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https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000452.pdf | 0 |
CATALOGUE SHEET : HARDGROVE GRINDABILITY INDEX COAL REFERENCE SAMPLES
08/06/2021
1. UNIT SIZE : ± 1000g
2. TOPSIZE : Less than 1.18mm , greater than 600um
3. PURPOSE: To be used as reference/control samples
4. SPECIFICATIONS
SAMPLE REFERENCE ASSIGNED VALUE
SRM 003 55
SRM 004... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000453.pdf | 0 | Werkplaatspers
Merk: Werkplaatspers
Type:
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Prijs ex. BTW:
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Artikelnummer: Ee
Industrieweg 11
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T +31 (0)73 - 547 87 69
F +31(0)73 - 547 88 28
info@keetels.nl
www.keetels.nl
Omschrijving: |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000454.pdf | 0 | Full Day Expansion Program
544 HEAD START – FULL DAY EHS EXPANSION PROGRAM – 104-607
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https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000454.pdf | 1 | Full Day Expansion Program
545 534 46 SEWER SERVICE & TAX $0 $1,700 $1,700 $1,700
534 59 JANITORIAL SERVICES $0 $26,250 $26,250 $26,250
534 76 PARKING LOT/SIDEWLK MAINT $0 $7,500 $7,500 $7,500
SERVICES ... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000455.pdf | 0 |
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https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 0 | A Grammar of
Proto-Germanic
Winfred P. Lehmann
Jonathan S locum, ed . |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 1 | Preface
This gram mar of Proto-German ic is designed to provide a compreh ensive but concise
treatm ent of the language from approxim ately 2500 B.C. to the beginning of our era. All
linguistic compon ents are taken into consideration. The pragm atic componen t is dealt
with in the Introduction, and to so... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 2 | relevance of the reconstruction to the civili zation as postulated on the basis of
archeologica l and historical data.
Table o f Content s
I. Introduction
•1 . Introduction
•1.1 . Definition of Proto-Germani c
•1.2 . The Available Data
•1.3 . The Linguistic Methods
o1.3.1 . The Compar ative Method
o... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 3 | o2.8.3 . Effect of the Stres s on Final Syllables
•2.9 . Morphonolog y
o2.9.1 . Ablaut and the Lar yngeals
o2.9.2 . Germanic Morphonology as Exemp lified in the Verb Sy stem
o2.9.2a . Vocalic Variation
o2.9.2b . Con sonantal Variation
•2.10 . The Conservatis m of the Germanic Phonological Syste... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 4 | •4 . Derivational Morpholog y
•4.1 . Types of Affixed Nomina ls by Meaning
•4.2 . Forms of N omin al Suffixes
o4.2.1 . Derivation with Reflexes of -t- and Accompan ying Vowels
o4.2.2 . Derivation with Reflexes of -j-
o4.2.3 . Derivation with Reflexes of -n-
o4.2.4 . Derivation with Reflexes of -l... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 5 | •5.8 . Sentence Adverbials
•5.9 . The German ic Sentence Structure and its Developm ent
VI. Sem antics and C ulture
•6 . Semant ics and Culture
•6.1 . The Culture of the Speakers of Proto-Germani c
o6.1.1 . Religion
o6.1.2 . Econom ic and Personal Practices
•6.2 . The Kinship S ystem and Famil y Str... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 6 | I. INTRODUCTION
1.1. De finition of Proto- Germanic
Proto-Germanic (PGmc) is the reconstructed language from which the attested
Germanic dialects developed; chief among these are Gothic (Go.) representing East
Germanic, Old Norse (ON) representing North Germanic, and Old English (OE), Old
Saxon... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 7 | The only textual material conte mporar y with [late] Proto-German ic is recorded in
classical authors, or main tained in borrowings into other languages as exemplif ied by
Finnish kuningas 'king'. Classical texts chiefl y include proper names, such as
Khariomēros in Greek and Langoba rdi in Latin ... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 8 | have been relativel y late. Secure conclusions can therefore be based on borro wings only
when there is corrobative informa tion of a relationship between the group s of speakers
concerned.
