Blame for data/validation.jsonl

{"input": "Correspondence analysis (CA) and statistical diversity analysis were carried out on the palynological dataset (total counts per gram) to confirm assemblage designations (Figs. 4 and 5), to identify any disturbance to the core prior to interpretation, and to estimate diversity (Fig. 6). Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages (DA1–DA5) and pollen assemblages (PA1–PA4) were defined by visually comparing changes in the species dominance (Figs. 7 and 8), and confirmed by CA (Fig. 4) using the first three axes (describing the highest percentages of variance). Five samples from below the CIE at 2619.60, 2617.35, 2617.44, 2614.73, and 2614.71 m (indicated in Fig. 5) contain Apectodinium, in contrast to the other samples below the CIE (Figs. 3 and 7). Some of these samples (2619.60, 2614.73, and 2614.71 m) also contain negative δ13CTOC, indicative of the CIE (Fig. 3). To test if coincident pollen and spore changes also occur in these samples, we used CA on the pollen and spore data only (Fig. 5a). PA1–PA4 (symbols) plot in clusters, signifying their palynological similarity. The species most associated with an assemblage are clustered with the samples from that assemblage. For example,", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "Five", "start": 553, "end": 557}, {"text": "2619.60, 2617.35, 2617.44, 2614.73, and 2614.71 m", "start": 588, "end": 637}, {"text": "2619.60, 2614.73, and 2614.71 m", "start": 769, "end": 800}], "measured entity": [{"text": "samples", "start": 558, "end": 565}, {"text": "samples", "start": 760, "end": 767}], "qualifier": [{"text": "below the CIE", "start": 571, "end": 584}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "samples", "start": 558, "end": 565}, "tail": {"text": "Five", "start": 553, "end": 557}}, {"head": {"text": "samples", "start": 558, "end": 565}, "tail": {"text": "2619.60, 2617.35, 2617.44, 2614.73, and 2614.71 m", "start": 588, "end": 637}}, {"head": {"text": "samples", "start": 760, "end": 767}, "tail": {"text": "2619.60, 2614.73, and 2614.71 m", "start": 769, "end": 800}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "below the CIE", "start": 571, "end": 584}, "tail": {"text": "samples", "start": 558, "end": 565}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Inaperturopollenites hiatus and bisaccate pollen (highly abundant before the CIE, Fig. 8) are high on axis 1 where the earlier samples from PA1 and PA2 occur, and Caryapollenites spp. and fungal spores (abundant after the CIE, Fig. 8) are low on axis 1 near the younger samples from PA4. The two samples 2619.60 and 2614.71 have a spore and pollen palynological signature similar to samples from PA3/4 during the CIE (plot lower on axis 1) and are either not in the correct location (it cannot be discounted that these samples represent tectonically emplaced younger material (Payne et al., 2005), or were misplaced during drilling operations core handling), or represent very short episodes of both marine and terrestrial ecologic change to CIE-type conditions. The rapid and transient nature of these two shifts appears to suggest that the latter explanation may be unlikely, and we have therefore shaded samples from these two depths in Figs. 3, 6–9.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "two", "start": 292, "end": 295}, {"text": "2619.60 and 2614.71", "start": 304, "end": 323}], "measured entity": [{"text": "samples", "start": 296, "end": 303}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "samples", "start": 296, "end": 303}, "tail": {"text": "two", "start": 292, "end": 295}}, {"head": {"text": "samples", "start": 296, "end": 303}, "tail": {"text": "2619.60 and 2614.71", "start": 304, "end": 323}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Dinoflagellate cysts have been used extensively for reconstructing paleoenvironments in the Paleogene (see overview in Sluijs et al., 2005), as they are particularly sensitive to changes in salinity, temperature, and nutrient levels (Powell et al., 1992; Pross and Brinkhuis 2005; Sluijs et al., 2005). We calculate “%low salinity dinoflagellate cysts” (Figs. 7–9) by grouping cysts of similar inferred ecologic preferences (see Fig. 7, and discussion in the Supplementary Material) to provide an indication of environmental change, and by excluding species of uncertain affinity such as Apectodinium. Samples with fewer than 20 specimens were also excluded. Despite the limitations of this method, the large variation in the %low salinity dinoflagellate cysts (ranging from 0% to 80%) clearly indicates that significant environmental changes in surface water conditions occurred during the CIE onset in the central North Sea, and is supported by coeval changes in the sedimentary carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio (Fig. 10) which reflects changes in the proportion of terrestrial/marine organic material deposited in the North Sea Basin due to terrestrial runoff and productivity (see Section 4.4).", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "20", "start": 626, "end": 628}, {"text": "0% to 80%", "start": 775, "end": 784}], "measured entity": [{"text": "specimens", "start": 629, "end": 638}, {"text": "Samples", "start": 602, "end": 609}], "measured property": [{"text": "%low salinity dinoflagellate cysts", "start": 726, "end": 760}], "qualifier": [{"text": "with fewer than 20 specimens were also excluded", "start": 610, "end": 657}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "specimens", "start": 629, "end": 638}, "tail": {"text": "20", "start": 626, "end": 628}}, {"head": {"text": "%low salinity dinoflagellate cysts", "start": 726, "end": 760}, "tail": {"text": "0% to 80%", "start": 775, "end": 784}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "Samples", "start": 602, "end": 609}, "tail": {"text": "%low salinity dinoflagellate cysts", "start": 726, "end": 760}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "with fewer than 20 specimens were also excluded", "start": 610, "end": 657}, "tail": {"text": "Samples", "start": 602, "end": 609}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Dinoflagellate cyst assemblage 1 (DA1, from 2632 to 2618 m, Fig. 7p) contains high proportions of typically open marine and hence normal marine salinity associated Achomosphaera/Spiniferites spp., undifferentiated chorate cysts and Areoligera/Glaphyrocysta spp. DA1 also contains on average 5% peridinoid cysts including Deflandrea spp. regarded as a coastal/neritic taxon indicating high productivity and nutrient availability (Brinkhuis, 1994; Pross and Brinkhuis, 2005). These characteristics indicate that a somewhat restricted but fully marine shelf environment was present before the onset of the CIE in the central North Sea, with availability of nutrients indicated by the presence of Deflandrea spp.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "from 2632 to 2618 m", "start": 39, "end": 58}, {"text": "on average 5%", "start": 280, "end": 293}], "measured entity": [{"text": "Dinoflagellate cyst assemblage 1 (DA1", "start": 0, "end": 37}, {"text": "DA1", "start": 262, "end": 265}], "measured property": [{"text": "peridinoid cysts", "start": 294, "end": 310}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "Dinoflagellate cyst assemblage 1 (DA1", "start": 0, "end": 37}, "tail": {"text": "from 2632 to 2618 m", "start": 39, "end": 58}}, {"head": {"text": "peridinoid cysts", "start": 294, "end": 310}, "tail": {"text": "on average 5%", "start": 280, "end": 293}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "DA1", "start": 262, "end": 265}, "tail": {"text": "peridinoid cysts", "start": 294, "end": 310}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Alternatively, an increase in regional precipitation could have caused elevated terrestrial runoff (C/N ratios, kaolinite) and lower surface water salinity above 2618 m before the CIE onset (Fig. 9). The North Sea Basin surrounding landmasses were within the northern rain belt (the southern boundary today is 40°N), which would have experienced elevated precipitation if the global hydrologic cycle became enhanced (Pagani et al., 2006b; Schmitz et al., 2001). This scenario would be consistent with a gradual increase in the global hydrologic cycle before the CIE, perhaps from gradual warming, which was hypothesised to have triggered ocean circulation changes, methane hydrate destabilisation, and global carbon release at the CIE (Bice and Marotzke, 2002). We note however that there is currently no evidence for an enhanced hydrologic cycle well before the CIE in other regions.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "above 2618 m", "start": 156, "end": 168}, {"text": "40°N", "start": 310, "end": 314}], "measured entity": [{"text": "CIE onset", "start": 180, "end": 189}, {"text": "northern rain belt", "start": 259, "end": 277}], "measured property": [{"text": "southern boundary", "start": 283, "end": 300}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "CIE onset", "start": 180, "end": 189}, "tail": {"text": "above 2618 m", "start": 156, "end": 168}}, {"head": {"text": "southern boundary", "start": 283, "end": 300}, "tail": {"text": "40°N", "start": 310, "end": 314}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "northern rain belt", "start": 259, "end": 277}, "tail": {"text": "southern boundary", "start": 283, "end": 300}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Our results provide the first evidence that the North Sea became stratified from 103 yrs before the CIE onset (above 2618 m, Fig. 9). This is significant as Nisbet et al. (2009) hypothesised that the proximal Kilda Basin became stratified and anoxic before the CIE, allowing significant build-up of methane and CO2 at depth. They proposed that overturning of this basin could have released greenhouse gases and triggered the CIE, although there is currently no direct evidence as marine records from the Kilda Basin remain rare (Nisbet et al., 2009). Our North Sea records likely indicate enhanced stratification also of the proximal and linked Kilda Basin before the CIE (Fig. 1). Evidence for the linkage of the North Sea, Kilda and Arctic Basins comes from the coincident onset of A. augustum and laminated sediments at the CIE onset in sections from the North Sea (this study), Spitsbergen (Harding et al., 2011), and Lomonosov Ridge (Sluijs et al., 2006). Although our results evidence a probable stratified Kilda Basin before the CIE, proxies for overturning are now needed to further test the Kilda basin hypothesis.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "from 103 yrs", "start": 76, "end": 88}, {"text": "above 2618 m", "start": 111, "end": 123}], "measured property": [{"text": "before", "start": 89, "end": 95}], "measured entity": [{"text": "CIE onset", "start": 100, "end": 109}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "before", "start": 89, "end": 95}, "tail": {"text": "from 103 yrs", "start": 76, "end": 88}}, {"head": {"text": "before", "start": 89, "end": 95}, "tail": {"text": "above 2618 m", "start": 111, "end": 123}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "CIE onset", "start": 100, "end": 109}, "tail": {"text": "before", "start": 89, "end": 95}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "The Eocene–Oligocene Transition (EOT) marks the onset of modern icehouse conditions when continental-scale ice sheets enveloped Antarctica (‘Oi1,’ ∼33.7 Ma, Coxall et al., 2005; Ehrmann and Mackensen, 1992). Oi1 typifies the non-linearity of global climate, with the emplacement of an ice volume between 60% and 100% of that present today on Antarctica over only ∼400 ka, superimposed on a million-year timescale cooling trend (Coxall et al., 2005; Lear et al., 2008; Zachos et al., 2001). Declining atmospheric pCO2 levels are thought to have driven the accelerated onset of Antarctic glaciation during Oi1, with numerical models suggesting a ‘threshold’ response of the cryosphere to a long-term lowering of pCO2 (DeConto and Pollard, 2003). Recent reconstruction of pCO2 across the late Eocene and early Oligocene (Pagani et al., 2011) documents a decline that began ∼2 Ma prior to geological and stable isotope evidence for Antarctic glaciation, supporting this hypothesis. However, the mechanisms responsible for this gradual pCO2 drawdown remain unclear. The biological carbon pump, in particular associated with increased diatom abundance in the Southern Ocean during the late Eocene,", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "∼33.7 Ma", "start": 147, "end": 155}, {"text": "between 60% and 100%", "start": 296, "end": 316}, {"text": "∼400 ka", "start": 363, "end": 370}, {"text": "million-year", "start": 390, "end": 402}, {"text": "∼2 Ma", "start": 870, "end": 875}], "measured entity": [{"text": "Oi1", "start": 141, "end": 144}, {"text": "ice volume", "start": 285, "end": 295}, {"text": "Oi1", "start": 208, "end": 211}, {"text": "timescale", "start": 403, "end": 412}, {"text": "decline", "start": 851, "end": 858}], "measured property": [{"text": "present today on Antarctica", "start": 325, "end": 352}, {"text": "emplacement of an ice volume", "start": 267, "end": 295}, {"text": "began", "start": 864, "end": 869}], "qualifier": [{"text": "Oi1", "start": 208, "end": 211}, {"text": "prior to geological and stable isotope evidence for Antarctic glaciation", "start": 876, "end": 948}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "Oi1", "start": 141, "end": 144}, "tail": {"text": "∼33.7 Ma", "start": 147, "end": 155}}, {"head": {"text": "present today on Antarctica", "start": 325, "end": 352}, "tail": {"text": "between 60% and 100%", "start": 296, "end": 316}}, {"head": {"text": "emplacement of an ice volume", "start": 267, "end": 295}, "tail": {"text": "∼400 ka", "start": 363, "end": 370}}, {"head": {"text": "timescale", "start": 403, "end": 412}, "tail": {"text": "million-year", "start": 390, "end": 402}}, {"head": {"text": "began", "start": 864, "end": 869}, "tail": {"text": "∼2 Ma", "start": 870, "end": 875}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "ice volume", "start": 285, "end": 295}, "tail": {"text": "present today on Antarctica", "start": 325, "end": 352}}, {"head": {"text": "Oi1", "start": 208, "end": 211}, "tail": {"text": "emplacement of an ice volume", "start": 267, "end": 295}}, {"head": {"text": "decline", "start": 851, "end": 858}, "tail": {"text": "began", "start": 864, "end": 869}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "Oi1", "start": 208, "end": 211}, "tail": {"text": "ice volume", "start": 285, "end": 295}}, {"head": {"text": "prior to geological and stable isotope evidence for Antarctic glaciation", "start": 876, "end": 948}, "tail": {"text": "∼2 Ma", "start": 870, "end": 875}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "represents a potential candidate (Rabosky and Sorhannus, 2009; Salamy and Zachos, 1999; Scher and Martin, 2006).", "output": {"entities": {}, "relations": {}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Sediments were prepared following existing techniques (Hendry et al., 2010), which were refined slightly to better suit the microseparation technique utilised here as a convenient alternative to sieving. Initial cleaning with H2O2 and HCl was carried out to concentrate biogenic opal. From this pre-cleaned sample the >100 μm fraction was separated using microseparation (Minoletti et al., 2009) and between 50 and 100 spicules were hand-picked. A range of spicule morphotypes were included, as it has been shown that neither spicule morphology nor species composition creates any consistent offset in δ30Si (Hendry et al., 2010, 2011). Spicules were sonicated in reagent grade methanol and dried down in 200 μL of concentrated HNO3. Sponge δ30Si data presented here are generally in agreement with the data from this site produced by De la Rocha (2003), despite different methodologies and specific sampling intervals (Fig. S2). XRD analysis showed sponge spicules from the Eocene/Oligocene interval of this site to be amorphous opal (De la Rocha, 2003).", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": ">100 μm", "start": 318, "end": 325}, {"text": "between 50 and 100", "start": 400, "end": 418}, {"text": "200 μL", "start": 705, "end": 711}], "measured entity": [{"text": "fraction", "start": 326, "end": 334}, {"text": "spicules", "start": 419, "end": 427}, {"text": "concentrated HNO3", "start": 715, "end": 732}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "fraction", "start": 326, "end": 334}, "tail": {"text": ">100 μm", "start": 318, "end": 325}}, {"head": {"text": "spicules", "start": 419, "end": 427}, "tail": {"text": "between 50 and 100", "start": 400, "end": 418}}, {"head": {"text": "concentrated HNO3", "start": 715, "end": 732}, "tail": {"text": "200 μL", "start": 705, "end": 