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A practical guide for digital IIR audio filters has cookbook-style values for creating higher-order Bessel filters out of biquads, but the values listed aren't very precise:
You should multiply the Fc for each stage by the following coefficients:
1: 1.00
2: 1.27
3: 1.32 1.45
4: 1.60 1.43
5: 1.50 1.76 1.56
6: 1.90 1.69 ... |
Is there any existing application to sample someone's voice and use it to modulate any other voice or synthesize a text to resemble the original one?
For example, this Text-to-Speech Demo by AT&T lets you choose a voice and a language from presets that I guess are based on some human voice that have been sampled.
How ... |
How can i measure shape elongation faeture in matlab or python opencv?
There is a function library or i have to implement to my own?
In case there is no function, i found this definition:
"The less-common elongation shape factor is defined as the square root of the ratio of the two second moments in of the particle ar... |
I am having a really hard time in understanding how to formulate a model say linear AR model to represent a communication channel or maybe any motion. I have the experimental data representing the kinematics of robot movement. In the case of a communication channel, it will have a medium, transmitter and receiver. So, ... |
I am trying to simulate a model of an ADC and determine its performance.
One of the interesting properties is the ENOB (Effective Number Of Bits), which can be calculated from SINAD (SIgnal-to-Noise And Distortion ratio).
On that SINAD Wikipedia page, there is a PDF document which suggests that the second definition o... |
I have a receiver which is left to open for sensing. I'm using the periodogram method for estimating the PSD. I need to calculate the SNR of the incoming for which I need to calculate the variance. Can anyone suggest me ways to calculate the variance from the PSD?
|
I know very basic image processing. Please suggest me how do I and where do I start learning Gabor Filters ?
|
Tell me how do I find out gray level variance of the image? Is it any different from the normal variance of the image.
|
I have some digital recordings of some received over-the-air CW broadcasts of known plain-text (W1AW code practice) at known WPM code speeds, but in moderate to heavy RF noise and fading.
Can I describe a S/N ratio for the Morse Code in these recordings? If so, how would I calculate this S/N ratio? What bandwidths ... |
I have an unorganized point cloud with a bunch of 3d points. I use a certain surface reconstruction method to obtain a triangle mesh of the underlying surface. The surface could be closed or not. Can somebody point me out to how I would go about estimating the volume enclosed by such a surface (if its closed). If its n... |
While working on this problem, I started to have doubts that my initial definition of
$$SINAD = 10 \log_{10} \left( \frac{p_f} {\sum_i{(p_i)} - p_0 - p_f} \right)dB$$
is correct. In this equation, $p_x$ is the power the FFT bin at frequency $x$, $p_f$ is the power of the frequency bin containing the signal frequency $f... |
I have a basic implementation knowledge of the 2D 8x8 DCT used in image & video compression. Whilst reading about Principle Component Analysis, I can see a lot of similarity, albeit PCA is clearly more generic. When I've read about DCT previously it was always presented in relation to DFT. So my question is how can the... |
I can't understand how to use normalization technique for EEG.
Is it used for results of FFT or for raw EEG signal?
Are there different methods with common name "$z$-transform"?
And what z-score used in this article?
|
I have tried to make this question as readable and consistent as possible. The short of it, is that I am trying to ascertain how one gets from the math equation shown, (which I understand), to the correct implementation. (Which I also understand). However, how/why one gets from one to the other seems unclear to me.
He... |
I cannot understand some part of the period signal's Fourier transform.
Here this my note's methods,
For periodic signal with period $T_0$, define as $s_{T_0}(t)$ as
$$ s_{T_0} (t) =
\begin{cases}
s(t) for -T_0/2 <t<T_0/2\\
0 & \text{otherwise.}
\end{cases}
$$
$$s(t)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}s_{T_0}(t-n T_0) = s_{T_0... |
I've developed a large test-system which can use every interest-point-detector and -descriptor. I use it for evaluation of the given algorithms with the standford-image-collection of cd-covers. This post will not go any deeper with any source-code. I only found out that switching to images (no referred as firstImg and ... |
I have 3D points (xyz) of a face image and I have 2D face image of the same person.
The 3D points of the face are such that If I project the points to 2D plane, it matches with the 2D face image.
I want to map the color information on to the 3D image.
So after mapping I will have the texture of each point.