The reconstructed syntax is based on sentences in the earliest texts, especiall y Runic
inscriptions such as t... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 9 | reconstructed. Morphological features and paradig ms are reconstructed with reference
to patterns that are attested in the declensional and conjugational systems of many
languages.
1.3.1. T he Co mparative Method
Using the compar ative method, compar able forms in related languages are examin ed
and ear... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 10 | The importanc e of the method of internal reconstruction lies in its applicabil ity to data
in one language alone. Its use perm its reconstruction of earlier forms from forms that
themselv es are reconstructed, as for exampl e in a language like Proto- Indo-European.
1.3.3. T he Use of Residues
Residues ... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 11 | description of the language from approxim ately 2500 B.C. to the beginning of the
comm on era, as noted above. A gramm ar of Proto-Indo-European must be a description
of the language from approxima tely 5000 B.C. to 2500 B.C. A gramm ar of the still
earlier stage, Pre-Indo-European, must be a des... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 12 | final: items corresponding to objects preceded them. If there were overt subjects, they
preceded objects and any adverbial elements. Relationships were indicat ed by particles.
In the course of time, some particles came to be attached to nouns and others to verbs;
the combin ations resulted in... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 13 | accordance with the position of the object, often including a particle as in Japanese are
yori kare ga takai 'that from this is expensive' = 'this is more expensive than that'.
Few languages are consistent. For example, adjectives stand before nouns in modern
English, and older forms of English ... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 14 | only the major inflections are presented (chapter 3); occasional forms that may be
variations of individual items are assumed to be treated in dictionar ies, including
etymological dictionar ies. The derivational elem ents are presented simi larly (chapter 4).
The system of sentences deals with the st... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 15 | The develop ment of Latin provides the mode l for understanding the expansion of the
other Indo-European dialects. In its early form, it was the language of a smal l group of
speakers in northern Italy in the eighth century B.C. Among other language groups at
the time, that of the speakers of Etr... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 16 | ek hle- wa-ga-stiz hol- ti-jaz hor-na ta- wi-do
The initial position of obstruents, g-, h-, t-, d-, illustrates why the first consonant shift
was universall y carried through except in clusters like st-: their position in the syllable
was simil ar. The only syllable closed by an obstruent is the first. Bu... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 17 | /f/ as in PGmc fōts 'foot', cf. ON fōtr, OE fōt, OH G fuoz
Denta ls:
/t/ as in PGmc téuχanan 'to pu sh', cf. Go. tiuhan, OE tēon, OHG ziohan
/d/ as in PGmc durez 'door ' n.pl., cf. Go. daúr, ON dyrr n.pl., OE duru
/þ/ as in PGmc þrsúz 'dry', cf. Go. þaúrsus, ON þurr, OE þyrre, OHG durri
Vela rs:
/k/ as in PG... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 18 | /ī/ as in PGmc swīnaz 'pig', cf. Go. *swein, ON svīn, OE swīn, OHG swīn
/ē/ as in PGmc sēþiz 'seed', cf. Go. mana-sēþs, ON sāđ, OE sǣd, OHG sāt
/ō/ as in P Gmc flōduz 'flood', cf. Go. flōdus, Run. flodu, ON flōđ, OHG fluot
/ū/ as in P Gmc fūla 'foul', cf. Go. fūls, ON fūll, OE fūl, OH G fūl
Diphthongs:
/ei/ as in ... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 19 | Among other changes between Proto- Indo-European and Proto- Germanic is the loss of
labio- velars, which became clusters in Germanic or else fell together with other
phonemes.