711}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Cleaned sponge and diatom opal was dissolved via wet alkaline digestion (Cardinal et al., 2007; Ragueneau et al., 2005) in 0.2 M NaOH at 100 °C for 40 min (diatoms) or up to 1 week (sponge spicules). The samples were acidified to pH∼2 with 0.2 M thermally distilled HCl and separated from major ions using cation exchange resin (BioRad AG50W-X12, Georg et al., 2006). Silicon isotope analysis was carried out using a Nu Instruments Nu-Plasma HR multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer run in medium resolution mode (m/Δm∼3500 at 5% and 95%). Samples were introduced via a self-aspirating PFA microconcentric nebuliser (ESI) in a Cetac Aridus II desolvating unit. Measurements included six to eight standard-sample brackets (brackets where the rate of machine drift outstripped bracketing rate were disregarded), each composed of twenty eight-second integrations. Samples were measured relative to the NIST RM 8546 standard. The external diatomite standard (1.26±0.2‰, Reynolds et al., 2007) yielded a mean and 2SD of 1.23±0.25‰ (n=104). Error bars in the figures and text are this 2SD external reproducibility unless the internal reproducibility of the standard sample brackets", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "0.2 M", "start": 123, "end": 128}, {"text": "100 °C", "start": 137, "end": 143}, {"text": "40 min", "start": 148, "end": 154}, {"text": "up to 1 week", "start": 168, "end": 180}, {"text": "pH∼2", "start": 230, "end": 234}, {"text": "0.2 M", "start": 240, "end": 245}, {"text": "5% and 95%", "start": 550, "end": 560}, {"text": "six to eight", "start": 706, "end": 718}, {"text": "twenty", "start": 850, "end": 856}, {"text": "eight-second", "start": 857, "end": 869}, {"text": "1.26±0.2‰", "start": 978, "end": 987}, {"text": "mean and 2SD of 1.23±0.25‰", "start": 1022, "end": 1048}, {"text": "104", "start": 1052, "end": 1055}], "measured property": [{"text": "NaOH", "start": 129, "end": 133}, {"text": "dissolved via wet alkaline digestion", "start": 35, "end": 71}, {"text": "acidified", "start": 217, "end": 226}, {"text": "m/Δm∼3500", "start": 537, "end": 546}, {"text": "n", "start": 1050, "end": 1051}], "measured entity": [{"text": "wet alkaline digestion", "start": 49, "end": 71}, {"text": "Cleaned sponge and diatom opal", "start": 0, "end": 30}, {"text": "diatom opal", "start": 19, "end": 30}, {"text": "Cleaned sponge", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "samples", "start": 204, "end": 211}, {"text": "thermally distilled HCl", "start": 246, "end": 269}, {"text": "mass spectrometer", "start": 488, "end": 505}, {"text": "standard-sample brackets", "start": 719, "end": 743}, {"text": "integrations", "start": 870, "end": 882}, {"text": "external diatomite standard", "start": 949, "end": 976}, {"text": "Samples", "start": 884, "end": 891}], "qualifier": [{"text": "external diatomite standard", "start": 949, "end": 976}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "NaOH", "start": 129, "end": 133}, "tail": {"text": "0.2 M", "start": 123, "end": 128}}, {"head": {"text": "dissolved via wet alkaline digestion", "start": 35, "end": 71}, "tail": {"text": "100 °C", "start": 137, "end": 143}}, {"head": {"text": "dissolved via wet alkaline digestion", "start": 35, "end": 71}, "tail": {"text": "40 min", "start": 148, "end": 154}}, {"head": {"text": "dissolved via wet alkaline digestion", "start": 35, "end": 71}, "tail": {"text": "up to 1 week", "start": 168, "end": 180}}, {"head": {"text": "acidified", "start": 217, "end": 226}, "tail": {"text": "pH∼2", "start": 230, "end": 234}}, {"head": {"text": "thermally distilled HCl", "start": 246, "end": 269}, "tail": {"text": "0.2 M", "start": 240, "end": 245}}, {"head": {"text": "m/Δm∼3500", "start": 537, "end": 546}, "tail": {"text": "5% and 95%", "start": 550, "end": 560}}, {"head": {"text": "standard-sample brackets", "start": 719, "end": 743}, "tail": {"text": "six to eight", "start": 706, "end": 718}}, {"head": {"text": "integrations", "start": 870, "end": 882}, "tail": {"text": "twenty", "start": 850, "end": 856}}, {"head": {"text": "integrations", "start": 870, "end": 882}, "tail": {"text": "eight-second", "start": 857, "end": 869}}, {"head": {"text": "external diatomite standard", "start": 949, "end": 976}, "tail": {"text": "1.26±0.2‰", "start": 978, "end": 987}}, {"head": {"text": "Samples", "start": 884, "end": 891}, "tail": {"text": "mean and 2SD of 1.23±0.25‰", "start": 1022, "end": 1048}}, {"head": {"text": "n", "start": 1050, "end": 1051}, "tail": {"text": "104", "start": 1052, "end": 1055}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "wet alkaline digestion", "start": 49, "end": 71}, "tail": {"text": "NaOH", "start": 129, "end": 133}}, {"head": {"text": "Cleaned sponge and diatom opal", "start": 0, "end": 30}, "tail": {"text": "dissolved via wet alkaline digestion", "start": 35, "end": 71}}, {"head": {"text": "diatom opal", "start": 19, "end": 30}, "tail": {"text": "dissolved via wet alkaline digestion", "start": 35, "end": 71}}, {"head": {"text": "Cleaned sponge", "start": 0, "end": 14}, "tail": {"text": "dissolved via wet alkaline digestion", "start": 35, "end": 71}}, {"head": {"text": "samples", "start": 204, "end": 211}, "tail": {"text": "acidified", "start": 217, "end": 226}}, {"head": {"text": "mass spectrometer", "start": 488, "end": 505}, "tail": {"text": "m/Δm∼3500", "start": 537, "end": 546}}, {"head": {"text": "Samples", "start": 884, "end": 891}, "tail": {"text": "n", "start": 1050, "end": 1051}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "external diatomite standard", "start": 949, "end": 976}, "tail": {"text": "mean and 2SD of 1.23±0.25‰", "start": 1022, "end": 1048}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "was larger, in which case this is quoted instead.", "output": {"entities": {}, "relations": {}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Based on culture experiments (Sutton et al., 2013), it has recently been suggested that the diatom silicon isotope fractionation factor may be species dependent, and in particular that the genus Chaetoceros may have a significantly larger, and the species Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, a significantly smaller 30ε than the widely accepted value of ∼−1‰ (De la Rocha et al., 1997). Our previous Southern Ocean core top study included Antarctic Peninsula sediments containing Chaetoceros sp. and Pacific sector sediments containing F. kerguelensis (Egan et al., 2012). The size fractions analysed had up to 40% differences in the abundance of these diatoms (Fig. 5). However, there is no detectable δ30Si offset between size fractions in the core tops TAN127 or 385 (Fig. 5a and b), whilst in KC08A (Fig. 5c), there is a slight negative offset of the 12–20 μm fraction which is opposite to that expected if the abundance of Chaetoceros was the cause (the suggested larger fractionation would act to lower δ30Si in the smaller size fractions). Rather, the δ30Si values of size fractions between 2 and 20 μm display a good correlation (r2=0.92, Fig. 2a) with surface silicic acid concentration and, where", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "∼−1‰", "start": 347, "end": 351}, {"text": "40%", "start": 604, "end": 607}, {"text": "12–20 μm", "start": 848, "end": 856}, {"text": "between 2 and 20 μm", "start": 1083, "end": 1102}, {"text": "0.92", "start": 1134, "end": 1138}], "measured property": [{"text": "30ε", "start": 309, "end": 312}, {"text": "differences in the abundance", "start": 608, "end": 636}, {"text": "r2", "start": 1131, "end": 1133}], "measured entity": [{"text": "diatom silicon isotope fractionation factor", "start": 92, "end": 135}, {"text": "diatoms", "start": 646, "end": 653}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 857, "end": 865}, {"text": "size fractions", "start": 1068, "end": 1082}, {"text": "δ30Si values of size fractions between 2 and 20 μm", "start": 1052, "end": 1102}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "30ε", "start": 309, "end": 312}, "tail": {"text": "∼−1‰", "start": 347, "end": 351}}, {"head": {"text": "differences in the abundance", "start": 608, "end": 636}, "tail": {"text": "40%", "start": 604, "end": 607}}, {"head": {"text": "fraction", "start": 857, "end": 865}, "tail": {"text": "12–20 μm", "start": 848, "end": 856}}, {"head": {"text": "size fractions", "start": 1068, "end": 1082}, "tail": {"text": "between 2 and 20 μm", "start": 1083, "end": 1102}}, {"head": {"text": "r2", "start": 1131, "end": 1133}, "tail": {"text": "0.92", "start": 1134, "end": 1138}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "diatom silicon isotope fractionation factor", "start": 92, "end": 135}, "tail": {"text": "30ε", "start": 309, "end": 312}}, {"head": {"text": "diatoms", "start": 646, "end": 653}, "tail": {"text": "differences in the abundance", "start": 608, "end": 636}}, {"head": {"text": "δ30Si values of size fractions between 2 and 20 μm", "start": 1052, "end": 1102}, "tail": {"text": "r2", "start": 1131, "end": 1133}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "the water source δ30Si and silicic acid concentration are known or can be reasonably estimated, converge on an apparent 30ε of ∼–1‰ (Egan et al., 2012; Fripiat et al., 2011c). This suggests that whilst inter-specific differences in fractionation factor exist in culture, in the natural environment the presence of such species does not yield a large offset in the δ30Si signature of the diatom population as a whole. Although a down core effect cannot be completely ruled out, the good agreement between the 2–10 μm and 10–20 μm size fractions in our record from Site 1090 (Fig. 6) and our previous core top study (Figs. 2 and 5) suggest that changes in the species specific fractionation factor are unlikely to be the dominant driver of Site 1090 diatom δ30Si variation.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "∼–1‰", "start": 127, "end": 131}, {"text": "2–10 μm", "start": 508, "end": 515}, {"text": "10–20 μm", "start": 520, "end": 528}], "measured property": [{"text": "apparent 30ε", "start": 111, "end": 123}], "measured entity": [{"text": "size fractions", "start": 529, "end": 543}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "apparent 30ε", "start": 111, "end": 123}, "tail": {"text": "∼–1‰", "start": 127, "end": 131}}, {"head": {"text": "size fractions", "start": 529, "end": 543}, "tail": {"text": "2–10 μm", "start": 508, "end": 515}}, {"head": {"text": "size fractions", "start": 529, "end": 543}, "tail": {"text": "10–20 μm", "start": 520, "end": 528}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Modern diatom and sponge δ30Si calibrations. (a) Diatom δ30Si vs. surface water silicic acid concentration in the Southern Ocean. Diatoms filtered from the top 100 m of the water column during in situ studies (crosses, triangles and stars; Cardinal et al., 2007; Fripiat et al., 2011a, 2011c, ; Varela et al., 2004) and core top diatom opal (circles, Egan et al., 2012). (b) Sponge δ30Si vs. ambient silicic acid concentration (Hendry and Robinson, 2012). Sponge spicules from modern sponges (open symbols) and core tops (solid symbols).", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "100 m", "start": 160, "end": 165}], "measured entity": [{"text": "water column", "start": 173, "end": 185}], "qualifier": [{"text": "top", "start": 156, "end": 159}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "water column", "start": 173, "end": 185}, "tail": {"text": "100 m", "start": 160, "end": 165}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "top", "start": 156, "end": 159}, "tail": {"text": "100 m", "start": 160, "end": 165}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Within the Portland core, the Cenomanian–Turonian Boundary Interval (CTBI) was studied in a 17.7 m-thick section of the Bridge Creek Limestone (∼12 m) and Hartland Shale (∼12.6 m) Members of the Greenhorn Formation (Cobban and Scott, 1972). These units include organic-rich calcareous shales and rhythmically interbedded couplets of shale and fossiliferous biomicritic limestone. The stratigraphy is also characterized by four bentonite units of 1 to 20 cm that have been regionally correlated (Elder, 1988). Recent sanidine 40Ar/39Ar and zircon 206Pb/238U geochronology integrated with astrochronology constrain the CTB at 93.90±0.15 Ma (Meyers et al., 2012a). The CTBI contains a variety of fossil taxa useful for biostratigraphy (e.g., Gale et al., 1993; Kennedy et al., 2000, 2005; Keller and Pardo, 2004; Keller et al., 2004; Cobban et al., 2006) some of which have intercontinental distributions; however, their transcontinental synchronicity is limited. The dominant foraminifera species spanning the CTBI are Rotalipora cushmani, Whiteinella archaeocretacea and Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica (Eicher and Worstell, 1970). The FO (first occurrence) of the ammonite Watinoceras devonense (Fig.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "17.7 m", "start": 92, "end": 98}, {"text": "∼12 m", "start": 144, "end": 149}, {"text": "∼12.6 m", "start": 171, "end": 178}, {"text": "four", "start": 422, "end": 426}, {"text": "1 to 20 cm", "start": 446, "end": 456}, {"text": "93.90±0.15 Ma", "start": 624, "end": 637}], "measured property": [{"text": "thick", "start": 99, "end": 104}], "measured entity": [{"text": "section of the Bridge Creek Limestone (∼12 m) and Hartland Shale (∼12.6 m)", "start": 105, "end": 179}, {"text": "Bridge Creek Limestone", "start": 120, "end": 142}, {"text": "Hartland Shale", "start": 155, "end": 169}, {"text": "bentonite units", "start": 427, "end": 442}, {"text": "CTB", "start": 617, "end": 620}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "thick", "start": 99, "end": 104}, "tail": {"text": "17.7 m", "start": 92, "end": 98}}, {"head": {"text": "Bridge Creek Limestone", "start": 120, "end": 142}, "tail": {"text": "∼12 m", "start": 144, "end": 149}}, {"head": {"text": "Hartland Shale", "start": 155, "end": 169}, "tail": {"text": "∼12.6 m", "start": 171, "end": 178}}, {"head": {"text": "bentonite units", "start": 427, "end": 442}, "tail": {"text": "four", "start": 422, "end": 426}}, {"head": {"text": "bentonite units", "start": 427, "end": 442}, "tail": {"text": "1 to 20 cm", "start": 446, "end": 456}}, {"head": {"text": "CTB", "start": 617, "end": 620}, "tail": {"text": "93.90±0.15 Ma", "start": 624, "end": 637}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "section of the Bridge Creek Limestone (∼12 m) and Hartland Shale (∼12.6 m)", "start": 105, "end": 179}, "tail": {"text": "thick", "start": 99, "end": 104}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "2; Kennedy et al., 2000) marks the basal Turonian, recorded at the base of bed 86 of the Bridge Creek Limestone (Meyers et al., 2001; bed numbers are based on Cobban and Scott, 1972). The FO of W. devonense coincides with the FO of Mytiloides puebloensis (Kennedy et al., 2000), which can be traced through both Tethyan and Boreal regions (Kennedy et al., 2005).", "output": {"entities": {}, "relations": {}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "The onset of OAE 2 is identified by an abrupt 2–3‰ VPDB δ13Corg positive shift from values of ∼−27‰ in the upper Hartland Shale, 4.3 m below the CTB (Fig. 2; Supplementary Material, Table 1a; Sageman et al., 2006). The positive excursion is characteristic of the isotopic response during OAE 2 and, although many localities record increased organic carbon deposition at this level (e.g., Tsikos et al., 2004), sites within the WIS do not. Here the onset is characterized by organic-poor interbedded limestones and shales that are generally bioturbated. Shale interbeds in the upper half of the OAE 2 interval, however, do become enriched in TOC in the WIS. The end of OAE 2 is expressed by a gradual fall in δ13Corg back to ∼−27‰ (Sageman et al., 2006).", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "2–3‰", "start": 46, "end": 50}, {"text": "∼−27‰", "start": 94, "end": 99}, {"text": "4.3 m", "start": 129, "end": 134}, {"text": "∼−27‰", "start": 724, "end": 729}], "measured property": [{"text": "positive shift", "start": 64, "end": 78}, {"text": "VPDB δ13Corg", "start": 51, "end": 63}, {"text": "below the CTB", "start": 135, "end": 148}, {"text": "gradual fall", "start": 692, "end": 704}], "measured entity": [{"text": "VPDB δ13Corg", "start": 51, "end": 63}, {"text": "upper Hartland Shale", "start": 107, "end": 127}, {"text": "δ13Corg", "start": 708, "end": 715}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "positive shift", "start": 64, "end": 78}, "tail": {"text": "2–3‰", "start": 46, "end": 50}}, {"head": {"text": "VPDB δ13Corg", "start": 51, "end": 63}, "tail": {"text": "∼−27‰", "start": 94, "end": 99}}, {"head": {"text": "below the CTB", "start": 135, "end": 148}, "tail": {"text": "4.3 m", "start": 