image as that of a god (in stories, images, on buildings and coins)",1,-1,[],[61592]],["stories, rumors, pictures, reports, and other forms of social communications",1,-1,[],[55268]],["the Catholic Church began to intensively propagate the principles of faith. Under the name of propaganda, the writings of Rome aimed to popularize religious contents among the masses",1,-1,[],[41974]],["the manufacturing of doubt around climate change",1,-1,[],[22515]],["the marketing of prescription drugs",1,-1,[],[22515]],["the overwhelming propagation of the myth of the imperial power of the British Empire was taking place",1,-1,[],[41974]],["the viral spread of propaganda",1,-1,[],[33062]],["the wilful diffusion of ideas about the faith",1,-1,[],[61592]],["usage of commercials during election times or the biased news coverage.",1,-1,[],[41742]],["writings of anarchists that popularized the idea of abolishing the state",1,-1,[],[41974]],["意识形态建设",1,-1,[],[18369]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Such self-reflexivity in journalistic texts has of course time and again been talked about and called for within PJ (Lynch and McGoldrick, 2005: xvi-xx;Lynch, 2008: 10-14;Hackett, 2011: 42).",1,-1,[],[24333]],["identifying how photojournalists can display the role they play during a conflict or crisis leading to critical deliberation among the public",1,-1,[],[24333]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["It involves a complex and demanding spectrum of capacities that are susceptible to different strengths, weakness and failings",1,-1,[],[2679]],["a defining human social and psychological achievement",1,-1,[],[2679]],["a developmental process that relies on good enough attachment relationships and early attachments in particular, as they reflect the extent to which our subjective experiences were adequately mirrored by a trusted other: i.e., the extent to which attachment figures have been able to respond with contingent and marked affective displays of their own experience in response to the infant's subjective experience, thus enabling the child to develop second-order representations of its own subjective experiences",1,-1,[],[2679]],["mentalizing may be a generic way of increasing epistemic trust and therefore achieving change in mental function.",1,-1,[],[2679]]],"sy":[["cognitive perspective taking",1,-1,[],[1584]],["mind reading",1,31508,[],[1572]],["theory of mind",1,14590,[],[1584]]],"rt":[["epistemic trust",1,7096,[],[2679]],["folk psychology",1,7729,[],[1572]],["theory of mind",1,14590,[],[1572]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This schema can be described as a life practice with stringent gender roles and expectations, wherein the socially acceptable model for men is that of a brave soldier and breadwinner, while for women, it is that of a housekeeper, child raiser, civic worker (or housewife), and patient waiting spouse.",1,-1,[],[39499]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["attitude markers",1,6099,[],[16382]],["audience pronouns",1,21743,[],[16382]],["boosters",1,15862,[],[16382]],["directives",1,8393,[],[16382]],["hedges",1,3780,[],[16382]],["personal asides",1,7352,[],[16382]],["questions",1,8040,[],[16382]],["self-mentions",1,27269,[],[16382]],["shared knowledge",1,2749,[],[16382]]],"sp":[["metadiscourse",1,4455,[],[16382]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["pragmatic' or 'tactical compromise",1,5809,[],[18498]],["principled compromise",1,17974,[],[18498]]],"sb":[["pragmatic' or 'tactical compromise",1,5809,[],[18498]],["principled compromise",1,17974,[],[18498]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["distrust",1,33632,[],[2563]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["multimodal metaphors",1,11489,[],[44492]],["visual metaphor",1,34035,[],[44492]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["we can observe the difference between the models that rely on this information, and those that rely on their own biases instead.",1,-1,[],[20859]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["ambiguous contexts",1,467,[],[20859]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["derecho fundamental de los periodistas",1,-1,[],[55069]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["time work",1,-1,[],[48390]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["allow for the creation of ad hoc publics composed of individuals with shared or opposing views",1,-1,[],[54788]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["issue publics",1,26216,[],[25982]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["issue publics",1,26216,[],[25982]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Hate speech",1,18278,[],[44075]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["conflictdriven news is not only a natural and almost inherent feature of election campaigns. It can also be a mobilizing feature.",1,-1,[],[35598]]],"sy":[["conflict framing",1,15836,[],[35598]],["conflict news",1,-1,[],[35598]]],"rt":[["conflict news, including potential controversies",1,-1,[],[35598]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["agitating propaganda",1,22118,[],[8555]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The frame describes the Papuans as a threat and a problem.",1,-1,[],[38716]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["No entanto, essas declarações via de regra estão carregadas de ideologias, de vícios, imprecisões e preconceitos.",1,-1,[],[13288]],["o profissional joga a versão de cada fonte na matéria e deixa que o público tire suas próprias conclusões",1,-1,[],[13288]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["focuses on breaking with the status quo, viewing recent social change in a pessimistic way",1,-1,[],[32730]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["conduit metaphors are designed to transfer the ideas or verbal means of communication from one object to another.",1,-1,[],[50693]],["speakers tend to enclose feelings, inner thoughts, and emotions in their words transmitting or transporting them from one channel to another one.",1,-1,[],[50693]],["the genuine distinctive feature of the conduit metaphor is the process of movement of ideas",1,-1,[],[50693]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["conceptual metaphors",1,23399,[],[50693]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["derived from Bandura's (1977) theory",1,-1,[],[61849]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["regarding who was given voice",1,-1,[],[43004]],["the incorporation of AI is a matter of narrative agency",1,-1,[],[29531]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["bias in token likelihoods",1,23929,[],[42268]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["the name of a sociocultural stereotype, functioning as its representative in media discourse, produces semantic and cognitive associations connected with the group.",1,-1,[],[38352]],["the process of designation of sociocultural stereotypes is seen as entirely subjective and multiple in results.",1,-1,[],[38352]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"Karen\"",1,-1,[],[38351]],["\"Trophy husband\"",1,-1,[],[38351]],["\"WASP\"",1,-1,[],[38351]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["For hetero-stereotypes, on the contrary, typical is mostly negative expression, schematic thinking, bias, incompleteness, and inversion.",1,-1,[],[50983]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["ethnic stereotypes",1,24474,[],[50983]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":65,"df":[],"de":[["As a science, journalism is a \"field of study\" regarding the creation and dissemination of information (events, opinions, thoughts, and ideas) through the mass media.",1,-1,[],[60808]],["Briefly and practically, journalism can be defined as event notification.",1,-1,[],[53252]],["Harmless and banal information is transformed into powerful news by journalism \"which is a chaotic form of earning, ragged at the edges, full of snakes, con artists and even the occasional misunderstand martyr,\" writes Andrew Marr in his book My Trade.",1,-1,[],[26385]],["In this critical sense, journalists serve the authority they are meant to scrutinize.",1,-1,[],[51662]],["It makes enormous demands on journalists and their media organizations, and practitioners view it as a public trust.",1,-1,[],[45229]],["Journalism entails a performative discourse because it is not a simple description or report of reality. It is a special way to regard events and personalities and it is reinforced by the performative nature of language.",1,-1,[],[22753]],["Journalism helps individuals to understand the world around them",1,-1,[],[45993]],["Journalism in the Global South fundamentally involves facilitating dialogues among the powerful, the powerless, and all intermediaries (Aryal and Bharti, 2022).",1,-1,[],[52419]],["Journalism is essentially public facing",1,-1,[],[9318]],["Journalism was a field that was easy to join and easy to leave, since it did not require a long and costly preparation and at the same time, it afforded some of the prestige of an intellectual profession.",1,-1,[],[26980]],["Journalism's criterion for information is inherently linked to the portrayal of an event from the perspective of its uniqueness",1,-1,[],[28561]],["Journalists play a social role that goes beyond the production of news that is then sold in the marketplace.",1,-1,[],[26385]],["McNair sees that journalism is required to be a supplier of information, a resource that participates in public life and political debate, and a medium of education, enlightenment and entertainment.",1,-1,[],[29410]],["The majority of journalists aim \"to serve society by informing the public, scrutinising the way power is exercised, stimulating democratic debate, and in those ways aiding political, economic, social, and cultural development\"",1,-1,[],[23023]],["discourse that restages or performs social reality",1,-1,[],[22753]],["functions as a force for both social control and social change, making it central to the workings of a democracy",1,-1,[],[45993]],["irrespective of journalistic beat (Mellado et al. 2021) and employment type, including freelance journalists",1,-1,[],[4391]],["journalism acts as a kind of social mediator: it functions as an intermediary between the public and the policy-making elites.",1,-1,[],[22753]],["journalism aims to inform the public based on verification and public interest",1,-1,[],[34478]],["journalism as an art of storytelling",1,-1,[],[22753]],["journalism derives its performative power from the forms and style employed through which it imposes and legitimizes valid representations of the social world.",1,-1,[],[22753]],["journalism is a cultural resource and is culturally contextualised",1,-1,[],[31335]],["not just a textual representation of events: it is primarily a performative exercise of symbolic power",1,-1,[],[22753]],["reaffirm itself as a socially significant form of knowledge",1,-1,[],[28561]],["the editor plays a role on defining what is and is not journalism",1,-1,[],[9318]],["to serve society by informing the public, scrutinising the way power is exercised, stimulating democratic debate, and in those ways aiding political, economic, social, and cultural development",1,-1,[],[31083]],["ultimately is what sets journalism apart from other types of media content such as, for example, entertainment, propaganda, or art",1,-1,[],[5372]],["valuation is already present in the form of recognition, hierarchization, and the selection of facts",1,-1,[],[28561]],["what separates journalism from entertainment, propaganda, fiction, or art",1,-1,[],[38054]],["which ultimately is what sets journalism apart from other types of media content such as, for example, entertainment, propaganda, or art",1,-1,[],[5372]]],"sy":[["a trade, or a craft",1,-1,[],[26385]],["craft",1,-1,[],[26385]],["trade",1,-1,[],[26385]]],"rt":[["discursive production",1,-1,[],[22753]],["journalism discourse",1,27799,[],[22753]],["news discourse",1,26125,[],[22753]],["non-journalism",1,4857,[],[9318]],["performative nature of language",1,-1,[],[22753]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[34478]],["truth-oriented journalism",1,-1,[],[28561]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["entertainment, propaganda, or art",1,-1,[],[5372]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["gatekeeping",1,23978,[],[4957]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["Includes language that demonizes religious communities, advocates for discrimination against religious groups, or incites violence toward religious institutions or adherents.",1,-1,[],[42908]],["Texts targeting someone's religious beliefs or lack thereof, or that promote violence or discrimination based on