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The problem of designing a multi-class classifier using LDA can be expressed as a 2 class problem(one vs everything else) or a multi-class problem.
Why is it that in certain cases Multi-class LDA classifier out-performs 2 class LDA (one vs everything else) or vice-versa.
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I'd like to generate a random square matrix such that the rows are normalized to one and the diagonal elements are the maximum of their column. If there an efficient way to sample these matrices uniformly?
$2 \times 2$ matrices are straightforward to create. The first column is generated by sampling two independent uni... |
everyone! I'm trying to plot pvalues of a test by categories (in this case, genetic loci). So, the x-axis contains gene names. I'm getting the plot to work, but the x-axis was very busy, so I am thinking of splitting the screen into several plots, each containing only a few loci (i.e., a few x values). When I attempted... |
When plotting within-subject data for condition A vs. condition B (significance tested through a t-test), should the error bars reflect standard error of the mean for each condition independently? Or should they be SE of the mean difference between A and B?
When there are more conditions for an ANOVA -- A vs. B for con... |
For a simple GARCH(1,1) model: h(t) = K + G*h(t-1) + A*e^2(t-1),
The parameters need to be constrained such that G + A < 1. Can anyone please tell me how this is derived since I've seen this in a lot of books but there's not much explanation given about this.
Thanks!
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I am having time issues when using ordinary kriging. I have a spatial grid of 200x300 where I want to calculate the interpolated values. For that I am using ordinary kriging. Now for each point in the grid, I calculate the variogram based upon a certain window size. So, instead of creating a variogram from the whole av... |
I've been tasked with taking up some modeling (perhaps predictive) for chemical formulations and some resultant performance characteristics. I have experience with finite element analysis (mechanical and fluid) and some more basic statistics, which identified me as a candidate for taking this on. I'd like to learn more... |
Let $X \sim {\rm Bernoulli}(p)$ and $Y=aX-b$. I want to find the distribution of $Y$.
I am assigned a homework problem with specific $a$ and $b$. My textbook covers methods for solving this, given that x is continuously distributed. However, $X$ is discretely distributed.
I'm not looking to be shown exactly how to do ... |
I've found a variation of the $\chi^2$ statistic that looks like this:
$\chi^2 = \sum\limits_{i=1}^N\,\chi_i^2 = \sum\limits_{i=1}^N\,\frac{(\log m_{i}- \log n_{i})^2}{\sigma_{i}^2}$
where $\sigma_{i}^2=1/n_i$, $m_i$ is the modeled number of counts in bin $i$ and $n_i$ is the observed number (both are of course positiv... |
Is there a way to calibrate against multidimensional control totals using the survey package? I have been able to estimate poststratification weights, but now I'm stuck with the calibration. (I have a clustered design and need the weights to stay the same within each cluster.) Do I have to recode all combinations into ... |
What is a sound methodology to improve the efficiency of the regression coefficients when we are interested in predicting the larger values of the marginal distribution (tails)?
For example, we want to predict seismic waves based on a number of covariates recorded by our probes. Data can not be assumed to be strictly ... |
I kinda heard that usual coins are not exactly fair.
The experiment done way ago and one done relative recently could reject the null
hypothesis of p=1/2 after maybe hundreds of thousands of coin tossing!
And I heard the probability of dice is not fair either.
The obvious reason is that the dot mark which is carved int... |
I, like many people, dislike statistical significance testing. I would much rather measure "practical significance" / effect size.
The problem is that I do not know of a "standard" way of doing so. Many people say that there is no standard way to measure practical significance -- it all depends on the problem. I compl... |
If there was a certification exam for statisticians, what would be the syllabus, including the recommended reading material (to give an idea of the level of the exam)?
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I'm planning on doing quantile regression for estimating pain relief after hip surgery. My aim is to construct for my patients information in this format:
4 out of 5 patients experience with your background experience at least a 50 % decrease in pain intensity one year after surgery
My problem is: Is 80 % perceived a... |
I have a multivariate time series. My model assumption is that it was generated from underlying factors, some of which are stationary, using a linear mixing.
How can I access the stationary factors? I have tried independent component analysis (ICA), but the independence assumption is too strong.
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I am graduating with a bachelor's degree in applied math and I will pursue a master's degree in statistics this fall.
