instruction stringlengths 15 30k |
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In something like this:
> "We conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place." *Brown v. Bd. of Educ.*,
347 U.S. 483, 495 (1954)".
What is that cryptic thing after the quotation marks? How do I understand what it says? Is there somewhere I can go to read these ... |
How do I read a U.S. case citation and find the text of the opinion? |
The author of the passage is telling you where the quotation comes from, using a formal case citation. Lawyers usually don't use footnotes, endnotes, or parentheses to set off these citations.
Case citations are a sort of shorthand developed by lawyers and judges over the past few centuries. The goal is generally to... |
The author of the passage is telling you where the quotation comes from, using a formal case citation. Lawyers usually don't use footnotes, endnotes, or parentheses to set off these citations.
Case citations are a sort of shorthand developed by lawyers and judges over the past few centuries. The goal is generally to... |
According to [17 U.S. Code § 512 - Limitations on liability relating to material online](https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/512) (emphasis mine):
> A service provider shall not be liable for monetary relief, or, except as provided in subsection (j), for injunctive or other equitable relief, for infringement ... |
What does "actual knowledge" mean in the context of DMCA safe harbors? |
Unsurprisingly, it depends on the country, the title and the form, amongst other things. A similar question focusing on a specific title got [closed][1] on Academia SE: [Is the title Ph.D. or Dr. meaningless in the sense that anyone can use it?](http://academia.stackexchange.com/q/46501/452) but might contain some inte... |
(**TL;DR - Summary**) Why study [2 first professional degrees](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_professional_degree) in law? I know firsthand that a first degree in law from Canada, US, UK, or Oceania qualifies for postgraduate law programs (eg LLM) in these countries. So why did these 'legal eagles' NOT do an LLM, ... |
Why obtain two first degrees in law, when one suffices? |
While this case is happening to a relative of mine rather than myself, I will speak in first person for the sake of simplicity.
I had a medical procedure performed by a licensed doctor (Dr. A). This doctor subsequently left the clinic and when I came back for a checkup I was seen by another doctor (Dr. B), who found... |
Lawyer made a key decision without consulting me. Is this normal? |
Lets say you're sitting in a fast-food parking lot eating the food you just purchased from the establishment. Your windows are rolled up and the vehicle is turned off. A police officer pulls into the lot and stops behind your car and turns on his spot light to view the license plate and also block your view with the li... |
**What is an IP Address?**
> An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label
> assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a
> computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.
> An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network
> interface iden... |
Lets say you're sitting in a fast-food parking lot eating the food you just purchased from the establishment. Your windows are rolled up and the vehicle is turned off. A police officer pulls into the lot and stops behind your car and turns on his spot light to view the license plate and also block your view with the li... |
**What is an IP Address?**
> An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label
> assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a
> computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.
> An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network
> interface iden... |
Suppose that a European country X (e.g. Germany) has a law against adults sleeping with people under the age of 16. Such a law, in this instance, would apply to anyone in German territory.
But suppose the law was that a German citizen isn't allowed to go to Asian country Y, where sleeping with 15 year olds is legal,... |
What is it called when a country's laws apply to its citizens outside the country? |
What are the requirements or preconditions that must be met in order for someone to file an Amicus Curiae "friend of the court" brief?
What form can the brief take? |
You are looking for [*extraterritorial jurisdiction*](http://cornelllawreview.org/articles/what-is-extraterritorial-jurisdiction/):
> As the term indicates, it connotes **the exercise of jurisdiction, or legal power, outside territorial borders**.
This can include nations claiming jurisdiction over crimes in near... |
I want to make and sell my own electric guitars. However, I have not invented the instrument, not was I the inventor of any of the major advances in the field. However, I have some changes ( mostly aesthetic and stylistic ) in mind before selling the guitars to the public in Washington (state) of the USA.