I want to do... |
With the desired magnitude of a transfer function in the frequency domain in C++ as described below what is the correct corresponding minimum phase? In general how does one derive the correct minimum phase in the frequency domain if the desired magnitude is known, specifically such that the a complex IFFT of it would ... |
Operate on an image by performing Median Filtering in a 3x3 window.
Operate on the resulting image by performing, again, Median Filtering in a 3x3 window.
Can the resulting image be obtained from a single Median filtering?
my initial thought is that it can be done with the right mask. maybe a median next to a median. b... |
I am trying to assess the quality of several image interpolation methods for an application that involves generating subpixel-shifted images. I thought I could compare the results of a subpixel shift using all these interpolation variants with some perfectly shifted image, but it's probably not possible to obtain it (w... |
I'm implementing affine transformations on images. Currently I'm doing rotation, but general transformation will be added later.
Basically each pixel is mapped by the rotation matrix R:
$\begin{bmatrix} cos(a) & -sin(a) \\ sin(a) & cos(a) \end{bmatrix} $
The problem is that mapping back does not always come back to a ... |
I have a counter in my embedded system with f = 64 Mhz.
let's say its read value is $cnt_i$
where $i$ is the index of the time I sampled it.
$$\Delta = cnt_{i+1} -cnt_i$$
let's say I take $\Delta^{'} = \Delta/64 = \Delta >>6$ where $>>$ is shift right operator.
I understand that the value of the actual counter now is ... |
I am writing a script to frequency modulate the stereo audio signal, and later calculating the modulation index wrt time.
As we have to modulate the stereo audio signal, I have to first synthesize the composite signal of bandwidth 96KHz and modulate it with carrier frequency of 1MHz(assume here).
We define FM signal as... |
I am working on a scientific application where I would like to evaluate luminance in an image, however I am unsure if what I receive from my setup is luminance (Y) or luma (Y'). I use a camera with a TOSH IK CU51 (PAL) control unit which is connected via S-Video to a Canopus ADVC-300 analog to digital converter. The di... |
I'm doing image analysis, and I want to classify smooth objects (has smooth boundaries) from non-smooth objects (has zigzag-like boundaries). Which feature should be fed into ML framework? What are some popular techniques for feature extraction of shapes?
|
As many will know, images of all US censuses going back to 1790 are available online http://blog.archive.org/2010/12/22/1790-1930-u-s-census-records-available-free/. Unfortunately the quality of the images is very poor in places and, as far as I know, there are no free processed versions of them available. If you take... |
Don't have any formal dsp experience - sophomore in college.
Working on constructing a 25 band bark spectrogram for psychoacoustic analysis of audio FFT data. To do this, I'm grouping all FFT frequency bins into their relevant bark band and then averaging (summing them and dividing by the total number) the db values in... |
I really, really hope someone can help me with regards to this question.
I'm trying to implement a Hidden Markov Model (based off this paper: Here
I understand the processes, but, I do not understand what M would represent in the data I am trying to train the HMM with.
I am given this example:
"N = the number of hidde... |
I have sample images, and I need to extract certain features that depend on color. Images are more like line art, contours, and consist of various line forms, and several colors.
I can extract specific features through thresholding, but if lines intersect I always get discontinuities (holes) that are not acceptable. As... |
I would like to know how to determine (using any programming language) whether a given audio file contains noise, such as of people talking in background, how to remove the noise, and how to subsequently compare the cleaned file with the original file.
The input to the program will be a sound file containing a conversa... |
In MATLAB I have to pass cut-off frequency for designing a filter. But this Cut-off frequency is in radians-per-sample. How do I convert my analog Cut off frequency in $\textrm{Hz}$, into the required radians-per-sample for MATLAB?
|
I am stumped on a simple problem. Let's say I have two 4 bit numbers in Q0.3 format. One sign bit and three fractional bits. So I can represent $-1$ through to $0.875$.
Let's now say I wish to do this calculation: $-0.25 \times 0.875$. Which is:
$$
\frac{-2}{2^3} \times \frac{7}{2^3}
$$
Which means I am multiplying $11... |
This is a question that came to mind as a result of a previous question Hidden Markov Models - Distinct Observation Symbols and subsequent answer from @pichenettes.