religion.",1,-1,[],[42908]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["'religion'",1,26542,[["'religion'",1],["religion",1]],[8402]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[42908]]],"ex":[["comments challenging the use of a turban or a burkha (the veil)",1,-1,[],[27791]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["CAT was developed in the 1970s and has its roots in the field of social psychology.",1,-1,[],[7904]],["In CAT terms, communicative behaviors can be accommodative or non-accommodative.",1,-1,[],[40224]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Audience 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Society is already struggling to mitigate the harm of \"traditional\" techniques: changes in speed, cutting apart or together, circulating in new, vulnerable contexts.",1,-1,[],[16824]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cheap fakes",1,32466,[],[16824]],["deepfakes",1,4551,[],[16824]]],"sb":[["face swapping",1,30812,[],[16824]],["lip-synching",1,-1,[],[16824]],["virtual performances",1,-1,[],[16824]],["voice synthesis",1,-1,[],[16824]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["If the attribute represents an opinion, under some conditions, even a minority opinion can appear to be extremely popular locally.",1,-1,[],[10401]],["In a social network, this illusion may cause people to reach wrong conclusions about how common a behavior is, leading them to accept as a norm a behavior that is globally rare.",1,-1,[],[10401]],["the configuration of initial adopters on a network can systematically skew the observations people make of their friends' behavior. This can make some behavior appear much more popular than it is, thus creating conditions for its spread.",1,-1,[],[10401]],["the illusion that even extreme opinions are widespread",1,-1,[],[9591]],["this illusion may cause people to reach wrong conclusions about how common a behavior is, leading them to accept as a norm a behavior that is globally rare.",1,-1,[],[10401]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["false consensus",1,27430,[],[9591]],["friendship paradox",1,27461,[],[10401]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["class size bias effect",1,-1,[],[10401]],["friendship paradox",1,27461,[],[10401]]],"ex":[["apparently sudden shifts in public attitudes witnessed during the Arab Spring and on the question of gay marriage",1,-1,[],[10401]],["how global outbreaks can be triggered by very few initial adopters",1,-1,[],[10401]],["why people overestimate how much their friends engage in risky behaviors, such as alcohol and drug use",1,-1,[],[10401]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["abusive language",1,25044,[],[11475]]],"ex":[["stereotyping and micro-aggression",1,-1,[],[11475]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The discourses we identify here can be compelling. They build on legitimate concerns and fears as societies move closer to addressing climate change.",1,-1,[],[2587]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["ad hominem frames",1,-1,[],[2587]],["climate denial",1,21898,[],[2587]]],"sb":[["policy perfectionism",1,30975,[],[2587]],["surrender",1,7356,[],[2587]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["Esta construcción proporciona a la audiencia un marco interpretativo de los mensajes, que facilitará que los mensajes sean percibidos y comprendidos de una manera determinada.",1,-1,[],[52254]],["construcciones, a partir de un proceso de encuadre, a manera de ventanas que permiten ver una parte de la realidad, enfatizando en determinados focos, pero también ocultando otros aspectos del fenómeno.",1,-1,[],[13073]],["los encuadres noticiosos más empleados describen a los países en crisis como un escenario de guerra, violencia, terrorismo islamista y delincuencia.",1,-1,[],[52254]]],"sy":[["encuadre",1,19710,[],[52254]],["frame",1,7860,[],[52254]],["news frames",1,21144,[],[13974]],["news framing",1,12351,[],[13073]]],"rt":[],"sb":[["encuadres específicos",1,-1,[],[52254]],["encuadres genéricos",1,-1,[["encuadres genéricos",1],["encuadres «genéricos»",1]],[52254]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"she was awarded\", \"she received\", \"they bestowed on her\", etc.",1,-1,[],[51938]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["may be expected to have less impact on our future behaviour",1,-1,[],[48523]],["suggesting that debriefing works well to reduce belief in a story, even if participants still retain the memory of it.",1,-1,[],[48521]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["many people remember seeing Santa Claus coming down the chimney as a child, but as an adult no longer believe that to be a veridical experience",1,-1,[["many people remember seeing Santa Claus coming down the chimney as a child, but as an adult no longer believe that to be a veridical experience",1],["many people remember seeing Santa Claus coming down the chimney as a child, but as an adult no longer believe that to be a veridical experience.",1]],[48523]],["you are unlikely to leave cookies out for Santa on Christmas Eve if you don't believe he really exists, regardless of your childhood memories",1,-1,[],[48523]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["denotative (literal)",1,33606,[],[49699]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["In this work, we are particularly interested in how to detect negation automatically, and how to interpret the effect it has on evaluative expressions.",1,-1,[],[22147]],["It is grammatically expressed via a variety of forms: prefixes (un-, il-), suffixes (-less), content word negators such as not, and negative polarity items (NPIs) like any, anything, ever.",1,-1,[],[24847]],["Negation also affects the ngram features: a word w becomes w NEG in a negated context",1,-1,[],[11068]],["Negation and speculation are similar in that they affect the interpretation of the material in their scope.",1,-1,[],[22147]],["Negation cues affect the contextual polarity of words, yet it does not mean that every sentiment word is inverted.",1,-1,[],[18969]],["Negation is considered a universal property of every human language",1,-1,[],[18969]],["Negation is used to deny the characteristics of products or to reject something.",1,-1,[],[18969]],["Negation means the refusal, denial, or rejection of a definite idea or event, expressed in four forms: correlation, contrariety, contradiction, and privation.",1,-1,[],[18969]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["speculation",2,31028,[],[18969,22147]],["Focus",1,16521,[],[22147]],["Keyword",1,22460,[],[22147]],["Scope",1,23363,[],[22147]],["contradiction",1,16979,[],[18969]],["contrariety",1,5146,[],[18969]],["correlation",1,-1,[],[18969]],["privation",1,-1,[],[18969]]],"sb":[["contradiction",1,16979,[],[18969]],["contrariety",1,5146,[],[18969]],["correlation",1,-1,[],[18969]],["litotes",1,27832,[],[24847]],["privation",1,-1,[],[18969]]],"sp":[["valence shifters",1,27489,[],[24291]]],"ex":[["(1)'bi-'/im-(e.g, impolite), (2)un-, in-(e.g., injustice), no-), (3)'zed-'/unti-(e.g., unti-security), (4)'gheir-'/un-(e.g., Unnecessary), (5)'ne-'/'na-'/not(e.g., nemidanam/I do not see, nasalem/unhealthy), (6) hich-/no-(e.g., nobody), (7)la-/without.",1,-1,[],[34985]],["Negation is used to deny the characteristics of products or to reject something.",1,-1,[],[18969]],["X did not happen.",1,-1,[],[42802]],["not smart",1,-1,[],[22889]],["not stupid to refer to competent behavior",1,-1,[],[22889]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Sometimes plugins act just like applications. You can spot one of these plugins because it will ask you for permission to access your information or to publish information back to Facebook.",1,-1,[],[14891]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Comments",1,2384,[],[14891]],["Facepile",1,-1,[],[14891]],["Recommendations",1,-1,[],[14891]],["the Activity Feed",1,-1,[],[14891]],["the Like Box",1,-1,[],[14891]],["the Like Button",1,-1,[],[14891]],["the Live Stream",1,32900,[],[14891]],["the Login Button",1,-1,[],[14891]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["\"Force\" is presented with \"quantification\" as well as \"intensification\" in the text, which increases or decreases the volume of attitude.",1,-1,[],[54071]],["(low, median, high or maximum)",1,-1,[],[21823]],["Force can indicate the degree of conviction the writer/speaker has in their appraisal and can also convey the level of persuasion they are trying to 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[that book]?",1,-1,[],[12163]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the absence of an agent still nevertheless conceals the person or thing responsible for the action.",1,-1,[],[13916]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["The issue is not that what the media reports is not true in this case, but overhyping it leads to more health or stressful conditions.",1,-1,[],[14707]],["The overwhelming nature of the virus has been hyped in the media and fear has gripped the people, some of who may have died or lived in apprehension.",1,-1,[],[14707]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["''Britain will not meet its goal of full ventilator capacity by the time the coronavirus peaks'' , Britain's Health Secretary, Matt Hancock was quoted as saying that ''the country was on track to have 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inquire about practices.",1,-1,[],[22932]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["audit analysis",1,-1,[],[22932]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the resume correspondence study first conducted by Bertrand and Mullainathan [3]",1,-1,[],[22932]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Due to these strong biases, adherents are likely to accept false information that is aligned with their personal beliefs.",1,-1,[],[48285]],["hidden and stigmatized communities",1,-1,[],[48285]],["more susceptible to believe and consume misinformation",1,-1,[],[48285]],["online information flows remain within ideological homogenous networks",1,-1,[],[48285]],["strongly identify with their political beliefs, they are prone to rejecting debunking efforts that contradict their beliefs",1,-1,[],[48285]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["conspiracy theories",1,1403,[],[48285]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[48285]],["primary audience",1,-1,[],[53940]]],"sb":[["fringe communities of misinformation",1,-1,[],[48285]]],"sp":[["hidden and stigmatized 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data",1,-1,[],[3949]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["\"Offensive speech,\" therefore, can be seen as an overarching category of language that includes swearing, insults, and derogatory advertisements as well as intimidating, threatening or harassing speech.",1,-1,[],[20914]]],"sy":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[31066]]],"rt":[["derogatory advertisements",1,-1,[],[20914]],["harassing",1,-1,[],[20914]],["insults",1,21655,[],[20914]],["intimidating",1,-1,[],[20914]],["swearing",1,10148,[],[20914]],["threatening",1,22342,[],[20914]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Louis Farrakhan's diatribes against Jews or whites",1,-1,[],[20914]],["Nazi marches through Skokie",1,-1,[],[20914]],["commercial advertisements that use scantily-clad women to sell beer to men",1,-1,[],[20914]],["epithets",1,-1,[],[20914]],["insults",1,-1,[],[20914]],["public displays of nudity",1,-1,[],[20914]],["salty language",1,-1,[],[20914]],["sex talk on the airwaves",1,-1,[],[20914]],["street 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facilities.",1,-1,[],[45367]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["cross-domain",1,-1,[],[53775]],["cross-topic",1,-1,[],[53775]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["populism",2,20354,[],[3991,6246]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["expository",1,-1,[],[21792]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":37,"df":[],"de":[["In online context, it is often derogatory, rude, harmful, and disrespectful. Toxic content induces stress, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, depression, and loneliness.",1,-1,[],[29157]],["In online context, it is often derogatory, rude, harmful, and disrespectful. Toxic content induces stress, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, depression, and loneliness. These are the least among the impacts on society",1,-1,[],[29157]],["It can range from overtly toxic content, such as violent hate speech, to more subtle, veiled toxicity, such as microaggressions (Breitfeller et al., 2019).",1,-1,[],[26119]],["Mildly toxic comments were described as those which may be considered toxic only by some people, or which express anger and frustration.",1,-1,[],[22155]],["Models such as MEMOCliC, SP-AMT, and MT-LRM-BERT, which take advantage of toxicity, emotion, sentiment, or