Do I have... |
What patents do I need to buy or lease to make and sell an electric guitar to the public? |
I want to make and sell my own electric guitars. However, I have not invented the instrument, not was I the inventor of any of the major advances in the field. However, I have some changes (mostly aesthetic and stylistic) in mind before selling the guitars to the public in Washington state of the USA.
Do I have to ... |
>[[Source:]](http://www.holmes-hills.co.uk/articles/commercial-leases-recovering-the-costs-of-serving-a-notice/) The landlord argued that the tenant must pay the administration costs based on the covenant[,] given by the tenant in the lease which read as follows:
>“To pay all expenses (including Landlord’s solicito... |
How to parse 'notwithstanding ... forfeiture is avoided otherwise than by relief'? |
I want to make and sell my own electric guitars. However, I have not invented the instrument, nor was I the inventor of any of the major advances in the field. However, I have some changes (mostly aesthetic and stylistic) in mind before selling the guitars to the public in Washington state of the USA.
Do I have to ... |
>[[Source:]](http://www.holmes-hills.co.uk/articles/commercial-leases-recovering-the-costs-of-serving-a-notice/) The landlord argued that the tenant must pay the administration costs based on the covenant[,] given by the tenant in the lease which read as follows:
>“To pay all expenses (including Landlord’s solicito... |
Given that various email providers have different levels of access to email, and that it shouldn't be considered private communication unless further encrypted, what steps do lawyers need to take to protect client's confidentiality? This question is also merited for things such as text and phone conversations as those ... |
What precautions are lawyers obligated to take with digital communication security? |
In the United States, a corporation can be convicted of criminal offenses ([example](http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/five-major-banks-agree-parent-level-guilty-pleas)). Can corporations be charged with any criminal offense, or are there some that cannot apply to anything except a human being? I'm interested in formal lim... |
Are there any limits on the crimes a corporation can be convicted of? |
There's is software license 9 imam Hadits by lidwa.com is copyrighted, the owner claim no one can copy their database, But isn't the Quran and Hadits itself license and copyright by God and Prophet ?
according islamic laws is free to copy Quran and Hadits, But can someone claim copyright for the Translation ?
Th... |
I was reading [this overview][1] of the differences between civil and criminal cases and they state
> Civil cases usually involve private disputes between persons or
> organizations. Criminal cases involve an action that is considered to
> be harmful to society as a whole.
Followed by
> Individuals, corporat... |
Government legal actions - civil or criminal? |
*What steps do lawyers need to take to protect client's confidentiality?*
Reasonable steps
*Are lawyers only required to inform clients that email, text, phone is unsafe communication with risks?*
Yes. Sort of. It's not a problem that these channels are unsafe, it's just the risk part. As was stated, US mail carri... |
In Alberta you are only required to have one plate on the rear of your vehicle. However, many people will put a decorative plate on the front, just for fun, usually a flag, or a sports team, but you can get all sorts of decorative plates from Canadian Tire or most truck stops. I've seen lots of people put plates from o... |
Is it illegal to put a license plate from another province on the front of your vehicle in Alberta? |
Say I make software and release it under [the WTFPL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTFPL). Then, someone uses it and it causes their computer to catch fire. I did not design my program to catch their computer on fire, and in fact it might be too simple to do so. Still, they bring me to court. **Does using the WTFPL (or... |
There is software license on "9 imam Hadits" by lidwa.com and it is copyrighted, the owner claim no one can copy their database, but aren't the Quran and Hadits themselves licensed and copyrighted by God and Prophet?
According to Islamic laws it is free to copy the Quran and Hadits, but can someone claim copyright f... |
A [video][1] on Wikipedia claims that Open Access articles come with "full reuse rights" (sections [0:04][2] and [5:38][3]). Here's an accompanying screenshot from the video:
![Loading image..][4]
Are Open Access articles as open as public domain works?