There are many specialized fields in applied statistics. I realize I may be more interested in becoming a data analyst, working with big data in market research or IT, but I'm not sure what kinds of sk... |
I am aware of the Ramsey Reset test which may detect nonlinear dependencies. However, if you just throw out one of the regression coefficients (merely linear dependencies), you may get a bias, depending on the correlations. This is obviously not detected by the Reset test.
I did not find a test for this case, but this ... |
I observe processing times of a process before and after a change in order to find out, if the process has improved by the change. The process has improved, if the processing time is reduced.
The processing time's distribution is fat tailed, so comparing based on average is not sensible. Instead I'd like to know if th... |
Can somebody illustrate, as Greg does, but in more detail, how random variables can be dependent, but have zero covariance? Greg, a poster here, gives an example using a circle here.
Can somebody explain this process in more detail using a sequence of steps that illustrate the process at several stages?
Also, if you k... |
Somebody asked me this question in a job interview and I replied that their joint distribution is always Gaussian. I thought that I can always write a bivariate Gaussian with their means and variance and covariances. I am wondering if there can be a case for which the joint probability of two Gaussians is not Gaussian?... |
There have been good questions on handling imbalanced data in the classification context, but I am wondering what people do to sample for regression.
Say the problem domain is very sensitive to the sign but only somewhat sensitive to the magnitude of the target. However the magnitude is important enough that the model ... |
I ran a Canonical Correlation Analysis on about 845 cases with 1000 variables each. (It originally started with 1000 cases and 400 variables but by using a kernel I got a 1000x1000 matrix)
As a result I got mainly eigenvalues very close to 1 (e.g. the highest: 0.9999987616532545), then there were a couple with E-8, fiv... |
Possible Duplicate:
Giving more details to my last post: I'm very lost and don't know which tests to use or how to enter data in SPSS
I conducted an experiment using a within subjects design and 2x2 categorical fixed factors design with a categorical DV (every subject was in every condition). I have no idea what tes... |
I need an explanation. For Cox regression, is it true that:
an effect of one year of age is the same in 50-years old as in 70-years old?
an effect of one year of age is the same a year after the diagnosis as 5 years after the diagnosis.
Thanks.
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I have time series data recorded at multiple locations, stored in a matrix $Y$. I have fit a Vector Autoregressive Model to it which forecasts the data pretty well on a test set. However, if I plot the residuals there is definitely some time series structure left; ideally the residuals would look like noise.
I have... |
I am working with regressions to understand the price creation of certain future contracts for commodities and try to explain it with other commodity pricese.
These future contracts have different time periods until they start with their delivery.
It is intuitive that a future contract with a long time to delivery e.g.... |
I need references on tools for testing the validity of technical analysis indicators on stocks market.
The tools I want could be anything, the technical analysis indicators are a list of values built from some stocks market parameters, such as price and volume - from these newly built indicators, there are some rules "... |
I have built a simple classification neural network with feed-forward and backpropagation and one hidden layer (code below) and I would like to explore the effect of changing:
- the learning rate
- the number of nodes in the hidden layer, and
- the order in which the training examples are presented.
I have found som... |
There was too much snow on the highways, so the mayor of the town sent snowplows to spread some chemicals on them. There is a standard of how much of one specific substance should be present in the compound that is used for spreading...
We measured how much of the substance was present in the compound in 30 different p... |
Is there available software (or even just relevant papers) that can perform multiclass learning on datasets of 200m+ samples with 50+ classes and 1000+ features?
What are the limits on dataset sizes for neural networks? Decision tree ensembles? SVM?
As an example: Microsoft has developed code that can build decision tr... |
Dear crossvalidated community!
I am analyzing a data of a study in which every participant's performance in a memory task was measured twice (once under placebo, once under drug treatment in random order). Moreover every subject was tested in a blood test measuring the level of stable blood marker. I would like to ana... |
In the field of web analytics, how can one calculate the statistical significance of a metric (for instance Repeat Visitor's). Imagine that we have millions of visitors daily and we are registering each visit, through cookies maybe. We store data per visit/visitor in a relational database and want to show a number for ... |
I'm writing you because i mostly need a general algorithm, or even a hint, which i will afterwards port on my system (an embedded Arduino microcontroller);
I have a set of around 650 samples covering 5 seconds representing a periodic signal but with quite a lot of noise;
I need the frequency of the main/dominant signal... |
If I have a set of terms each term having a particular frequency associated with it (the number of the times the term has appeared in fixed corpus of papers), then is the following method of significance testing valid?
calculate the median absolute deviation (MAD) of the GO term frequencies in the given corpus,
for sa... |
This might look a very silly question to many of you but please answer.