129, "end": 134}}, {"head": {"text": "gradual fall", "start": 692, "end": 704}, "tail": {"text": "∼−27‰", "start": 724, "end": 729}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "VPDB δ13Corg", "start": 51, "end": 63}, "tail": {"text": "positive shift", "start": 64, "end": 78}}, {"head": {"text": "upper Hartland Shale", "start": 107, "end": 127}, "tail": {"text": "VPDB δ13Corg", "start": 51, "end": 63}}, {"head": {"text": "upper Hartland Shale", "start": 107, "end": 127}, "tail": {"text": "below the CTB", "start": 135, "end": 148}}, {"head": {"text": "δ13Corg", "start": 708, "end": 715}, "tail": {"text": "gradual fall", "start": 692, "end": 704}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "The Vocontian Basin was part of the western gulf in the European Alpine region of the NW Tethys Ocean ∼30°N (Jarvis et al., 2011; Fig. 1). High rates of subsidence throughout the mid-Cretaceous provided accommodation space for thick rhythmically bedded bioturbated limestone–marl successions, where the variable facies are indicative of a fluctuating hemipelagic depositional environment of moderate depth. Different depositional and structural processes dependent on their location in the basin have affected CTB sections within the Vocontian Basin; e.g. the Vergons section is affected by syn-sedimentary slumping in the uppermost Cenomanian, but otherwise exposes a continuous Upper Albian–Lower Turonian succession, while the thinner Pont d'Issole section is complete through the CTBI. A ∼20 m thick package of black organic-rich calcareous shales, termed the “Niveau Thomel” (Takashima et al., 2009; Jarvis et al., 2011), characterize the CTBI. Detailed biostratigraphy has been obtained for the 24 m Pont d'Issole section (Grosheny et al., 2006; Jarvis et al., 2011). The distribution of index taxa R. cushmani and H. helvetica, coupled with complete δ13Corg and δ13Ccarb records (Fig. 2;", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "∼30°N", "start": 102, "end": 107}, {"text": "∼20 m", "start": 792, "end": 797}, {"text": "24 m", "start": 1001, "end": 1005}], "measured entity": [{"text": "Vocontian Basin", "start": 4, "end": 19}, {"text": "package of black organic-rich calcareous shales, termed the “Niveau Thomel”", "start": 804, "end": 879}, {"text": "Pont d'Issole section", "start": 1006, "end": 1027}], "measured property": [{"text": "thick", "start": 798, "end": 803}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "Vocontian Basin", "start": 4, "end": 19}, "tail": {"text": "∼30°N", "start": 102, "end": 107}}, {"head": {"text": "thick", "start": 798, "end": 803}, "tail": {"text": "∼20 m", "start": 792, "end": 797}}, {"head": {"text": "Pont d'Issole section", "start": 1006, "end": 1027}, "tail": {"text": "24 m", "start": 1001, "end": 1005}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "package of black organic-rich calcareous shales, termed the “Niveau Thomel”", "start": 804, "end": 879}, "tail": {"text": "thick", "start": 798, "end": 803}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Jarvis et al., 2011), permits bed-scale correlation with the GSSP near Pueblo. Above the onset of OAE 2, samples were taken from Pont d'Issole, whereas below the onset some of the samples (n=4) came from Vergons (Supplementary Material, Table 2d), which is correlated with Pont d'Issole based on litho-, bio-, and stable-isotope stratigraphy and is undisturbed by faulting in the pre-OAE 2 interval.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": ")", "start": 192, "end": 193}], "measured entity": [{"text": "some of the samples", "start": 168, "end": 187}], "measured property": [{"text": "n", "start": 189, "end": 190}], "qualifier": [{"text": "came from Vergons", "start": 194, "end": 211}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "n", "start": 189, "end": 190}, "tail": {"text": ")", "start": 192, "end": 193}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "some of the samples", "start": 168, "end": 187}, "tail": {"text": "n", "start": 189, "end": 190}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "came from Vergons", "start": 194, "end": 211}, "tail": {"text": "some of the samples", "start": 168, "end": 187}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "The interaction of both volcanism and enhanced global weathering on Osi means that quantifying the magnitude and isolating the extent of the two signals is problematic, since the extent of weathering on seawater chemistry is masked by the inputs from the Caribbean LIP to the global ocean. We can only estimate the Os contribution to seawater chemistry using a mixing model and assumed abundances. If we assume that the average seawater 187Os/188Os prior to the LIP onset was ∼0.8, and use an average Os abundance in seawater of 10 ppq (based on the present-day average; Peucker-Ehrenbrink and Ravizza, 2000), a basalt 187Os/188Os of 0.13 (Meisel et al., 2001) and an average Os abundance, we can evaluate the approximate Os contribution from the Caribbean LIP to the global ocean using a progressive mixing model (Faure, 1986, Eqs. (9.2) and (9.10)). We note that there are no published Os data for the Caribbean LIP. However, basalts can have variable Os abundances (1 to 600 ppt; Martin, 1991; Crocket and Paul, 2008); typical values range from 1 to 30 ppt (e.g., Shirey and Walker, 1998; Allegre et al., 1999; Dale et al., 2008). Using an Os abundance for a basalt of 30 ppt would require 75%", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "∼0.8", "start": 476, "end": 480}, {"text": "10 ppq", "start": 529, "end": 535}, {"text": "0.13", "start": 634, "end": 638}, {"text": "1 to 600 ppt", "start": 969, "end": 981}, {"text": "1 to 30 ppt", "start": 1048, "end": 1059}, {"text": "30 ppt", "start": 1172, "end": 1178}, {"text": "75%", "start": 1193, "end": 1196}], "measured property": [{"text": "187Os/188Os", "start": 437, "end": 448}, {"text": "Os abundance", "start": 501, "end": 513}, {"text": "187Os/188Os", "start": 619, "end": 630}, {"text": "Os abundances", "start": 954, "end": 967}, {"text": "Os abundance", "start": 1143, "end": 1155}], "measured entity": [{"text": "seawater", "start": 428, "end": 436}, {"text": "seawater", "start": 517, "end": 525}, {"text": "basalt", "start": 612, "end": 618}, {"text": "basalts", "start": 928, "end": 935}, {"text": "basalt", "start": 1162, "end": 1168}], "qualifier": [{"text": "prior to the LIP onset", "start": 449, "end": 471}, {"text": "average", "start": 420, "end": 427}, {"text": "average", "start": 493, "end": 500}, {"text": "typical values", "start": 1022, "end": 1036}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "187Os/188Os", "start": 437, "end": 448}, "tail": {"text": "∼0.8", "start": 476, "end": 480}}, {"head": {"text": "Os abundance", "start": 501, "end": 513}, "tail": {"text": "10 ppq", "start": 529, "end": 535}}, {"head": {"text": "187Os/188Os", "start": 619, "end": 630}, "tail": {"text": "0.13", "start": 634, "end": 638}}, {"head": {"text": "Os abundances", "start": 954, "end": 967}, "tail": {"text": "1 to 600 ppt", "start": 969, "end": 981}}, {"head": {"text": "Os abundances", "start": 954, "end": 967}, "tail": {"text": "1 to 30 ppt", "start": 1048, "end": 1059}}, {"head": {"text": "Os abundance", "start": 1143, "end": 1155}, "tail": {"text": "30 ppt", "start": 1172, "end": 1178}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "seawater", "start": 428, "end": 436}, "tail": {"text": "187Os/188Os", "start": 437, "end": 448}}, {"head": {"text": "seawater", "start": 517, "end": 525}, "tail": {"text": "Os abundance", "start": 501, "end": 513}}, {"head": {"text": "basalt", "start": 612, "end": 618}, "tail": {"text": "187Os/188Os", "start": 619, "end": 630}}, {"head": {"text": "basalts", "start": 928, "end": 935}, "tail": {"text": "Os abundances", "start": 954, "end": 967}}, {"head": {"text": "basalt", "start": 1162, "end": 1168}, "tail": {"text": "Os abundance", "start": 1143, "end": 1155}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "prior to the LIP onset", "start": 449, "end": 471}, "tail": {"text": "187Os/188Os", "start": 437, "end": 448}}, {"head": {"text": "average", "start": 420, "end": 427}, "tail": {"text": "∼0.8", "start": 476, "end": 480}}, {"head": {"text": "average", "start": 493, "end": 500}, "tail": {"text": "10 ppq", "start": 529, "end": 535}}, {"head": {"text": "typical values", "start": 1022, "end": 1036}, "tail": {"text": "1 to 30 ppt", "start": 1048, "end": 1059}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Os contribution from the LIP to yield the least radiogenic Osi observed at all locations. Considerably less Os input from the LIP (25%) is needed if the LIP basalts possess higher Os abundances (100 ppt) and if the Os contribution to seawater also occurred through the addition of gas known to be enriched 20 times that of the basalt (e.g., Yudovskya et al., 2008).", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "25%", "start": 131, "end": 134}, {"text": "100 ppt", "start": 195, "end": 202}, {"text": "20 times", "start": 306, "end": 314}], "measured property": [{"text": "from the LIP", "start": 16, "end": 28}, {"text": "from the LIP", "start": 117, "end": 129}, {"text": "Os abundances", "start": 180, "end": 193}], "measured entity": [{"text": "Os contribution", "start": 0, "end": 15}, {"text": "Os input", "start": 108, "end": 116}, {"text": "LIP basalts", "start": 153, "end": 164}, {"text": "gas", "start": 281, "end": 284}], "qualifier": [{"text": "that of the basalt", "start": 315, "end": 333}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "from the LIP", "start": 117, "end": 129}, "tail": {"text": "25%", "start": 131, "end": 134}}, {"head": {"text": "Os abundances", "start": 180, "end": 193}, "tail": {"text": "100 ppt", "start": 195, "end": 202}}, {"head": {"text": "gas", "start": 281, "end": 284}, "tail": {"text": "20 times", "start": 306, "end": 314}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "Os contribution", "start": 0, "end": 15}, "tail": {"text": "from the LIP", "start": 16, "end": 28}}, {"head": {"text": "Os input", "start": 108, "end": 116}, "tail": {"text": "from the LIP", "start": 117, "end": 129}}, {"head": {"text": "LIP basalts", "start": 153, "end": 164}, "tail": {"text": "Os abundances", "start": 180, "end": 193}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "that of the basalt", "start": 315, "end": 333}, "tail": {"text": "20 times", "start": 306, "end": 314}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "With regards to elemental emissions from limestone use during the calcium looping cycle for CO2 capture, Dean [14] carried out experiments at the bench scale to investigate the effect of coal use on limestone-derived sorbent trace element inventory. Experiments carried out without coal use showed no change in sorbent trace element inventory. Batch experiments carried out using La Jagua coal showed an increase in the concentration of Ba, Cr, K, Mn, Sr, and Ti, whilst concentrations of B, Na and K remain the same, whilst for Cu there was a small decrease. For continuous experiments comparing 2 different coals and refuse-derived fuel (RDF), an increase in Al content was observed suggesting some ash mixed in with the sorbent. The concentrations of Ba, K, Sr and Zn remained the same for all fuels. For Lea Hall coal, there was an increase in B over eight cycles from ∼20 to 40 ppm, though not for La Jagua. For Cu, sorbent concentrations in the first cycle (∼15 ppm) remained the same over eight cycles for the two coals, but increased over five cycles in the presence of RDF from ∼20 ppm to ∼180 ppm. Na remained the same for the sorbent cycled in the presence of La Jagua, but there was an", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "2", "start": 597, "end": 598}, {"text": "eight", "start": 855, "end": 860}, {"text": "from ∼20 to 40 ppm", "start": 868, "end": 886}, {"text": "first", "start": 951, "end": 956}, {"text": "∼15 ppm", "start": 964, "end": 971}, {"text": "eight", "start": 996, "end": 1001}, {"text": "two", "start": 1017, "end": 1020}, {"text": "five", "start": 1047, "end": 1051}, {"text": "from ∼20 ppm to ∼180 ppm", "start": 1082, "end": 1106}], "measured entity": [{"text": "different coals", "start": 599, "end": 614}, {"text": "cycles", "start": 861, "end": 867}, {"text": "limestone", "start": 41, "end": 50}, {"text": "cycle", "start": 957, "end": 962}, {"text": "sorbent", "start": 921, "end": 928}, {"text": "cycles", "start": 1002, "end": 1008}, {"text": "coals", "start": 1021, "end": 1026}, {"text": "cycles", "start": 1052, "end": 1058}, {"text": "sorbent", "start": 1137, "end": 1144}], "measured property": [{"text": "B", "start": 848, "end": 849}, {"text": "Cu", "start": 917, "end": 919}, {"text": "Na", "start": 1108, "end": 1110}], "qualifier": [{"text": "over eight cycles", "start": 850, "end": 867}, {"text": "increase", "start": 836, "end": 844}, {"text": "Lea Hall coal", "start": 808, "end": 821}, {"text": "remained the same over eight cycles for the two coals", "start": 973, "end": 1026}, {"text": "increased over five cycles in the presence of RDF", "start": 1032, "end": 1081}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "different coals", "start": 599, "end": 614}, "tail": {"text": "2", "start": 597, "end": 598}}, {"head": {"text": "cycles", "start": 861, "end": 867}, "tail": {"text": "eight", "start": 855, "end": 860}}, {"head": {"text": "B", "start": 848, "end": 849}, "tail": {"text": "from ∼20 to 40 ppm", "start": 868, "end": 886}}, {"head": {"text": "cycle", "start": 957, "end": 962}, "tail": {"text": "first", "start": 951, "end": 956}}, {"head": {"text": "Cu", "start": 917, "end": 919}, "tail": {"text": "∼15 ppm", "start": 964, "end": 971}}, {"head": {"text": "cycles", "start": 1002, "end": 1008}, "tail": {"text": "eight", "start": 996, "end": 1001}}, {"head": {"text": "coals", "start": 1021, "end": 1026}, "tail": {"text": "two", "start": 1017, "end": 1020}}, {"head": {"text": "cycles", "start": 1052, "end": 1058}, "tail": {"text": "five", "start": 1047, "end": 1051}}, {"head": {"text": "Cu", "start": 917, "end": 919}, "tail": {"text": "from ∼20 ppm to ∼180 ppm", "start": 1082, "end": 1106}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "limestone", "start": 41, "end": 50}, "tail": {"text": "B", "start": 848, "end": 849}}, {"head": {"text": "sorbent", "start": 921, "end": 928}, "tail": {"text": "Cu", "start": 917, "end": 919}}, {"head": {"text": "sorbent", "start": 1137, "end": 1144}, "tail": {"text": "Na", "start": 1108, "end": 1110}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "over eight cycles", "start": 850, "end": 867}, "tail": {"text": "B", "start": 848, "end": 849}}, {"head": {"text": "increase", "start": 836, "end": 844}, "tail": {"text": "from ∼20 to 40 ppm", "start": 868, "end": 886}}, {"head": {"text": "Lea Hall coal", "start": 808, "end": 821}, "tail": {"text": "limestone", "start": 41, "end": 50}}, {"head": {"text": "remained the same over eight cycles for the two coals", "start": 973, "end": 1026}, "tail": {"text": "∼15 ppm", "start": 964, "end": 971}}, {"head": {"text": "increased over five cycles in the presence of RDF", "start": 1032, "end": 1081}, "tail": {"text": "from ∼20 ppm to ∼180 ppm", "start": 1082, "end": 1106}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; 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{"input": "increase in results for Lea Hall coal and RDF from ∼250 to ∼550 ppm and from ∼200 to 400 ppm respectively, expected given that the Na content of the La Jagua coal is an order of magnitude lower than of the other two fuels. Ti remained the same for La Jagua over eight cycles, though saw an increase in the sorbent cycled in the presence of RDF over five cycles from ∼50 ppm to ∼150 ppm. There appear to be no further studies available in the literature investigating elemental partitioning as a result of limestone use in the calcium looping cycle.