instruction stringlengths 32 27.2k |
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I can calculate $Q = a\,b\,G$ in several ways:
$Q = a \, (b \, G)$ or $Q = b \, (a \, G)$. These give the same result, as expected.
But if I do $c = (a \, b) \bmod n$ where $a \, b$ is much greater than $n$, then $Q = c \, G$, I get a different point.
Should I have expected this? Or does this difference indicate a prob... |
In what cases can we use a weak block cipher like DES ?
More precisely, Are there specific situation in which a weaken block cipher can still be used, for instance for certain types of plaintext ?
|
I read that the Encrypt-then-MAC paradigm is provably secure.
From what I understand, when using for example AES for encryption and HMAC_SHA256 for MAC generation (and the keys $K_1 \neq K_2$), this means the following:
$ciphertext = AES_{K_1}\{plaintext\}$
$mac = HMAC\_SHA256_{K_2}\{ciphertext\}$
send: $ciphertext \... |
According to Wikipedia, a cryptographic hash function has the following properties:
Pre-image resistance: Given $h$, it's difficult to find any message $m$ such that $h = H(m)$.
Second pre-image resistance: Given $m_1$, it's difficult to find another $m_2$ such that $m_1 \ne m_2$ and $H(m_1) = H(m_2)$
Collision Resist... |
I was reading about block ciphers and most articles state they are being used in symmetric key cryptography. Are they also being used in public key cryptography? if not, what alternative pkc use?
Thanks,
|
I am on the impression that SRP emerges as the least uncommon and best analyzed protocol for authentication and key agreement based on a short password.
This states that SRP is part of IEC 11770-4, among other protocols. But no version is specified, and I've seen there's SRP-1, SRP-2, SRP-3, SRP-6, and the current SRP-... |
Am I missing something, or is RSA very very limiting when it comes to ecrypting data when it comes to the actual message size?
I have read that you can only encrypt a message of around 117 to 200 bytes in size (depending on your key size: 1024 or 2048 bits). Is this correct?
If so, I think I have read people suggesting... |
According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_%28algorithm%29#Key_generation the key length is the number of bits in n. So how can a message of many megabytes (millions of bits) be modded by a 1024 bit n? I never hear of a block mode for RSA, for instance.
|
Problem
Suppose I have a system of nodes that can communicate with a parent node, but not among each other. Suppose then a file on the parent node is split up into blocks and divided among the children. The file is then deleted from the parent node.
If the parent were to then request the blocks back from the children, ... |
D-Wave has commercially available 512-qbit quantum computers now. A lot of big names are taking it seriously. Google, NASA, and USRA have joined forces to start a quantum AI lab.
How far are we from destroying classical encryption? Perhaps a more direct question, what will it take for my bitcoins to be in danger o... |
I am wondering about the computational cost of ECDSA signature verification, in term of multiplications in the base field; and, as an aside, in term of (much cheaper) additions. To make things concrete, assume ECDSA in a field $GF(p)$ per FIPS 186-3 (which refers to ANSI X9.62:2005 (webstore)), using parameters as in a... |
I have a 130-160 characters message that I need to split in say, 3 parts, and be able to reconstruct it by recovering all 3 parts. I also need that these parts are type-able, meaning that they can't be too long (I mean not much longer than the original message), and they can't contain weird characters.
I tried with Sha... |
A DSA signature consists of two scalars $(r,s)$.
When signing $s$ is generated as:
$s=k^{-1}(H(m)+xr) \mod q$
The signature is $(r,s)$
When verifying $s$ is only used to compute $w = s^{-1}$. So why does DSA store $s$ in the signature instead of $w$?
Using $w$ has no performance effect on signing since computing eith... |
My question is (hopefully, for somebody) a simple one; but my project is holding as I'm not sure.
I read on SO that generating encryption keys without an IV is a bad idea, so is using a constant IV as the first part of any cipher block will be the same across multiple encryptions.