One approach to speech recognition is to use Hidden Markov Models (HMM) to identify patterns in speech. Both discrete HMM models and continuous HMM models... |
I am having trouble understanding on how to read the plot plotted by a wavelet transform,
here is my simple Matlab code,
load noissin;
% c is a 48-by-1000 matrix, each row
% of which corresponds to a single scale.
c = cwt(noissin,1:48,'db4','plot');
So the brightest part means the scaling coffiecient size is bigger,... |
I've read the explanation in http://urchin.earth.li/~twic/Golomb-Rice_Coding.html and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golomb_coding , however, I still not get the intuition why it is efficient and when it is useful.
|
I have a system that gives me a noisy data set similar to the one generated by this matlab/octave code. The y-axis represents the signal intensity and the x-axis represents spatial distance.
noise = randn(1,512);
points = gaussian(512,.01);
noisy = points + .02*(noise');
plot(noisy)
The actual signal will be asymmetr... |
For the difference equation below:
$y(k)=1/2{x(k)+x(k-1)}$
How i can find he z-domain transfer function?
Thanks.
|
I have a signal in MATLAB on which I'd like to perform an FFT. My signal is stored in s, and I use the code below (inspired by the MATLAB help):
L = length(s);
nfft = 2^nextpow2(L);
S = fft(s,nfft)/L;
fftf = 1/Ts/2*linspace(0,1,nfft/2+1);
ffts = (2*abs(S(1:nfft/2+1)));
s is a GMSK-modulated bit sequence, that is, it v... |
I am implementing a non-coherent receiver for DBPSK.
I have a computer science background with little knowledge of DSP so my questions here may seem obvious.
The design of the receiver I am trying to implement is the following:
Design of DPSK receiver
And what I am doing right now is:
On the tx side
Differentially enc... |
While studying about Wavelet Transform, I'm confused as why this is called a [1 -1] Filter , Here is what i'm talking about.
In this hypothetical example the student does fairly well the first
half of the term then neglects his or her studies for the last
half. Thus the exam scores for the term were 80%, 8... |
I have a MxN image matrix in, and need to get out matrix out size MxN as follows:
Each point out[i,j] is the average of all in[i,j] inside a window size WxW (if boundary allows). For example if W=10
out[10,10] is average of in[5:15,5:15]
out[1,1] is average of in[1:5,1:5]
This can be implemented as a correlation with o... |
The goal is to get a 200ms decaying delay of an audio signal while preserving the sharpness of attacks to mimick human perception of sound. The paper I'm following convolves a 200ms half-Hanning window with each frequency band to simulate it.
I'm using numpy.hanning() since there's no half-Hanning and have tried either... |
I am attempting to implement a chirp z algorithm to handle random sized DFTs, and I can not seem to obtain any meaningful results. I have gone over several write ups and "think" I have a handle on what a chirp transform should do, but I wanted to ask here to double check and make sure my understanding of the process is... |
I'm trying to understand Wavelet Transform , I've done well enough to understand Continuous Wavelet Transform which was easy enough, where we simply stretch the wavelet and match it with the original signal.
But i couldn't be able to understand the Discrete Wavelet transform in fact I've always had a trouble understand... |
Please tell me. Also I dont know why phase is linear with FIR filters. I would like quantitative analysis. And why linear phase is not achieved by IIR filters ?
|
I'm using Welch's method (pwelch, in octave) to get the PSD of a recorded sound signal (i.e. pressure level vs. time). I then took the PSD data and took the sum of the amplitude in each octave band (1/3 octave). My question is: how can I convert the PSD data to a sound pressure level (per band, or per frequency if I do... |
Say A is symmetric positive definite matrix , which means one necessary condition is diagonal entries of A are positive. If I do cholesky factorisation using outer product form, Can there be any positbility that $\sqrt{A[i][i]}$ will result in negative square roots ?
|
I'm using the Web Audio API to make a graphic EQ with four BiQuad filters; a highpass, two bandpass and a low pass:
You can see each node representing each filter's frequency. It's working nicely but I'd like to draw the shape of the filter's roll-off you'd usually find in other graphic EQ's.
I have the Q-factor of ea... |
I understand how to find the output from the input with an impulse response, but how can I go about finding the input if given the other two?
I have $y[n] = [-1, -1, 11, -3, 30, 28, 48]$ and $h[n] = [-1, 2, 3, 4]$
How can I go about finding $x[n]$?