For ease of compar ison, the examples are listed below in the same order as those above,
that is, by the order of the Pro... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 20 | Resonants :
PIE [m] > PGmc /m/ as in malanan 'grind', cf. Lat. molere
PIE [n] > P Gmc /n/ as in naχts 'night', cf. Skt náktam, Gk gen. nuktós
PIE [w] > PGmc /w/ as in wagana z 'wagon ', cf. Skt váhanam 'vehicle', Gk óχos 'wagon'
PIE [r] > P Gmc /r/ as in reχtaz 'right, straight', cf. Lat. rectus, Gk orektós ... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 21 | When Jacob Grim m stated his rules, he also noted words in which they did not apply;
these have come to be known as exceptions, and there are three sets. In the first set, PIE
p t k remained unchanged, as in Gothic speiwan, cf. Lat. spuō 'spit'. In the second set,
Proto-Germanic voiced stops corr... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 22 | Grassmann's demonstr ation, linguists came to understand that they had to note
successive syllables and entire words, not mere ly their individual elem ents.
In the third group of exceptions, Proto-Indo-European media l voiceless stops and
media l s becam e voiced rather than voiceless fricatives i... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 23 | receives support from the long maint enance of vowels in final syllables, as in -gastiz of
the Gallehus inscription, and in the comp lex develop ment of the Indo-European labio-
velars in Germanic.
2.5. Re flexes of the In do-European Labio-velars
The Indo-European labio- velars were long maintain ed as u... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 24 | Infinitive 1/3 sg.
Preterit e 1 pl.
Preterit e Past
Participl e
Old English sēon sēah Anglian sēgon gesegen
West S axon sāwon sewen
Old Saxon sehan sah sāwum gisewan
Old High Ger man sehan sah sāhum gisewan
The final treatments must be accounted for in the descriptions of the different dialec ts, ... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 25 | skadwa s, cf. OE sceadwian, OHG skatewen 'to shadow '. The vowel of the final syllable
was not lost until final vowels underwent reduction in late Proto-Germani c; [w]
thereupon became [u]. Similarly, PGmc knyam > kunyam > kunyã developed to PGmc
kuni as in Go. kuni, ON kyn, OE cynn, OS kunni, OHG chunni 'r... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 26 | 'grow' from PIE bhew 'grow' is assumed to have had a laryngeal suffixed in the variant
bhu-H -, which is reflected in the Sanskrit particip ial form bhūta- 'grown ' < PIE bhu-H-
tó-. Accordingl y, forms in other dialects provide evidence for laryngeals that may have
been ma intained in Germanic.
Other ... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 27 | tāju 'suckle', with cognates illustrating the root dhē in the Sanskrit aorist ádhāt, Gk
thēFsato 'sucked' and the sequence dhʔ-y- in the Sanskrit past perfect particip le dhīFta. An
exampl e with -yy- from -y- lengthened by a following laryngeal is ON Frigg, the name
of Odin's wife, and OS frī, OHG fri... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 28 | By late Proto-Germani c, /i/ and /u/, which earlier were allophones of /y w/, had beco me
separate phonemes. The frequenc y of /u/ was considerabl y increased by the addition of
[u] from vocalic allophones of /l m n r/, but the short vowel system as a whole was
symmetrical in consisting of four mem bers... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 29 | PGmc /e/ also becam e /i/ before nasal and consonant, as in:
•Go. fimf, ON fimm, OE fīf, OHG fimf 'five', PGmc fimfe, cf. Gk pénte, Skt páňca
'five'
The change took place sufficient ly early so that, upon loss of the nasal, the root of the
verb was as sociated with strong verbs of the first class, as in... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 30 | Hanhualdus; and nasalization in Icelandic was still apparent to the First Grammarian,
cir. 1200 A.D. (Haugen 1950:33-34). Latin borrowings provided a second source as in
OSwed. strāta, OHG strāza 'street' from (via) strāta, and OE pāl, OHG pfāl 'pole', from
Latin pālas. /ō/ then was raised, as ind... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 31 | As exemp lified above with OE hēr and cognates, the hypothetical diphthong /ey/
becam e monophthong al /ē/. Borrowings from Latin with /ē/ adopted this long ē rather
than its earlier counterpart, as exemp lified in Go. mēs, OHG mias, meas 'table' < Late
Latin mēsa < mensa. The close articul ation of b... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 32 | satimthuoendisuigoda sat by himself then and wa s silent
The absence of spaces between word s suggests a continuous pattern. The accent marks
on thúo and suígoda in the Palatina manuscript, however, indicate position of accents,
supporting the 2 3 1 # pattern; it may then be assumed for late Proto... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 33 | As a result of the strong stress on word s, final elements were lost; three such losses may
be assumed for Proto-German ic.