If you're encrypting a single file (... |
I'm thinking about trying to save some space (and readability) when referencing 2k and 4k public keys (millions of them) by storing the fingerprint in some places instead of the full public key.
The primary threat to the security of a fingerprint is a preimage attack, where an attacker constructs a key pair whose publ... |
After doing lots of reading on SO and other websites relating to AES cryptography, I am trying to understand the security issues surrounding IV's.
There seems to be a lot of confusion and contradiction surrounding this subject.
Many say it is safe to publish the IV as it is not a secret whilst others say it should be ... |
Is Triple DES similiar to RSA in that the message size you can encrypt is limited (unlike AES)?
Yes you can break the message size into parts and apply it, but I'm not interested in doing that so I want to know if Triple DES has this same "limitation" like RSA?
I know AES is better suited for my situation where the mes... |
I took a look at “Why, or when, to use an Initialization Vector?” but my question is not the same.
I have unique keys encrypting each plaintext (in CBC mode, AES-256) and I do not use a key to encrypt more than one plaintext. Is it insecure to use null IVs in this case? If it is insecure, why?
|
There is some intriguing things about DES and 3DES. Now, I know that DES is weak and 3DES was an attempt to construct a more secure block-cipher from a deprecated one.
Having this in mind, what about the composition of two independent instantiations of block-cipher (t.i.t.s with two independent keys) having a reduced ... |
A block cipher is a bijective map from the set of possible plaintexts to the set of ciphertexts, which are the same size and might as well be considered the same thing: $\theta: S\to S$. In this there must exist a fixed point m $\in S$ such that $\theta(m) = m$ (alternatively you could consider encryption to be a binar... |
Given a Cryptographic hash function $h$ for element $x$, let's extend it to sets via $H(S)=\prod_{x\in{S}}{h(x)}$. I am asking if the new hash $H$ (in domain of set) is still collision resistant?
To be more specific, is it the same difficult to compute $S$ for given $H(S)$, comparing to that of computing $x$ from give... |
I have been reading about differential and linear cryptanalysis. They were mainly introduced by Adi Shamir and Biham to show the weakness of DES.
However, many articles state that differential and linear cryptananlysis have been considered as a technique to evaluate all other block ciphers. My question is, are they ben... |
Suppose one has a (strong) shared secret key and wishes to authenticate a very long string in a way that will allow the verifier to verify small substrings without reading much of the stored data and without much storage overhead.
The trivial way to do this is to have a nonce, divide the string into chunks, MAC each c... |
I'm currently learning private-key cryptography. I've been able to see that perfect secrecy is achievable if no assumption is made about the computational power of the attacker.
However, perfect secrecy is quite heavy to use, so we relax our assumptions to achieve the so-called computational secrecy, by assuming that t... |
I have a message $m_1$ and I want to encrypt it by XORing it with two keys $k_1$ and $k_2$:
$$c_1 = m_1 \oplus k_1 \oplus k_2$$
So far so good.
Now I was wondering if I could create a "fake" result with a different message $m_2$:
$$c_2 = m_2 \oplus k_1 \oplus k_2$$
This way, if I'm forced to hand over $c_1$, I can give... |
I don't understand why TLS SRP (or SRP in general) includes the user name in verifier calculation, given that user name is basically public.
From spec RFC 5054 $x$, which is then used to calculate verifier, is calculated as follows:
x = SHA1(s | SHA1(I | ":" | P))
I thought about removing 'I' to facilitate changing of... |
I'm looking for course material on the subject of proofs, reductions, and games, as used to prove cryptographic schemes secure. What are the methodologies? What are the preferred ones? In what cases is it best to use a method rather than another?
|
I want to implement some of the basic encryption algorithms on smart card, could any body guide me how to program a smart card, which tools (hardware and software) I should have, and if these tools are free?