How does the the [definition][5] of the rights of Open Ac... |
Are there any restrictions on "Open Access" material? |
A [video][1] on Wikipedia claims that [Open Access][2] articles come with "full reuse rights" (sections [0:04][3] and [5:38][4]).
![Loading image..][5]
Are Open Access articles as *open* as public domain works?
Is the [definition][6] of the rights of Open Access articles equivalent to [that of the Public Doma... |
If a traffic sign is obstructed (for example, due to being overgrown by kudzu or because a telephone pole was placed in front of it) to the point of unreadability, do you still need to obey it?
What if the sign is so obstructed that there is no longer any indication that the sign even exists? |
Do you need to obey an obstructed traffic sign? |
If setting fire to a crime scene would be considered destruction of evidence and spray painting a crime scene would be considered destruction of evidence why is the use of [flashbangs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stun_grenade) not considered destruction of evidence?
As a pyrotechnic they have the capacity to start... |
I opened a checking account in California and had the option to link my SSN to my bank account. The banker refused to tell me the pros/confs of linking my SSN to my bank account, on the ground that it would constitute a legal advice. If that so? |
Is asking a banker the pros/confs of linking my SSN to my bank account a legal advice in California? |
I opened a checking account in California and had the option to link my SSN to my bank account. The banker refused to tell me the pros and cons of linking my SSN to my bank account, on the grounds that it would constitute legal advice. Is that so? |
Is asking a banker the pros and cons of linking my SSN to my bank account considered requesting legal advice in California? |
Is an article licensed under an Open Access license equivalent to a public domain work? No.
Intellectual property practitioners and professors often describe copyright as "a bundle of sticks." This means that intellectual property laws grant the creator of a copyrightable work a large number of rights, and the creat... |
I opened a checking account in California and had the option to link my SSN (Social Security Number) to my bank account. The banker refused to tell me the pros and cons of linking my SSN to my bank account, on the grounds that it would constitute legal advice. Is that so? |
The answer is: it depends. Sorry, but that's just the way it is.
First of all, it depends on whether there actually was a contract. Under the law, a contract does not need to be something written down and signed. If you have this conversation with someone:
"Hey, can you do [this job] for me?"
"Sure, it'll run ... |
*[Prompted by this Meta Stack Exchange discussion](http://meta.stackexchange.com/q/257962/256282)*
Stack Exchange uses the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported licence for user contributions. But in the footer of every page is a link to [a blog post](http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2009/06/attribution-... |
Does the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licence allow you to specify exactly how attribution must be given? |
*[Prompted by this Meta Stack Exchange discussion](http://meta.stackexchange.com/q/257962/256282)*
Stack Exchange uses the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported licence for user contributions. But in the footer of every page is a link to [a blog post](http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2009/06/attribution-... |
I ask or worry NOT about the standard questions required during customs, such as a traveller's basic personal information, purposes of travel, etc... However, what if a traveller fears for her privacy, and suspects hostility or nosiness from a customs officer?
For example, can a traveller exercise his/her right of ... |
What rights do travellers have, against unreasonable customs officers? |
What law should be referenced regarding when and how a natural person becomes a juridical person in the US?
According to wikipedia:
[While human beings acquire legal personhood when they are born, juridical persons do so when they are incorporated in accordance with law.][1]
How does this incorporation tie in... |
Can a natural US person hold citizenship while remaining non-juridical? |
The issue with disappearing ink on receipts is [notorious](http://www.wfla.com/story/25849028/sales-receipts-have-ink-that-fades-away-in-heat). Are sellers required to make the receipt visible at least X number of days?
----------
I am mostly interested in the following locations:
- California, United Sta... |
Disappearing ink on receipts: do sellers have to make the receipt that is visible at least X number of days? |
The US National Park Service (NPS) has the following language. This is in the context of a commercial operator (like a white water rafting company) getting a commercial permit to take clients down a river in National Park lands.