opinion formation tasks, perform better than other baselines",1,-1,[],[59968]],["Often, toxicity has intentions of causing harm and is targeted towards a particular target group",1,-1,[],[29157]],["One measure of this is known as toxicity",1,-1,[],[55349]],["One measure of this is known as toxicity, which captures how harmful or unpleasant a tweet is.",1,-1,[],[55349]],["Our definition of toxicity parallels that of the Perspective API observed at the time of this work:",1,-1,[],[48780]],["The definition for Very toxic included comments which use harsh, offensive or abusive language; comments which include personal attacks or insults; or which are derogatory or demeaning.",1,-1,[],[22155]],["The pervasive nature of toxicity in online platforms and AI systems impacts individuals, society, and businesses, and has regulatory implications",1,-1,[],[29157]],["The toxicity score ranges from 0 to 1, with values closer to 1 indicating a higher degree of toxicity.",1,-1,[],[7566]],["Toxic comments were sarcastic, containing ridicule or aggressive disagreement.",1,-1,[],[22155]],["improvement on toxicity and immorality metrics",1,-1,[],[46339]],["measure the amount of generation of toxic language and hate speech across different groups",1,-1,[],[15769]],["output generations with different rates of toxicity",1,-1,[],[46339]],["we established four classes: Very toxic, Toxic, Mildly toxic and Not toxic",1,-1,[],[22155]]],"sy":[["Toxic talk",1,32377,[],[17392]],["flaming",1,26191,[],[29157]],["harm",1,19187,[],[29157]],["incivility",1,34677,[],[29157]],["offensive behavior",1,-1,[],[29157]],["offensive, abusive or hateful language",1,-1,[],[8172]],["toxic language",1,23357,[],[17392]],["toxic language / speech",1,-1,[],[17392]],["toxic speech",1,5861,[],[17392]]],"rt":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[22155]],["negative regard",1,-1,[],[46339]],["offensive comments",1,-1,[],[22155]],["relative toxicity",1,20225,[],[15667]],["verbal abuse",1,-1,[],[22155]]],"sb":[["Abusive",1,34854,[],[17392]],["Explicit Toxicity",1,24966,[],[29157]],["Implicit Toxicity",1,11620,[],[29157]],["Mildly toxic",1,30264,[],[22155]],["Not toxic",1,-1,[],[22155]],["Toxic",1,22559,[],[22155]],["Very toxic",1,10460,[],[22155]],["explicit",1,22479,[],[29157]],["fallacy",1,6405,[],[29157]],["implicit",1,1351,[],[29157]]],"sp":[["representational harms",1,4488,[],[8134]],["social bias",1,242,[],[8134]]],"ex":[["e.g., \"I hate Latinos\" is disrespectful and hateful (Dixon et al. 2018)",1,-1,[],[8134]],["hate speech, cyberbullying, misinformation, and harassment",1,-1,[],[29157]],["hate, hate speech, offensive language, flaming, incivility, risk, malicious, harmful, hateful sexual, illegal and abusive content, information hazards, discrimination, bias, fake news, misinformation, human-computer-interaction harms",1,-1,[],[29157]],["microaggressions",1,-1,[],[26119]],["violent hate speech",1,-1,[],[26119]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In other words, when one expresses sarcasm, a negation is intended, without putting a negation word like 'not'.",1,-1,[],[22413]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the description of ingroup as positive and out-group as negative.",1,-1,[],[21618]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Sociological discourse analysis",1,23844,[],[50566]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":13,"df":[],"de":[["A positive value of WEAT score indicates that female events are closer to female attributes, and male events are closer to male attributes in the word embedding, while a negative value indicates that female events are closer to male attributes and vice versa.",1,-1,[],[34779]],["Intuitively, WEAT takes a list of tokens that represent a concept (in our case, extracted events) and verifies whether these tokens have a shorter distance towards female attributes or male attributes.",1,-1,[],[34779]],["It compares two same size sets of target words X and Y (e.g. European and African names), with two sets of attribute words A and B (e.g. pleasant vs. unpleasant).",1,-1,[],[49087]],["The calculation of WEAT can be seen as analogies: 𝑀 is to 𝐴 as 𝐹 is to 𝐵, where 𝑀 and 𝐹 represent the target words, and 𝐴 and 𝐵 represent the attribute words. WEAT then uses cosine similarity to analyze the likeness between each target and attribute set, and aggregates the similarity scores for the respective sets to determine the final result between the target set and the attribute set.",1,-1,[],[7583]],["The similarity of IAT and WEAT consists of using two lists of target words and two lists of attribute words. The first pair of lists represents the terms we want to compare and the second pair of lists represents the categories in which we suspect bias could exist (Mulsa and Spanakis, 2020).",1,-1,[],[20287]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Implicit Association Test (IAT)",3,25381,[["Implicit Association Test (IAT)",2],["Implicit Association Test",1]],[11704,12314,20287]],["SemBias",1,-1,[],[49087]],["WEAT score",1,-1,[],[34779]],["Word Association Test",1,16232,[],[49087]],["implicit bias",1,5775,[],[25918]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Embeddingbased metrics",1,3819,[],[32175]],["embedding-based fairness metrics",1,-1,[],[7583]]],"ex":[["to examine gender bias in weapons and arts, the following sets can be considered: Target words: Interests 𝑀: {pistol, machine, gun, . . . }, Interests 𝐹 : {dance, prose, drama, . . . }, Attribute words: terms 𝐴: {male, boy, brother, . . . }, terms 𝐵: {female, girl, sister, . . . }. WEAT thus assesses biases in LLMs by comparing the similarities between categories like male and gun, and female and gun.",1,-1,[],[7583]]]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["It also includes second sexism-discrimination against men and boys.",1,-1,[],[18134]],["Sexist language can to some extent be detected using machine learning methods and large enough datasets. However, certain types of sexist language are still hard to detect, e.g. latent sexist language, ambiguous statements or sexist language that draws on a broader context and not individual phrases or sentences",1,-1,[],[18134]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["ambiguous statements",1,-1,[],[18134]],["covert or subtle sexism",1,34518,[],[58815]],["latent sexist language",1,-1,[],[18134]],["overt sexism",1,12041,[],[58815]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["research has revealed that it also places women in very risky positions, where they lack the necessary material resources and interpersonal support to do well",1,-1,[],[18939]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["błąd konfirmacji",1,14486,[],[23546]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Besides, these information are expected to translate linearly into better decisions about risk and health (Baker, Leon & Collins, 2010).",1,-1,[],[10816]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["(Jiang et al., 2024a) prompt ChatGPT to merge one real and one fake human-written article.",1,-1,[],[56252]],["(Pan et al., 2023) modify real articles by using LLMs to insert incorrect answers to related questions.",1,-1,[],[56252]],["(Su et al., 2023) create fake news that include both human-written and machine-generated real and fake content.",1,-1,[],[56252]],["(Sun et al., 2023) use LLMs to add fake sentences to real articles.",1,-1,[],[56252]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["physical aggression",1,-1,[],[23385]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["aggressive behavior",1,8528,[],[23385]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["column",1,-1,[],[34576]],["editorial",1,20853,[],[34576]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Visual information is easier to remember than textual. Individuals exhibit greater recall of visual information. Visual information may therefore be more effective because visual aspects enhance the sensatory experience and encourage decision -making.",1,-1,[],[17251]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["According to Bild's discourse, the Greeks are responsible for their own suffering.",1,-1,[],[27239]],["Bild's version of the crisis discredits people's resistances against the degrading of their lives, as something irrational and even ungrateful, while celebrating the loss of jobs in the particular country and the closing down of Greece's minimal social provisions.",1,-1,[],[27239]],["Bild-Zeitung offers its public a purposefully confused version of the facts related to Greece's position in the global economic crisis.",1,-1,[],[27239]],["The Greeks are also responsible for the dangers that the crisis poses to other Europeans.",1,-1,[],[27239]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["culturalist frames",1,-1,[],[27239]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In other words, the mediatization of culture is the process that reinforces and expands the realm of media culture",1,-1,[],[10690]],["the mediatization of culture is the process that reinforces and expands the realm of media culture",1,-1,[],[10690]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["mediatization",1,10835,[],[10690]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["A compound model can then be modelled as a directed graph, in which states of belief in the victim are represented as vertices, and deceptions which change the state of belief as arcs in the graph [37].",1,-1,[],[37901]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["booster words",1,-1,[],[19195]],["degree adverbs",1,-1,[],[19195]],["intensifiers",1,9805,[],[19195]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["\"The service here is extremely good\" is more intense than \"The service here is good\", whereas \"The service here is marginally good\" reduces the intensity.",1,-1,[],[19195]],["extremely",1,-1,[],[19195]],["very",1,-1,[],[19195]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Modern terrorism can be understood as \"mass mediated\" and involving media symbiosis",1,-1,[],[45339]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Linguistic Bias",1,20696,[],[20743]]],"ex":[["Subjective adjectives (e.g., preposterous, unseemly) and metaphorical or idiomatic phrases (e.g., dealt a blow, swept off one's feet).",1,-1,[],[20743]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["internal 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cognitive styles in order to accelerate a deeper understanding of polarization and political attitudes",1,-1,[],[2099]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["computational psychiatry",1,-1,[],[2099]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Can extend to mocking people with physical disabilities, skin conditions, or other visible physical traits.",1,-1,[],[42901]],["Texts that criticize or mock someone's physical appearance, such as body size or traits, including physical disabilities or conditions.",1,-1,[],[42901]],["comments on someone's appearance",1,-1,[],[46460]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[42901]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["Verfügungswissen",1,-1,[],[37877]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["a question of which genres, discourses and styles it draws upon, and how it works them into particular articulations",1,-1,[],[21631]]],"sy":[["inter 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program",1,-1,[],[61626]],["an article",1,-1,[],[61626]],["an entry in a social media feed",1,-1,[],[61626]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["structural racism",1,28732,[],[32088]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["structural racism",1,28732,[],[32088]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["evaluative bases of blaming",1,-1,[],[9886]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["If you were to see the above on social media, how likely would you be to share it?",1,-1,[],[8662]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["is zero for consensus and one for the case of the equally sized groups at the extremes (Mäs and Flache, 2013, p. 8).",1,-1,[],[26144]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["There is a clear group of men who, although they lead a heterosexual life outside, regard themselves as very macho and see the aggressive act of penetrating another person as something manly.",1,-1,[],[48999]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["expression swap",1,3235,[],[25677]],["puppet master",1,25307,[],[25677]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["trust",1,34511,[],[22244]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Initially put forward by Hochbaum, Rosenstock, and Kegels in the 1950s, the HBM aimed to account for why individuals refrain from adopting preventive health