/n/ was lost in weakly stressed final syllables, as in the accusative singular horna of the
Gallehus inscription. Initiall y the loss may have resulted in a nasalized vowel, for f... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 34 | zero grade. Reflexes of the loss in the root *sed- are found NE nest, Lat. nīdus from PIE
ní-zd-o s 'in (which a bird) sits' and Go. asts, NHG Ast 'branch' from PIE ó-zd-os 'on
(which a bird) sits'. Compl ementary to zero grade is lengthened grade, in which the
vowel is either ē or ō. The basis for th... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 35 | participle as well as indicat ive and subjunctive forms, and an imperative as well as
distinctions of number and person.
It is further necessar y to note the background of the distinction between the present and
the preterit e forms. In Proto-Indo-European the etymon of the present system of the first
f... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 36 | OE standan stōd stōdon standen
OHG stantan stuo[n]t stuo[n]tum gistantan
2.9.2b . Consonantal Variat ion
Morphophone mic change is also found with consonants, as in the preterite of strong
verbs. Before the accent was fixed, it fell on the root in the singular, but on the ending
in the plural and optative. ... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 37 | before the voiceless fricative in the preterit e led to the lengthening of the preceding
vowel.
The changes presented here illustrate the increasingl y compac t structure of word s as
oppo sed to distinct syllables in late Proto- Germanic, as is evident in the Runic name
Hlewagastiz versus Old Norse Hli... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 38 | parent language and also for explaining forms in the dialects, many of them do not
apply to Proto- Germanic.
Moreover, the features that German ic shares with Celtic on the one hand, Italic on the
other, and with Balto- Slavic are chiefl y lexica l and relativ ely late, such as the adoption
of the wor... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 39 | languages that remained independent are: Go. ak, OE ac 'but'; OE and OHG nu 'now'.
Among exampl es that were suffixed are: Go. -ei, a particle suffixed to demonstra tive
pronoun s to produce relative pronouns as in the accusative singular þan-ei 'whom,
which'; Go. -u and -uh, a question particle that... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 40 | forms. Such combina tions became fixed, so that noun s and verbs consisted of roots and
endings. Some nominal residues from this period consisting only of root and ending
survive among comm on words; they are referred to as root noun s (Brugmann 1906,
II.1:130-146). PGmc fōts, Gk pōs, Lat. pēs, Sk... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 41 | the case used to indicate the subject, and never follows a preposition. The vocative is the
case of address. The genitiv e indicat es relationships among substantives, often
possession. In addition to being governed by specific prepositions, the dative indicates
the indirect object; the accusative, ... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 42 | preferred. But our limited texts do not provide us with comp lete inflections for most
noun s; accordingl y some unattested forms are included without being starred, such as
the Gothic nomina tive dags.
3.2. I nflection of Nou ns
3.2.1. T he Root Nou ns
By the time of the German ic dialec ts some of th... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 43 | so that the variants -ēn- and -ōn- arose; if these stood finall y in a word, the -n was lost,
leading to a great variet y of endings. Such phonological variation in a paradig m is open
to analogica l modif ication so that it is difficult to reconstruct the original paradig m.