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "from ∼250 to ∼550 ppm", "start": 46, "end": 67}, {"text": "from ∼200 to 400 ppm", "start": 72, "end": 92}, {"text": "two", "start": 212, "end": 215}, {"text": "eight", "start": 262, "end": 267}, {"text": "five", "start": 349, "end": 353}, {"text": "from ∼50 ppm to ∼150 ppm", "start": 361, "end": 385}], "measured entity": [{"text": "fuels", "start": 216, "end": 221}, {"text": "cycles", "start": 268, "end": 274}, {"text": "cycles", "start": 354, "end": 360}, {"text": "sorbent", "start": 306, "end": 313}], "measured property": [{"text": "Ti", "start": 223, "end": 225}], "qualifier": [{"text": "increase", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "Lea Hall coal", "start": 24, "end": 37}, {"text": "RDF", "start": 42, "end": 45}, {"text": "increase", "start": 290, "end": 298}, {"text": "cycled in the presence of RDF over five cycles", "start": 314, "end": 360}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "fuels", "start": 216, "end": 221}, "tail": {"text": "two", "start": 212, "end": 215}}, {"head": {"text": "cycles", "start": 268, "end": 274}, "tail": {"text": "eight", "start": 262, "end": 267}}, {"head": {"text": "cycles", "start": 354, "end": 360}, "tail": {"text": "five", "start": 349, "end": 353}}, {"head": {"text": "Ti", "start": 223, "end": 225}, "tail": {"text": "from ∼50 ppm to ∼150 ppm", "start": 361, "end": 385}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "sorbent", "start": 306, "end": 313}, "tail": {"text": "Ti", "start": 223, "end": 225}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "increase", "start": 0, "end": 8}, "tail": {"text": "from ∼250 to ∼550 ppm", "start": 46, "end": 67}}, {"head": {"text": "increase", "start": 0, "end": 8}, "tail": {"text": "from ∼200 to 400 ppm", "start": 72, "end": 92}}, {"head": {"text": "increase", "start": 290, "end": 298}, "tail": {"text": "from ∼50 ppm to ∼150 ppm", "start": 361, "end": 385}}, {"head": {"text": "cycled in the presence of RDF over five cycles", "start": 314, "end": 360}, "tail": {"text": "sorbent", "start": 306, "end": 313}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "The elemental sampling method was undertaken in accordance with US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 29: Determination of Metals Emissions from Stationary Sources [23]. The experimental set up, as outlined in Fig. 3, comprises a ‘sampling train’ consisting of several bubblers through which a stack sample of the flue gas is passed. Several bubblers contain aqueous acidic dilution to allow collection of condensed trace elements in the flue gas which passes through. A pump allows the gas to be sampled through the bubblers, and a dry gas meter allows the recording of the volume of gas which is sampled. A glass filter prevents particulate matter from passing through the bubblers. Prior to, and between each experiment, the glassware is acid washed in 10% HNO3 acid in order to prevent contamination. Further details of the procedure are provided in EPA Method 29 [23].", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "10%", "start": 766, "end": 769}], "measured property": [{"text": "HNO3", "start": 770, "end": 774}], "measured entity": [{"text": "acid", "start": 751, "end": 755}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "HNO3", "start": 770, "end": 774}, "tail": {"text": "10%", "start": 766, "end": 769}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "acid", "start": 751, "end": 755}, "tail": {"text": "HNO3", "start": 770, "end": 774}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Results of ICP-MS flue gas analysis provided in Fig. 5 show that most of the major elements present in the carbonator flue gas increase with the mass of the limestone in the reactor. However, some elements are only present for the largest bed inventory of 13 kg e.g., Ti, Cr, and Mn. However, all elements included within Fig. 5 can be considered to be at very low concentrations of <2 ppm.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "13 kg", "start": 256, "end": 261}, {"text": "<2 ppm", "start": 383, "end": 389}], "measured entity": [{"text": "bed inventory", "start": 239, "end": 252}, {"text": "elements", "start": 297, "end": 305}], "measured property": [{"text": "concentrations", "start": 365, "end": 379}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "bed inventory", "start": 239, "end": 252}, "tail": {"text": "13 kg", "start": 256, "end": 261}}, {"head": {"text": "concentrations", "start": 365, "end": 379}, "tail": {"text": "<2 ppm", "start": 383, "end": 389}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "elements", "start": 297, "end": 305}, "tail": {"text": "concentrations", "start": 365, "end": 379}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Fig. 6 shows the concentrations of minor elements in the solid sorbent, where increasing bed inventory resulted in increasing values observed for Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, Cd, and Sn. In the case of Cu and Sn, values were obtained that were lower than that of the blank for a bed inventory of 4.5 kg, which then increased to values of 22 and 0.22 ppm respectively for 13 kg. In the case of Gd, Dy and U, small decreases in concentration were found for an increasing inventory, however values are low at <1 ppm and the changes observed are small. The remaining elements (Zr, Le, Ce, Pt, and Nd) recorded an increase in concentration for 6 kg over 4.5 kg, and then a decrease from 6 kg to 13 kg. All minor element flue gas concentrations were <0.1 ppm and therefore considered negligible.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "4.5 kg", "start": 283, "end": 289}, {"text": "22", "start": 325, "end": 327}, {"text": "0.22 ppm", "start": 332, "end": 340}, {"text": "13 kg", "start": 358, "end": 363}, {"text": "<1 ppm", "start": 493, "end": 499}, {"text": "6 kg over 4.5 kg", "start": 626, "end": 642}, {"text": "6 kg to 13 kg", "start": 669, "end": 682}, {"text": "<0.1 ppm", "start": 731, "end": 739}], "measured entity": [{"text": "bed inventory", "start": 266, "end": 279}, {"text": "solid sorbent", "start": 57, "end": 70}, {"text": "minor element", "start": 688, "end": 701}], "measured property": [{"text": "Cu", "start": 189, "end": 191}, {"text": "Sn", "start": 196, "end": 198}, {"text": "Gd, Dy and U", "start": 380, "end": 392}, {"text": "flue gas concentrations", "start": 702, "end": 725}], "qualifier": [{"text": "for 13 kg", "start": 354, "end": 363}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "bed inventory", "start": 266, "end": 279}, "tail": {"text": "4.5 kg", "start": 283, "end": 289}}, {"head": {"text": "Cu", "start": 189, "end": 191}, "tail": {"text": "22", "start": 325, "end": 327}}, {"head": {"text": "Sn", "start": 196, "end": 198}, "tail": {"text": "0.22 ppm", "start": 332, "end": 340}}, {"head": {"text": "bed inventory", "start": 266, "end": 279}, "tail": {"text": "13 kg", "start": 358, "end": 363}}, {"head": {"text": "Gd, Dy and U", "start": 380, "end": 392}, "tail": {"text": "<1 ppm", "start": 493, "end": 499}}, {"head": {"text": "bed inventory", "start": 266, "end": 279}, "tail": {"text": "6 kg over 4.5 kg", "start": 626, "end": 642}}, {"head": {"text": "bed inventory", "start": 266, "end": 279}, "tail": {"text": "6 kg to 13 kg", "start": 669, "end": 682}}, {"head": {"text": "flue gas concentrations", "start": 702, "end": 725}, "tail": {"text": "<0.1 ppm", "start": 731, "end": 739}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "solid sorbent", "start": 57, "end": 70}, "tail": {"text": "Cu", "start": 189, "end": 191}}, {"head": {"text": "solid sorbent", "start": 57, "end": 70}, "tail": {"text": "Sn", "start": 196, "end": 198}}, {"head": {"text": "solid sorbent", "start": 57, "end": 70}, "tail": {"text": "Gd, Dy and U", "start": 380, "end": 392}}, {"head": {"text": "minor element", "start": 688, "end": 701}, "tail": {"text": "flue gas concentrations", "start": 702, "end": 725}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "for 13 kg", "start": 354, "end": 363}, "tail": {"text": "solid sorbent", "start": 57, "end": 70}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Fig. 7 shows solid concentrations of trace elements, of which only Rb, Nb and W were found at concentrations greater than 0.1 ppm. W showed the greatest change, with concentration increasing from 0.06 to 0.42 to 0.74 ppm for inventories 4.5, 6 and 13 kg respectively. All trace element flue gas concentrations were found at a concentration of <0.1 ppm and therefore considered negligible.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "greater than 0.1 ppm", "start": 109, "end": 129}, {"text": "0.06", "start": 196, "end": 200}, {"text": "0.42", "start": 204, "end": 208}, {"text": "0.74 ppm", "start": 212, "end": 220}, {"text": "4.5, 6 and 13 kg", "start": 237, "end": 253}, {"text": "<0.1 ppm", "start": 343, "end": 351}], "measured property": [{"text": "concentrations", "start": 94, "end": 108}, {"text": "concentration", "start": 166, "end": 179}, {"text": "flue gas concentrations", "start": 286, "end": 309}], "measured entity": [{"text": "Rb, Nb and W", "start": 67, "end": 79}, {"text": "W", "start": 131, "end": 132}, {"text": "inventories", "start": 225, "end": 236}, {"text": "trace element", "start": 272, "end": 285}], "qualifier": [{"text": "4.5", "start": 237, "end": 240}, {"text": "6", "start": 242, "end": 243}, {"text": "13 kg", "start": 248, "end": 253}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "concentrations", "start": 94, "end": 108}, "tail": {"text": "greater than 0.1 ppm", "start": 109, "end": 129}}, {"head": {"text": "concentration", "start": 166, "end": 179}, "tail": {"text": "0.06", "start": 196, "end": 200}}, {"head": {"text": "concentration", "start": 166, "end": 179}, "tail": {"text": "0.42", "start": 204, "end": 208}}, {"head": {"text": "concentration", "start": 166, "end": 179}, "tail": {"text": "0.74 ppm", "start": 212, "end": 220}}, {"head": {"text": "inventories", "start": 225, "end": 236}, "tail": {"text": "4.5, 6 and 13 kg", "start": 237, "end": 253}}, {"head": {"text": "flue gas concentrations", "start": 286, "end": 309}, "tail": {"text": "<0.1 ppm", "start": 343, "end": 351}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "Rb, Nb and W", "start": 67, "end": 79}, "tail": {"text": "concentrations", "start": 94, "end": 108}}, {"head": {"text": "W", "start": 131, "end": 132}, "tail": {"text": "concentration", "start": 166, "end": 179}}, {"head": {"text": "trace element", "start": 272, "end": 285}, "tail": {"text": "flue gas concentrations", "start": 286, "end": 309}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "4.5", "start": 237, "end": 240}, "tail": {"text": "concentration", "start": 166, "end": 179}}, {"head": {"text": "6", "start": 242, "end": 243}, "tail": {"text": "concentration", "start": 166, "end": 179}}, {"head": {"text": "13 kg", "start": 248, "end": 253}, "tail": {"text": "concentration", "start": 166, "end": 179}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Elemental impurities have three possible locations for bonding in CaCO3 [26]: Substitution via cation exchange for Ca2+ occurs for 90–95% of elements e.g., Fe, Mn, and Sr. Adsorption onto crystal faces to balance charge inbalances e.g., Na, and K. Inclusion of additional mineral phases within the CaCO3.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "90–95%", "start": 131, "end": 137}], "measured property": [{"text": "Substitution via cation exchange for Ca2+", "start": 78, "end": 119}], "measured entity": [{"text": "elements", "start": 141, "end": 149}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "Substitution via cation exchange for Ca2+", "start": 78, "end": 119}, "tail": {"text": "90–95%", "start": 131, "end": 137}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "elements", "start": 141, "end": 149}, "tail": {"text": "Substitution via cation exchange for Ca2+", "start": 78, "end": 119}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Fig. 9 shows that increasing SO2 concentration has some effect on major element concentration in solids. Concentrations of Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Br, Sr, Y, Ba and Pb appear to decrease as SO2 concentration increases. However, there appears to be little difference between concentrations for 1000 and 2000 ppm, the greatest change in concentration being from 0 to 1000 ppm SO2. The trend in the batch experiments whereby concentrations of elements at 1000 ppm were generally lower than at 0 and 2000 ppm, is also seen for some elements in the looping cycle test including Cr, Mn and Fe, but not to the same extent as was seen in the batch tests. Ti shows the same trend for these tests as for single column tests, with 1000 ppm SO2 showing higher concentrations of Ti (135 ppm for single column, 407 ppm for looping test) compared to 0 and 2000 ppm SO2 at values close to 10 ppm Ti in both tests. Zn is the only major element showing a clear increase in concentration with SO2, increasing from 9.4 to 14.1 to 66.8 ppm for SO2 concentrations of 0, 1000 and 2000 ppm respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "1000 and 2000 ppm", "start": 287, "end": 304}, {"text": "0 to 1000 ppm", "start": 354, "end": 367}, {"text": "1000 ppm", "start": 446, "end": 454}, {"text": "0 and 2000 ppm", "start": 484, "end": 498}, {"text": "1000 ppm", "start": 714, "end": 722}, {"text": "135 ppm", "start": 764, "end": 771}, {"text": "407 ppm", "start": 791, "end": 798}, {"text": "0 and 2000 ppm", "start": 829, "end": 843}, {"text": "close to 10 ppm", "start": 858, "end": 873}, {"text": "9.4", "start": 989, "end": 992}, {"text": "14.1", "start": 996, "end": 1000}, {"text": "66.8 ppm", "start": 1004, "end": 1012}, {"text": "0, 1000 and 2000 ppm", "start": 1039, "end": 1059}], "measured property": [{"text": "concentration", "start": 188, "end": 201}, {"text": "concentrations", "start": 742, "end": 756}, {"text": "concentration", "start": 949, "end": 962}, {"text": "concentrations", "start": 1021, "end": 1035}], "measured entity": [{"text": "SO2", "start": 184, "end": 187}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 760, "end": 762}, {"text": "Zn", "start": 892, "end": 894}, {"text": "SO2", "start": 1017, "end": 1020}], "qualifier": [{"text": "1000 ppm SO2", "start": 714, "end": 726}, {"text": "for single column", "start": 772, "end": 789}, {"text": "for looping test", "start": 799, "end": 815}, {"text": "in both tests", "start": 877, "end": 890}, {"text": "0 and 2000 ppm SO2", "start": 829, "end": 847}, {"text": "SO2 concentrations of 0", "start": 1017, "end": 1040}, {"text": "1000", "start": 1042, "end": 1046}, {"text": "2000 ppm", "start": 1051, "end": 1059}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "concentration", "start": 188, "end": 201}, "tail": {"text": "1000 and 2000 ppm", "start": 287, "end": 304}}, {"head": {"text": "concentration", "start": 188, "end": 201}, "tail": {"text": "0 to 1000 ppm", "start": 354, "end": 367}}, {"head": {"text": "concentration", "start": 188, "end": 201}, "tail": {"text": "1000 ppm", "start": 446, "end": 454}}, {"head": {"text": "concentration", "start": 188, "end": 201}, "tail": {"text": "0 and 2000 ppm", "start": 484, "end": 498}}, {"head": {"text": "concentration", "start": 188, "end": 201}, "tail": {"text": "1000 ppm", "start": 714, "end": 722}}, {"head": {"text": "concentrations", "start": 742, "end": 756}, "tail": {"text": "135 ppm", "start": 764, "end": 771}}, {"head": {"text": "concentrations", "start": 742, "end": 756}, "tail": {"text": "407 ppm", "start": 791, "end": 798}}, {"head": {"text": "concentration", "start": 188, "end": 201}, "tail": {"text": "0 and 2000 ppm", "start": 829, "end": 843}}, {"head": {"text": "concentrations", "start": 742, "end": 756}, "tail": {"text": "close to 10 ppm", "start": 858, "end": 873}}, {"head": {"text": "concentration", "start": 949, "end": 962}, "tail": {"text": "9.4", "start": 989, "end": 992}}, {"head": {"text": "concentration", "start": 949, "end": 962}, "tail": {"text": "14.1", "start": 996, "end": 1000}}, {"head": {"text": "concentration", "start": 949, "end": 962}, "tail": {"text": "66.8 ppm", "start": 1004, "end": 1012}}, {"head": {"text": "concentrations", "start": 1021, "end": 1035}, "tail": {"text": "0, 1000 and 2000 ppm", "start": 1039, "end": 1059}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "SO2", "start": 184, "end": 187}, "tail": {"text": "concentration", "start": 188, "end": 201}}, {"head": {"text": "Ti", "start": 760, "end": 762}, "tail": {"text": "concentrations", "start": 742, "end": 756}}, {"head": {"text": "Zn", "start": 892, "end": 894}, "tail": {"text": "concentration", "start": 949, "end": 962}}, {"head": {"text": "SO2", "start": 1017, "end": 1020}, "tail": {"text": "concentrations", "start": 1021, "end": 1035}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "1000 ppm SO2", "start": 714, "end": 726}, "tail": {"text": "Ti", "start": 760, "end": 762}}, {"head": {"text": "for single column", "start": 772, "end": 789}, "tail": {"text": "135 ppm", "start": 764, "end": 771}}, {"head": {"text": "for looping test", "start": 799, "end": 815}, "tail": {"text": "407 ppm", "start": 791, "end": 798}}, {"head": {"text": "in both tests", "start": 877, "end": 890}, "tail": {"text": "close to 10 ppm", "start": 858, "end": 873}}, {"head": {"text": "0 and 2000 ppm SO2", "start": 829, "end": 847}, "tail": {"text": "Ti", "start": 760, "end": 762}}, {"head": {"text": "SO2 concentrations of 0", "start": 1017, "end": 1040}, "tail": {"text": "9.4", "start": 989, "end": 992}}, {"head": {"text": "1000", "start": 1042, "end": 1046}, "tail": {"text": "14.1", "start": 996, "end": 1000}}, {"head": {"text": "2000 ppm", "start": 1051, "end": 1059}, "tail": {"text": "66.8 ppm", "start": 1004, "end": 1012}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Fig. 10 shows how gaseous major element concentrations were affected by flue gas SO2 concentration. Concentrations of all were very low at <1 ppm, with Fe and Si present in the highest concentrations at 0.63 and 0.51 ppm respectively. For several elements, 1000 ppm SO2 resulted in either the highest concentrations, as was the case for Na, Al, and Si, or the lowest concentrations, as was the case for Fe, when compared to 0 and 2000 ppm SO2.