I know very little about signal processing, so if you don't mind givi... |
I'm working with a collection of old photographs. They were scanned on brown paper in various configurations. Some scans have a single photo, others have three or four. Some of the photos are mounted on white cards, others are not:
I developed an algorithm to find the individual photographs on each scan, which is de... |
Can the walsh hadamard transform be calculated for odd image block sizes such as 5x5 or 7x7? Most of the examples I've seen are for 4x4 and 8x8?
I fear it probably can't from the description I read on Wikipedia ( though I'm still trying to fully digest that page).
|
I am currently doing a research project into the effectiveness of different keypoint detector and feature descriptor combinations for the task of vehicle detection.
At the moment I am using a SVM for simple binary classification of vehicles testing both the bag-of-features model and pyramid match kernels for mapping th... |
Is there any Application, Programming Library or Theory that could be used to identify human language phrases in a set of audio files, so as to calculate the frequency of occurrence of each such phrase. For example, how often does the phrase "Thank You" occur in these files?
One solution might be to convert the audio ... |
For the past month I've been chasing the DFT/FFT rabbit.
Along the way I've been cut-n-pasting the name of other rabbits to chase later:
Autocorrelation, Phase Vocoder, Parabolic Approximation, Wavelet Transform
Here's my problem.
When using an FFT, the lower frequencies are always going to be missing.
I actually found... |
In my text book, Digital Signal Processing, Principles, Algorithms, and Applications by John Proakis, it asks the question to show how $$\delta(n) = u(n) - u(n-1).$$
I can understand how this is true if $n$ is an integer, but sometimes I see the step function as a continuous line instead of a fixed point at an instant.... |
If you put a wave packet through the passband of a 1st-order low-pass filter, it will be delayed by the group delay of the filter, and remain the same amplitude, right?
If you put the same wave packet through a complementary 1st-order highpass filter with the same cutoff frequency, the group delay curve is the same, so... |
I'd like to understand how to calculate the cyclic convolution as well as understand what that means exactly. How should I go about finding the output for various periods for a system?
I have an example:
$$
x(n) =
\begin{cases}
n & \textrm{for} \quad 1 \leq n \leq 3\\ 0 &\textrm{otherwise}\end{cases}
$$
$$
h(n) =
\b... |
I have to simulate facial expressions on a face image ( say open mouth ). For this I first extracted the facial feature points and found the corners of the lips. Now I need to deform the image by moving the points down.
In the above image I need to move the points ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) to some distance left and right respe... |
My question is regarding the memory of a filter when we want to implement it on a real time dsp environment. We have certain memories like scratch memory , intermediate memory and internal memory. Does anyone knows how to we implement a filter in real time environment keeping in mind the memory considerations because m... |
I want to measure the frequencies at which a point oscillates in a multidimensional space, let's take the example of a point on a 2d-surface.
For now, I naïvely split the signal in two, along the cartesian coordinates, and compute the two FFTs separately. This approach could work but seems to be arbitrary and may loose... |
I want to phase shift an incoming sine wave with varying frequency but I am unsure how to go about doing so in practical terms.
A little more info regarding the requirements:
I have an encoder producing a sine/cosine pair with a fixed Peak to Peak but as the speed changes so obviously does the frequency. I want to effe... |
if i have the transfer function of magnitude response is there a method that i could calculate the frequency response?
For example the transfer function of the magnitude response is:
$ 3db \pm 3.5db $ for $|ν|<0.1$
$ <-55db $ for $|ν|<0.2$
|
I am confused as why do we need to represent the complex numbers with the imaginary y-axis if we can simply represent them as (x,y) ?
I've read that Multiplication by i is an anti-clockwise rotation of a quarter-circle over y-axis.
Multiplying 1 by i gives i. Multiplying i, by i once more, does another quarter-circle ... |
I am trying to send a short amount of data (10-15 characters) from one mobile device to another via (inaudible) sound within 1-2 seconds. I'd like to be able to deal with normal external noises (chatter, traffic, etc).
I have a software engineering background, but no experience working with sound or audio. Is there a ... |
I'm converting the simulink diagram found in this paper to C code. I'm not familiar with matlab/simulink(too expensive) so need help interpreting the diagram. The problem I experience is that once a value like $\theta$, or $x_1$ becomes zero, zero is propagated everywhere due to the multiplication. The paper states ... |
I am working with Walsh coefficients.
