instruction stringlengths 32 27.2k |
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I would like to know how much padding OpenSSL algorithms expect.
|
It's rather kind of lame questions, and I can't find good and clear explanation:
In which step of Rijandel is S-box generated?
Is the S-box reused in every round of cipher or is generated in every iteration?
In a course-ware movie where they explained AES (class.coursera.org/crypto-preview/lecture/16) the speaker says... |
Suppose we define a PRG as the xor of two LCGs modulo a 64-bit prime: something like the following Python code.
p = 14692456042302986707
alpha, beta = 1416483285059710267, 1922202445720274864
gamma, delta = 8868330555542893802, 9736145736144160231
def prg(x, y):
while True:
x = (alpha * x + beta) % p
... |
As you know in the past few weeks it has emerged that NIST/NSA have been involved in weakening encryption standards over a long period of time so that they can retain the ability to break encryption used by corporations and the general public. We've already seen evidence of that with the Dual_EC_DRBG which has been rec... |
Since there is not much info anywhere on the Internet related to this:
Does anyone know if OpenSSL's default CSPRNG is Dual_EC_DRBG or not?
Their wiki is not very clear…
Related to the first question, does anyone have any experience with OpenSSL on Mac changing the default CSPRNG?
|
This is a hypothetical question and I only have a basic understanding of Cryptography.
If one were to follow the very best cryptographic practices for storing passphrases, could it ever be possible to publish literally all information (the usernames, the hashes, the salts, the algorithms used) and still be reasonably c... |
First off, I'm extremely sorry if this comes off as a "homework dump", but to clarify, it isn't. I don't want the answer, I want to know how to get to the answer. My cryptography professor gave us an assignment to do, and without explaining this concept, he believes we all understand how to do it, and I definitely don'... |
I'm basically looking at this construction to turn a tweakable blockcipher $E_c(x)$ taking a key $k$, nonce $n$, counter $c$ (forming tweak $t = c||n$) and an input $x$ into a PRF on an arbitrary-length message $M$ that has $m$ blocks. Without further ado:
$$tag = E_0(E_1(M_1) \oplus \dots \oplus E_{m-1}(M_{m-1}) \opl... |
I try compute execution time for encrypt and decrypt data has 1024 bit = 128 byte in RSA-crt algorithm. I need this results. But I believe this result wrong. because big diffrent between execution time for encrypt and execution time for decrypt. My code is following
private void keygen()
{
p = BigInteger.probab... |
I am creating a program in C language with DES (Data Encryption Standard) functionality, but don't know how to apply the initial permutation.
Is it achieved by swapping the values? If "yes", then how is the index of the original message created?
|
I manually set the RSA private key, given the private exponent and modulus. When I use this key to decrypt a message encrypted using a public key (also set with public exponent and modulus) seems to fail with a: "Need public exponent" message in OpenSSL.
Should RSA private key also require the public exponent for decry... |
I'm doing a lot of reading about Feistel networks. Something occurred to me a bit ago that I hadn't realized previously, namely that in any Feistel construction there are bits of the plaintext that are never given as input to the round function without having been mixed with the previous round function's output.
For e... |
I'm not looking necessarily for implementations in any language (although it would help to list those resources as well), but what I am most interested in is a discussion of what advantages and disadvantages certain encryption methods have when applied to a given scenario. Just for a frame of reference:
I want a user ... |
I have an information that I would like to encrypt and give it to someone else. I would like to encrypt it using N separate passwords (say 5) and give each password to some other persons. However the tricky part is that I would like to have any M of them (M<=N, say M=4) to be able to get together and decipher the messa... |
I found this paper that explains how to attack a reduced round tiger hash, but I'm having a hard time understanding some of the mathematical notation. Could someone explain the section "Message Modification by Meet-in-the-Middle" in plain English?
Here's a screenshot of that section:
|
I started reading about the most recent cryptanalysis of RC4 and it's variants. One of the papers I just finished reading ("Two Linear Distinguishing Attacks on VMPC and RC4A and Weakness of RC4 Family of Stream Ciphers" by Alexander Maximov) handles Linear Distinguishing Attacks.