I am interested in generating a volcano plot for my dataset, which has four columns and all values are in log2. column 1 has name while column 2, 3, 4 has values in treated, untreated states and fold change.
DDR1 7.8519007358 8.0207450402 ... |
I work with CSV files containing 10-minute data of temperatures of some years of a station, and I usually perform some calculations: mean, average, correlations between two stations, correlations in different seasons, correlations day/night, ...
I program this calculations by using plain Python or Microsoft Excel VBA, ... |
I am running a regression where I regress return of a stock on the market return. There is a specific date in my sample on which some event occurred. I believe the effect of this event to last only on that date. I want my model coefficients to be free of this effect because I want to predict what the return would be,... |
Say, I had a sample of discrete counts from a random phenomenon, with two categorical factor variables $T$ and $G$, where , $T$ has three levels $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$ and $G$ has three levels $G_1$, $G_2$ , $G_3$.
What is a good way to estimate the effect of the individual levels, within each categorical variable on ... |
We have been given the following for home work and I have calculated the OR however I am confused with the next 3 questions on percentages. Can someone help and explain and also what is the significance of only women in the study?
You have brought to the attention of the Alcohol and Tobacco control unit, a published ... |
I would like to find the distance between two points location 1 and location 2.
In 2D, location 1 is represented by a Gaussian distribution with mean $\mu_1$ and co-variance matrix $\Sigma_1$. Similarly location 2 is represented by a Gaussian distribution with mean $\mu_2$ and co-variance matrix $\Sigma_2$.
\begin{alig... |
The authors' paper about the method (Hyndman and Khandakar 2008) states that an extended an extended Canova-Hansen test is used, although the helpfile updates this to say than an OCSB test is used.
I have two questions, therefore:
What is an OCSB test?
Is the method of determining seasonal differencing the same for r... |
I have some questions regarding generalization and recall:
It usually hear that a good classifier should "generalize" from the training data. Is that true?
I feel(?) that a "general" classifier should improve recall, however a "specific" classifier should have more precision, is this true?
If we think of a classifie... |
I am looking for a theoretical expression for the ARE of mean and median for student-t distribution against sample size (degree of freedom), exactly the blue curve shown in John Cook's blog. Can anyone point me to the right reference with the expression for it?
Thanks
|
I'm trying to find words that have a significantly distribution in one small portion of a large corpus than they do in the entire corpus. I'm using the standard likelihood-ratio test statistic
$$\chi^2 = 2 \sum_{i} O_i log(O_i/E_i)$$
where the two classes are the small portion of the corpus and the rest of the corpus... |
How to adapt this piece of code but for:
- gamma distribution
- 3 parameter log normal
More specifically, where can I find the specification of the parameter (lmom) for pelgam() and pelln3()?
Lmom package info just gives: pelgam(lmom), lelln3(lmom), where lmom is a numeric vector containing the L-moments of the distri... |
is there a way to fit a specified distribution if you are only given a few quantiles?
For example, if I told you I have a gamma distributed data set, and the empirical 20%, 30%, 50% and 90%-quantiles are, respectively:
20% 30% 50% 90%
0.3936833 0.4890963 0.6751703 1.3404074
How would I go an... |
N random points in a ball in $\mathbb{R}^n$ induce a
Voronoi splitting
or tessellation.
Is there a way of random-generating points
so that the volumes of the Voronoi cells are roughly equal ?
This is 3 related questions, for $L_1, L_2$ and $L_\inf$ norms
(in 3d, random splits of an octahedron, sphere, cube).
(Where doe... |
I've recently embarked on fitting regression mixed models in the Bayesian framework, using a MCMC algorithm (function MCMCglmm in R actually).
I believe I have understood how to diagnose convergence of the estimation process (trace, geweke plot, autocorrelation, posterior distribution...).