According to Meillet thi... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 44 | ending is generali zed from the singular. The Old Norse nomina tive plural ending is
based on that of the o-stems, as is also the accusative plural ending. In the other dialects
the form of the nomin ative was generalized to the accusative. In the genitive plural the
Old English and Old High German... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 45 | Acc.pl. faðruns brōþruns feþr fæderas fatera
In the Gothic plural the nominative has adopted the u-stem ending, as have the dative
and accusative, with -u- in the dative probably on the pattern of the accusative. In Old
Norse the base vowel of the nomina tive plural was extended to the three other for... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 46 | forms became the most prominen t in the Germanic dialec ts. In masculin e and neuter
noun s the vowel was e/o; in the femin ine nouns the vowel was ā in Proto-Indo-
European. These have come to be used in the labels for the declensions concerned.
Besides being suffixed to the roots of nouns, these ... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 47 | patterning there. I assume it was a spontaneous change in which the front vowel ē was
introduced in contrast with the back vowel of the nom inativ e (Leh mann 1968).
The dative plural forms must be derived from the Proto-Indo-European instrument al
ending -mis in view of the forms of the persona... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 48 | The two suffixes were frequent in Proto- Indo-European and Proto-Germanic and did not
lead to separate declensions until the allophonic system of the resonants broke down
and the resultant phonemes under went separate develop ments. Distinct declensions
resulted, not only for the nouns ending in t... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 49 | have given rise to complex paradigms, the Proto-Germani c inflect ions can be
reconstructed with allophonic variations of -w- paralle l to those of -y-. Proto-German ic
forms for harwas are given here; after long bases, the suffix would have been -uw-.
PGmc Singular Plural
Nom. harwaz harwōz
Ge... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 50 | In the Tomstad Runic inscription the full ending of the nomina tive singular was
main tained in waruz 'protection', and the accusative singular in the Kjølevig inscription
form magu 'kinsman'. The singular endings are as expected, though the Old English
dative is taken over from the genitive. The... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 51 | It is instructive to recall the structural reasons for the infrequenc y of pronoun s in early
Proto-Indo-European; most important of these is the indication of subjects by verbal
endings in the early language. When verb forms no longer distinguished subjects
unambiguousl y, as when the first and thi... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 52 | with -gh, cf. Skt ahám. The German ic variation in vowel reflects forms with primary
stress, ON ek, and those with lesser degrees of it, OE ic.
The genitive singular form is based on the possessive adjective extended by a suffix, the
source of which is unclear. In the dative singular PIE me was exten... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 53 | For the nomin ative plural compare Avestan yūs, Lith. jūs. The vowel was modified after
that of the first person in the dialects other than Gothic. In the dative and accusative
plural forms PGmc wiz < PIE wes was reduplica ted, possibly to distinguish it from the
first person plural nominative. T... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 54 | Inst. (or Dat.) Sg. tei þ(i)ē/ō þē Dat.
þvī,
þī Dat.
þy diu
Neut.Nom /Acc.pl. tā þō þō þau þā diu
Fem.Nom .sg. sā sō sō sū sēo diu
Fem.Gen. sg. tesās þezōz þizōs þeirar þǣre dera
Fem.Dat.sg. tesāy þezay þizái þeire þǣre deru
Fem.Acc.sg. þō(n) þō þō þā þā dea,
dia
Fem.Nom .pl. tās þōs þōs þǣr þā deo
Fem.Gen. pl. te... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 55 | 3.4.4. T he Anap horic Pronoun
A demonstra tive based on various pronomin al stems that is less empha tic than forms
based on Proto-Germani c so is found in the dialects. In Gothic and Old High German
this is es, er in the nomin ative singular masculin e, in contrast with OE he, OS he, ON
hann. Due to suc... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 56 | As in the demonstrat ive, various compound forms of interrogatives are attested. In
Gothic and Old Norse a compound interrogativ e is based on the interrogative particle
Go. hʷar, ON huar 'where' plus a reflex of PGmc -yos, e.g. Go. hʷarjis, ON huerr
'who'; it is inflected like a strong adjective. Th... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 57 | Masc.No m.sg. halbaz halbs halfr healf halb
Masc.Gen.sg. halbas halbis halfs healfes halbes
Masc.Dat. sg. halbaz mai halbam ma hölbom healfum halbe mu
Masc.Acc.sg. halbanō m halbana halfan healbne halban
Masc.No m.pl. halba y halbái halber healbe halbe
Masc.Gen.pl. halba ysam halbáizē halbra healbra halbero
Masc.Dat... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 58 | Adjectives are also inflected in compara tive and superlative degrees. The format ions are
treated in derivational morpholog y, section 4.8
3.6. The N umerals
The first three cardinal numera ls are inflect ed; the cardinals are listed in section 6.6.1.