Now, I understand that a Linear Disti... |
key-exchange protocol allows two parties to establish a shared key over public network. Lacking of authentication the original Diffie–Hellman key exchange is insecure under man-in- -the-middle attack. Later the concept of authenticated key exchange protocol is proposed.In the family of authenticated DH protocols,ther... |
Earlier this year, Yitang Zhang published a proof of a weakened form of the Twin Prime Conjecture. I'm wondering if any of the new mathematical machinery he developed has uses in cryptography or could be adapted for future use in the field.
|
Dissent claims to be able to be resistant to Sybil attacks.
Dissent seeks to offer accountable anonymity, giving users strong guarantees of anonymity while also protecting online groups or forums from anonymous abuse such as spam, Sybil attacks, and sockpuppetry. Unlike other systems, Dissent can guarantee that each ... |
I am just learning about the RSA algorithm. Looking at the first two steps:
Choose two distinct prime numbers $p$ and $q$.
Compute $n = pq$.
I have some probably stupid questions:
Why do $p$ and $q$ have to be prime numbers? Why couldn't they be any integers or odd integers? Or does that break the whole algorithm?
... |
I'm not quite sure the benefits of working over a prime modulus in Shamir's secret share- but doesn't limiting the numbers you pull from make the secret easier to guess? Instead of being over the real numbers, with infinite elements, limiting yourself to some prime limits the possibilities-albeit that number can get ve... |
I've just realized I find it hard to distinguish between these two terms (proof of knowledge, and zero-knowledge proof), specially where only the latter seems to be used in many cryptographic protocols.
Zero-knowledge proofs are usually defined as those methods by which the prover manages to prove to the verifier that... |
I am using a KDF to derive a key, p' from a password p. I would like to know if the password is correct before using the derived key.
Bruce Schneier's PasswordSafe format V3 has
H(P') is SHA-256(P'), and is used to verify that the user has the correct passphrase.
I understand that bcrypt uses the derived key with Bl... |
I am studying hash functions. I can understand why collision resistance implies second preimage resistance, but I don't get why second preimage resistance should imply first preimage resistance.
Could anybody be help me with this argument from Introduction to Modern Cryptography by Katz & Lindell, please?
Collision r... |
I would like to perform some benchmarking of different block and stream ciphers for general data (lossless and lossy data) encryption and decryption (with focus on power consumption).
To get general idea, I guess it probably would be better to use existing tools than to implement everything myself, then I can implement... |
I am studying for an exam right now. And I wanted to make sure I got this point correct.
AES is not a Feistel cipher because the operations in AES are not invertible.
Is the above statement correct? If not, why isn't it a Feistel cipher?
|
I am a first year math PhD student with work experience and an MS in math. Do you have any advice regarding internships involved with cryptography and other mathematics other than the NSA? Thanks.
|
To show some colleague programmers exactly how broken C's rand() is (at least on Windows) I decided to break it. So everyone knows the exact parameters, MSVC's implementation is as follows:
uint32_t state;
int rand() {
state = state * 214013 + 2531011;
return (state >> 16) & 0x7fff;
}
Because the top bit neve... |
I'm trying to program a Cardan grille, but I can't find requirements for grille. In my case, grille is square matrix A with $N$ x $N$ size, and elements are $0$ or $1$ (where $1$ means that it is hole).
I realized that if $N$ is odd, central element of matrix can not be $1$.
But what are the other requirements?
UPD 30... |
From DrLecter's comment, I know that DDH problem can be efficiently solved with this $$e(g^a,g^b)\stackrel{?}{=} e(g,g^z).$$
I have some trouble to understand this map $e:G \times G \to G_T$. Am I right to understand this to be the "multiplication" of two elements in $Z_p^*$ where $p$ is prime. For example, can $e(U... |
The answer to this question at Crypto.SE is clear about what a trapdoor function is, but what makes a trapdoor function "injective"?
|
Assume that sender and recipient both already have each others public keys(certificates). Sender needs to generate session key to encrypt some data and sends encrypted data to recipient. All offline - without interaction steps. But Sender must be authenticated. Could you advise well-known key management protocol to sol... |
I was reading about the TIK protocol for thwarting wormhole attacks on adhoc networks.
It uses a Merkel Hash Tree to store keys. But since the number of keys can be large, the tree is optimized by only storing the upper levels.