behaviors",1,-1,[],[56821]],["It is designed to explain, predict, and influence health-related behaviors",1,-1,[],[56821]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Perceived barriers",1,19851,[],[56821]],["Perceived benefits",1,587,[],[56821]],["Perceived self-efficacy",1,17935,[],[56821]],["Perceived severity",1,21103,[],[56821]],["cues to action",1,32408,[],[56821]],["perceived susceptibility",1,22017,[],[56821]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["climate change",1,-1,[],[24550]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["These tweets often present the effects of ticks and their diseases in low-risk terms.",1,-1,[],[56230]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Gain-and loss-frames",1,28460,[],[56230]],["preparedness response frame",1,10858,[],[56230]]],"ex":[["it indicates that the chances of getting Lyme disease can be reduced through appropriate preventive measures and successfully developing a vaccine against it",1,-1,[],[56230]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["connotation, or underlying level of meaning implied by a particular word beyond its explicit or literal definition (Sonesson, 1998)",1,-1,[],[54388]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media framing",1,29447,[],[54388]]],"ex":[["we can use a neutral word \"immigrant\", but imbue it with a negative cognitive frame of \"disaster, calamity\" if we say that \"immigrants flooded the neighbouring city\".",1,-1,[],[54388]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["hate speech",1,18278,[],[12459]],["hate speech categories",1,-1,[],[12459]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":35,"df":[],"de":[["It was demonstrated that opinion leaders exerted personal influence over the opinions and attitudes of close others",1,-1,[],[17963]],["Leaders of public opinion on social networks (top bloggers) are people with a large audience (the number of followers is at least 5 thousand). In certain situations, leaders of public opinion can be considered people who, although they do not have many followers, but have authority in a narrow field, are professionals.",1,-1,[],[13540]],["Opinion leaders and their interpersonal networks are equally essential in the flow of communication in SNSs (Karlsen 2015).",1,-1,[],[17963]],["Opinion leaders are considered the most trustworthy of their followers.",1,-1,[],[13541]],["Opinion leaders have a higher social status among their followers, so they have a strong influence on the choice of their audience.",1,-1,[],[13541]],["The opinion leader shares political information and opinions with their everyday associates who are normally less interested in politics and who normally consume less news.",1,-1,[],[4070]],["The opinion leaders are perceived to have significance in that they pay attention to and flag news items the interviewees otherwise would have missed. They also seem to play an important role regarding the interviewees need for interpretation.",1,-1,[],[17963]],["They can gain attention and trust from relevant groups and exert significant influence on the spread of information.",1,-1,[],[40332]],["occupy a central place within a communication network by maintaining connections to many other individuals and to have the ability to influence them by decoding messages that are disseminated by media or other organisations",1,-1,[],[3932]],["opinion leaders are more sensitive than others to the interests of their group, and more eager to express themselves on important issues",1,-1,[],[33827]],["opinion leaders exerted personal influence over the opinions and attitudes of close others",1,-1,[],[17963]],["opinion leaders would influence the public or gain public trust because they acted as information aggregators (or sharers) (Luqiu et al., 2019), or sometimes emerged as whistleblowers (or dissidents) who resisted the government's agenda (Zhang et al., 2020b).",1,-1,[],[1745]],["perceived as essential or even crucial in passing on news",1,-1,[],[17963]],["perceived to have in-depth knowledge of certain topics, for instance sports, feminism and politics",1,-1,[],[17963]],["respected on the basis of this expertise in specific subject areas",1,-1,[],[17963]],["respondents seem highly aware of the opinion leaders' role as vehicles and mediators of salient content.",1,-1,[],[17963]],["vehicles and mediators of salient content",1,-1,[],[17963]],["we assess opinion leadership through mentions of fact-checking organizations within verification articles.",1,-1,[],[50751]]],"sy":[["brand ambassadors",1,-1,[],[13541]],["influencers",1,18361,[],[13541]],["it-girls",1,-1,[],[13541]],["lawyers",1,-1,[],[13541]],["top bloggers",1,-1,[],[13540]],["trendsetters",1,10325,[],[13541]]],"rt":[["Social media influencers (henceforth abbreviated as SMIs)",1,24173,[],[3932]],["journalistic homophily",1,-1,[],[50751]],["twostep flow",1,24851,[],[17963]]],"sb":[["macro-influencers",1,33186,[],[13540,13541]],["microinfluencers",1,33324,[],[13540,13541]],["millionaires",1,24410,[],[13540,13541]],["nano-influencers",1,32545,[],[13540,13541]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["Elon Musk",1,-1,[],[13541]],["Mark Zuckerberg",1,-1,[],[13541]],["Pavel Durov",1,-1,[],[13541]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["CFC",1,-1,[],[16050]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["integration account",1,2644,[],[10071]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Left with nothing but this anomic disorientation, audiences can no longer tell truth from fiction, even if they want to. They are left with nothing but to choose statements that are ideologically congenial or mark them as members of the tribe",1,-1,[],[61423]],["audiences can no longer tell truth from fiction, even if they want to. They are left with nothing but to choose statements that are ideologically congenial or mark them as members of the tribe",1,-1,[],[61423]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Discourse Errors",1,3232,[],[11771]]],"ex":[["The first vaccine for Ebola was approved in 2019. They say a vaccine for COVID-19 is unlikely to be ready this year.",1,-1,[],[11771]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["in Downs v. Los Angeles Unified School District (2000) 9 a US Court of Appeals upheld the decision of a high school board to deny a member of the staff the privilege of posting anti-homosexual material on bulletin boards set up by other members of the staff for the purposes of recognizing Gay and Lesbian Awareness Month. The Court affirmed that the school had every right to use the bulletin boards, and the rules surrounding what material or content may or may not be placed on those boards and by whom, in order to communicate its own favored message.",1,-1,[],[18552]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":22,"df":[],"de":[["AFC is crucial in discerning truth from misinformation, especially given the huge amounts of content are generated online daily.",1,-1,[],[12091]],["Additional funding and support should be directed towards independent and automated fact-checking initiatives",1,-1,[],[60921]],["Automated fact checking is an important task closely related to unreliable news detection, yet is constructed in a more controlled manner.",1,-1,[],[54444]],["Then, based on the strength and stance of reputable sources regarding the claim, a classification is assigned",1,-1,[],[43669]],["automated fact-checking models need to disprove a false claim by producing a correction.",1,-1,[],[1467]],["automated fact-checking provides powerful tools that can process large amounts of data with responsiveness.",1,-1,[],[1467]],["becomes particularly important for accurately verifying claims in the modern rapid information flow",1,-1,[],[43614]],["blocking or removing false content before it is uploaded online",1,-1,[],[60921]],["concerned with predicting the veracity of claims based on metadata, social network spread, language used in claims, and, more recently, evidence supporting or denying claims",1,-1,[],[11463]],["has grown vital as misinformation spreads beyond human fact-checking capacity.",1,-1,[],[48683]]],"sy":[["fact-verification",1,12332,[],[54444]]],"rt":[["fact-checking",2,16098,[],[8173,48683]],["Crowdsourced fact-checking",1,16730,[],[1467]],["Professional fact-checking",1,14434,[],[1467]],["machine comprehension",1,-1,[],[61535]],["misinformation",1,10315,[],[48683]],["stance",1,2283,[],[43669]],["textual entailment",1,31620,[],[61535]],["unreliable news detection",1,21657,[],[54444]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["was part of the ideological discourse, which was based on Social Darwinist theory",1,-1,[],[49449]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["perceived credibility",1,29767,[],[32709]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["credibility",1,12232,[],[32709]],["journalistic credibility",1,11156,[],[32709]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["risks polluting public response and behaviour towards the pandemic and may as well lead to escalation of tension while dissipating energy and resources that would have been employed to fight the virus",1,-1,[],[14706]],["the media may be emphasising stories that stimulate or deepen racial divides",1,-1,[],[14706]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Covid-19: U.S. Bishops warn against patient discrimination",1,-1,[],[14706]],["French doctors are accused of racism and 'treating Africans like human guinea pigs after saying Covid-19 vaccines should be trialled there… They said Africa has 'no masks, treatments and no ICU' for coronavirus patients'",1,-1,[],[14706]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["data colonialism",1,8149,[],[1100]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["It may be accomplished during both war and peace, as well as during different kinds of tensions and crises in between.",1,-1,[],[4569]],["PSYOP could imply the selection and framing of information, with the intent to persuade the target audience.",1,-1,[],[4569]],["PSYOP does not necessarily involve disinformation or lies",1,-1,[],[4569]],["PSYOP is not necessarily a wartime activity.",1,-1,[],[4569]],["it could be claimed that obvious lies are easily dismantled by the opposing side and consequently, these may be considered counterproductive.",1,-1,[],[4569]],["the specific media used for mediating the information is not specified, but can range from loudspeakers, posters and leaflets in the battlefield to internet and mainstream media or even face to face.",1,-1,[],[4569]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["In-foOps",1,18915,[],[36487]],["persuasion",1,23143,[],[4569]],["propaganda",1,34203,[],[4569]],["public information",1,-1,[],[4569]]],"sb":[["\"black\" operations, denoting an activity that appears to emanate from a source other than the true one",1,-1,[],[4569]],["\"grey\" and covert, meaning that the source is not evident",1,-1,[],[4569]],["\"white\" and overt with an transparent and identified source",1,-1,[],[4569]],["black psyops",1,7395,[],[50653]],["operative",1,28802,[],[4569]],["strategic",1,16536,[],[4569]],["tactical",1,3384,[],[4569]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["inequitable protection",1,723,[],[57511]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["A prediction of CIE was defined as a posterior probability for the hypothesis after both reports that remained above the level of the prior.",1,-1,[],[1420]],["a continued belief in the (misinformation) hypothesis remains (i.e., a CIE).",1,-1,[],[1420]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Women don't know how to drive./ Men know how to drive.",1,-1,[],[40267]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Each of these domains can be described in terms of its constellation of actors, its thematic framing (i.e. what the members of the figuration \"do\"), and its mediated and nonmediated forms of communication.",1,-1,[],[34638]],["with a \"'thematic framing' that orients communicative action\"",1,-1,[],[40545]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["bias",1,30859,[],[45843]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["For example, in the claim \"Oxford vaccine triggers immune response\", a salient word would be \"triggers\".",1,-1,[],[57463]]],"sy":[["keywords",1,22460,[],[57463]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["in the claim \"Oxford vaccine triggers immune response\", a salient word would be \"triggers\".",1,-1,[],[57463]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["working poor",1,32857,[],[37815]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["According to Karhawi (2017, p. 3), influencers are those who have some power in a subject's decision-making purchase process; power to put discussions into circulation; power to influence decisions about the lifestyle, preferences, and