The ordinal numer als are inflected in the weak dec... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 59 | When the tense system was introduced, the two large classes were combined to make up
the Germanic conjugation, in which the preterite originall y indicat ed a state, as do the
Hittite preterite and originall y the Greek and Sanskrit perfect. The impersona l verbs
were the basis of the preterite- prese... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 60 | verbs have many special problems. The base form in verbs of the sixth class is paralle l
to that of the fourth and fifth classes, but the vowel was long, consisting originall y of
-e- plus a laryngeal, as in the base given as PIE stā- < stex- 'stand', cf. Gk hístāmi,
hístēmi. In German ic this was fol... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 61 | 1 du. nēmu nēmu
2 du. nēmuts nēmīts nēmuts nēmeits
1 pl. nēmum nēmīma nēmum nēmeima
2 pl. nēmuþ nēmīþ nēmuþ nēmeiþ
3 pl. nēmun nēmīna nēmun nēmeina
The forms of the weak verbs are comparabl e to those of the strong verbs in the present,
although the suffixes must be noted. Proto-German ic examp... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 62 | The preterit e-present verbs are inflected like the first six classes of strong verbs.
Because the endings are like those of the strong verb preterite, only the first singular
and first plural present, and also the first singular preterit e and the past participl e are
given here, listed by classes.
S... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 63 | IV. DERIVATION AL MORPHOLOG Y
Suffixation was the primary means for producing new forms in Proto-German ic
derivational morpho logy, as it was in inflection al morpholog y. Both processes in this
way continued the procedures of late Proto-Indo-European. At an early stage of Proto-
Indo-European, noun s co... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 64 | somewhat longer, such as the -ter in Gk patēFr, NHG Vater and other kinship terms.
Single elem ents, referred to as enlargements or determinatives, were attached in an
early period, so that it is difficul t to deter mine the meanings they conve yed. Benveniste
(1935) did so for the *dh deter minative, h... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 65 | -ly, short forms of suffixes continued to develop, but in the conte mporar y German ic
languages reflexes of full word s rem ain prom inent in derivation.
The derivational suffixes are treated further below, as well as those based on full words.
Prefixes for nouns and for verbs will then be exam ined,... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 66 | Words for feminin es were derived from mascu lines by a proces s called in German
Movierung 'motion', with the suffixes -jō- as in Go. frijōndi versu s frijōnds 'friend' and
with -ōn- as in Go. arbjō beside arbja 'heir'.
Adjectives indicating descent were based on -iska-, as in OE denisc 'Danish '.
Adj... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 67 | allwaldands, ON allsvaldendi, OE ealwealdend, OHG alawaltant 'Almighty, Ruler (of
all)'.
Less frequent are derived forms with the extended suffix -tūti > Go. -dūþs, as in
gamáindūþs 'fellowship' beside the adjective gamáins 'comm on'.
When following a stem ending in PGmc -at-, cf. verbs like Go. lauhat... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 68 | Moreover, a few forms in -na- became independent nouns, e.g. Go. barn 'child' based
on the root *bher- 'bear', and Go. þegn, cf. Gk téknon 'child' from the root *tek- 'bear'.
As the strong verb system developed, the suffix in the form -ana- was added to the zero
grade form of the root to produce the p... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 69 | nomina tive/accusat ive of the r/n stems, as in OE wæter, OHG wazza r 'water' based on
the root PIE *wed- 'flow '.