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "<1 ppm", "start": 139, "end": 145}, {"text": "0.63", "start": 203, "end": 207}, {"text": "0.51 ppm", "start": 212, "end": 220}, {"text": "1000 ppm", "start": 257, "end": 265}, {"text": "0 and 2000 ppm", "start": 424, "end": 438}], "measured property": [{"text": "Concentrations", "start": 100, "end": 114}, {"text": "concentrations", "start": 185, "end": 199}], "measured entity": [{"text": "gaseous major element", "start": 18, "end": 39}, {"text": "Fe", "start": 152, "end": 154}, {"text": "Si", "start": 159, "end": 161}, {"text": "SO2", "start": 266, "end": 269}, {"text": "SO2", "start": 439, "end": 442}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "Concentrations", "start": 100, "end": 114}, "tail": {"text": "<1 ppm", "start": 139, "end": 145}}, {"head": {"text": "concentrations", "start": 185, "end": 199}, "tail": {"text": "0.63", "start": 203, "end": 207}}, {"head": {"text": "concentrations", "start": 185, "end": 199}, "tail": {"text": "0.51 ppm", "start": 212, "end": 220}}, {"head": {"text": "SO2", "start": 266, "end": 269}, "tail": {"text": "1000 ppm", "start": 257, "end": 265}}, {"head": {"text": "SO2", "start": 439, "end": 442}, "tail": {"text": "0 and 2000 ppm", "start": 424, "end": 438}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "gaseous major element", "start": 18, "end": 39}, "tail": {"text": "Concentrations", "start": 100, "end": 114}}, {"head": {"text": "Fe", "start": 152, "end": 154}, "tail": {"text": "concentrations", "start": 185, "end": 199}}, {"head": {"text": "Si", "start": 159, "end": 161}, "tail": {"text": "concentrations", "start": 185, "end": 199}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Effect of bed inventory on increase of solid minor element concentrations for bed inventories of 4.5 kg, 6 kg and 13 kg CaCO3.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "4.5 kg, 6 kg and 13 kg", "start": 97, "end": 119}], "measured property": [{"text": "CaCO3", "start": 120, "end": 125}], "measured entity": [{"text": "bed inventories", "start": 78, "end": 93}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "CaCO3", "start": 120, "end": 125}, "tail": {"text": "4.5 kg, 6 kg and 13 kg", "start": 97, "end": 119}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "bed inventories", "start": 78, "end": 93}, "tail": {"text": "CaCO3", "start": 120, "end": 125}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Effect of SO2 on (a) increase of solid major elemental concentrations for SO2 concentrations of 0 ppm, 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm, and bed inventory of 13 kg CaCO3.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "0 ppm, 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm", "start": 96, "end": 124}, {"text": "13 kg", "start": 147, "end": 152}], "measured property": [{"text": "SO2 concentrations", "start": 74, "end": 92}, {"text": "CaCO3", "start": 153, "end": 158}], "measured entity": [{"text": "bed inventory", "start": 130, "end": 143}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "SO2 concentrations", "start": 74, "end": 92}, "tail": {"text": "0 ppm, 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm", "start": 96, "end": 124}}, {"head": {"text": "CaCO3", "start": 153, "end": 158}, "tail": {"text": "13 kg", "start": 147, "end": 152}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "bed inventory", "start": 130, "end": 143}, "tail": {"text": "CaCO3", "start": 153, "end": 158}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Calculated gaseous species (MTDATA) for 4.5 kg, 6 kg and 13 kg sorbent.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "4.5 kg, 6 kg and 13 kg", "start": 40, "end": 62}], "measured entity": [{"text": "sorbent", "start": 63, "end": 70}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "sorbent", "start": 63, "end": 70}, "tail": {"text": "4.5 kg, 6 kg and 13 kg", "start": 40, "end": 62}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "The moon Enceladus, embedded in Saturn’s radiation belts, is the main internal source of neutral and charged particles in the Kronian magnetosphere. A plume of water ice molecules and dust released through geysers on the south polar region provides enough material to feed the E-ring and also the neutral torus of Saturn and the entire magnetosphere. In the time period 2005–2010 the Cassini spacecraft flew close by the moon 14 times, sometimes as low as 25 km above the surface and directly through the plume. For the very first time measurements of plasma and energetic particles inside the plume and its immediate vicinity could be obtained. In this work we summarize the results of energetic electron measurements in the energy range 27 keV to 21 MeV taken by the Low Energy Magnetospheric Measurement System (LEMMS), part of the Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI) onboard Cassini in the vicinity of the moon in combination with measurements of the magnetometer instrument MAG and the Electron Spectrometer ELS of the plasma instrument CAPS onboard the spacecraft. Features in the data can be interpreted as that the spacecraft was connected to the plume material along field lines well", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "2005–2010", "start": 370, "end": 379}, {"text": "14 times", "start": 426, "end": 434}, {"text": "as low as 25 km", "start": 446, "end": 461}, {"text": "27 keV to 21 MeV", "start": 739, "end": 755}], "measured entity": [{"text": "time period", "start": 358, "end": 369}, {"text": "the Cassini spacecraft", "start": 380, "end": 402}, {"text": "electron", "start": 697, "end": 705}], "measured property": [{"text": "flew close by the moon", "start": 403, "end": 425}, {"text": "energy", "start": 726, "end": 732}], "qualifier": [{"text": "above the surface", "start": 462, "end": 479}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "time period", "start": 358, "end": 369}, "tail": {"text": "2005–2010", "start": 370, "end": 379}}, {"head": {"text": "flew close by the moon", "start": 403, "end": 425}, "tail": {"text": "14 times", "start": 426, "end": 434}}, {"head": {"text": "the Cassini spacecraft", "start": 380, "end": 402}, "tail": {"text": "as low as 25 km", "start": 446, "end": 461}}, {"head": {"text": "energy", "start": 726, "end": 732}, "tail": {"text": "27 keV to 21 MeV", "start": 739, "end": 755}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "the Cassini spacecraft", "start": 380, "end": 402}, "tail": {"text": "flew close by the moon", "start": 403, "end": 425}}, {"head": {"text": "electron", "start": 697, "end": 705}, "tail": {"text": "energy", "start": 726, "end": 732}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "above the surface", "start": 462, "end": 479}, "tail": {"text": "as low as 25 km", "start": 446, "end": 461}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "before entering the high density region of the plume. Sharp absorption signatures as the result of losses of energetic electrons bouncing along those field lines, through the emitted gas and dust clouds, clearly depend on flyby geometry as well as on measured pitch angle/look direction of the instrument. We found that the depletion signatures during some of the flybys show “ramp-like” features where only a partial depletion has been observed further away from the moon followed by nearly full absorption of electrons closer in. We interpret this as partially/fully connected to the flux tube connecting the moon with Cassini. During at least two of the flybys (with some evidence of one additional encounter) MIMI/LEMMS data are consistent with the presence of dust in energetic electron data when Cassini flew directly through the south polar plume. In addition we found gradients in the magnetic field components which are frequently found to be associated with changes in the MIMI/LEMMS particles intensities. This indicates that complex electron drifts in the vicinity of Enceladus could form forbidden regions for electrons which may appear as intensity drop-outs.", "output": {"entities": {}, "relations": {}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "We use data taken by the Low Energy Magnetospheric Measurement System (LEMMS), part of the Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI) onboard Cassini. MIMI/LEMMS is able to measure the intensities, energy spectra, and pitch angle distributions of energetic charged ions and electrons separately in the energy range between about 20 keV and several tens of MeV. Particles are measured simultaneously from two opposite directions (low-energy telescope (LE) and high-energy telescope (HE)). Low-energy electrons and ions measured in LE are separated by a strong internal magnet. Electrons are bent towards the two different detectors E and F while ions are detected in detectors A and B. The HE consists of a stack of five detectors. The species and energy separation is performed by coincidence measurements between these detectors. Data are recorded in rate channels. The instrument is mounted on top of a movable turntable which rotates about the −y-axis of the spacecraft within 86 s, nominally. The −y-axis points in the direction of the remote sensing instruments (often pointed towards the planet or another object). Under this configuration MIMI/LEMMS is therefore scanning in the x–z-plane of the", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "between about 20 keV and several tens of MeV", "start": 313, "end": 357}, {"text": "two", "start": 605, "end": 608}, {"text": "five", "start": 713, "end": 717}, {"text": "86 s, nominally", "start": 978, "end": 993}], "measured property": [{"text": "energy range", "start": 300, "end": 312}, {"text": "rotates about the −y-axis of the spacecraft within", "start": 927, "end": 977}], "measured entity": [{"text": "charged ions", "start": 255, "end": 267}, {"text": "detectors", "start": 619, "end": 628}, {"text": "detectors", "start": 718, "end": 727}, {"text": "movable turntable", "start": 903, "end": 920}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "energy range", "start": 300, "end": 312}, "tail": {"text": "between about 20 keV and several tens of MeV", "start": 313, "end": 357}}, {"head": {"text": "detectors", "start": 619, "end": 628}, "tail": {"text": "two", "start": 605, "end": 608}}, {"head": {"text": "detectors", "start": 718, "end": 727}, "tail": {"text": "five", "start": 713, "end": 717}}, {"head": {"text": "rotates about the −y-axis of the spacecraft within", "start": 927, "end": 977}, "tail": {"text": "86 s, nominally", "start": 978, "end": 993}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "charged ions", "start": 255, "end": 267}, "tail": {"text": "energy range", "start": 300, "end": 312}}, {"head": {"text": "movable turntable", "start": 903, "end": 920}, "tail": {"text": "rotates about the −y-axis of the spacecraft within", "start": 927, "end": 977}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "spacecraft coordinate system allowing very good pitch angle coverage. Unfortunately the turntable stopped rotating in the beginning of 2005 for unknown reasons after the release of the Huygens probe. Therefore during all the Enceladus encounters MIMI/LEMMS was not rotating anymore. Since then the low-energy telescope points at an angle of 77.45° away from the −z direction towards the −x-direction (see Fig. 1). The advantage of that non-rotating mode is the time resolution of the instrument which is 16 times better than in the rotating mode (5.65 s) for the rate channels or 0.66 s for the priority channels instead of 86 s for a given pointing/pitch angle). This enables us to measure small-scale, short-lived features in the data set.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "77.45°", "start": 341, "end": 347}, {"text": "16 times", "start": 504, "end": 512}, {"text": "5.65 s", "start": 547, "end": 553}, {"text": "0.66 s", "start": 580, "end": 586}, {"text": "86 s", "start": 624, "end": 628}], "measured property": [{"text": "points at an angle", "start": 319, "end": 337}, {"text": "time resolution of the instrument", "start": 461, "end": 494}], "measured entity": [{"text": "low-energy telescope", "start": 298, "end": 318}, {"text": "a given pointing/pitch angle", "start": 633, "end": 661}, {"text": "rate channels", "start": 563, "end": 576}, {"text": "priority channels", "start": 595, "end": 612}], "qualifier": [{"text": "away from the −z direction towards the −x-direction", "start": 348, "end": 399}, {"text": "better than in the rotating mode", "start": 513, "end": 545}, {"text": "non-rotating mode", "start": 436, "end": 453}, {"text": "rotating mode", "start": 532, "end": 545}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "points at an angle", "start": 319, "end": 337}, "tail": {"text": "77.45°", "start": 341, "end": 347}}, {"head": {"text": "time resolution of the instrument", "start": 461, "end": 494}, "tail": {"text": "16 times", "start": 504, "end": 512}}, {"head": {"text": "time resolution of the instrument", "start": 461, "end": 494}, "tail": {"text": "5.65 s", "start": 547, "end": 553}}, {"head": {"text": "time resolution of the instrument", "start": 461, "end": 494}, "tail": {"text": "0.66 s", "start": 580, "end": 586}}, {"head": {"text": "time resolution of the instrument", "start": 461, "end": 494}, "tail": {"text": "86 s", "start": 624, "end": 628}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "low-energy telescope", "start": 298, "end": 318}, "tail": {"text": "points at an angle", "start": 319, "end": 337}}, {"head": {"text": "a given pointing/pitch angle", "start": 633, "end": 661}, "tail": {"text": "time resolution of the instrument", "start": 461, "end": 494}}, {"head": {"text": "rate channels", "start": 563, "end": 576}, "tail": {"text": "time resolution of the instrument", "start": 461, "end": 494}}, {"head": {"text": "priority channels", "start": 595, "end": 612}, "tail": {"text": "time resolution of the instrument", "start": 461, "end": 494}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "away from the −z direction towards the −x-direction", "start": 348, "end": 399}, "tail": {"text": "points at an angle", "start": 319, "end": 337}}, {"head": {"text": "better than in the rotating mode", "start": 513, "end": 545}, "tail": {"text": "16 times", "start": 504, "end": 512}}, {"head": {"text": "non-rotating mode", "start": 436, "end": 453}, "tail": {"text": "time resolution of the instrument", "start": 461, "end": 494}}, {"head": {"text": "rotating mode", "start": 532, "end": 545}, "tail": {"text": "time resolution of the instrument", "start": 461, "end": 494}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "An overview of the electron measurements from the MIMI/LEMMS instrument in the vicinity of Enceladus for the flybys E0, E12, and E13 is shown in Fig. 2. Those encounters were slightly north of the equatorial plane. The time period selected is ±10 min around closest approach which is marked by a solid line. Absorption signatures are clearly visible in most of the displayed electron channels C1, C3, E0, E6, BE, and G1 (same is true for those not displayed here). The nominal energy passbands are given on the right-hand side of Fig. 2. Only the measurements in channel C1 during flybys E0 and E13 show no absorption signatures (off scale for E13). As mentioned above the region in the vicinity of a moon where electrons are absorbed (upstream or downstream) depends on their energy. Therefore it is important to know the flyby geometry during each encounter. Fig. 3 shows the trajectory of Cassini during the flybys E0, E12, and E13 close to the moon inside of 10 Enceladus radii REnc. We show the spacecraft trajectories projected into the xy-, xz-, and yz-planes of a coordinate system where the moon is in the center (x in plasma flow direction, y towards the planet and z northward). This frame", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "±10 min", "start": 243, "end": 250}], "measured entity": [{"text": "time period", "start": 219, "end": 230}], "qualifier": [{"text": "around closest approach", "start": 251, "end": 274}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "time period", "start": 219, "end": 230}, "tail": {"text": "±10 min", "start": 243, "end": 250}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "around closest approach", "start": 251, "end": 274}, "tail": {"text": "±10 min", "start": 243, "end": 250}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "is often referred to as the Enceladus Interaction System (ENIS). The individual flybys are labelled with the flyby numbers E0–E13, respectively. The measured differential intensity of electrons (56–100 keV) as measured in MIMI/LEMMS channel C3 is plotted in a color-code along the trajectory. Blue means low intensities, red1 and white high intensities. Clearly visible is a lack of electrons in this channel in the vicinity of the moon. The highest count rates further away from the moon are more typical of a magnetospheric distribution in that region of Saturn’s magnetosphere. The variation in the measured intensities are a combination of dynamic changes in the magnetosphere and from the fact that MIMI/LEMMS sampled different pitch angles during the individual flybys.