cultural assets of those who are in their network.",1,-1,[],[57776]]],"sy":[["microcelebrities",1,33923,[],[41416]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["media bias",1,3751,[],[26729]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["As a result, the public is more likely to remember certain aspects prominently presented by the media (Eriyanto, 2005).",1,-1,[],[38315]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["backfire effect",1,16591,[["backfire effect",1],["backfire effects",1]],[7677]]],"rt":[["continued influence effect (CIE)",1,26499,[],[7677]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":31,"df":[],"de":[["Absence of formal professionalisation",1,-1,[],[32744]],["Although citizen journalism has been criticised for providing a narrow view on political issues, it is deemed essential in presenting alternative perspectives on politics -providing Malaysians with the opportunity to form better opinions on political issues, as well as offering them the chance to make informed decisions on politics.",1,-1,[],[36598]],["Citizen journalism content is a double-edged sword, which could have both positive and negative impacts on the country.",1,-1,[],[36598]],["Citizen journalists are less afraid to express their opinions, and show their biases, if any.",1,-1,[],[36598]],["Coexistence or interdependence with professional media; Complementary to mainstream media",1,-1,[],[32744]],["Collaborative platforms, social networks, blogs, forums",1,-1,[],[32744]],["Direct participation in information production and sharing",1,-1,[],[32744]],["Due to the nature of citizen content journalism, which thrives on social media networking, the degree of biased or skewed material exists, which may compromise the integrity of the information content compared to professional media",1,-1,[],[36598]],["Informal, spontaneous, collaborative structures",1,-1,[],[32744]],["Online, self published current affairs journalism and news publications built on a preponderance of reader contributions",1,-1,[],[9060]],["Online, self published current affairs journalism and news publications built on a preponderance of reader contributions are starting to offer alternatives to established news providers.",1,-1,[],[9060]],["Personal experiences, proximity, and emerging topics",1,-1,[],[32744]],["These terms are frequently used interchangeably to express similar ideas.",1,-1,[],[32744]],["allows any citizen with internet access or production tools (text, audio, and video) to give visibility, through direct participation and testimony, to specific experiences or events without belonging to a hierarchical organisation",1,-1,[],[32744]],["citizen journalism creates information bubbles that have little impact on public debate and opinion, rather than democratising information.",1,-1,[],[32744]],["citizen journalism faces structural problems, including a lack of financial resources, as well as issues regarding the credibility and dissemination of the information produced.",1,-1,[],[32744]],["citizen journalism is a somewhat fuzzy term used in different ways by different people at different times",1,-1,[],[36598]],["citizen journalism often replicates the patterns of conventional and professional journalism. It does not truly break with the established model, particularly in its dependence on official sources, which limits the availability of alternative perspectives and maintains the pursuit of objectivity that restricts the diversity of voices and narratives, as well as the adoption of conventional structures, such as gatekeeping practices",1,-1,[],[32744]],["enriches the media space for interaction with citizens",1,-1,[],[36598]],["lack of depth in citizen journalism content fails to provide a wider context to the political news, leading to tunnel vision on political issues and widespread misguided political propaganda.",1,-1,[],[36598]],["less afraid to express their opinions, and show their biases, if any",1,-1,[],[36598]],["most of them fail to authenticate the content (like providing accurate facts) they produce",1,-1,[],[36598]],["news reported by citizen journalists is heavily influenced by personal opinion and bias",1,-1,[],[36598]],["opens the way for multidirectional communication between content producers and audiences",1,-1,[],[36598]],["reproducing existing news instead of reporting original content",1,-1,[],[36598]],["take content from traditional media or other sources and republish the content on their sites just to receive visitors' hits",1,-1,[],[36598]],["the absence of gatekeepers not only provides citizen reporters with more liberty for content creation, but it also allows them to bypass government scrutiny as the internet has more freedom than the mainstream media space does.",1,-1,[],[36598]],["the reliability of citizen journalism content includes concern for the accuracy of information.",1,-1,[],[36598]],["though subject to the CCP's tight internet censorship, has given power to mobile public sentiment and set the agenda for the government's crisis management and communication",1,-1,[],[32438]]],"sy":[["alternative journalism",2,19931,[],[32744,36598]],["'citizen' journalism",1,34430,[],[9060]],["citizen media",1,15193,[],[36598]],["community journalism",1,33815,[],[32744]],["grassroots",1,-1,[],[9060]],["guerrilla journalism",1,-1,[],[36598]],["hyperlocal journalism",1,31825,[],[35617]],["open-source journalism",1,-1,[],[36598]],["participatory journalism",1,8002,[],[36598]],["public journalism",1,32842,[],[32744]]],"rt":[["bottom-up crisis communication",1,-1,[],[32438]],["grassroots",1,-1,[],[9060]],["mainstream media",1,25122,[],[36598]],["professional media",1,14288,[],[36598]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Journalism",1,34243,[],[36598]],["journalistic activity",1,-1,[],[36598]]],"ex":[["Blufftontoday.com in the U.S. or Nieuwslokaal.net in The Netherlands",1,-1,[],[3584]],["Citizen Journalists Malaysia",1,-1,[],[36598]],["Media Rakyat",1,-1,[],[36598]],["political blogs",1,-1,[],[6153]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["contemporary minorities' status is rationalized as the product of naturally occurring phenomena",1,-1,[],[20488]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Jim Crow racism",1,-1,[],[20488]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This confirms the usage of trustification as a legitimation strategy (Korkeamäki and Kohtamäki 2020) in journalism.",1,-1,[],[55038]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["legitimation strategy",1,15792,[],[55038]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["legitimation strategy",1,15792,[],[55038]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["their aim was to mediate topical shocking events, in particular accidents or murders, thus serving as rumours, news and entertainment all in one",1,-1,[],[46298]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["entertainment",1,26702,[],[46298]],["news",1,8218,[],[46298]],["rumours",1,17712,[],[46298]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["we calculate the distance between his/her evaluation of the national government's record, and the average evaluation found in news stories of the outlets he/she encounters on a weekly basis",1,-1,[],[47284]]],"sy":[["XME",1,-1,[],[47284]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Fallacies of Logic",1,-1,[],[23620]],["logical fallacies",1,6585,[],[36383]]],"ex":[["We should not invest in Space Exploration. It's like saying that a person in debt should pay for fancy vacations.",1,-1,[],[23620]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["Its main purpose is to serve in favour of the principle of reasoning-based arguments in communication-specifically truth and transparency.",1,-1,[],[30027]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["They stand in evidence of the existence of dire situations, but on the other hand, they also have the capacity to elicit strong affective response in the viewer",1,-1,[],[61796]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["traditional methodology in discrimination cases for proving that the impugned conduct is the reason for (or \"based on\") one or more of the prohibited grounds.",1,-1,[],[11095]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["guideline",1,-1,[],[46753]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["black comedy",1,10776,[],[59790]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["frame",1,7860,[],[36682]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["journalists construct the symbolic representations of society that members of the public use to make sense of events and issues.",1,-1,[],[34160]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["the mere fact that the alleged rapists are well-known footballers, and the alleged victims anonymous women, puts the complainants at an immediate disadvantage in terms of being believed",1,-1,[],[4774]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["economic reporting is a new beat in Africa as most newsrooms where largely investing in politics, entertainment and sport",1,-1,[],[14668]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":22,"df":[],"de":[["aesthetic, political, ideological and/or economic",1,-1,[],[24951]],["as well as sort out and evaluate the contents of communications found in printed and digital media.",1,-1,[],[48966]],["critical literacy is \"most productively understood through an ideological lens that is attentive to local contexts and issues of history, power, and identity\" (p. 101).",1,-1,[],[54852]],["distinctions must be drawn between aesthetic, political/ideological and economic bases for evaluation.",1,-1,[],[24951]],["literacies that can support students' capacity to reflect on and critique media content, distribution and consumption",1,-1,[],[17834]]],"sy":[["critical text analyses",1,-1,[],[48966]],["pedagogies",1,-1,[],[48966]]],"rt":[["critical text analyses",1,-1,[],[48966]],["pedagogies",1,-1,[],[48966]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["alphabetical, media and information literacies",1,-1,[],[60328]],["health literacy",1,30831,[],[9924]],["literacy",1,2766,[],[9982]]],"ex":[["how is news objective",1,-1,[],[24951]],["what is an advertisement",1,-1,[],[24951]],["who is the target audience for a film",1,-1,[],[24951]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the changes in the meaning of the word cell: prison cell → cell phone",1,-1,[],[12495]]]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["conflates the Han nationality, the formation of which has been associated with the Qin dynasty",1,-1,[],[40355]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["our findings suggest this approach may gloss over important subtleties and nuances; an approach that assumes journalists subscribe to a common set of values (and have a common understanding of them) risks designing AI technologies that are insensitive to the local journalism context in which they will be embedded.",1,-1,[],[7224]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["Rather than emerging as a discrete event, therefore, a critical juncture is more likely to consist of an accumulation of related events leading to a rapid social, political and institutional change.",1,-1,[],[17561]],["a critical juncture is more likely to consist of an accumulation of related events leading to a rapid social, political and institutional change.",1,-1,[],[17561]],["in a critical juncture, the contingent context in which choices are debated and made can also be seen as the result of institutional, cultural, and political trajectories which are reliant on antecedent conditions.",1,-1,[],[17561]],["junctures are regarded as 'critical' because they set in motion path-dependent processesin other words selfreinforcing trajectoriesthat become difficult to reverse as they eventually consolidate into one specific dominant institutional setup.",1,-1,[],[17561]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["i.e., expectancy consistent behaviors based on stereotypes about Northern and Southern Italians are described at a higher level of abstraction than expectancy inconsistent behavior",1,-1,[],[39647]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["out-ofcontext (OOC) misuse",1,28535,[],[15525]]],"rt":[["cheap fake",1,32466,[],[16832]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["a falsified BBC report began circulating on WhatsApp, presenting a false story of nuclear escalation between NATO and Russia.",1,-1,[],[16832]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["ambient",1,21846,[],[9712]],["hybrid",1,30960,[],[9712]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["Framing Theory",1,32672,[],[55893]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["false presupposition",1,11490,[],[11977]],["semantic presuppositions",1,3385,[],[11977]]],"ex":[["In