Other noun s were formed with the suffixes -ro- and -rā-, e.g. OHG fedara, NHG Feder,
NE feather based on the root PIE *pet- 'fly'. The suffixes were further extended with -t-
as in OHG weta... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 70 | The roots and bases of the strong verbs have no special "Germ anic" suffixes like those
of the weak verbs. Verbs in the first three classes have an enlargem ent on the root, for
exampl e Go. giutan 'pour' from PIE gʰew- as in Gk khéō 'I pour'; but these and simil ar
bases were inherited from the p... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 71 | 4.3.1. Ad ditiona l Suffixes
In the course of time further suffixes developed, much as the four suffixes of the weak
verbs had; a few Gothic verbs illustrate how it began and was expanded. The Gothic
verb fráujinōn 'rule over', based on fráuja, gen. fráujin 'lord', and the verb gudjinōn 'be a
priest', b... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 72 | gaháu sjái 'whoever has ears to hear, let him listen', with imperfec tive 'hear' vs.
perfective 'listen'. The aspectual distinct ion is not due to translation of the Greek, which
reads: ho ékhō n ōFFta akoúei n akouét ō 'he having ears to hear, let him hear', with the
impera tive simpl y in the present... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 73 | indicated by the distinction between the forms of giban and fra-giban in John 10:28-29,
which also includes forms of two verbs with the prefix, fra-qistnan and fra-wilwan, both
with perfective meaning :
28. jah ik libain aiweinōn giba im, jah ni fraqistnand áiw; jah ni frawilwiþ hʷashun þō
us handáu m... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 74 | many of the prefixed forms are based on Latin counterparts. Nor has it been applied in
inflection, as is the prefix ge- in the past participl e of German. Moreover, suffixation is
carried out more widely . But it was clearl y applied in late Proto-Germani c as the
vocabular y was expanded to cover ed... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 75 | spatial relationship corresponding to the mean ing of at, on includes Go. figgra- gulþ
'finger- ring, ring on the finger'. A second group of compounds is characteri zed by
appositional relationship, as in anim al and plant names indicat ing the species and genus,
cf. Go. weina-triu, OE wīn-trēow 'vine'... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 76 | Adjectives have two derived forms, a comparat ive and a superlative. The chief suffix to
express comparison is PGmc -is-; added after the syllable of the positive with chief
stress it is reflected in Gothic as -iz-, in the other dialects as -(i)r-, as in the compar ative
forms of PGmc jungaz, Go. ... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 77 | 4.10. C onclusion: Ty pes o f Derivation and Their Semantic Develop ment
As the sections above have indicated, the Proto-Germani c vocabular y and that of the
dialects were expanded greatl y through affixation, chiefl y suffixation. Many suffixes
arose from particl es. Others were originall y words, ... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 78 | V. SYNTAX
5.1. Structure of the Sentence as SOV
Determin ing the structure of the sentence in Proto- Germanic presents problems, because
most of the early texts are either poetic or translations. The Runic texts are exceptions,
but they have require ments of style and arrange ment on stones so that not... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 79 | I, Wiwar, produced this for Woduridar, the Breadward.
For me, Woduridar, [my] three daughters arranged the stone,
the chief inheritors among the heirs.
Many additiona l examples of SOV order could be supplied from the earliest literar y
texts, such as the fi... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 80 | (1929:83) concluded that it was no longer used after the second half of the tenth
centur y, citing the translation of Latin fortior nobis in Exodus as strengre þonne we.
5.1.3. T he Use of Postpositions
Another OV pattern in the earl y texts is the use of postpositions rather than prepositions.
Exam... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 81 | I first prepared the Iceland book for our bishop s Thorlak and Ketill,
and I sho wed it both to them and to the priest Saemund.
The order may be the basis of the use of charact eristic designations with notables, as in
Ari's state ment on the y ear 870 A. D.:
Ísland bygðisk fyrst ór Norvegi á dǫgum H... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 82 | The Old Norse particl es es, later er, and then sem fulfill similar functions, as indicat ed
in the following passages from Ari's Libellus Islandorum :
Eiríkr inn Rauði hét maðr Breiðfirzkr, er fór út heðan þangat ok nam þar land er síðan
er kallaðr Eíríksfjǫrðr.