Also, is it possible to implement Bi-linear pairing on smart cards or ECC algorithms?
|
I found this article on SO, but the answer was short, and the subject was closed,
What i don't understand, is:
Which one of the two limits memory usage to avoid custom Hardware to break the password?
Edit: there is an excellent discussion for beginners like me here:
|
Bcrypt uses Blowfish to encrypt a derived key from the passphrase, and Blowfish is a cryptographic algorithm, but here it is said that:
Note that
Salsa20/8 Core is not a cryptographic hash function since it is not
collision-resistant.
so how this is useful in Scrypt?
|
I am trying to understand the sha-256 algorithm from FIPS 180-2. I understood the padding and parsing of the message string. However after that it states (page 15):
For $i = 1$ to $N$:
{
Prepare the message schedule, ${W_t}$:
$$ W_t= \begin{cases} M_t(i) & 0 \leq t \leq 15 \\
ROTL^1( W_{t -3} \oplus W_{t... |
I'm trying to implement lightweight yet secure protocol for communicating two trusted parties with each other.
Consider following scheme:
Alice wants to establish secure two-sided channel with Bob.
Alice knows Bob's public key from reliable source, so she generates random symmetric key, encrypts it with Bob's public k... |
I've read that we can study the security of modes of operation by assuming the use of an ideal block cipher. I've also seen a paper suggesting that the ideal cipher model could be something else than an ideal block cipher.
Are there protocols relying on an encryption mode and whose the proofs have been done by assuming... |
I want to preface this by saying i will not be using any of this code/information in a live project, this is only for learning/fun (so I welcome some speculation)
I was looking at how the PHP crypt() function works, and i had an idea. crypt() prepends a few characters at the start of the hash it creates that convey inf... |
I'm in the middle of planning a 5000ish word essay on fully homomorphic cryptography, the current practical implementations and their limitations.
Which areas of CS as a subject have been (or will be) most affected or will utilise fully homomorphic cryptography the most in the coming years and developments?
|
I have a trusted third part A that issues an access token (xml file) to an untrusted client C that uses this token to log into an untrusted server S and access to the authorized files.
I want only that C can't manipulate the token changing the permissions stored inside.
I had thought to digitally sign the token with pr... |
am sorry, an a beginner, so please forgive me if i make mistakes, so here is what I understood:
PBKDF2: uses HMAC, so, the message is the password, and the key that crypts the message is the salt? or is it the inverse? and this is done the number of the rounds $n$ times.
So I guess the second one, because the user will... |
What is the state of the art way when implementing a scheme challenging a party to prove they have access to certain data?
What I'm looking for something along the lines of
Give them (id-some-data, random-data, my public-key).
Request to return the signature of (some-data xor random-data) with my-public-key.
Give the... |
I'm trying to reverse engineer a key exchange protocol which is based on the Diffie-Hellman key exchange scheme and faced with the following problem:
Let $g$ be the generator, $m$ the modulus.
Alice has a private key $a$ and computes her public key $A = g^a\pmod{m}$.
Bob has a private key $b$ and computes his public ke... |
Is this a sensible scheme for 2-way client/server communication? A client connects to a server. The server and client both generate RSA keys, and send over the public ones to each other. If the client wants to send a message, they encrypt it with the server's public key, send it over, and the server decrypts it. Vice v... |
Given:
H is a good hash function with block size L.
K is a key of length >= L (recommended by RFC 2104).
Khex and Kbase64 are ASCII encodings of K.
In the HMAC algorithm, is there a good reason to prefer K over the other encodings?
Obviously the HMAC algorithm would consider these distinct keys of different lengths, ... |
I'm interested by the compositions of the block cipher DES, instantiated with independent keys $k_1$, $k_2$ and $k_3$.