a 1TB hard disk, 70GB is unusable.",1,-1,[],[11977]],["the example Q in Table 2 presupposes an unused space in a hard disk, and C says there is no unused space",1,-1,[["the example Q in Table 2 presupposes an unused space in a hard disk, and C says there is no unused space",1],["the example Q in Table 2 presupposes an unused space in a hard disk, and C says there is no unused space.",1]],[11977]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["particular forms of fake news and information distortion could be considered accountability sabotage",1,-1,[],[25627]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["authoritarian practice",1,32371,[],[25627]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["bullshit",1,29347,[],[32228]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["erasing memory",1,-1,[],[21033]],["obliterating",1,-1,[],[21033]],["removing",1,-1,[],[21033]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["In the hate speech context, these keywords are usually offensive words or words that can be used to express hatred.",1,-1,[],[49295]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[],"de":[["RWA can be understood as a need for inter-group cohesion by submission to authority",1,-1,[],[46282]],["RWA focuses on in-group submission",1,-1,[],[46282]],["RWA, on the other hand, focuses on submission to authority, conventionalism and obedience to those in power",1,-1,[],[46282]],["being subservient to authority",1,-1,[],[6123]],["submissive to authority, promote social conformity, etc.",1,-1,[],[6123]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["DPM",1,-1,[],[6123]],["SDO",1,10170,[],[6123]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["teachers, political leaders and parents",1,-1,[],[46282]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Specifically, by providing an example of a Paralympian athlete referred to as the wheelchair, Littlemore (ibid) concludes that the TRAIT FOR PERSON metonymy can be used to convey underlying prejudice toward a disabled individual.",1,-1,[],[58769]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["bias detection",1,30475,[],[11054]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["Authorization",1,5797,[],[43935]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["custom ('state protocol')",1,-1,[],[43935]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["digital literacy",1,16150,[],[42961]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["echo chamber",1,7363,[],[57931]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["People who pursue negative social potency are likely to be cruel, callous and abusing [30]",1,-1,[],[19333]],["People who pursue negative social potency are likely to be cruel, callous and abusing [30]. Negative social potency is predictive of online trolling behavior [19] and those who troll others may therefore be motivated to harm others by wielding negative social influence.",1,-1,[],[19333]],["measured using the Social Rewards Questionnaire (SRQ) [30]",1,-1,[],[19333]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["social reward",1,-1,[],[19333]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["social reward",1,-1,[],[19333]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This type of categorisation makes users feel like their profiles do not completely represent them, that they cannot escape such a situation or that the use of such profiles could even be used to their disadvantage",1,-1,[],[22380]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["el uso de los instrumentos legales como un mecanismo de control de la protesta.",1,-1,[],[12856]],["judicializar lo político o de politizar lo judicial, mediante el traslado de los conflictos sociales de la arena política a la arena judicial",1,-1,[],[12856]],["resaltar las nuevas funciones que desempeña la institucionalidad judicial en el manejo de la protesta social en la actualidad",1,-1,[],[12856]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["criminalización de la protesta",1,1177,[],[12856]],["represión",1,16869,[],[12856]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["Cognitive linguistics provides tools to analyze how language shapes are thought through key concepts such as conceptual metaphors, mental schemas, and attentional biases.",1,-1,[],[31826]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["cognitive grammar",1,-1,[],[33761]],["cognitive semantics",1,-1,[],[33761]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["frames",1,7860,[],[56418]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["self-stereotyping component of selfdefinition",1,-1,[],[33631]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["self-definition",1,18875,[],[33631]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["self-definition",1,18875,[],[33631]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":5,"df":[["the study of signs and symbols in communication",2,-1,[],[49706,55598]]],"de":[["Specifically the type of semiotics based on paranoid thinking commonly associated with conspiracists [39] is destined to render the communication unintelligible to the outsiders [25].",1,-1,[],[17573]],["offers a valuable framework for understanding how images generate and convey meaning.",1,-1,[],[49706]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["connotative",1,31894,[],[49706]],["denotative",1,32687,[],[49706]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["unpaid distribution",1,-1,[],[14866]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The rhetoric of hate does not address those who have become its object; rather, it vilifies them, incites hatred towards them, without addressing them directly.",1,-1,[],[45655]],["The rhetoric of hate is a rhetoric of absolute truths that are always on the side of the sender, and it does not allow for understanding the opponent's views, ideas, or attitudes.",1,-1,[],[45655]],["public discourse is dominated by rhetoric saturated with aggression.",1,-1,[],[45655]]],"sy":[["hate rhetoric",1,34509,[],[45655]]],"rt":[["othering rhetoric",1,18848,[],[45655]],["rhetoric of empathy",1,-1,[],[45655]],["rhetoric of exclusion",1,-1,[],[45655]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":125,"df":[["Trust can be seen as a construct that captures our attitudes towards regimes, institutions, and policies",2,-1,[],[22489,36635]],["the willingness of a party to be vulnerable to the actions of another party based on the expectation that the other will perform a particular action important to the trustor, irrespective of the ability to monitor or control that other party",2,-1,[["the willingness of a party to be vulnerable to the actions of another party based on the expectation that the other will perform a particular action important to the trustor, irrespective of the ability to monitor or control that other party",2],["the willingness of a party to be vulnerable to the actions of another party based on the expectation that the other will perform a particular action important to the trustor, irrespective of the ability to monitor or control that other party.",1]],[15918,16203]]],"de":[["Accepting to put oneself in such a state of vulnerability carries the risk of being deceived by those who are endowed with one's trust",1,-1,[],[19794]],["Analysis of these latter studies suggest that trust is represented by the implicit views and assumptions of researchers and the focus is more on the embedded authority of the information or abstract system rather than on the trustor as an essential component of the trust dynamic.",1,-1,[],[15918]],["Being vulnerable (Boss, 1978;Zand, 1972) implies that there is something of importance to be lost. Making oneself vulnerable is taking risk. Trust is not taking risk per se, but rather it is a willingness to take risk.",1,-1,[],[16203]],["For Giddens, trust is learned in infancy and enables the individual to deal with the unknowable in the social context.",1,-1,[],[15918]],["Hoff and Bashir's [11] model of trust in automation makes a clear distinction between trust as an attitude and behavior, characterizing trust as a factor that mediates automation performance and user behavior, or reliance.",1,-1,[],[55239]],["In particular, trust in online news involves not only evaluations of content quality, but also judgments about the integrity of the platform, the authenticity of content producers, and the transparency of information flows",1,-1,[],[51707]],["In the context of online settings and digital media, trust is often defined with respect to the perceived reliability and credibility of information sources and the technology platforms that mediate them.",1,-1,[],[51707]],["In this work, we follow suit by operationalizing trust as an attitude",1,-1,[],[55239]],["It is also considered as driver of attitude",1,-1,[],[15130]],["It is therefore a relational concept, determined as much by the expectations of the one who conveys it as by the actions of its receiver",1,-1,[],[13915]],["It is therefore a relational concept, determined as much by the expectations of the one who conveys it as by the actions of its receiver (Garusi; Splendore, 2023) and which, when applied beyond the original interpersonal context, functions as an \"institutional economizer\" (Rosanvallon, 2008), as it reduces the need for proof and verification of the goods and services that it provides.",1,-1,[],[13915]],["Lee and See [18] define trust as an attitude and distinguish it from trust as a behavior.",1,-1,[],[55239]],["Luhmann argued that trust differs from confidence because it requires a previous engagement on a person's part, recognizing and accepting that risk exists.",1,-1,[],[16203]],["People cannot verify all news content on their own and have to take a risk when deciding to trust the media to deliver factual information.",1,-1,[],[8338]],["Prochazka and schweiger (2019) recognize that trust requires two actors (the trustee, in our case the audience, and the trustor, the news organizations), it is future-focused, it entails risks (in the sense that future actions are unpredictable), and it reduces complexity",1,-1,[],[27681]],["Prochazka and schweiger (2019) recognize that trust requires two actors (the trustee, in our case the audience, and the trustor, the news organizations), it is future-focused, it entails risks (in the sense that future actions are unpredictable), and it reduces complexity -which is where heuristics operate.",1,-1,[],[27681]],["Rather than viewing trust as the opposite of distrust, it is more accurate to consider them as distinct components (Cheng and Chen, 2020:4).",1,-1,[],[60311]],["These definitions define trust as a belief or a confidence in an outcome and, while presenting a more simplified view of trust than Giddens, Mayer or social capital theorists, they still acknowledge the role of the trustor and their relationship to the trustee.",1,-1,[],[15918]],["This definition of trust is applicable to a relationship with another identifiable party who is perceived to act and react with volition toward the trustor.",1,-1,[],[16203]],["To be meaningful, trust must go beyond predictability (Deutsch, 1958).",1,-1,[],[16203]],["Trust can help to mitigate risk and bridge uncertainty, so as to allow cooperative relationships",1,-1,[],[2561]],["Trust can serve as a gap-filler for explicit knowledge (Marsh and Dibben 2003) in the absence of adequate information for rational decisionmaking.",1,-1,[],[55128]],["Trust encompasses cognitive, behavioral, and affective components: While trust fosters cooperation and acceptance of political decisions, distrust can lead to vigilance, resistance, or disengagement from political processes (Levi & Stoker, 2000).",1,-1,[],[11231]],["Trust has an emotional component and requires \"a leap of faith\" (Möllering 2006), and willingness to tolerate uncertainty and accept vulnerability (Rousseau et al. 1998).",1,-1,[],[55128]],["Trust in the basic truthfulness of the communication we receive from others is central to choices and actions needed to maintain social order",1,-1,[],[4168]],["Trust in the network may be defined as the agreement to believe that some node (user in a social network) is good and honest and will not harm you, or that something is safe and reliable.",1,-1,[],[56287]],["Trust is a broader and more complex construct than sentiment.",1,-1,[],[11231]],["Trust is a complex human behavior, composed of and influenced by multidimensional parameters",1,-1,[],[28983]],["Trust is a social mechanism to deal with this risk",1,-1,[],[24982]],["Trust is based on positive expectations and others response behaviors",1,-1,[],[15130]],["Trust is created in an online environment because of successful information exchange",1,-1,[],[14557]],["Trust is highly contextual.",1,-1,[],[60311]],["Trust is manifested through trust incidents: empirical episodes in which this state of trust is reached \"irrespective of whether the trustor is conscious of this or whether it is directly observable by others in any way\"",1,-1,[],[55128]],["Trust is not taking risk per se, but rather it is a willingness to take risk.",1,-1,[],[16203]],["Trust minimizes ambiguity and consumers' perceived risk, hence determining action",1,-1,[],[14557]],["Trust then becomes a universalized consequence of expertise and of authority, expected as part of a power-knowledge relationship by those who are vulnerable and lack information.",1,-1,[],[15918]],["Trust, in fact, is considered a fragile, intangible, and highly relational asset.",1,-1,[],[13915]],["Trust, in this view, is not simply a psychological state but a product of compliance with established norms and behaviors communicated through adherence to the \"rules of the game.