Eric the Red was the name of a man in Bro... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 83 | Direct evidence of the earlier OV pattern is also given by limiting adjectives with weak
inflection that precede noun s without definite articl es. Seventy -five are found in
Beowulf, e.g. gomela Scylding 'the old Scylding' [= 'Swede'] (2487; cf. Klaeber
1950:xcii). Weak adjectives are n-stems; th... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 84 | this'. Accordingl y, the modif ying constructions as well as the order of objects with
regard to verbs indicate that the Proto-Germanic sentence structure was verb- final.
5.1.9. Word Order in Marked Constructions
On the other hand, the basic structure of sentences may be modifi ed to emph asize
elem en... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 85 | Hwanon ferigeað gē fǣtte scyldas Beowulf 333
Whence do yo u bear ornam ented shields?
her fragen gistuont He began to ask
fohem wortun, hwer sîn fater wari in few words who his father was,
fireo in folche among the people of men Hildebrandslied 8b-12a
We assume that th... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 86 | heorowearh hetelīc, sē æt Heorote fand
a hateful outcast who found at Heorot...
As here, the relative clause follows its antecedent in the later dialects, and its verb
typically stands in final position. The compar able relative pronoun is also so used in Old
High German, as in the H... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 87 | They , who compe ted from time to time, proceeded
down the sandy road with their horses.
The same pattern is found in Gothic, with a participle corresponding to the finite verb in
Greek, as in Luke 7:44:
eisêlthó n so u ei s t ēn oikían
I entered into your house...
Atgaggandin in gard þeinana... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 88 | indicating thought, belief and the like, as in John 11:13, although the simple ei was also
used after such verbs:
Iþ jáinái hugidēdun þatei is bi slēp qēþi.
But the y thought that he had s poken about sleep.
Simil arly, Matthew 9:28:
Ga-u-láubjats þatei magjáu þata táujan?
Do you believe that I ca... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 89 | dialects; cf. also Gothic ni hwas and ni áins 'no one'. From the second of these
combina tions, English none and German nein developed. Under prim ary stress un-
main tained this form in the West Germani c languages, but in Icelandi c it becam e ó- as
in ó-vitr 'ignorant'; cf. ON ólīkr, NE unlike, and ... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 90 | High German hwergin 'nowhere, not at all'. Still other clausal and verbal negatives are
used in the early texts, but the y must be left to the gram mars of the dialects.
5.5. Expression of Voice: Middle and Passive Con structions
Forms of the Indo-European middl e inflect ions survived in Gothic in... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 91 | In Old Norse the combin ation of reflexive pronoun and verb has given rise to a new
inflection, with -mk suffixed in the first person singular and -sk in all the other persons.
The forms have various uses, from reflexive and reciprocal to middle and passive, as in
the following examp les:
•Reflexi... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 92 | Ðǣm eafera wæs æfter cenned
To the m an heir was later born
In view of the several auxiliar ies in the dialects, we may assume that the compound
passive forms were developed after Proto-Germani c. In the proto-language both passive
and middle meanings were expressed by reflexes of Proto-Ind... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 93 | bieten 'offer', gebieten 'com mand', fallen 'fall', gefallen 'fall to someon e's share, please'.
While past particip les indicat e comple ted action in Old Norse, they are not prefixed by
an equivalent to ga-, nor is the prefix used before other forms of verbs.
We may conclude that the distinction between... |
https://digitalcorpora.s3.amazonaws.com/corpora/files/CC-MAIN-2021-31-PDF-UNTRUNCATED/zipfiles/0000-0999/0000.zip | 0000456.pdf | 94 | Shorter expressions may also be inserted in the middl e of sentences, such as the formul a
used twice in Beowulf:
gif mec hild nime 452, 1481
if the battle should take me
Constructions in which uncertainl y is expressed by subjunctive forms include that-
clauses, for which different conjunction... |
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