One of the thing that strikes... |
$\newcommand{\P}{\mathbb{P}}$Suppose we have $N$ independent random variables $X_1$, $\ldots$, $X_n$ with finite means $\mu_1 \leq \ldots \leq \mu_N$ and variances $\sigma_1^2$, $\ldots$, $\sigma_N^2$. I am looking for distribution-free bounds on the probability that any $X_i \neq X_N$ is larger than all other $X_j$, $... |
Method "A" describes biological samples using multivariate "fingerprints" that consist of about 30 different variables. Different variables show different typical distribution and many of them closely correlate one with another. From prior experience it is assumed that we cannot transform many of the variables to norm... |
I need to perform hierarchical regression with dummy variables. I also need to check moderation by introducing in the model interactions of these dummy variables and the moderator. My questions are:
Do I introduce in the model a number of dummy variables which is equal to the total number of predictors minus 1, maki... |
To calculate an upper confidence limit on a Poisson parameter, a $\chi^2$ distribution with probability $P$ and $${\rm degrees \ of \ freedom} = 2X + 2$$ can be used (Nelson, 1982. Applied Life Data Analysis). I have a sample of 10 observations. My question concerns the variable $X$: is that the total of the sample or... |
I'm trying to fit a logistic function to some data points. Each data "set" has 6 points that I'm trying to fit a seperate logistic function to.
Here is some sample code:
x = c(60, 80, 100, 140, 160, 180)
y = c(24.0688, 26.3774, 25.1653, 15.7559, 12.4160, 15.5849)
df = data.frame(x=x, y=y)
nls(y ~ SSlogis(x, 25, 110, ... |
I've got an optimization problem with these properties:
The goal function is not cheap to compute. It can be evaluated up to around 10^4 times in the optimization.
There's a lot of local optima.
High values are clustered around the maximum, so the problem is kind of convex.
The solutions are constrained to a known hyp... |
In Least Squares regression, we have statistics like $R^2$ to measure the strength of the explanatory variables. Are there similar measures when we are dealing with Support Vector Regression (SVR)? They question I want to answer is: how much does explanatory variable $X$ contribute to the accuracy of the results?
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I using Rs grangertest to do some granger causality testing. I'm testing a particular time series against an economic index time series and adjusting the lag in hopes of identifying the "best" relationship. In statistical terms I'm trying to reject the null hypothesis that the lagged index improves the regression at v... |
I have a set of n-dimensional points. I am performing clustering analysis on them to partition them into groups. Now, I would like to find a basis set to be able to describe the layout of the groups' borders.
For example, if my points were only three dimensional, then I could easily use spherical harmonics to describe ... |
It seems that for calculation of Cohen's $d$ (an estimate of effect size), you should use the difference in means (or in one-sample case, from baseline), divided by $SD$, if that information is available:
$$
\frac{\bar X_1 - \bar X_2}{SD}
$$
However, when you only have the $t$-statistic and the degrees of freedom ($\rm... |
Taking a simple alpha-stable distribution, the Normal Inverse Gaussian distribution for example, how would one derive the likelihood function provided non-i.i.d. data, e.g. a price series?
|
I recently learnt about the Reduced Major Axis regression, a.k.a Geometric Mean Functional Relationship, least products regression, diagonal regression, line of organic correlation, and least areas line (see wikipedia).
The idea is that for a traditional univariate OLS regression (y=a+bx), the errors that are minimized... |
I'm looking for a rare events model where the dependent variable is a discrete index, which means I cannot use the rare events logit model (Gary King). My dependent variable is an index of integers that range from 0 to 15, but the median is 0 and the mean is about 0.25, which implies that getting a value of 1 or more ... |
I have the following results from a Granger test. Can someone tell me how to interpret them? I understand that p.val(ue) < 0.05 is significant for rejecting the null hypothesis. BUT do ftest or r2(squared) add any additional information?
A g-cause B
ftest = 7.523583 p.val = 0.006165445 R2 = 0.005235041
ftest = 5.5351... |
I would like to know which technique is appropriate for analyzing data collected via self-administered survey. Some background information follows:
Topic: Breastfeeding support and the workplace
Setting: University campus
Sample size: 30-40 working women who were on maternity leave from 2011-2012 (first 6 months)
Hypot... |
I'm a beginner -- don't hesitate to overexplain.
I need to make inferences about a population distribution from a sample distribution of a continuous variable (which is still useful as an ordinal discrete one).
What I want is a confidence band on the probability function and the right method for getting the density on ... |
Just wanted to see if anyone has any experience applying Gaussian process regression (GPR) to high dimensional data sets. I'm looking into some of the various sparse GPR methods (e.g. sparse pseudo-inputs GPR) to see what could work for high dimensional data sets where ideally feature selection is part of the parameter... |
Background:
A group at work is sampling 1,000 customers to contact and from that point, determining if the effort is worthwhile or not. I wanted to see if this (pretty much) arbitrary sample size value was at all "good enough".