Are these 3 compositions equivalent in terms of security?
$$DES_{k_1}(DES_{k_2}(DES_{k_3}(.)))$$
$$DES_{k_1}(DES_{k_2}(DES^{-1}_{k_3}(.)))$$
$$DES_{k_1}(DES^{-1}_{k_2}(DES^{-1}_{k_3}(.)))$$
I'm also in... |
My secure multi-party computation (MPC) in need is simply to determine if a sum of two private variable is bigger than a given value $y$, as
$f(x_0, x_1) = [(x_0 + x_1) > y]$
in which the value of sum itself (i.e., $x_0+x_1$) is deemed private and $y$ is publicly known. The output of this function is yes or no.
I am a... |
I'd like to find a way to anonymize IP addresses in web logs to ensure user privacy given the following requirements:
If given an IP address, there is no way to look up which requests came from the IP address.
Given the set of requests, it can be determined which requests came from the same IP address.
This way no on... |
Suppose I have a 2048 bit RSA public key, and want to brute force the corresponding private key. I guess there are 2048^16 possible combinations?
How long would this take me to brute force with an i7, with a GPU, and with Amazon Cloud?
Is there any benchmarking data, that can be used to calculate similar for a 16 bit k... |
If I encrypt a string with a public key, does the encrypted ciphertext reveal the public key I used to encrypt it? Basically, I don't want anyone to know who the ciphertext is addressed to.
I'm thinking about RSA, but also interested in DSA. The ciphertext is not known.
|
How much computing time on a typical desktop computer would it take to find a new length and new data to extend a text file of about 10K Bytes with a given MD5 hash?
|
Differential privacy defines "privacy" of a mechanism $A$ as the "closeness" of the two distribution $Pr[A(D) \in S]$ and $Pr[A(D') \in S]$ where $D,D'$ differ in one element. And the distance between these distributions is multiplicative, i.e.
$\left| \frac{Pr[A(D) \in S]}{Pr[A(D') \in S]} \right| \leq e^\epsilon$
I ... |
I'm pretty sure I understand textbook RSA.
Choose p and q, large primes, and compute n=pq.
Choose e such that $gcd(\phi(n),e)=1.$
Publish n and e.
Compute d such that $de=1$ (mod $\phi(n)$).
To encrypt a message M, compute E=M^e (mod n).
To decrypt, compute D=E^d (mod n), which will equal M.
There are obvious things ... |
Craig Gentry's thesis talks about circuit privacy being straight forward from fully homomorphic encryption in the last chapter.
Can somebody explain in simpler terms what that means ? I have read it couple of times but could not get it. While the definition of Circuit privacy is simple the realization of the same using... |
NIST SP 800-57 §5.6.1 p.62–64 specifies a correspondence between RSA modulus size $n$ and expected security strength $s$ in bits:
Strength RSA modulus size
80 1024
112 2048
128 3072
192 7680
256 15360
This works out to approximately $s \approx 4 n^{0.43}$ (but I have no idea wh... |
I'm studying about preimage resistance property of the hash functions.
In particularly I'm reading as the missing of this property can be fatal in digital signatures that use RSA.
Further details:
Let $e$ be the public exponent, $d$ the private exponent and $n$ the modulus.
Let be C the attacker.
C could compute:
$y= z... |
Background:
I'm making a program for fun as a learning exercise. I want to generate some actual random key material (not pseudorandom) from a JavaScript program. For my program is just for encrypting/decrypting plain text letter by letter so I've chosen to use the ASCII printable character set (what characters you can ... |
I studied some encryption and decryption and I have found some very interesting problem to solve on the internet. I hope I am writing to right site - there are so many in StackExchange otherwise I hope some moderator will move it.
So, how to choose the appropriate public lets say (i, m) and private (j, m) keys which co... |
Is it possible to pre-choose a private RSA key, then obtain a public key from it?
|
This might be a very simple question. However, I am just learning the concept, so just excuse me.