As far as I understand, the $a$ node is the result of the hash of its two children. But what... |
I'm trying to write a Vigenere decipher script. I defined a couple of possible keylengths using the Kasiski method, using roughly this method:
find recurring strings in the ciphertext between 3 and 12 characters
make a list of the distances between them
loop through the list of distances and calculate the greatest com... |
According to http://www.pgp.net/pgpnet/pgp-faq/pgp-faq-keys.html#key-public-key-forgery, key ID is some lower bits sequence from the modulus (i.e. the $n$ variable):
A PGP key ID is just the bottom 64 bits of the public modulus (but only the bottom 32 bits are displayed with pgp -kv).
I have a key pair. According to ... |
I want to ask you one question about digital signatures as they are (for example) used when digitally signing PDFs.
We know that if our document has a digital signature, we can detect if the original document has been altered or not. And if we want to prove owner identity, we use digital signatures.
On the other hand, ... |
The winner of the AES competition has a structure that does not qualify as a Feistel cipher, as explained in answers to this recent question.
However, most many of the AES candidates, and all 3 out of 4 some other finalists (Twofish, MARS) are Feistel ciphers, if we define that as a cipher transforming a block of data ... |
I am just reading the DAA paper (http://eprint.iacr.org/2004/205.pdf, Appendix A). A party $\mathcal{I}$ generates two group elements $g' \in \mathrm{QR}_n$ and $h = g'^r \bmod n$ with $r \in_R \left| \mathrm{QR}_n \right|$. Now $\mathcal{I}$ wants to prove in zero-knowledge that $h$ has been created correctly, i.e. th... |
As far as I understand it, the hardware key-fob two-factor systems such as RSA SecurID depend on secret algorithms, and employ tamper-resistant hardware to prevent reverse engineering.
Is there some mathematical fact that prevents a system like SecurID from operating with open-source software (including the server and ... |
I want to know the basic methodology that can be used to prove that a key exchange algorithm is secure. I am not asking about any specific algorithm. I want to know what should be proven and how to prove in an abstract way.
|
NIST is working on standardizing SHA-3. They have selected Keccak as the basis for SHA-3, and they plan to make some small changes to it; the result (with NIST's changes) will be standardized as SHA-3.
A blog post from the CDT raises concerns over those changes. Two specific concerns were mentioned:
The security lev... |
I'm trying to understand the framework of reactive simulatability using *"PfWa2_00AsyncModel"* from this publication which is a tech report behind the paper A model for Asynchronous Reactive Systems and its Applications to Secure Message Transmission by Pfitzmann and Waidner.
I'm troubled with the remark 2.7 on page 6... |
With all the NSA stuff in the news, I've been thinking about how to ensure the "who's talking to who" is just as private as the contents of the messages. I had an idea on the subject, about which I've got two questions: the first, does this concept work (i.e. meet its stated objectives); and if so, what services employ... |
When using the curve25519 DH function, D.J. Bernstein recommends hashing the shared secret before using it as a session key for a symmetric block cipher. Why is that?
Hashing won't increase the entropy. Do the shared secrets from a curve25519 have some non-random properties that could be exploited if the shared secret ... |
I'm having a hard time understanding the elliptic curve encryption. One thing thing I don't understand is listing all the points on the curve mod p. Suppose I have the following elliptic curve: $y^2 = x^3 + 2x + 3 \pmod 5$. To find the list of all the points you run through $0 < x \leq 4$ and solve for $y$.
I know th... |
I have a service and I want to authenticate my clients using SSL client certificates. Now I want the key exchange process to be as simple as possible, kind of like SSH: You generate a keypair and upload the public key to the server (which you already trust).
Now I want to verify the certs I get from the clients… not by... |
In a description of IND-CPA (indistinguishability under the chosen plaintext attack), I have been reading the following, simple test:
The adversary can generate as many messages as he wants. Then, he chooses two messages $m0$ and $m1$, those messages are encrypted, and one of the ciphertexts is sent back to him. The a... |
I stumbled onto the explanation of Rijndael Rcon on Wikipedia, and I can't follow it.
The example for Rcon indicates that Rcon(9) is 0x1b.
That could make sense… rcon(9) = (2 ^ (9 - 1) mod (256)) + 16 + 8 + 2 + 1
But I don't understand Rcon(10) or anything past that.
Can someone please explain it to me? Also, why is ... |
I've done research about this subject, but I can't find the answer I'm looking for.