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "56–100 keV", "start": 195, "end": 205}], "measured entity": [{"text": "electrons", "start": 184, "end": 193}], "measured property": [{"text": "measured differential intensity", "start": 149, "end": 180}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "measured differential intensity", "start": 149, "end": 180}, "tail": {"text": "56–100 keV", "start": 195, "end": 205}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "electrons", "start": 184, "end": 193}, "tail": {"text": "measured differential intensity", "start": 149, "end": 180}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Rhea is Saturn’s largest icy moon (radius: 1RRh = 764 km). It orbits the planet on an equatorial and circular orbit at a distance of about 8.74Rs from its center (1Rs = 60,268 km). Recent studies showed that Rhea is surrounded by a tenuous exosphere composed of oxygen and carbon dioxide (Teolis et al., 2010). Despite that, the main interaction mode of Rhea with the magnetosphere was shown to be plasma absorption. Magnetic field perturbations in Rhea’s interaction region appear to be guided primarily by the formation of a plasma pressure cavity (wake) downstream of the moon and not from mass or momentum loading from the ionized products of this weak exosphere (Simon et al., 2012; Khurana et al., 2008; Roussos et al., 2008).", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "1RRh", "start": 43, "end": 47}, {"text": "764 km", "start": 50, "end": 56}, {"text": "about 8.74Rs", "start": 133, "end": 145}, {"text": "1Rs", "start": 163, "end": 166}, {"text": "60,268 km", "start": 169, "end": 178}], "measured property": [{"text": "radius", "start": 35, "end": 41}, {"text": "distance", "start": 121, "end": 129}], "measured entity": [{"text": "Rhea", "start": 0, "end": 4}, {"text": "circular orbit", "start": 101, "end": 115}, {"text": "1Rs", "start": 163, "end": 166}], "qualifier": [{"text": "(1Rs = 60,268 km)", "start": 162, "end": 179}, {"text": "rom its center", "start": 147, "end": 161}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "radius", "start": 35, "end": 41}, "tail": {"text": "1RRh", "start": 43, "end": 47}}, {"head": {"text": "radius", "start": 35, "end": 41}, "tail": {"text": "764 km", "start": 50, "end": 56}}, {"head": {"text": "distance", "start": 121, "end": 129}, "tail": {"text": "about 8.74Rs", "start": 133, "end": 145}}, {"head": {"text": "1Rs", "start": 163, "end": 166}, "tail": {"text": "60,268 km", "start": 169, "end": 178}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "Rhea", "start": 0, "end": 4}, "tail": {"text": "radius", "start": 35, "end": 41}}, {"head": {"text": "circular orbit", "start": 101, "end": 115}, "tail": {"text": "distance", "start": 121, "end": 129}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "(1Rs = 60,268 km)", "start": 162, "end": 179}, "tail": {"text": "about 8.74Rs", "start": 133, "end": 145}}, {"head": {"text": "rom its center", "start": 147, "end": 161}, "tail": {"text": "distance", "start": 121, "end": 129}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Certain channels of LEMMS can accumulate counts with sixteen times higher temporal resolution than the typical rate channel time resolution (∼5.7 s). These are called priority channels. The available priority channels for each flyby are given in Table 1. We will distinguish rate and priority channels using the suffix “_PRIO” for the latter (e.g. C1_PRIO). Priority channels are especially useful for the identification of short duration structures, such as the small scale flux dropouts near Rhea (Jones et al., 2008).", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "sixteen times", "start": 53, "end": 66}, {"text": "∼5.7 s", "start": 141, "end": 147}], "measured property": [{"text": "temporal resolution", "start": 74, "end": 93}, {"text": "rate channel time resolution", "start": 111, "end": 139}], "measured entity": [{"text": "priority channels", "start": 167, "end": 184}, {"text": "channels of LEMMS", "start": 8, "end": 25}], "qualifier": [{"text": "higher", "start": 67, "end": 73}, {"text": "than the typical rate channel time resolution", "start": 94, "end": 139}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "temporal resolution", "start": 74, "end": 93}, "tail": {"text": "sixteen times", "start": 53, "end": 66}}, {"head": {"text": "rate channel time resolution", "start": 111, "end": 139}, "tail": {"text": "∼5.7 s", "start": 141, "end": 147}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "priority channels", "start": 167, "end": 184}, "tail": {"text": "temporal resolution", "start": 74, "end": 93}}, {"head": {"text": "channels of LEMMS", "start": 8, "end": 25}, "tail": {"text": "rate channel time resolution", "start": 111, "end": 139}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "higher", "start": 67, "end": 73}, "tail": {"text": "sixteen times", "start": 53, "end": 66}}, {"head": {"text": "than the typical rate channel time resolution", "start": 94, "end": 139}, "tail": {"text": "temporal resolution", "start": 74, "end": 93}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Quantification of this time-of-flight effect gives us an outward radial velocity of about 5 km s−1, consistent in direction and order of magnitude with the local radial velocity measured by CAPS (Wilson et al., 2010). Our inferred radial velocity value is a factor of two lower than the one given in Wilson et al. (2010), but this could be due to a series of factors affecting mainly our technique, such as the uncertainties in determining the wake center or the assumption of constant radial velocity for all the time-of-flight interval.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "about 5 km s−1", "start": 84, "end": 98}], "measured entity": [{"text": "outward radial velocity", "start": 57, "end": 80}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "outward radial velocity", "start": 57, "end": 80}, "tail": {"text": "about 5 km s−1", "start": 84, "end": 98}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "The relative strength of the observed ∣B∣ disturbances at Rhea with respect to the background ∣B∣ is between 6% and 13%, compared to 6–8% at Enceladus, where non-dipolar drifts appear to be important (Krupp et al., 2012). Complex drifts may help energetic electrons access the wake (enhancements), or lead to the formation of forbidden regions (flux dropouts). We therefore believe that the role of complex drifts at Rhea should be investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "between 6% and 13%", "start": 101, "end": 119}, {"text": "6–8%", "start": 133, "end": 137}], "measured property": [{"text": "observed ∣B∣ disturbances", "start": 29, "end": 54}], "measured entity": [{"text": "Rhea", "start": 58, "end": 62}, {"text": "Enceladus", "start": 141, "end": 150}], "qualifier": [{"text": "with respect to the background ∣B∣", "start": 63, "end": 97}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "observed ∣B∣ disturbances", "start": 29, "end": 54}, "tail": {"text": "between 6% and 13%", "start": 101, "end": 119}}, {"head": {"text": "observed ∣B∣ disturbances", "start": 29, "end": 54}, "tail": {"text": "6–8%", "start": 133, "end": 137}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "Rhea", "start": 58, "end": 62}, "tail": {"text": "observed ∣B∣ disturbances", "start": 29, "end": 54}}, {"head": {"text": "Enceladus", "start": 141, "end": 150}, "tail": {"text": "observed ∣B∣ disturbances", "start": 29, "end": 54}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "with respect to the background ∣B∣", "start": 63, "end": 97}, "tail": {"text": "observed ∣B∣ disturbances", "start": 29, "end": 54}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "In the tracings shown in Fig. 10, 350 electrons were injected at the left boundary. The top right panels show electrons at the 1% level of Erk (1 keV). They practically follow the plasma flow pattern as magnetic drifts are unimportant at low energies. Electron trajectories “grazing” the wake boundaries expand into the wake due to flow perturbations. The wake then becomes narrower than the moon’s diameter.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "350", "start": 34, "end": 37}, {"text": "1%", "start": 127, "end": 129}, {"text": "1 keV", "start": 144, "end": 149}], "measured entity": [{"text": "electrons", "start": 38, "end": 47}, {"text": "electrons", "start": 110, "end": 119}], "measured property": [{"text": "level of Erk", "start": 130, "end": 142}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "electrons", "start": 38, "end": 47}, "tail": {"text": "350", "start": 34, "end": 37}}, {"head": {"text": "level of Erk", "start": 130, "end": 142}, "tail": {"text": "1%", "start": 127, "end": 129}}, {"head": {"text": "level of Erk", "start": 130, "end": 142}, "tail": {"text": "1 keV", "start": 144, "end": 149}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "electrons", "start": 110, "end": 119}, "tail": {"text": "level of Erk", "start": 130, "end": 142}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Using equations from Borisov and Mall (2000) and output from the hybrid simulations, we estimate that the flute instability has a linear growth rate of about 0.1–0.2 s−1 just behind Rhea, giving a growth time of 5–10 s, comparable to the time scales inferred particle transport in Rhea’s wake through the observed, narrow channels (Section 5.1). The rate reduces by an order of magnitude 10RRh downstream, and disappears at larger distances, since magnetic field and pressure gradients diminish.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "0.1–0.2 s−1", "start": 158, "end": 169}, {"text": "5–10 s", "start": 212, "end": 218}, {"text": "10RRh", "start": 388, "end": 393}], "measured property": [{"text": "linear growth rate", "start": 130, "end": 148}, {"text": "growth time", "start": 197, "end": 208}], "measured entity": [{"text": "flute instability", "start": 106, "end": 123}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "linear growth rate", "start": 130, "end": 148}, "tail": {"text": "0.1–0.2 s−1", "start": 158, "end": 169}}, {"head": {"text": "growth time", "start": 197, "end": 208}, "tail": {"text": "5–10 s", "start": 212, "end": 218}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "flute instability", "start": 106, "end": 123}, "tail": {"text": "linear growth rate", "start": 130, "end": 148}}, {"head": {"text": "flute instability", "start": 106, "end": 123}, "tail": {"text": "growth time", "start": 197, "end": 208}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Our simulations originate from two codes developed side-by-side but separately, namely, the Saturn Thermosphere GCM (Müller-Wodarg et al., 2006) and Saturn 1-D Ionosphere Model (Moore et al., 2004) which were subsequently fully coupled to form the Saturn Thermosphere Ionosphere Model (STIM). The thermosphere component globally solves the non-linear Navier–Stokes equations of momentum, continuity and energy on a spherical pressure level grid. The momentum equation includes terms such as pressure gradients, viscous drag, Coriolis acceleration, curvature accelerations and advection. The energy equation includes all processes of internal energy redistribution, such as advection, adiabatic heating and cooling as well as molecular and turbulent conduction. Solar EUV heating is calculated through explicit line-of-sight integration of solar irradiance attenuation (the Lambert–Beer Law), assuming solar spectra derived from the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED)/Solar EUV Experiment (SEE) (Woods et al., 2005; Woods, 2008) and heating efficiencies of 50%, a value in agreement with estimates for Jupiter by Waite et al. (1983). While we include direct solar EUV", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "50%", "start": 1088, "end": 1091}], "measured property": [{"text": "heating efficiencies", "start": 1064, "end": 1084}], "measured entity": [{"text": "Solar EUV heating", "start": 761, "end": 778}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "heating efficiencies", "start": 1064, "end": 1084}, "tail": {"text": "50%", "start": 1088, "end": 1091}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "Solar EUV heating", "start": 761, "end": 778}, "tail": {"text": "heating efficiencies", "start": 1064, "end": 1084}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "heating in our calculations, it has a negligible influence on the energy balance of Saturn’s thermosphere, as shown earlier by Müller-Wodarg et al. (2006). We show in Section 3 that the main importance of solar EUV radiation lies in its ionising role that leads to conductivities, Joule heating and ion drag which in turn affect the thermospheric energy budget and dynamics.", "output": {"entities": {}, "relations": {}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "The STIM GCM calculates the transport by winds and molecular and turbulent diffusion of key neutral species (H, H2, He, CH4, H2O), following the procedures outlined by Müller-Wodarg et al. (2006). The global spherical grid has flexible resolution. For simulations in this study we assumed spacing in latitude and longitude of 2° and 10°, respectively, and a vertical resolution of 0.4 scale heights. Our time integration step was 5 s and we ran the code for 500 Saturn rotations to reach steady state.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "2°", "start": 326, "end": 328}, {"text": "10°", "start": 333, "end": 336}, {"text": "0.4 scale heights", "start": 381, "end": 398}, {"text": "5 s", "start": 430, "end": 433}, {"text": "500", "start": 458, "end": 461}], "measured property": [{"text": "latitude", "start": 300, "end": 308}, {"text": "longitude", "start": 313, "end": 322}, {"text": "vertical resolution", "start": 358, "end": 377}, {"text": "time integration step", "start": 404, "end": 425}], "measured entity": [{"text": "simulations in this study", "start": 252, "end": 277}, {"text": "Saturn rotations", "start": 462, "end": 478}], "qualifier": [{"text": "spacing in", "start": 289, "end": 299}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "latitude", "start": 300, "end": 308}, "tail": {"text": "2°", "start": 326, "end": 328}}, {"head": {"text": "longitude", "start": 313, "end": 322}, "tail": {"text": "10°", "start": 333, "end": 336}}, {"head": {"text": "vertical resolution", "start": 358, "end": 377}, "tail": {"text": "0.4 scale heights", "start": 381, "end": 398}}, {"head": {"text": "time integration step", "start": 404, "end": 425}, "tail": {"text": "5 s", "start": 430, "end": 433}}, {"head": {"text": "Saturn rotations", "start": 462, "end": 478}, "tail": {"text": "500", "start": 458, "end": 461}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "simulations in this study", "start": 252, "end": 277}, "tail": {"text": "latitude", "start": 300, "end": 308}}, {"head": {"text": "simulations in this study", "start": 252, "end": 277}, "tail": {"text": "longitude", "start": 313, "end": 322}}, {"head": {"text": "simulations in this study", "start": 252, "end": 277}, "tail": {"text": "vertical resolution", "start": 358, "end": 377}}, {"head": {"text": "simulations in this study", "start": 252, "end": 277}, "tail": {"text": "time integration step", "start": 404, "end": 425}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "spacing in", "start": 289, "end": 299}, "tail": {"text": "latitude", "start": 300, "end": 308}}, {"head": {"text": "spacing in", "start": 289, "end": 299}, "tail": {"text": "longitude", "start": 313, "end": 322}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Vertical profiles of noontime ionospheric plasma densities are shown in Fig. 4 for the case of R15. The left panel shows profiles in the region of maximum electron precipitation (78°) while the right panel shows densities at the sub-solar point (latitude 0°). Black lines denote the total electron density, blue lines are H+ and red lines H3+ densities. Not shown individually are profiles of other ions calculated in the model, namely H2+, CH3+, CH4+, CH5+, H2O+ and H3O+. The hydrocarbon densities populate the bottomside ionosphere, accounting for most of the electron density below around 1000 km altitude.