I am wondering why there is not any attempt to generate all semiprime numbers? (as an dict. attack to RSA-xxx algorithms). Because as far as I can see, all one is to do is as following:
get a database of prime numbers
mul... |
Is the use of Poly1305 limited to stream ciphers? (note, I'm not talking about Poly1305-AES )? Can it be used with block ciphers running in CTR mode? If so, what other considerations/limitations are there? I like the simplicity of using a single key for encryption/authentication, but authenticated modes like GCM are... |
I've been reading about Poly1305 as implemented in the NaCl library, more specifically I've been referring to this Java implementation of NaCl. My understanding of XSalsa20Poly1305 (in this implementation, at least) is that it prepends 32 zero-bytes to the clear-text, encrypts with XSalsa20 as per normal, uses the 32 ... |
I want to provide a service that encrypts and decrypts documents and I want to provide the users with proof that I haven't stolen their secret key and read their documents.
I know I can prove when a document was last modified with cryptographic timestamping. Is it possible to prove a document was or was not encrypted/... |
It's a well-known best practice to not use one key to both encrypt and MAC data. In my application, there are instances where I MAC a piece of data without having encrypted it first. Do I still need a different key than the one used for encryption? Is it OK to use the same key to MAC one piece of data if I'm going to ... |
I'm running my TCP/IP protocol secured by encrypting each packet with AES128/CBC, bundling a SHA256 HMAC over that packet.
This causes quite a bit of space overhead for small packets, so at first I was thinking of running AES in CTR-mode and still use the HMAC, but it would be much better to run some sort of stream cip... |
Given a Merkle-Damgård hash function $H$, I know that an attacker can forge a message protected by a MAC computed as $H(\textrm{secret_key}||\textrm{message})$.
Why can't he perform the same extension attack on a MAC construction $H(\textrm{message}||\textrm{secret_key})$?
|
I'm currently not sure if I understood how the zero knowledge protocol with vertex-3-coloring works. I'll describe what I think I've understood and I'll write my questions in bold.
Zero-knowledge-protocols in general
What are they good for? What is a typical scenario?
I think they are good for authentication (The verif... |
I am using C and OpenSSL to encrypt files. After experimenting with the OpenSSL command line utility, it makes you enter a passphrase that can be any length, but uses that to create a 256-bit key.
How many passwords or keys does aes use & how does it use them? If you can make your passphrase as long or as short as you ... |
If Alice wants to talk to Bob and she has to involve a third party system run by Carol to establish, and possibly maintain, communications, then Carol knows that Alice and Bob communicated with each other.
Chuck sneaks into Carol's exchange, and now knows that Alice and Bob are talking to each other.
Carol decides to s... |
I have two questions for Clarification for AE mode choice criteria
GCM : it appears to be actually the most popular and widely used AE mode of operation. however it is also well-known to be highly sensitive (more than other AE modes ?) to IV uniqueness requirement and completely fails if such requirement is not respe... |
I have an encryption function
$$E(p) = (ap + b) \mod{26}$$
where the parameters are $a=7$, $b = 10$, and $p$ is the plaintext letter.
I was asked to decrypt the ciphertext
LJMKGM
using this information.
So, I tried to solve in this way:
I wrote the letters and indexed them from 0 to 25.
For each indexed ciphertex... |
It is generally assumed that asymmetric encryption schemes were invented in 1973 at GCHQ in Britain and, independently, in 1976 at the MIT.
Imagine, if the abstract idea of having a public key and a private key that can only decrypt what has been encrypted with the other, respectively, had been around forty years earl... |
Once gcm has been implemented for providing both encryption & authentication solution , it appears obvious to consider that such implementation can also provide (if required by new user) a Mac based authentication only service via using only Gmac instead of complete Gcm.
So I wondered if GMAC could or not be proposed a... |
I have to implement a cryptographic protocol which involves a cryptographic hash function $H: \{0,1\}^* \to G$. It is viewed as random oracle. $G$ is a multiplicative group of prime order.