The problem is that the string I want to send doesn't fit into the RSA key that the client have, and during encryption getting ValueError: Plaintext is too long.
The proposed solution is to do hybrid encryption by generating a secret ke... |
There have been strict laws about the export of crypto software to certain countries. I can understand the intent, but never gauged the fact that there is nothing stopping these countries from developing their own crypto software. So why limit the export?
And in light of the recent NSA revelations, of backdoors being ... |
In most sites the exponent of the RSA public key is 24 bits. But the modulus can get to 4096 bits size. I have an accelerator that can get max. 2112 bit size modulus. It calculates a^e mod n.
Is there a way to separate $n$ (maybe bit wise) and use the accelerator in several iterations to calculate the wanted a^e mod n... |
I was recently wondering - would RSA be useful if we brought it to, say, medieval times? Could you choose the keys so that you could encrypt/decrypt messages quite easily, but factoring the private key would, say, take over 1000 days for 1000 people, provided that they used paper and pencil only and wouldn't make any m... |
Quoting the article Gone in 60 Months or Less:
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has disallowed the use of 1024-bit keys after 31 December 2013 because they are insecure. Rapid advances in computational power and cloud computing make it easy for cybercriminals to break 1024-bit keys. When a res... |
What about using Shamir's secret share over the real numbers leaks information? I know there is a problem with random number generation, and someone suggested it leaks the parity of the polynomial, but I can't see very many other problems.
|
I am trying to create a social network, in which I want to use attribute-based cryptography. One professor told me it is possible to do it only in J2EE, but he can barely code! Some friends of mine suggested using .NET.
I know through research that both are feasible, but since it is going to be a web-based application... |
For those who didn't notice yet, in the USA, the National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST) has been shut down temporarily because of the poor fiscal situation of the USA.
The text at their site reads:
NIST Closed, NIST and Affiliated Web Sites Not Available
Due to a lapse in government funding, the National... |
Can you please list the pros and cons of the Paillier crypto system you have encountered or found?
|
I have two secret keys. One is a secret key generated by OpenSSL (primary secret key). Second key is generated by performing one way hash operation to GPS co ordinates and time parameters (geo secret key). Now I want to combine this two keys to be used for an AES encryption. I have two options.
Encrypt twice by using ... |
I was given a ciphertext file which was encrypted using DES in ECB mode. It is known that the plainttext that was encrypted has the following form:
Each line of text consists of a payroll followed by a name (no spaces):
32 characters for the name;
8 characters for the pay amount;
1 newline.
An example plaintext fil... |
Ok, so my cryptography lecturer in University posed this question at the end of the RSA key generation lecture as a brain teaser.
I have been thinking about this and I think I have come up with a way ( I am aware it's not practical and very vulnerable - but I would love for you guys to punch holes through it ):
Use RSA... |
I've been reading "SQRL Secure QR Login" at Gibson's website, and I'm wondering if there is a way to generate an RSA private/public key-pair based on some cryptographically secure input, so that if the input stays the same we keep getting the same key pair on the output.
The linked web-site uses elliptic curve cryptogr... |
Folks, I am undertaking a crypto course in Uni. Our professor asked us to try and design some authentication schemes which are resistant to active attacks. This was just a in class exercise to get us interested in the topic. It did the trick, I have been trying to come up with something using what we have learned so fa... |
The main problem with OTP's is the fact that they can only be used once.
Would it be possible to use a random number that's, say, 512 digits, then use 256 of those for the (non-random) message, the 256 remaining ones to send half of the new pad (to be able to send a message back), then re-use those last 256 to send th... |
If I have to encrypt a 32 bit plaintext in each of Paillier, SSE and OPE, how can I make an estimate of the ciphertext sizes respectively in order to reserve the amount of space in a database?
|
I am implementing in C++ the Scream stream cipher. The Scream family is composed of Scream-0, Scream-S and Scream-F. For this question, assume that I'm using Scream-S.
The specifications of the Scream cipher are given in the paper "Scream: a software-efficient stream cipher", but I didn't find a reference sourcecode f... |
This question is about Tyche, a non-cryptographic PRNG. While the PRNG is not cryptographic the analysis and this question surely is heavily involved with cryptography, so I think it's on-topic here.