The commercial operator is required to carry insurance, and nearly all insurance compan... |
*[Prompted by this Meta Stack Exchange discussion](http://meta.stackexchange.com/q/257962/256282)*
Stack Exchange uses the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode) for user contributions. But in the footer of every page is a link to [a b... |
Many definitions of "theft" include specific text regarding "the rightful owner" or a variant necessitating that the victim of theft owned the property. (emphasis mine)
For example, [The Free Dictionary][1] defines theft as:
> A criminal act in which property **belonging to another** is taken
> without that pers... |
How is the theft of stolen property handled legally? |
Say I have created a new (DSP) algorithm. Will I have some advantage if I open source the algorithm under copyleft licence (GPL etc.)? From what I know about licensing this should lock people out from using the exactly same code as closed source, but would they be able to "rewrite" the algorithm as closed source?
**... |
Advantage in being first to copyleft a new algorithm? |
If a co-tenant pays more rent than another, are they legally entitled to, for instance, more income from the sale of shared belongings? Would they be legally liable for more, if the tenants were penalised for some private nuisance? |
In New South Wales, does the proportion of rent paid by co-tenants affect their legal rights? |
Consider the following situation:
![enter image description here][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZxqIg.png
The red car and blue car are both reversing in the above situation. Just as the red car was in front of the blue car's space, the blue car reversed out crashing into the red car.
In this situat... |
Who is liable for damage? |
I don't understand how CC licenses **without** the attribute Share-Alike are supposed to work.
Ok, you can "share differently", but differently how?
You can be more liberal? Doesn't make sense, as this would be equivalent to putting the work into public domain so there would be no point in having this license in ... |
How do Creative Commons licences WITHOUT the Share-Alike attribute work? Can derivate works only be more restrictive, or what? |
I am a student just doing some freelance work over my summer break. I call myself a web "designer" as people in my country are more used to that term when they want a website created. I develop websites according to my client's needs using free GNU licensed themes. I let my clients know that I use free templates and do... |
Let's say that a foreigner wants to sell products or services in US using a company there to save his clients of importing his products. Yet this hypothetical entrepreneur does not stay in US all the time, only when he goes to sell his products under a business visa. Is this legal? |
Can a foreigner setup an unstaffed company in United States? |
Let's say that a foreigner wants to sell products or services in US using a company there to save his/her clients of importing his products/services. Yet this hypothetical entrepreneur does not stay in US all the time, only when he goes to sell his products/services under a business visa. Which are the rules of such op... |
The [World Intellectual Property Organization][1] maintains a comprehensive database of IP laws for pretty much every country. Here is the landing page for [Greece][2]. More particularly suited to your needs is the Greece page for copyright laws, which you can find [here][3].
If there really was no agreement about w... |
What is a [Kangaroo Court][1]?
> A kangaroo court is a judicial tribunal or assembly that blatantly
> disregards recognized standards of law or justice, and often carries
> little or no official standing in the territory within which it
> resides. Merriam-Webster defines it as "a mock court in which the
> princi... |
In *Mayo v. Prometheous 566 U. S. ____ (2012)*, the Supreme Court said (regarding 35 U.S.C. §101 subject matter eligibility):
> a process that focuses upon the use of a natural law [must] also
contain other elements or a combination of elements,
sometimes referred to as an “inventive concept,” sufficient
to ensur... |
How much "more" needs to be added to an abstract idea in order to pass the subject matter eligibility test for a patent? |
In *Mayo v. Prometheous 566 U. S. ____ (2012)*, the Supreme Court said (regarding 35 U.S.C. §101 subject matter eligibility):
> a process that focuses upon the use of a natural law [must] also
contain other elements or a combination of elements,
sometimes referred to as an “inventive concept,” sufficient
to ensur... |
In *Mayo v. Prometheous 566 U. S. ____ (2012)*, the Supreme Court said (regarding 35 U.S.C. §101 subject matter eligibility):
> a process that focuses upon the use of a natural law [must] also
contain other elements or a combination of elements,
sometimes referred to as an “inventive concept,” sufficient
to ensur... |
In *Mayo v. Prometheous 566 U. S. ____ (2012)*, the Supreme Court said (regarding 35 U.S.C. §101 subject matter eligibility):
> a process that focuses upon the use of a natural law [must] also
contain other elements or a combination of elements,
sometimes referred to as an “inventive concept,” sufficient
to ensur... |
How does a stateless person provide identification, arrange travel visas, and get back into the US? |
What law should be referenced regarding when and how a natural person becomes a juridical person in the US?