I want to know the steps to implement this function. Are there standard functions to do this?
The protocols also have pairing opera... |
I have questions from http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F3-540-68339-9_1
Suppose we have 2 messages $m_1$ and $m_2$ related by a known relation $m_2=m_1+1$.
Suppose further the messages are encrypted under RSA with an exponent of $3$ using a single public modulus $N$. $c_i=m_i^3$ mod$N$, $i=1,2$
Then from $c_1,... |
When I use SSH to log into a new system, I get asked to verify that the fingerprint (a 32 hex digits string) of the hosts's RSA key is correct. How much if it must I actually compare (by hand/eye) to make it unfeasible for someone to man-in-the-middle me? Assume the adversary has a budget of a few thousand dollars.
C... |
According to the Wikipedia page for NSA (emphasis mine):
However, NSA's Fortezza hardware-based encryption cards, created for
the Clipper project, are still used within government, and NSA
ultimately published the design of the SKIPJACK cipher (but not the
key exchange protocol) used on the cards.
However, the ... |
For a class 5 years ago I wrote a paper about "defeating character frequency analysis by using two cipher letters per plaintext letter" (jamesjava.blogspot.com/2009/08/defeating-character-frequency-analysis.html).
Quote:
Using two letters in the cipher text for each letter in the plaintext can be a good way to create... |
Is there a hash function which has no collisions?
To clarify: it would be some function which would produce variable-length output, and never produce the same output for differing input. It would also be computationally hard to derive the input from the output.
|
Typically when rainbow tables are discussed MD5 hash is used as an example. It's not quite clear whether this attack is specific just to MD5 or to a certain subset of hashes or to just any hash function.
Is rainbow table attack applicable to any hash?
|
Consider a block cipher with a key of size 128 bits but a small block size, say 32 bits. Is this kind of block cipher secure?
I would like to know to what extent I can use a small block cipher, like a 32 bit block cipher. What are the constraints so that the use is acceptable in a real life application.
For instance, ... |
What's the difference between a one-way function and a cryptographic hash function?
|
EAX mode produces an authentication tag no longer than the length of the underlying cipher's blocksize. So in the case of using Blowfish (a 64-bit block cipher) in EAX mode, the resulting tag would be 8 bytes.
Is an 8-byte tag sufficiently long (I doubt it)? Could such a short tag subject the ciphertext to any sort o... |
Using CryptoJS 3.1 I noticed that using 3Des, the encrypted message always start with
U2FsdGVkX1
Why is the first part of the encryption always the same?
What information does this hold and how does that information become U2FsdGVkX1?
|
Crashplan uses 448-bit Blowfish to encrypt the data you send them. The mode used is CBC, keys are multiple use, and IVs are generated with SecureRandom from JCE. Keys are not derived from the password, but are generated randomly. MACs used are MD5 or SHA1.
The more I do research on Blowfish the more it sounds like the ... |
I am writing a small module which will verify signed message.
Message will be signed using private key in Smart Card.
The inputs are:
Signed Message
Original Message
Public Key / Certificate with public key.
Signed Message and public key both will be in Hexadecimal form. I can retrieve the Public key from certificat... |
I'm reading about SRP from this page and came accross the line that says a party computes
v = g^x
I am unfamiliar with reading cryptography texts. Does this mean gx, or g ⊕ x?
|
Currently busying myself with the Bitcoin "mining" algorithm, I am wondering if the process really cannot be simplified.
For reference, the algorithm is basically SHA-256d:
$$\mathit{success} := \operatorname{SHA256}( \operatorname{SHA256}( \mathit{IV} \mathbin\Vert \mathit{nonce} ) ) < \mathit{target}$$
The resulting ... |
Given a check digit calculated using mod 11, of an encrypted numeric sequence of 8 digits, how much information can be known about the plaintext?