In short, Tyche is a nonlinear PRNG based on the ChaCha quarter-round function. The state (4 words $a, b, c, d$) gets mi... |
I made this small tool for make & read easily an encrypted message without nothing to install, just a simple private key like a word or a couple of words to share. (Without say it directly of course but with a guess, like a place gone together with the correspondent, renembered).
I think the result message and the syst... |
I would expect a complicated answer for what seems like a simple question about Elliptic curve cryptography. I've read several entries here such as "Elliptic curve cryptography related key attacks" and afterwards I am still left wondering what the primary attack vector would be and also what can be done by an implement... |
In RSA public-key material (e, N), why must the encryption exponent e be relatively prime to $\phi(N)$? Why must any public key encryption algorithm resist CPA?
|
I am given 5 different encryption modulus, $N$, each ranging from 78 to 88 numbers long. Then for the encryption exponent, each has the same which is 5. Then I am given 5 different encrypted messages, $E$, which also ranges from 76 to 88 numbers long. I am trying to decrypt the message without having to discover the pr... |
A cryptographic salt is additional input other than message itself for a hash function so that it prevents attacker from launching dictionary attacks . Usually the salt is stored along with the hash of say the password etc.
Keyed Hashing is secret key is used as input for hashing along with message like HMAC .
Now is t... |
According to the birthday paradox we need approximately $O(|T|^{1/2})$ samples from the tag-space to find a collision for a hash function $h:K\times M \to T$. But how many samples are needed to find a three-way collision, i.e. $h(a) = h(b) = h(c)$ for three messages $a,b,c \in M$ hashed with the same key $k\in K$ ?
I ... |
NIST FIPS 180-4. “5.1. Padding the Message.”
Suppose that the length of the message, $M$, is $l$ bits.
Is there any library that can receive a message of length (in bits) which is not a multiple of $2^3$?
|
It seems that GCM mode encryption has a clear advantage over CBC + HMAC in the sense that it only requires a single key. But it seems that there are some experts here that do not trust it enough to recommend it. This question is a call to those experts to clearly define those concerns.
Are there any properties of GCM m... |
Especially in relation to stream ciphers, I frequently read about (sometimes theoretical, sometimes practical) attacks that are able to "distinguish a ciphertext from a truly random stream".
What's logical to me is that - just because a ciphertext looks random, it isn't necessarily random. Looking around, the general c... |
I'm creating an algorithm to hash some text variables (20/30 characters long) to send them across an insecure channel. I'm not dealing with high security data, so no credits card numbers or any other very sensitive information.
The original text variable is composed like this:
{secret-client-code,public-random-code}
T... |
Counter (CTR) mode, which is a block cipher mode of operation, has some desirable qualities (no padding, parallel encryption and decryption), but at the cost of failing badly when non-unique counter blocks (the nonce combined with the counter that acts as input to the block cipher) are used. I'd like to share my ideas... |
RFC5639 defines some curve parameter for Elliptic curve cryptography.
Aren't there any curve parameter database for Hyperelliptic curve cryptography? What I can only find was that written in this PDF.
|
I'm just reviewing a program someone wrote to provide high quality random data using an entropy collector and a hash based whitening technique. I'll try summarize the process:
Collect entropy from sources into separate arrays e.g.
milliseconds between key presses
milliseconds between mouse clicks
mouse movements x + ... |
The definition of adversary's advantage seems a bit odd for me and I am wondering why do we use it to measure the power of an adversary rather than just use the probability of a PPT adversary succeeding in answering an computationally hard question?
|
Starting from a known CRC result(let's call it CRC1), could I undo the CRC operations for last N bits, so I could obtain the CRC (let's call it CRC2) of the message sequence without the last N bits.
$$
M(x) - message \\ M = \{M1,LastBits\} \\CRC_1=CRC\{M\}\\CRC_2=CRC\{M_1\}
$$
Does a function F() exist for which:
$$F(... |
In a "Simple Power Analyse Attack", the difference in power consumption during multiply or square operation is used.
In the RSA decryption process with the "Square and Multiply" algorithm, both square and multiply operations are executed if bit value in key is $1$ and only square operation is executed if bit value in ... |
I'm trying to write my own RSA implementation using the textbook approach — which I know is not optimal — of picking primes $p$ and $q$, then computing Euler's totient $phi$, then randomly picking an 'e' which is relatively prime to $phi$, and then computing a $d$ such that ($d*e$) mod $phi$ = 1.