According to [Wikipedia][1]:
> While human beings acquire legal personhood when they are born, juridical persons do so when they are incorporated in accordance with law.
How does this incorporation tie in... |
I'm aware of a couple states that have alternative methods to become a lawyer but most states stipulate that all practicing attorneys must A. complete courses from a recognized college and B. stay in good standing with the state bar.
What laws give authority to the non-gov state bars, who in turn dictate which schoo... |
How are US state laws that regard who can practice law constitutional? |
In Australia sometimes on the side of a strait stretchs of road you'll see a car park parallel to the road. more often than not these are Radars which are used to catch people speeding.
the other day my Uncle said that there's no law stopping someone from parking in front of one of these unmarked radars because they... |
Are there really no laws stopping people from obstructing the view of an unmarked radar? |
You cannot work for a US Company on a B1 visa, that would require a work permit (H1B). Of course you can set-up a US company, but I don't see the advantage in your scenario, it would only make sense if the company would have employees in the US. As a rule of thump a B1 visa only allows you to do to non-manual labor, li... |
Could you please clarify the way you want to use the US company? If the company has no employees, how is it supposed to do business? Somebody has to sign contracts on behalf of the US company or do the paperwork to import your products and you can't do either on a B1 visa. |
I'm not sure it makes sense to talk about having "jurisdiction" over an IP address, for the purposes you're discussing.
If you wanted to sue the IP address itself--something that is possible under limited circumstances--then you might need to locate it for jurisdictional purposes. But I don't think that's what you'... |
I've noticed a number of legal documents recently ([FastMail's ToS](https://www.fastmail.com/about/tos.html), [Apple's](https://developer.apple.com/programs/terms/apple_developer_agreement.pdf), [etc.](https://duckduckgo.com/?q=It+is+the+express+will+of+the+parties+that+this+agreement+and+all+related+documents+have+bee... |
I've noticed a number of legal documents recently ([FastMail's ToS](https://www.fastmail.com/about/tos.html), [Apple's Developer Agreement](https://developer.apple.com/programs/terms/apple_developer_agreement.pdf), [etc.](https://duckduckgo.com/?q=It+is+the+express+will+of+the+parties+that+this+agreement+and+all+relate... |
Is downloading a torrent chunk copyright infringement? |
In 2003, the Copyright Board of Canada released [this opinion](http://www.cb-cda.gc.ca/decisions/c12122003-b.pdf).
They held that downloading a music file for private use was okay, no matter the source:
> There is no requirement
in Part VIII that the source copy be a
non-infringing copy. Hence, it is not relev... |
Is downloading copyrighted music for private use legal in Canada? |
Common law, i.e. law made by judges in courts, has always been inferior to the dictations of the monarch and parliament. Courts do have some power of judicial review, but they may not usurp the authority that created them and pays the judge's paychecks.
Some quotes:
> "The law of the land depends not upon the arb... |
Common law, i.e. law made by judges in courts, has always been inferior to the dictations of the [monarch][1] and [parliament][2]. Courts do have some power of judicial review, but they may not usurp the authority that created them and pays the judge's paychecks.
Some quotes:
> "The law of the land depends not up... |
I work for a small company in California that has no paternity policy and is less than 50 people?
What paid, or unpaid paternity leave entitlements do I have? |
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