More specifically, a single 3DES encrypted CBC block for which the check digit of the plaintext is known, would reduce by what factor the complexity in discovering the plaint... |
While learning about RSA, I found this example problem. The answer is supposed to be "a 4-digit number that is a pattern of digits." I have computed it to be 16657 twice.
OK, now to see if you understand the RSA decryption algorithm, suppose you are person A, and you have chosen as your two primes $p = 97$ and $q = 17... |
I'm playing around with an application for secure email-like communication and I want to perform length hiding padding on the plaintext messages so they always have a consistent size before encrypting with AES.
I would like to do PKCS7 style padding (if possible), because it's easy to figure out how much to strip from ... |
From PKCS#5 v2.1, 4.1 Salt (page 6, emphasis by me), also in v2.0, RFC 2898:
In password-based encryption, the party encrypting a message can
gain assurance that these benefits are realized simply by selecting
a large and sufficiently random salt when deriving an encryption
key from a password. A party genera... |
I'm aware that it's advisable to rotate cryptographic keys periodically. HKDF accepts high-entropy input (IKM - Input Key Material), and expands it to an arbitrary length. It also accepts a salt, the RFC states that "the use of salt adds significantly to the strength of HKDF". Naturally, changing the salt results i... |
currently I audit some code I've written in the past to use KeePass 1.x databases. I stumbled over the following question:
The database itself is decrypted with AES-CBC and inside the file header the IV is stored in plain text. Is this a security hole? Following this article it's not really one as the IV is only needed... |
In proxy re-encryption schemes, a proxy is given special information that allows it
to translate a ciphertext under one key into a ciphertext of the same message under a
different key.
How practical is PRE? Is it possible for achieving PRE for AES?
|
I am actually looking for using a secure Encrypt-Then-MAC AE scheme , and consider using either an existing "ready-to-use" dedicated AEAD mode (GCM, OCB, CCM, EAX, etc ..) or an alternate composed CTR-Then-CMAC scheme (mainly in order to avoid apparent fragility of GHASH as to limit impacts of accidental IV reuse with ... |
"Largest Known Prime Number Discovered; Has 17,425,170 Digits"
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/02/130213225424.htm
If we can find prime numbers larger than 17 milion digits,
why can't we find all 1024bit (just 309 decimal digits) primes?
|
I'm referring the NIST document about PBKDF2, NIST Special Publication 800-132, Recommendation for Password-Based Key Derivation,
Part 1: Storage Applications, Page 8 and 9, section 5.4 Using the Derived Master Key to Protect Data.
Here is Figure 3 from this document:
I am using the Option 1b: Generate Master Key (MK)... |
I don't understand the 'Wiedemann algorithm' works.
Can someone explain the factoring of RSA-704 in an easy way?
|
I see sometimes signatures schemes with appendix. This is about signatures schemes in which the message is needed in the verification algorithm, that is, the ouput of the signature algorithm is of the form $(M,s)$
The appendix is referred to the message or the signature ?
Thank you.
|
I'm doing some self-teaching / research for my own benefit in homomorphic cryptography.
I've studied both additive and multiplicative schemes (Paillier and RSA respectively), but all I can seem to find are the benefits of the schemes.
Are there any disadvantages to these schemes being used for homomorphic operations (m... |
My question is How I will be able to count digital signature Scheme that can sign many documents with one private key. There are signature scheme as long as exists private keys in the keys spaces? or There are signature scheme as long as exists methods than RSA, DSA, ECDSA, Hash-Based signature schemes, etc? I am doing... |
Using node.js crypto library I can generate cryptographically strong bytes. How can I use this to generate a random number between 0 and 9999 (both inclusive)?
|
The set of points of an elliptic curve over a finite field is isomorphic to the direct product of two cyclic groups (i.e. $E(F_{p^n}) \cong Z_{s} \times Z_{t})$.
What is the advantage of representing or conceiving the group as an Elliptic Curve instead of as a product of cyclic groups?
|
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