For that last step, I'... |
I would like to know if it is possible to set the public exponent we want with "OpenSSL RSA" or if it is really limited to 2 possible exponents:
3
65537
If yes, why ?
|
A long time ago, I read that the definition of "cryptographic hash function" is "collision-resistant one-way function". (A similar definition shows up in the FIPS standards for SHA-1 etc.)
But this is not a sufficient property for many of the modern uses of cryptographic hash functions, like Bitcoin. What they really w... |
I need to extend the TLS protocol to be able to use other key exchange scheme based on elliptic curves. I am planning to use BouncyCastle's implementation in Java and in .NET.
I am worring about timing attacks against the ECC key exchange scheme. Is BouncyCastle prone to timing attacks? Is there a way to use it to impl... |
How do we prove that AES, DES etc. are secure? I've read about them and know the basics on how they work, but I still don't quite understand how we can be sure they are secure? What are the proofs?
|
I read an article the other day about the search for prime numbers. According to the article and several online sources the biggest prime number is over 17 million digits! This made me wonder why anyone would want a prime number that big. The article went on to say that there is a $250k reward for who ever find the ... |
As I understand it, bruteforcing a Diffie-Hellman generated secret key takes $P-1$ attempts to crack the shared secret, where $P$ is a very large prime used for modulus. If your $P$ is quite large, which according to the wikipedia page ought to be about 300 digits, then theoretically your encrypted data is secure.
Now... |
I was trying to understand MD5 and got stuck with this question, its from Michael sipser's book on Information security Principles and Practice, 2nd edition
The MD5 collision in Problem 25 is said to be meaningless since the
two messages appear to be random bits, that is, they do not carry
any meaning. Currently, ... |
I am using OpenSSL libs to generate signatures. Internally, I learn that a signature is a hash of the message with some padding added to it.
I am trying to understand the structure of a signature. If I use SHA1 as the digest algorithm for the signature, and say a 1024 bit Key, can you please tell me how the signature f... |
I'm searching Why the SHA-1 is collision resistance? Anybody could help me with the proof or say me where I can find this proof?
|
SHA-1 is initialize with a specific buffer:
h0 = 0x67452301
h1 = 0xEFCDAB89
h2 = 0x98BADCFE
h3 = 0x10325476
h4 = 0xC3D2E1F0?
Why?
|
I ask about ElGamal algorithm. Is ElGamal algorithm used new key for each encryption process. in other word it should we use new key for each chunk? For example, if we have message that has four block each block less than $P$. Where $P$ is the prime number used in ElGamal. How many keys should be used to encrypt this m... |
I'm not sure what the precise words I am looking for are so I apologize if there is a better way to phrase this. What I am thinking of is ways to transfer an identity in a way that it is tamper resistant and can be used for authentication.
Normally to know who someone is people use driver licenses or a person's face. ... |
have a project in which I have to implement an en/de-cryption structure using a standard AES block of 128-bits in VHDL and I think I'm a bit confused. So I'd like to ask some questions about AES and its modes of operation.
When we say that we use a 128-bit key, does it mean that the data input's size is 128-bit or not... |
Time-locked encryption and time-released encryption seem to be security systems focused on making sure that the decryption of certain message cannot take place before a certain time has passed.
However, I was wondering if there's in cryptography something aiming at the opposite of the above, so I would like to make the... |
This is the sequel to my previous question about AES block cipher modes of operation.
(See: AES block cipher modes of operation)
Now, here is my real problem. I have to use a block cipher with 8 bit input block size. As you say, I think that every clock cycle I receive 128 bits of information. With the 8 bit component... |
I read many papers on authenticated key exchange protocols, and most security proofs are done by the authors. In this method, you can imagine that the efficiency is low. Moreover, even if you have proven an AKE protocol's security under a certain model (say eCK), you still cannot ensure the security under all other mod... |
According to RFC 4346
Explicit IVs
[CBCATT] describes a chosen plaintext attack on TLS that depends on
knowing the IV for a record. Previous versions of TLS [TLS1.0] used
the CBC residue of the previous record as the IV and therefore
enabled this attack. This version uses an explicit IV in order to
protect against... |
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