\"",1,-1,[],[26632]],["Trusting another involves an assessment of their competence, reliability, integrity and benevolence, fusing together beliefs about how and why actions occur in a specific context (Botsman, 2017:126).",1,-1,[],[60311]],["Trustworthiness is considered the antecedent to trust, which gives individuals confidence, which, in turn, can lead to attitudinal change",1,-1,[],[12574]],["What is missing from such an approach is the willingness to take a risk in the relationship and to be vulnerable.",1,-1,[],[16203]],["according to Van Dalen (2019), trust is related to the future and the expectation that news organizations will fulfill their social tasks (e.g., publishing reliable information).",1,-1,[],[27681]],["essential element in the operation of power-knowledge or truth-telling",1,-1,[],[15918]],["functions as an \"institutional economizer\" (Rosanvallon, 2008), as it reduces the need for proof and verification of the goods and services that it provides.",1,-1,[],[13915]],["in the presence of trust, an actor may forgo behaviors in which they might otherwise engage.",1,-1,[],[23735]],["integral component of the operation of social capital",1,-1,[],[15918]],["it depends on news being created using the appropriate procedures to ensure that it corresponds with the reality of the events that have occurred",1,-1,[],[13915]],["it emphasizes the vulnerability or risk involved in the act of trusting",1,-1,[],[15918]],["it focuses on the conscious willingness to trust as well as the context of the modern organization",1,-1,[],[15918]],["it is a choice which necessarily implies putting oneself in a situation of voluntary vulnerability for the purpose of social integration.",1,-1,[],[1249]],["its complexity is testament of a rich evolution in its theory and manifestation across societies",1,-1,[],[1249]],["mechanism to control risks and uncertainty",1,-1,[],[1249]],["operating to seek benefits and advantages, enhance a community's capacity to bond, take collective action, or to resolve common social issues or problems.",1,-1,[],[15918]],["there is no risk involved with holding such an attitude.",1,-1,[],[16203]],["trust appears to be used as a surrogate term for 'authority' or, as Wilson (1991) investigated, 'cognitive authority'.",1,-1,[],[15918]],["trust arises from",1,-1,[],[61902]],["trust as considered in this model is unidirectional: from a given trustor to a given trustee",1,-1,[],[16203]],["trust between people or groups, albeit in some studies mediated through some form of technology",1,-1,[],[15918]],["trust can be treated as \"kind of a checkpoint\" that determines if the organization or brand is performing well in general; that is, as a factor that relates first of all to the organization or brand, and only by extension to the way it uses ANRsa",1,-1,[],[5127]],["trust cannot be captured by rational decision theory, and it is most strongly experienced precisely when it dictates a behaviour opposed to the recommendation of the decision-making process, based on rational expectations.",1,-1,[],[1249]],["trust deals with an attitudinal issue, resulting from a cognitive and relational process in which the person subjectively examines and evaluates the media system, the qualities of an information source (the type of media outlet, the brand, or a journalist), or the content of its messages",1,-1,[],[13915]],["trust derives from social rationality and is necessarily associated to the possibility of betrayal, implying intentionality",1,-1,[],[1249]],["trust emerges as a mechanism for simplifying social complexity and is essential for decision-making in situations where direct control is not possible.",1,-1,[],[39428]],["trust in social networks has attracted a lot of attention for opinion [8], recommendation [7].",1,-1,[],[56287]],["trust is a willingness to be vulnerable to another party, but there is no risk involved with holding such an attitude.",1,-1,[],[16203]],["trust is an integral element of a functioning society, and essential to maintain social cohesion.",1,-1,[],[21761]],["trust is based on not only the perceived competence of the trustee but also their perceived motivation.",1,-1,[],[48663]],["trust is beyond reason, or more precisely beyond this rationality.",1,-1,[],[1249]],["trust is defined through the notation T(i,j, α) (i.e., the entity i trusts j in situation α)",1,-1,[],[22259]],["trust is not a matter of reason and is even most spectacularly exhibited when one puts someone else's words above all other contradictory information they may have, to make a decision against all rational expectations.",1,-1,[],[1249]],["trust is the effect it has on the audience as a result of the quality of the news product",1,-1,[],[13915]],["trust plays a crucial role not only by supporting the security of contracts between agents, but also because agents rely on the expertise of other trusted agents in their decision-making.",1,-1,[],[19753]],["trust was seen to be concerned with the authority or expertise of the information system.",1,-1,[],[15918]],["trust would be entirely finalised, characterising relationships between rational agent who only trust each other when they have an interest to, expect some benefits for themselves [16], and anticipate a rational interest from others to be trustworthy in the right way, at the right moment [21].",1,-1,[],[1249]],["users need to be aware that their news delivery is personalized and, ideally, need to understand why a specific article is recommended to them.",1,-1,[],[5127]],["which may not lead to a practical judgement but an emotional reaction to what feels \"right\"",1,-1,[],[53679]]],"sy":[["confidence",1,202,[],[16203]],["cooperation",1,-1,[],[16203]],["dependability",1,-1,[],[22259]],["predictability",1,24267,[],[16203]]],"rt":[["distrust",4,33632,[],[2561,11231,55128,60311]],["confidence",3,202,[],[15918,16203,21761]],["cooperation",2,-1,[],[15918,16203]],["credibility",2,12232,[],[5127,13915]],["predictability",2,24267,[],[15918,16203]],["transparency",2,28207,[],[4168,5127]],["vulnerability",2,2660,[],[15918,16203]],["authority",1,14203,[],[15918]],["behavior",1,16853,[],[55239]],["behavioral trust",1,-1,[],[16203]],["cognitive authority",1,2078,[],[15918]],["expertise",1,24528,[],[15918]],["ignorance",1,1812,[],[15918]],["implicit trust",1,26576,[],[38243]],["instrumental rationality",1,30506,[],[1249]],["leap of faith",1,9438,[],[15918]],["major dimensions of trust",1,-1,[],[48663]],["online trust",1,22503,[],[14557]],["ontological security",1,3993,[],[13915]],["opinion",1,24152,[],[56287]],["perception of risk",1,2503,[],[16203]],["political trust",1,31826,[],[36635]],["recommendation",1,-1,[],[56287]],["reflexivity and trust",1,-1,[],[15918]],["reliance",1,13416,[],[55239]],["reputation",1,5210,[],[13915]],["risk",1,2397,[],[16203]],["sentiment",1,11027,[],[11231]],["social rationality",1,19947,[],[1249]],["social trust",1,9423,[],[1249]],["social, political, and institutional license",1,-1,[],[13915]],["trustworthiness",1,26771,[],[16203]],["truth",1,9596,[],[4168]],["user agency",1,10322,[],[5127]],["willingness to be vulnerable",1,-1,[],[16203]],["willingness to vulnerability",1,-1,[],[15918]]],"sb":[["Cognitive trust",2,13105,[["Cognitive trust",1],["cognitive trust",1]],[15130,22259]],["Institutional trust",2,16801,[["Institutional trust",1],["institutional trust",1]],[22259,39428]],["Local Trust",2,19660,[["Local Trust",1],["local trust",1]],[21761,56287]],["global trust",2,10963,[],[21761,56287]],["Affective trust",1,8310,[],[15130]],["Calculative trust",1,-1,[],[22259]],["Dispositional trust",1,28454,[],[22259]],["Judgment-based trust",1,32375,[],[22259]],["Phenomenon-based trust",1,34376,[],[22259]],["Relational trust",1,31305,[],[22259]],["Sentiment-based trust",1,17818,[],[22259]],["Trust as a 'leap of faith'",1,-1,[],[15918]],["Trust as a component of social capital",1,-1,[],[15918]],["Trust in people we know, which he defines as strategic trust",1,-1,[],[21761]],["ability",1,1141,[],[48663]],["benevolence",1,10831,[],[48663]],["blind faith",1,-1,[],[16203]],["communication trust",1,24626,[],[22259]],["component of social capital",1,-1,[],[15918]],["emotional trust",1,14545,[],[22259]],["generalised trust",1,30735,[],[21761]],["generalised trust: the belief that people can be trusted",1,-1,[],[21761]],["global trust: trust in institutions.",1,-1,[],[21761]],["information trust",1,12789,[],[22259]],["integrity",1,25360,[],[48663]],["interpersonal trust",1,1795,[],[39428]],["leap of faith",1,9438,[],[15918]],["local trust: trust in personal acquaintances",1,-1,[],[21761]],["moralistic trust",1,4025,[],[21761]],["particularised trust",1,22798,[],[21761]],["particularised trust: faith in your own kind.",1,-1,[],[21761]],["public trust",1,31592,[],[56287]],["social trust",1,9423,[],[22259]],["strategic trust",1,15411,[],[21761]],["trust in embodied expertise, such as that held by other people",1,-1,[],[15918]],["trust in people we don't know and who are different from ourselves: moralistic trust.",1,-1,[],[21761]],["trust in these abstract systems",1,-1,[],[15918]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["relaxation of controls as a common trust-related behavior",1,-1,[],[23735]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["SMM",1,-1,[],[26549]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["frequently offer alternative viewpoints and narratives that diverge from those presented by state-controlled media sources",1,-1,[],[58316]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["supported quantitatively by a high final dispersion around 3.8 and a low final congruent links percentage around 52%",1,-1,[],[59320]],["the final system state does not seem to have large clusters",1,-1,[],[59320]]],"sy":[["fragmentation",1,21867,[],[59320]]],"rt":[["structural polarization",1,23532,[],[59320]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["overt sexism",1,12041,[],[58802]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["where any evidence of human presence and the clutter of the archaeological process is purposefully eliminated before capturing the image",1,-1,[],[53875]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["In becoming patterned, the reliance on specific sources continually feeds the power of the sources to speak authoritatively, thereby reproducing the dominance of hegemonic narratives and limiting the spectrum of diverse voices.",1,-1,[],[46559]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["The new media environment is distinctive in several ways: the increased volume of information that is available; the increased speed with which information can be gathered, retrieved, and transmitted; the increased control given to consumers of the media; the fragmentation of media audiences and the resulting greater ability to target media messages to particular audiences; the greater decentralization of certain aspects of the media; and the greater interactive capacity between consumers and producers of media messages",1,-1,[],[59572]],["this new media environment and the hyperreality it produces have created new, multiple, and shifting axes of political power.",1,-1,[],[59572]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["un género textual básicamente integrado por formas diferentes de reproducir o referir el discurso ajeno",1,-1,[],[47412]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["discurso ajeno",1,-1,[],[47412]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["These lexicons contain sentiment words, also called opinion words, listed with their polarity and 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It may be endearing such as using pet names for children or lovers or hostile, such as for slurs and insults,",1,-1,[],[52677]],["Animal metaphors are universal and are used in different ways. It may be endearing such as using pet names for children or lovers or hostile, such as for slurs and insults, [32].",1,-1,[],[52677]],["Likening someone as a disgusting animal amounts to crediting its negative quality to a person. It