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "78°", "start": 179, "end": 182}, {"text": "0°", "start": 255, "end": 257}, {"text": "below around 1000 km", "start": 580, "end": 600}], "measured entity": [{"text": "region of maximum electron precipitation", "start": 137, "end": 177}, {"text": "sub-solar point", "start": 229, "end": 244}, {"text": "altitude", "start": 601, "end": 609}], "measured property": [{"text": "latitude", "start": 246, "end": 254}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "region of maximum electron precipitation", "start": 137, "end": 177}, "tail": {"text": "78°", "start": 179, "end": 182}}, {"head": {"text": "latitude", "start": 246, "end": 254}, "tail": {"text": "0°", "start": 255, "end": 257}}, {"head": {"text": "altitude", "start": 601, "end": 609}, "tail": {"text": "below around 1000 km", "start": 580, "end": 600}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "sub-solar point", "start": 229, "end": 244}, "tail": {"text": "latitude", "start": 246, "end": 254}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Diurnally-averaged thermospheric temperatures, as calculated in simulation R15, are presented in Fig. 6 for the southern hemisphere (with those in the northern hemisphere being identical). We find daily variations of polar temperatures to be less than 6 K and thus virtually negligible, despite the strong diurnal variation of electron precipitation and thereby Joule heating (Fig. 3). The reasons for this are the long thermal time scales in Saturn’s upper atmosphere combined with the fast planetary rotation rate. This justifies discussing diurnally-averaged quantities hereafter.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "less than 6 K", "start": 242, "end": 255}], "measured property": [{"text": "daily variations of polar temperatures", "start": 197, "end": 235}], "measured entity": [{"text": "Saturn’s upper atmosphere", "start": 443, "end": 468}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "daily variations of polar temperatures", "start": 197, "end": 235}, "tail": {"text": "less than 6 K", "start": 242, "end": 255}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "Saturn’s upper atmosphere", "start": 443, "end": 468}, "tail": {"text": "daily variations of polar temperatures", "start": 197, "end": 235}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "At lower latitudes our calculations do not capture observed values well. Fig. 6 shows that exospheric temperatures decrease from around 450 K near the pole to around 180 K near the equator. Voyager 2 UVS occultations of δ-Sco suggested an exospheric temperature of 420 ± 30 K near 29.5°N (Smith et al., 1983), while a recent reanalysis of Voyager UVS data inferred a value of 488 ± 14 K (Vervack and Moses, 2012). These and other observations suggest low and mid-latitude exospheric temperatures on Saturn to be of the order of 450 K, roughly twice the value shown in Fig. 6. Our model is presently unable to reproduce observed low and mid-latitude exospheric temperatures on Saturn, illustrating that magnetospheric energy is not being transported from the polar to the equatorial regions. This is related to Saturn’s fast rotation rate and the sub-corotation of the auroral thermosphere, which ultimately generates a meridional wind transporting energy from equator to pole in the deep atmosphere, thus cooling down the equatorial regions (Smith et al., 2007). However, since this study is concerned with polar temperatures only we will defer discussion of the equatorial temperature problem to", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "around 450 K", "start": 129, "end": 141}, {"text": "around 180 K", "start": 159, "end": 171}, {"text": "420 ± 30 K", "start": 265, "end": 275}, {"text": "29.5°N", "start": 281, "end": 287}, {"text": "488 ± 14 K", "start": 376, "end": 386}, {"text": "of the order of 450 K", "start": 512, "end": 533}], "measured entity": [{"text": "exospheric temperatures", "start": 91, "end": 114}, {"text": "exospheric temperature", "start": 239, "end": 261}, {"text": "low and mid-latitude exospheric temperatures", "start": 451, "end": 495}], "qualifier": [{"text": "near the pole", "start": 142, "end": 155}, {"text": "near the equator", "start": 172, "end": 188}, {"text": "near 29.5°N", "start": 276, "end": 287}, {"text": "Voyager 2 UVS occultations of δ-Sco", "start": 190, "end": 225}, {"text": "recent reanalysis of Voyager UVS data inferred", "start": 318, "end": 364}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "exospheric temperatures", "start": 91, "end": 114}, "tail": {"text": "around 450 K", "start": 129, "end": 141}}, {"head": {"text": "exospheric temperatures", "start": 91, "end": 114}, "tail": {"text": "around 180 K", "start": 159, "end": 171}}, {"head": {"text": "exospheric temperature", "start": 239, "end": 261}, "tail": {"text": "420 ± 30 K", "start": 265, "end": 275}}, {"head": {"text": "exospheric temperature", "start": 239, "end": 261}, "tail": {"text": "488 ± 14 K", "start": 376, "end": 386}}, {"head": {"text": "low and mid-latitude exospheric temperatures", "start": 451, "end": 495}, "tail": {"text": "of the order of 450 K", "start": 512, "end": 533}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "near the pole", "start": 142, "end": 155}, "tail": {"text": "around 450 K", "start": 129, "end": 141}}, {"head": {"text": "near the equator", "start": 172, "end": 188}, "tail": {"text": "around 180 K", "start": 159, "end": 171}}, {"head": {"text": "near 29.5°N", "start": 276, "end": 287}, "tail": {"text": "420 ± 30 K", "start": 265, "end": 275}}, {"head": {"text": "Voyager 2 UVS occultations of δ-Sco", "start": 190, "end": 225}, "tail": {"text": "exospheric temperature", "start": 239, "end": 261}}, {"head": {"text": "recent reanalysis of Voyager UVS data inferred", "start": 318, "end": 364}, "tail": {"text": "488 ± 14 K", "start": 376, "end": 386}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "future investigations.", "output": {"entities": {}, "relations": {}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "The polar forcing via ion drag generates strong westward (sub-corotating) winds at peak velocities of around 1300 m s−1 near 82° latitude and ∼1600 m s−1 near 78° (not shown). In order to relate zonal wind velocities near the ionospheric peak to the degree of corotation of the upper atmosphere, Fig. 8 shows latitudinal profiles of the atmospheric angular velocity relative to Saturn’s rotational velocity, ω/ΩS. The solid black line displays the magnetospheric plasma angular velocity of Cowley et al. (2004) from which the electric field used in our simulations (Fig. 2) was derived. The solid blue line is the atmosphere’s diurnally-averaged angular velocity near the ionospheric peak.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "around 1300 m s−1", "start": 102, "end": 119}, {"text": "82°", "start": 125, "end": 128}, {"text": "∼1600 m s−1", "start": 142, "end": 153}, {"text": "78°", "start": 159, "end": 162}], "measured property": [{"text": "peak velocities", "start": 83, "end": 98}, {"text": "latitude", "start": 129, "end": 137}], "measured entity": [{"text": "strong westward (sub-corotating) winds", "start": 41, "end": 79}, {"text": "Saturn", "start": 378, "end": 384}], "qualifier": [{"text": "near 82° latitude", "start": 120, "end": 137}, {"text": "near 78°", "start": 154, "end": 162}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "peak velocities", "start": 83, "end": 98}, "tail": {"text": "around 1300 m s−1", "start": 102, "end": 119}}, {"head": {"text": "latitude", "start": 129, "end": 137}, "tail": {"text": "82°", "start": 125, "end": 128}}, {"head": {"text": "peak velocities", "start": 83, "end": 98}, "tail": {"text": "∼1600 m s−1", "start": 142, "end": 153}}, {"head": {"text": "latitude", "start": 129, "end": 137}, "tail": {"text": "78°", "start": 159, "end": 162}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "strong westward (sub-corotating) winds", "start": 41, "end": 79}, "tail": {"text": "peak velocities", "start": 83, "end": 98}}, {"head": {"text": "Saturn", "start": 378, "end": 384}, "tail": {"text": "latitude", "start": 129, "end": 137}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "near 82° latitude", "start": 120, "end": 137}, "tail": {"text": "peak velocities", "start": 83, "end": 98}}, {"head": {"text": "near 78°", "start": 154, "end": 162}, "tail": {"text": "peak velocities", "start": 83, "end": 98}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "High latitude temperatures in Saturn’s upper atmosphere published until recently had values below ∼460 K (Melin et al., 2007; Vervack and Moses, 2012), but Melin et al. (2011) and Stallard et al. (2012) have shown that H3+ emission may be brighter than previously indicated, and temperatures hotter. Using high resolution Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) images, Melin et al. (2011) inferred temperatures of a segment of the auroral oval of 440 ± 50 K. Even higher temperatures in Saturn’s auroral oval of (563–624) ± 30 K were derived from Cassini VIMS observations by Stallard et al. (2012), so auroral temperatures on Saturn up to around 650 K are within the observed range. The thick red line in the upper panel Fig. 12 highlights the 650 K contour line and thus roughly separates values of polar temperatures that have been observed on Saturn (T ⩽ 650 K) from those that as yet have not been observed (T > 650 K).", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "below ∼460 K", "start": 92, "end": 104}, {"text": "440 ± 50 K", "start": 464, "end": 474}, {"text": "(563–624) ± 30 K", "start": 529, "end": 545}, {"text": "up to around 650 K", "start": 651, "end": 669}, {"text": "650 K", "start": 762, "end": 767}, {"text": "⩽ 650 K", "start": 874, "end": 881}, {"text": "> 650 K", "start": 932, "end": 939}], "measured property": [{"text": "High latitude temperatures", "start": 0, "end": 26}, {"text": "inferred temperatures", "start": 406, "end": 427}, {"text": "temperatures", "start": 488, "end": 500}, {"text": "auroral temperatures", "start": 620, "end": 640}, {"text": "polar temperatures", "start": 818, "end": 836}], "measured entity": [{"text": "Saturn’s upper atmosphere", "start": 30, "end": 55}, {"text": "auroral oval", "start": 448, "end": 460}, {"text": "Saturn’s auroral oval", "start": 504, "end": 525}, {"text": "Saturn", "start": 644, "end": 650}, {"text": "Saturn", "start": 864, "end": 870}], "qualifier": [{"text": "derived from Cassini VIMS observations", "start": 551, "end": 589}, {"text": "have been observed", "start": 842, "end": 860}, {"text": "have not been observed", "start": 906, "end": 928}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "High latitude temperatures", "start": 0, "end": 26}, "tail": {"text": "below ∼460 K", "start": 92, "end": 104}}, {"head": {"text": "inferred temperatures", "start": 406, "end": 427}, "tail": {"text": "440 ± 50 K", "start": 464, "end": 474}}, {"head": {"text": "temperatures", "start": 488, "end": 500}, "tail": {"text": "(563–624) ± 30 K", "start": 529, "end": 545}}, {"head": {"text": "auroral temperatures", "start": 620, "end": 640}, "tail": {"text": "up to around 650 K", "start": 651, "end": 669}}, {"head": {"text": "polar temperatures", "start": 818, "end": 836}, "tail": {"text": "650 K", "start": 762, "end": 767}}, {"head": {"text": "polar temperatures", "start": 818, "end": 836}, "tail": {"text": "⩽ 650 K", "start": 874, "end": 881}}, {"head": {"text": "polar temperatures", "start": 818, "end": 836}, "tail": {"text": "> 650 K", "start": 932, "end": 939}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "Saturn’s upper atmosphere", "start": 30, "end": 55}, "tail": {"text": "High latitude temperatures", "start": 0, "end": 26}}, {"head": {"text": "auroral oval", "start": 448, "end": 460}, "tail": {"text": "inferred temperatures", "start": 406, "end": 427}}, {"head": {"text": "Saturn’s auroral oval", "start": 504, "end": 525}, "tail": {"text": "temperatures", "start": 488, "end": 500}}, {"head": {"text": "Saturn", "start": 644, "end": 650}, "tail": {"text": "auroral temperatures", "start": 620, "end": 640}}, {"head": {"text": "Saturn", "start": 864, "end": 870}, "tail": {"text": "polar temperatures", "start": 818, "end": 836}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "derived from Cassini VIMS observations", "start": 551, "end": 589}, "tail": {"text": "temperatures", "start": 488, "end": 500}}, {"head": {"text": "have been observed", "start": 842, "end": 860}, "tail": {"text": "polar temperatures", "start": 818, "end": 836}}, {"head": {"text": "have not been observed", "start": 906, "end": 928}, "tail": {"text": "polar temperatures", "start": 818, "end": 836}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Despite direct solar EUV heating of Saturn’s upper atmosphere representing a minor energy source only, it is however important to note that solar EUV and shorter wavelength radiation is responsible for the majority of ionisation, and thus conductivity, outside of the narrow band of high latitude electron precipitation. This, in turn, may control thermospheric temperatures. As shown in Fig. 2, the region of magnetospheric electric field is considerably wider than the electron precipitation region, so the Joule heating region extends over a much wider region as well. Therefore, solar radiation does affect high latitude temperatures by means of its role as source of ionisation. This causes hemispheric differences in high latitude temperatures at solstice. In our solstice simulation (R19) we find exospheric temperatures averaged from 74°S to 90°S (the summer polar region) of 490 K, while averaging over the same latitude band in the northern (winter) hemisphere gives a value of 430 K. This difference of 60 K is a direct result of enhanced ionisation in the summer hemisphere, leading to stronger Joule heating there. We expect solar cycle variations of high latitude temperatures to lie", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "74°S to 90°S", "start": 842, "end": 854}, {"text": "490 K", "start": 884, "end": 889}, {"text": "430 K", "start": 988, "end": 993}, {"text": "60 K", "start": 1014, "end": 1018}], "measured entity": [{"text": "the summer polar region", "start": 856, "end": 879}, {"text": "solstice simulation (R19)", "start": 770, "end": 795}, {"text": "difference", "start": 1000, "end": 1010}], "measured property": [{"text": "exospheric temperatures", "start": 804, "end": 827}], "qualifier": [{"text": "74°S to 90°S (the summer polar region)", "start": 842, "end": 880}, {"text": "averaged", "start": 828, "end": 836}, {"text": "over the same latitude band in the northern (winter) hemisphere", "start": 907, "end": 970}, {"text": "averaging", "start": 897, "end": 906}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "the summer polar region", "start": 856, "end": 879}, "tail": {"text": "74°S to 90°S", "start": 842, "end": 854}}, {"head": {"text": "exospheric temperatures", "start": 804, "end": 827}, "tail": {"text": "490 K", "start": 884, "end": 889}}, {"head": {"text": "exospheric temperatures", "start": 804, "end": 827}, "tail": {"text": "430 K", "start": 988, "end": 993}}, {"head": {"text": "difference", "start": 1000, "end": 1010}, "tail": {"text": "60 K", "start": 1014, "end": 1018}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "solstice simulation (R19)", "start": 770, "end": 795}, "tail": {"text": "exospheric temperatures", "start": 804, "end": 827}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "74°S to 90°S (the summer polar region)", "start": 842, "end": 880}, "tail": {"text": "exospheric temperatures", "start": 804, "end": 827}}, {"head": {"text": "averaged", "start": 828, "end": 836}, "tail": {"text": "490 K", "start": 884, "end": 889}}, {"head": {"text": "over the same latitude band in the northern (winter) hemisphere", "start": 907, "end": 970}, "tail": {"text": "exospheric temperatures", "start": 804, "end": 827}}, {"head": {"text": "averaging", "start": 897, "end": 906}, "tail": {"text": "430 K", "start": 988, "end": 993}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "within the same approximate range, stronger in the summer hemisphere than winter hemisphere, where solar ionisation is considerably weaker. The solar ionisation-induced hemispheric differences in atmospheric conductivity should similarly affect the magnetosphere, highlighting an interesting Sun–atmosphere–magnetosphere coupling chain that deserves more thorough examination in future studies.", "output": {"entities": {}, "relations": {}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Visible and infrared observations have been able to probe the atmosphere of HD209458b at lower altitudes. In fact, HD209458b was the first EGP to have its atmosphere