If we assume that the true proportion of successes in a population is 0.016 (1.6%) how larg... |
I'm checking the conversion rates on some segments of a web application as to figure out which types of customers we should invest in paid acquisition (theory is that these segments see more value in the product and, as such, are willing to pay).
For example, on one segment there are 336 users of which 88 converted to ... |
I have 108 counts taken from 36 field points. I took three counts from each point at different times, also, the 36 field points are divided in a altitude factor of three levels (12 points at each level). I have also six numerical independent variables measured at each count. I want to make a generalized linear model to... |
Background:
A typical meta-analysis in psychology might seek to model the correlation between two variables X and Y. The analysis would typically involve obtaining a set of relevant correlations from the literature along with sample sizes. Formulas can then be applied to compute a weighted average correlation. Then, a... |
I have been reading a lot on this site and I think I am going to analyze my data using a mixed model ANOVA- random effect= subject and 2 fixed effects- comparison and pricing. All of my subjects were in all 4 conditions (a cross between the 2 factors) and answered 3 items in each condition. The catch is that my DV is d... |
I am testing cell cultures. I grow cells in a "control media" for 2 weeks. During these 2 weeks, the cells produce an antibody, and at the end of the 2 weeks, I measure the levels of the antibody. I also measure cell growth (the number of living cells).
The problem is, because it is a biological living system, if ... |
This question is motivated by my question on meta-analysis. But I imagine that it would also be useful in teaching contexts where you want to create a dataset that exactly mirrors an existing published dataset.
I know how to generate random data from a given distribution. So for example, if I read about the results of ... |
What is the difference between "sampling" and "re-sampling with replacement" from a practical point of view (I mean how do I code that) ?
When one say: "sampling $\tilde{x}_t^{(i)}$ from $p(x_t | x_{t-1}^{(i)})$", this mean that we generate $\tilde{x}_t^{(i)}$ from the conditional probability distribution $p(x_t | x_{t... |
I have the following problem:
I am counting a subset of cells from a tissue in Drosophila (fruit fly) at different days after "birth". At Day0 I obtain a population of flies, and dissect some of these flies at each time-point (I.e. I have a population of 30 flies at Day0. I dissect 3 of them right away, 3 more after 1 ... |
I built a neural net in Octave to predict if products are a match or not using a number of features. The net has 8 input features, 1 hidden layer with 8 nodes and outputs either match or no match. I employ feature regualarization and use fmuncg to perform gradient decend.
I trained it with 30,000 examples with +/-10% o... |
What software implements the multiple comparison sign test as described in Steel (1959)?
References
Steel, R.G.D. (1959). A multiple comparison sign test: treatments versus control. Journal of the American Statistical Association, , 767-775. PDF
|
Apparently, in hierarchical clustering in which the distance measure is Euclidean distance, the data must be first normalized or standardized to prevent the covariate with the highest variance from driving the clustering. Why is this? Isn't this fact desirable?
|
I came across this blog post about least angle regression, and at a point he says:
Find the variable $x_1$ most correlated with the residual. (Note that the variable most correlated with the residual is equivalently the one that makes the least angle with the residual, whence the name.)
Move in the direction of this... |
There is a popular question, called "Best statistics question ever".
If you choose an answer to this question at random, what is the chance you will be correct?
A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 25%
This task is not very difficult, the correct answer is 0%. But if we modify it like this:
If you choose an answer to this question ... |
I am interested in the distribution of/performing inference on the 'achieved' $R^2$ coefficient in multiple linear regression. Suppose that $y\sim x\beta + \epsilon$ with $\epsilon \sim \mathcal{N}\left(0,\sigma^2\right)$, where $x$ is a $p$-vector. You observe $x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n$ and corresponding $y_1,y_2,\ldots,y_n... |
I have a scenario where both factors are within-subject. One is time (5 levels) and one is condition (2 levels). The time point of 0 was only measured once in each subject, and is a 'resting value' that is to be used as the time point of 0 for both conditions. I cannot find a way of dealing with this accept for enterin... |
I was performing some Monte-Carlos on historical data and irrespective of the distribution of the data I would always get a normal distribution owing to resampling with replacement. That made it easy for me to predict with 95% confidence what the expected value of that 'variable' would be.