I know the intuitive understanding is almost that that they are the degree of connectivity, but it is there a better way of thinking about it? What is the definition of a Walsh coefficient besides "What you get when you take the Walsh transform".
Thanks
|
In physical systems I understand what is the meaning of stability or unstability. An operational amplifier for example, if working in positive feedback will either saturate or start osscilating (i.e will not have any stable state). thats clear to me.
But I am unable to understand what exactly we mean when we say an IIR... |
I am trying to understand how and why the fourier transform is used in image processing / computer vision. Below is what I have gathered so far. Would my understanding of it be correct? If not, could somebody explain it to me in simple, plain english? Or, does anybody have anything to add to it? Last but not least, cou... |
What distance metric can I use for comparing image features like elongation and solidity of a contour of each image?
Except Least Square and without using a support vector machine because i do not know at which class images belong.
|
I am familiar with much of the mathematical background behind wavelets. However when implementing algorithms on a computer with wavelets I am less certain about whether I should be using continuous or discrete wavelets. In all reality everything on a computer is discrete of course, so it seems obvious that discrete wav... |
It seems that when doing FEC with a concatenated-code, an interleaver is often placed between the outer block code and the inner convolution code. The explanations I've seen say that this is because the convolution decoder often has errors in bursts.
However, if we assume that we're using a Reed-Solomon decoder with... |
I have a stream of music that I'm reading(from a microphone, from an online streaming source or whatever). And I want to have a system that will detect when a song changes.
The question is, is this possible with any kind of accuracy?(even something 75% rate of detection would be helpful).
Alternatively, would it be pos... |
Is there any current ideas about IIR filter algorithm parallelization with thread count greater than filter order?
Ideally, parallelization method should load GPU efficiently.
|
Does anyone have any good references for deriving parameters of an IIR Low pass/High Pass filter directly in the digital domain using the magnitude squared at the corner frequency?
I have been able to derive the parameters of a first order Low/High pass filter with $3\textrm{ dB}$ attenuation at the corner frequency i... |
I'm trying to understand Fast Fourier Transform in Detail to find out what exactly the frequencies when dealing with discrete sequence,
Here is what I've done,
First I've taken a Sinusoidal wave with 1Hz Frequency
A = 4; %Amplitude
Fs = 8; %Sampling Frequency 8Hertz
Ts = 1/Fs; %Sampling Rate = 0.125
f = ... |
Is there any technology to help find out when an audio file is actually recorded?
Here is the problem:
Given an audio file, how can we find out when it is recorded? File creation time is useless because it can be altered.
|
I have a long recording of a train (here is a small sample) there are a number of clicks as the wheels go over joins in the tracks. I would like to detect the location of these.
Looking at the waveform:
There appear to be 8-10 clicks. Some are close together.
I can see that they appear as regions of sustained high am... |
I need a low cost DSP kit for learning purpose, along with development tools. One main requirement is to process a voice signal (8KHz sampling frequency), with a USB interface.
Any suggestions?
Update
A friend of mine suggested that I can use my PC sound card as a DSP- at least for learning basic DSP for sound an... |
I will be using the filter coefficients generated by MATLAB in my code that will run on a microcontroller. The poor microcontroller is very bad in floating point Arithmetic. So What do I do? Shall I directly truncate all float values to nearest int? shall I do ceil? or floor? Is there any function that can automaticall... |
Which approach is better or there is mathematical justification for using Bilater filter and Fourier Transform to decompose a image into High Frequency and Low Frequency Component.
Both Bilateral Filter and Fourier Transform can be used for getting High and Low Frequency component of an image.
Is one approach is better... |
I have been reading up on the pyramid match kernel as an alternative to using the bag-of-words model for object classification using a SVM. The bag-of-words model provides a model for transforming a set of features to a single feature vector, however im confused as to how the pyramid match kernel can be used for this t... |
In my time series data, I have often spikes with regular periods. Sometimes, I get two or three different periodical spike sequences (two electrical noise sources), some with T1 seconds period, some with T2 second period and some irregular and at random times.