is an act that dehumanizes and degrades people's humanity.",1,-1,[],[52676]],["One type of metaphor involves the use of animals to refer to people.",1,-1,[],[52677]],["The use of political symbolism and iconography spans from the heraldry of medieval times and royal seals, to the political cartoons of the nineteenth century, pre-war zoomorphic propaganda maps and the colourful fauna of the Economist covers of today",1,-1,[],[8215]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["political symbolism and iconography",1,10615,[],[8215]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["metaphor",1,24338,[],[52677]]],"ex":[["likened AJ to a dog with rabies that is considered disgusting and very unclean.",1,-1,[],[52677]],["likened NM to a sow, a very offensive metaphor, as by doing so, he is comparing a person with a disliked and unclean animal.",1,-1,[],[52677]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[["provides the \"means-ends orientation [for the perspective and] opens up a world of opportunities 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Either way, it 'controls' the reading experience and guides the reader's interpretation of it (Amirdabbaghian and Shangeetha 2020: 85).",1,-1,[],[27387]],["Paratext functions as an introduction to the main text in order to ensure its presence, reception and consumption by the target audience (Marine-Roig 2017).",1,-1,[],[11211]],["Rather than hiding interpretive dilemmas, paratext can acknowledge uncertainty, explain culturally specific references, and disclose the translator's positionality.",1,-1,[],[55579]],["The function of the paratext ranges from complementation to extrapolation, as it provides the reader with new interpretations of his/her readings",1,-1,[],[41428]],["paratext is an integral part of the text, and any text without paratext cannot be considered a text",1,-1,[],[49557]],["temporal situation of the paratext",1,-1,[],[4542]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["paratextuality",1,23032,[],[27387]]],"sb":[["epitext",2,-1,[],[11211,41428]],["peritext",2,-1,[],[11211,41428]]],"sp":[],"ex":[["a subtitle or caption can distinguish between evidence-based guidance and opinion, or it can signal when a claim is contested.",1,-1,[],[55579]]]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["This provides a lens for analyzing how games persuade through rules and player goals.",1,-1,[],[20665]],["game rules and goals can communicate messages to the player through gameplay.",1,-1,[],[20665]],["procedural rhetoric may elicit player emotions that are inconsistent with a game's theme, emergent effects of the procedural rule system can and often do undermine its intended meaning.",1,-1,[],[20665]],["procedural rhetoric should not be seen as [...] the unique persuasive domain available within digital games but as a strategic option that could be useful for some purposes, but not for others, and like other persuasive forms, it may hold a potential that is not always fully realized",1,-1,[],[54756]],["the unique persuasive potential of digital games",1,-1,[],[54756]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["the idea that the process of building stronger walls is akin to creating stronger passwords is nonetheless sufficiently clear",1,-1,[],[54756]]]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[["Praktische Konkordanz",1,-1,[],[18638]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["As cause groups constantly suffer from collective action problems to gain new members and ensure the flow of resources, their frame choice will reflect the public goods for which cause groups are fighting",1,-1,[],[35842]],["cause groups constantly suffer from collective action problems to gain new members and ensure the flow of resources, their frame choice will reflect the public goods for which cause groups are fighting",1,-1,[],[35842]]],"sy":[["cause -or public interest -groups",1,3870,[],[35842]],["cause groups",1,-1,[],[35842]]],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["Keep Denmark Clean",1,-1,[],[49724]],["UK Youth Climate Coalition",1,-1,[],[49724]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["mental coercion",1,-1,[],[25008]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["baby boomers",1,-1,[],[53531]],["elders",1,-1,[],[53531]],["prewar",1,-1,[],[53531]],["seniors",1,-1,[],[53531]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[["e.g. Academic; Advocates; Politicians; Religious figure",1,-1,[],[48060]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["it is argued that it is now the age of affective politics that is, the age of prioritizing feelings over facts.",1,-1,[],[38409]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["affective communication",1,16277,[],[38409]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["Thompsons prä-skandalöse Phase stellt also eher die Vorbereitung einer Skandalisierung dar, aber noch keinen echten Startpunkt eines medialisierten Skandals.",1,-1,[],[21277]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["It is characterized by the existence of slur words connected to one's race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, appearance, and disabilities.",1,-1,[],[52685]],["It is more powerful in presentation and offensiveness. 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It arose instead out of the uncoordinated actions of thousands of people, who were doing things that people like to do, especially in the companionship of other people […] In doing so, these people incidentally created information, a commodity of no little value in an information economy (pp. 13-14).",1,-1,[],[11127]],["hidden schemes that rely on the crowd to complete specific tasks",1,-1,[],[11127]]],"sy":[["Cultural Volunteering",1,-1,[],[11127]],["Participatory Culture",1,5258,[],[11127]]],"rt":[["professional fact-checkers",1,24004,[],[3324]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["fact checking",1,16098,[],[28315]]],"ex":[["Sometimes the public is specifically asked to participate while at other times they do so on their own free will.",1,-1,[],[25309]]]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["holds within its tradition familiar ambiguities about power, audience, the status of artists, and their role in social life",1,-1,[],[13206]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["which is implemented in terms of four constituent elements -a situation in time and space, which defines the context in which information problems arise; a gap, which identifies the difference between the contextual situation and the desired situation (e.g. uncertainty); an outcome, that is, the consequences of the sense-making process, and a bridge, that is, some means of closing the gap between situation and outcome",1,-1,[],[19600]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[["bridge",1,-1,[],[19600]],["gap",1,-1,[],[19600]],["outcome",1,30568,[],[19600]],["situation",1,32572,[],[19600]]],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":10,"df":[],"de":[["Different scholars (Lasch 2001(Lasch /1979;;Bauman 2005;Berardi 2009) stress the influence of commodity culture in the development of introvert, infantilized social characters that do not assume social responsibility and are reluctant to perform political praxes.",1,-1,[],[27229]],["associated with narcissism-an inflated view of oneself that requires external validation and is linked to paranoid ideation",1,-1,[],[8786]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Dark Triad",1,3994,[],[44976]],["Machiavellianism",1,5462,[],[44976]],["psychological attributes",1,-1,[],[44976]],["psychopathy",1,20062,[],[44976]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Dark Tetrad",1,2548,[],[19332]],["dark triad trait",1,30400,[],[12039]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["It is through acts of intensification that images acquire new significance and roles, thus recursively affecting the context in which they find themselves.",1,-1,[],[45935]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["A news recommender, especially one concerned with popular conversations, can potentially increase the users' trust and confidence in its output using explanatory annotations.",1,-1,[],[46664]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[["spatial proximization",1,11522,[],[56853]]],"sb":[],"sp":[["Proximization Theory (PT)",1,-1,[],[56853]]],"ex":[["Indefinite NPs, such as 'episodes,' 'pronounced episodes,' frame climate impacts as recurring and routine and make threat feel ordinary.",1,-1,[],[56853]],["The Past/Present Perfect Contrast blurs the line between what happened and what is happening.",1,-1,[],[56853]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":4,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":7,"df":[],"de":[["I argued that this category of justice will eliminate any arbitrariness in exchange relations affecting the information poor.",1,-1,[],[20421]],["I emphasized the fact that as a category of justice it entails that the same rules and norms will apply in all similar situations.",1,-1,[],[20421]],["It also entails that the same rules and norms will apply in all similar situations.",1,-1,[],[20421]],["It entails that the same rules and norms will apply in all similar situations.",1,-1,[],[20421]],["It entails that the same rules and norms will apply in all similar situations. This will eliminate any arbitrariness in exchange relations. 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trans. mod.).",1,-1,[],[5459]],["The theory of biopolitics, which characterizes a certain historical type of government rationality, can act as an analytical matrix for assessing the actions of governments of different countries during pandemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic.",1,-1,[],[47469]],["address it as a historical event that still defines, at least in part, the way in which we are governed, the way in which we think about politics and about ourselves.",1,-1,[],[5459]],["biopolitics is always a politics of differential vulnerability.",1,-1,[],[5459]],["characterizes a certain historical type of government rationality",1,-1,[],[47469]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["biopolitical control",1,-1,[],[47469]],["biopolitical education",1,-1,[],[47469]],["biopolitical governmentality",1,-1,[],[5459]],["biopower",1,-1,[],[5459]],["differential vulnerability",1,8722,[],[5459]]],"sb":[["biopolitics through mobility",1,-1,[],[5459]]],"sp":[["theory of biopolitics in the understanding of Michel Foucault",1,-1,[],[47469]]],"ex":[["biopolitics through mobility",1,-1,[],[5459]]]},{"nd":3,"df":[],"de":[["Communication research maintains that individuals expose themselves to media contents by selecting those that reinforce their previous beliefs, and reject those that challenge their ideological convictions.",1,-1,[],[41248]],["This selective exposure hypothesis claims that media consumption is determined by the audience's predispositions, as they seek to confirm and reinforce their opinions through the information content to which they are exposed (Stroud, 2010;2011).",1,-1,[],[41248]],["selective exposure hypothesis claims that media consumption is determined by the audience's predispositions, as they seek to confirm and reinforce their opinions through the information content to which they are exposed",1,-1,[],[41248]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["selective exposure",1,29176,[],[41248]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["a good summarization system should preserve the writer's voice-the style, intent, and points of view conveyed by the authors.",1,-1,[],[28175]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[["This type is characterized by emotional intensity, instructiveness, and fast response to significant changes in public opinion that influence stereotyping.",1,-1,[],[38334]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["Representative media discourse",1,3001,[],[38334]]],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["As identity markers, encoded resources on TikTok (visual, auditory, and textual) are deployed to identify the boundaries of a discursive community and/or subculture.",1,-1,[],[39399]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":1,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[["heuristic",1,25648,[],[21584]]],"ex":[]},{"nd":2,"df":[],"de":[["This will tell that if the visual and text are not entailing, an independent Text or image model from state-of-the-art can successfully classify the meme.",1,-1,[],[37597]]],"sy":[],"rt":[],"sb":[],"sp":[],"ex":[]},{"nd":6,"df":[],"de":[["submitting to authority, respect for social hierarchy/traditions, leadership, prohibiting rebellion against authority",1,-1,[],[49126]]],"sy":[],"rt":[["1. 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