So far so good and so cool! N... |
In a given Gaussian mixture model with observed continues variables $Y$ and latent discrete variables $X$ I want to apply the forward-backward algorithm in order to compute the marginal posteriors $P(x_t|y_{1:T})$.
Since this is computed as $$\frac{\alpha_t(x_t) \beta_t(x_t)}{P(Y)}$$
I was wondering how do I obtain the... |
Let's say I have a variable $x_d$ that, in the estimation data, is a simple indicator ($x_d \in \left\{0,1\right\}$). I estimate a coefficient for it, $\beta_d$, along with several other coefficients for variables that could be continuous, more dummies, etc.
Now someone wants to use these coefficients in a forecast. F... |
In my design, I have 3 binary items for each condition (4 conditions total) meant to measure the same thing. All participants were in all conditions (repeated measures, 12 scores each).
I made a composite score for each participants for each condition (yes, I know, not advisable but this is the way I am doing it so wo... |
I have two datasets from similar psycholinguistic experiments. In both of them, information about the participant's reading and spelling ability was collected, then converted into standardized scores zRead and zSpell. The aim is to use these as covariates when examining the priming effects from the experiments. Because... |
In my problem I have 2 classifiers, C1 and C2. Both C1 and C2 are Naive Bayes classifiers but the difference between them is that they use different feature selection methods. Both classifiers are trained over a dataset of 10,000 instances (noisy-labeled), and tested over a different dataset of 1,000 instances (manuall... |
I'm doing text categorization with R and SVM in the package e1071. I have around 30000 text files for training, and 10000 for test. The goal is to hierarchically categorize these files. For example, I have 13 categories in level 1, such as sports, literature, politics, etc, and in the second level, there are more than ... |
Sorry if this is a silly question but I seem to be mixing a few things together and would love if someone could straighten it all out for me. Please correct me!
This is somewhat related to my post here: Proportion Composite score for DV in rANOVA- Need Help Interpreting Results
I conducted a study where all participant... |
I just want to know if its possible to cluster an univariate time series, in order , say, to detect anomalies?
and do you have any online version for denstream code, in Matlab?
here is the time series
+0003;+0004;+0004;+0005;+0004;+0004;+0004;+0003;+0003;+0004;+0003;+0002;+0004;+0002;+0002;+0002;+0002;+0002;+0002;+... |
This may be quite a basic question but I was running a simple linear model and dropping non significant terms until I got to a minimal model. When this was reached, I was obtaining the significance for the explanatory variables that remained also by dropping them one at a time. Now, what I am getting is that one of tho... |
Today I came across a new topic called the Mathematical Expectation. The book I am following says, expectation is the arithmetic mean of random variable coming from any probability distribution. But, it defines expectation as the sum of product of some data and the probability of it. How can these two (average and expe... |
I am trying to determine what the most appropriate non-informative priors are for the two parameters of a log-normal distribution (for an accelerated failure time model). I had been working with a normal prior on the mean of the logged data (or log-normal prior on the median), and an independent normal prior on the l... |
I have the following model that I am running in JAGS from R:
model {
for( i in 1:nData){
y[i] ~ dnorm(mu[i], tau)
mu[i] <- b0 + inprod(b[],x[i,])
}
tau ~ dgamma(.01,.01)
b0 ~ dnorm(0,.0001)
for (j in 1:nPredictors){
b[j] ~ dgamma(2,... |
I have some survival data from which I compute the annual failure rates. The parameter in which I am interested is the mean failure rate.
Now I select certain subjects that have a given characteristic, so the sub-sample is not random. For example, I have very few subjects having the characteristic in the beginning and... |
I'm working with a large dataset consisting of just over 1 million cases. The data are longitudinal covering 14 years and hierarchical with about 500 of the level 2 units. Each case is a criminal sentence outcome (prison vs. no prison) and the level 2 units are the judges handling the cases. I'm trying to quantify th... |
Is there any known Bayesian, ML or MDL interpretation of cross-validation? Can I interpret cross validation as performing the right update on a specifically crafted prior?
|
A "seismic section" shows amplitude for m discrete x values along its horizontal axis times n discrete time values along its vertical axis:
Peaks in amplitude (black) are centered on horizons; interfaces between different geological layers. The horizons are mostly continous but not necessarily horizontal nor flat line... |
If we have a small sample size, will the prior distribution influence the posterior distribution a lot?
|
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