Lets say I have two groups of overlapping periodical spikes... |
This seems like a trivial concept but I just can't get the hold of it. I have a signal with two complex sinusoids having frequencies -25MHz and 17MHz. Currently it is being sampled at 64MHz so I get two peaks of fft at -25MHz and 17 MHz. If I throw every other sample away the component at 17MHz shifts to -30MHz and the... |
I'm confused as what is the difference between these two sine wave equations
x(t) = Sin(2*pi*F*t)
and
x(t) = Sin(2*pi*F*nTs)
x(t) = Sin(2*pi*F*t) is supposed to be used with analog signal, here t is supposed to me the samples when speaking of matlab.
A = 4; %Amplitude
Freq = 100;
Time = 1/Freq; %0.01
Fs = 1000;... |
I'm successfully soft-decoding D-BPSK by taking the dot-product of the constellation-position of the symbol and of the previous symbol. If the result is >= 1, then the symbol phase hasn't changed and the bit is a zero. If the result is <= -1 then the phase has shifted and the result is a one. In between -1 and 1 the... |
I'm so happy that i managed to come at this level to understand Wavelet transform to some extent with the help of Stackexchange fellows, Initially i had so many difficulties as i had no concept of Frequency Domain, then I realized that in order to Understand DCT it is mandatory to have basic idea of Co-relation. After ... |
While we are decomposing a signal using Wavelets into levels why do we call our high frequency components as Detail and Low Frequency Components as Approximation ?
|
I have a waveform containing
voice
some children screaming
some times when there is no noise at all
some times there are cars driving by when talking
I want to detect the start and ending times of the loudest voice or the areas in which the same speaker is talking to cut them out.
What I did was a FFT on the wavefor... |
I've been Googling "FIR filters" and "FFT convolution" etc. and I ran across something interesting.
Array Index vs. Pointers:
http://www.bores.com/courses/intro/program/7_array.htm
http://www.dspguru.com/dsp/tricks/fir-filtering-in-c
So, here's my question:
Why is almost every "Fast!!" Fourier Transform function on the... |
I have recorded my own voice in Matlab and I intend to add some echo to it.I came up with one solution for getting the desired echo effect:
Delay the sampled audio in the time domain and adding it to the original sample.
In order to do this I'm using Matlab and I have basically done the following:
recObj = audiorecor... |
I'd like to understand when an input signal is time varying or time invariant.
Specifically, I have this function:
$y(n) = x(n) + 0.1 + (0.2)^n + x(n-3)$
I thought that this is time varying because of the $n$ in the exponent. Would anyone mind to clear this up for me? Is this time invariant or time varying?
|
Problem of processing speech. Required to determine the phonemes and identify vowels and consonants. Anyone involved in this? Please advise what work on the subject is worth reading?
|
I have to make comparison between 155 image feature vectors. Every feature vector has got 5 features.
My image are divided in 10 classes.
Unfortunately for using support vector machine i need at least 100 images for class, There is any alternative?
|
I apologize if this is not the appropriate site or the appropriate type of question, but I didn't know where else to ask. If it is, please inform me to delete the question.
I took a year in college and wasn't ready and so did horribly. However, A couple of years later now I am definitely ready to go back. I've been sel... |
If we already had Short-time Fourier transform for better analysis of a signal than Discrete Fourier Transform, then what was the need that leads to development of Wavelet Transform ?
|
Frequently programs for calculating the spectrum of a signal using the multi-taper method require the user to specify the time-bandwidth product.
What considerations must be made when selecting the time-bandwidth product?
Would would be the effect on the resulting spectrum if the selected time-bandwidth product is t... |
I have the images of cartoons, that were compressed. The example:
They have such noise, that is not easy to delete.
Even though the pixels are on the gray background, the noise pixels can be of very different colors and if I look at the histogram (of grayscale image) of such image I see a lot of bins around the bin ... |
In opencv if i use findcontours function, i get contours and i can compute area, perimeter, convex hull.
if i use a Skeletonized image of a circle how can i compute perimeter,area, convex hull of the skeletonized circle?
UPDATE
image:
My skeletonize function:
import numpy as np
import cv2
import scipy.ndimage.morphol... |
If I recall correctly, there is a variation of the DFT that can be used to analyze a specific band of the spectrum of a signal. How is it called?
|
What might be, if any, some good numerical approximation functions to the ISO 226 family of human perceptual equal loudness curves? Is there a polynomial fit of reasonably low degree?
|
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