detected by transmission spectroscopy. The first detection was achieved by Charbonneau et al. (2002) who observed a deeper in-transit absorption in the Na D 589.3 nm resonance doublet compared to the adjacent wavelength bands. This detection was based on four transits observed with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) onboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) (Brown et al., 2001). The same data were later reanalyzed by Sing et al. (2008a,b) who combined them with other observations (Knutson et al., 2007) and created a transmission spectrum of HD209458b at wavelengths of 300–800 nm. They argued that the abundance of sodium in the atmosphere is depleted above the 3 mbar level either by condensation into Na2S clouds or ionization. We note that the detection of Si2+ in the thermosphere (Linsky et al., 2010) constrains cloud formation mechanisms in the upper atmosphere and implies that the depletion of Na at low pressures is probably due to ionization (see Section 3.3).", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "589.3 nm", "start": 323, "end": 331}, {"text": "four", "start": 421, "end": 425}, {"text": "300–800 nm", "start": 753, "end": 763}, {"text": "3 mbar", "start": 846, "end": 852}], "measured property": [{"text": "resonance", "start": 332, "end": 341}, {"text": "wavelengths", "start": 738, "end": 749}], "measured entity": [{"text": "Na D", "start": 318, "end": 322}, {"text": "transits", "start": 426, "end": 434}, {"text": "transmission spectrum of HD209458b", "start": 700, "end": 734}, {"text": "level", "start": 853, "end": 858}], "qualifier": [{"text": "atmosphere", "start": 813, "end": 823}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "resonance", "start": 332, "end": 341}, "tail": {"text": "589.3 nm", "start": 323, "end": 331}}, {"head": {"text": "transits", "start": 426, "end": 434}, "tail": {"text": "four", "start": 421, "end": 425}}, {"head": {"text": "wavelengths", "start": 738, "end": 749}, "tail": {"text": "300–800 nm", "start": 753, "end": 763}}, {"head": {"text": "level", "start": 853, "end": 858}, "tail": {"text": "3 mbar", "start": 846, "end": 852}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "Na D", "start": 318, "end": 322}, "tail": {"text": "resonance", "start": 332, "end": 341}}, {"head": {"text": "transmission spectrum of HD209458b", "start": 700, "end": 734}, "tail": {"text": "wavelengths", "start": 738, "end": 749}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "atmosphere", "start": 813, "end": 823}, "tail": {"text": "level", "start": 853, "end": 858}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Woods et al. (2000) studied the variability of solar Lyman α emissions based on satellite observations spanning four and a half solar cycles between 1947 and 1999. They found that the variability ranges between 1% and 37% during one period of solar rotation (27 days), and the average variability during one solar rotation was found to be 9 ± 6%. This result agrees well with the estimated variability of the Lyman α emissions from HD209458. The rotation period of HD209458 is estimated to be ∼10–11 days (Silva-Valio, 2008). The G140M observations covered three different transits and took place within a month and a half. Each observation covered approximately 2 h in time. Thus the data can be affected by short-term variability and it is essential that such variability be properly accounted for. For this reason, we compare our models with the results of Ben-Jaffel (2007, 2008) and Ben-Jaffel and Hosseini (2010) who analyzed the data in the time tag mode and accounted for variability before calculating transit depths.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "four and a half", "start": 112, "end": 127}, {"text": "between 1947 and 1999", "start": 141, "end": 162}, {"text": "1% and 37%", "start": 211, "end": 221}, {"text": "one", "start": 229, "end": 232}, {"text": "27 days", "start": 259, "end": 266}, {"text": "one", "start": 304, "end": 307}, {"text": "9 ± 6%", "start": 339, "end": 345}, {"text": "∼10–11 days", "start": 493, "end": 504}, {"text": "three", "start": 557, "end": 562}, {"text": "within a month and a half", "start": 597, "end": 622}, {"text": "approximately 2 h", "start": 649, "end": 666}], "measured entity": [{"text": "solar cycles", "start": 128, "end": 140}, {"text": "satellite observations", "start": 80, "end": 102}, {"text": "Lyman α emissions", "start": 53, "end": 70}, {"text": "period of solar rotation", "start": 233, "end": 257}, {"text": "solar rotation", "start": 308, "end": 322}, {"text": "HD209458", "start": 465, "end": 473}, {"text": "transits", "start": 573, "end": 581}, {"text": "G140M observations", "start": 530, "end": 548}, {"text": "observation", "start": 629, "end": 640}], "qualifier": [{"text": "between 1947 and 1999", "start": 141, "end": 162}, {"text": "during one period of solar rotation", "start": 222, "end": 257}, {"text": "during one solar rotation", "start": 297, "end": 322}, {"text": "average", "start": 277, "end": 284}, {"text": "estimated", "start": 477, "end": 486}], "measured property": [{"text": "variability", "start": 184, "end": 195}, {"text": "variability", "start": 285, "end": 296}, {"text": "rotation period", "start": 446, "end": 461}, {"text": "took place", "start": 586, "end": 596}, {"text": "time", "start": 670, "end": 674}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "solar cycles", "start": 128, "end": 140}, "tail": {"text": "four and a half", "start": 112, "end": 127}}, {"head": {"text": "satellite observations", "start": 80, "end": 102}, "tail": {"text": "between 1947 and 1999", "start": 141, "end": 162}}, {"head": {"text": "variability", "start": 184, "end": 195}, "tail": {"text": "1% and 37%", "start": 211, "end": 221}}, {"head": {"text": "period of solar rotation", "start": 233, "end": 257}, "tail": {"text": "one", "start": 229, "end": 232}}, {"head": {"text": "period of solar rotation", "start": 233, "end": 257}, "tail": {"text": "27 days", "start": 259, "end": 266}}, {"head": {"text": "solar rotation", "start": 308, "end": 322}, "tail": {"text": "one", "start": 304, "end": 307}}, {"head": {"text": "variability", "start": 285, "end": 296}, "tail": {"text": "9 ± 6%", "start": 339, "end": 345}}, {"head": {"text": "rotation period", "start": 446, "end": 461}, "tail": {"text": "∼10–11 days", "start": 493, "end": 504}}, {"head": {"text": "transits", "start": 573, "end": 581}, "tail": {"text": "three", "start": 557, "end": 562}}, {"head": {"text": "took place", "start": 586, "end": 596}, "tail": {"text": "within a month and a half", "start": 597, "end": 622}}, {"head": {"text": "time", "start": 670, "end": 674}, "tail": {"text": "approximately 2 h", "start": 649, "end": 666}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "between 1947 and 1999", "start": 141, "end": 162}, "tail": {"text": "solar cycles", "start": 128, "end": 140}}, {"head": {"text": "during one period of solar rotation", "start": 222, "end": 257}, "tail": {"text": "variability", "start": 184, "end": 195}}, {"head": {"text": "during one solar rotation", "start": 297, "end": 322}, "tail": {"text": "variability", "start": 285, "end": 296}}, {"head": {"text": "average", "start": 277, "end": 284}, "tail": {"text": "9 ± 6%", "start": 339, "end": 345}}, {"head": {"text": "estimated", "start": 477, "end": 486}, "tail": {"text": "rotation period", "start": 446, "end": 461}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "Lyman α emissions", "start": 53, "end": 70}, "tail": {"text": "variability", "start": 184, "end": 195}}, {"head": {"text": "Lyman α emissions", "start": 53, "end": 70}, "tail": {"text": "variability", "start": 285, "end": 296}}, {"head": {"text": "HD209458", "start": 465, "end": 473}, "tail": {"text": "rotation period", "start": 446, "end": 461}}, {"head": {"text": "G140M observations", "start": 530, "end": 548}, "tail": {"text": "took place", "start": 586, "end": 596}}, {"head": {"text": "observation", "start": 629, "end": 640}, "tail": {"text": "time", "start": 670, "end": 674}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "It is interesting to note that while the velocity structure of the escaping plasma can lead to broader absorption that helps to explain the transit depths, it is not necessarily detectable in the data. For instance, Fig. 7 shows the transit depths based on the SOL2 model that has a relatively high radial velocity reaching 11 km s−1 by 5Rp. The velocity structure is not detectable because the optical depth of the high velocity material is not sufficient, the LOS velocity at the limb of the planet is slower than the radial velocities in general, and because spectral line broadening within the COS instrument smooths the structure out of the line profiles. If the presence of velocity structure is confirmed in the data (Linsky et al., 2010), it probably implies that there is detached, optically thick plasma moving at large velocities around the planet. If this turns out to be the case, interaction with the stellar wind probably plays a role in giving rise to the observed absorption. Such interaction may also produce turbulence that can broaden the absorption further (e.g., Tian et al., 2005). However, we note that non-thermal broadening such as that proposed by Ben-Jaffel and Hosseini", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "11 km s−1", "start": 324, "end": 333}, {"text": "5Rp", "start": 337, "end": 340}], "measured property": [{"text": "radial velocity", "start": 299, "end": 314}], "measured entity": [{"text": "SOL2 model", "start": 261, "end": 271}], "qualifier": [{"text": "by 5Rp", "start": 334, "end": 340}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "radial velocity", "start": 299, "end": 314}, "tail": {"text": "11 km s−1", "start": 324, "end": 333}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "SOL2 model", "start": 261, "end": 271}, "tail": {"text": "radial velocity", "start": 299, "end": 314}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "by 5Rp", "start": 334, "end": 340}, "tail": {"text": "radial velocity", "start": 299, "end": 314}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "(2010) does not appear to be necessary to explain the current observations.", "output": {"entities": {}, "relations": {}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "In agreement with K10, we showed that the H Lyman α transit observations (Vidal-Madjar et al., 2003, 2004; Ben-Jaffel, 2007, 2008; Ben-Jaffel and Hosseini, 2010) can be fitted with a layer of H in the thermosphere that is described by three simple parameters. These are the pressure at the bottom of the H layer, the mean temperature in the thermosphere, and a cutoff level due to ionization. The most important parameters are the pressure at the lower boundary and the mean temperature. Because H is the dominant species in the thermosphere, the data can be used to estimate the temperature of the thermosphere. Choosing a lower boundary pressure of 1 μbar based on the location of the H2/H dissociation front in recent photochemical models (Moses et al., 2011) and observational constraints (France et al., 2010), we estimated a mean temperature of about 8250 K in the thermosphere below 3Rp. However, the uncertainty of the observations is large, and the 1σ upper and lower limits on this temperature are approximately 6000 K and 11,000 K, respectively.4", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "1 μbar", "start": 651, "end": 657}, {"text": "about 8250 K", "start": 851, "end": 863}, {"text": "approximately 6000 K", "start": 1008, "end": 1028}, {"text": "11,000 K", "start": 1033, "end": 1041}], "measured property": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 639, "end": 647}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 836, "end": 847}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 992, "end": 1003}], "measured entity": [{"text": "lower boundar", "start": 624, "end": 637}, {"text": "thermosphere below 3Rp", "start": 871, "end": 893}], "qualifier": [{"text": "mean", "start": 831, "end": 835}, {"text": "upper", "start": 961, "end": 966}, {"text": "lower", "start": 971, "end": 976}, {"text": "approximately", "start": 1008, "end": 1021}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "pressure", "start": 639, "end": 647}, "tail": {"text": "1 μbar", "start": 651, "end": 657}}, {"head": {"text": "temperature", "start": 836, "end": 847}, "tail": {"text": "about 8250 K", "start": 851, "end": 863}}, {"head": {"text": "temperature", "start": 992, "end": 1003}, "tail": {"text": "approximately 6000 K", "start": 1008, "end": 1028}}, {"head": {"text": "temperature", "start": 992, "end": 1003}, "tail": {"text": "11,000 K", "start": 1033, "end": 1041}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "lower boundar", "start": 624, "end": 637}, "tail": {"text": "pressure", "start": 639, "end": 647}}, {"head": {"text": "thermosphere below 3Rp", "start": 871, "end": 893}, "tail": {"text": "temperature", "start": 836, "end": 847}}, {"head": {"text": "thermosphere below 3Rp", "start": 871, "end": 893}, "tail": {"text": "temperature", "start": 992, "end": 1003}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "mean", "start": 831, "end": 835}, "tail": {"text": "about 8250 K", "start": 851, "end": 863}}, {"head": {"text": "upper", "start": 961, "end": 966}, "tail": {"text": "temperature", "start": 992, "end": 1003}}, {"head": {"text": "lower", "start": 971, "end": 976}, "tail": {"text": "temperature", "start": 992, "end": 1003}}, {"head": {"text": "approximately", "start": 1008, "end": 1021}, "tail": {"text": "11,000 K", "start": 1033, "end": 1041}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Sing et al. (2008a,b) used observations of the Na D line profile to constrain the temperature profile in the upper atmosphere. They suggested that Na condenses into clouds near the 3 mbar level, and thus predicted a deep minimum in temperature in this region that is required for condensation. The detection of Si2+ implies that condensation of Na in the lower atmosphere is unlikely (Paper II), and thus this result is unreliable. Relying on the same observations, Vidal-Madjar et al. (2011a,b) predicted that the temperature increases steeply from 1300 K to 3500 K near the 1 μbar level. However, their method to retrieve the temperature relies on the density scale height of Na to express the optical depth along the line of sight (LOS). This is not consistent with the argument that Na is depleted above the 3 mbar level. If such a depletion takes place, the density scale height of Na is not the same as the scale height of the atmosphere and it cannot be used to retrieve temperatures.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "3 mbar", "start": 181, "end": 187}, {"text": "1300 K to 3500 K", "start": 550, "end": 566}, {"text": "1 μbar", "start": 576, "end": 582}, {"text": "3 mbar", "start": 812, "end": 818}], "measured property": [{"text": "level", "start": 188, "end": 193}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 515, "end": 526}, {"text": "level", "start": 583, "end": 588}, {"text": "level", "start": 819, "end": 824}], "measured entity": [{"text": "upper atmosphere", "start": 109, "end": 125}], "qualifier": [{"text": "increases", "start": 527, "end": 536}, {"text": "near the 1 μbar level", "start": 567, "end": 588}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "level", "start": 188, "end": 193}, "tail": {"text": "3 mbar", "start": 181, "end": 187}}, {"head": {"text": "temperature", "start": 515, "end": 526}, "tail": {"text": "1300 K to 3500 K", "start": 550, "end": 566}}, {"head": {"text": "level", "start": 583, "end": 588}, "tail": {"text": "1 μbar", "start": 576, "end": 582}}, {"head": {"text": "level", "start": 819, "end": 824}, "tail": {"text": "3 mbar", "start": 812, "end": 818}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "upper atmosphere", "start": 109, "end": 125}, "tail": {"text": "level", "start": 188, "end": 193}}, {"head": {"text": "upper atmosphere", "start": 109, "end": 125}, "tail": {"text": "temperature", "start": 515, "end": 526}}, {"head": {"text": "upper atmosphere", "start": 109, "end": 125}, "tail": {"text": "level", "start": 583, "end": 588}}, {"head": {"text": "upper atmosphere", "start": 109, "end": 125}, "tail": {"text": "level", "start": 819, "end": 824}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "increases", "start": 527, "end": 536}, "tail": {"text": "1300 K to 3500 K", "start": 550, "end": 566}}, {"head": {"text": "near the 1 μbar level", "start": 567, "end": 588}, "tail": {"text": "temperature", "start": 515, "end": 526}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "A net heating efficiency of 50% is similar to the heating efficiency in the jovian thermosphere (Waite et al., 1983), and we may consider this as a representative case of a typical gas giant (hereafter, the H50 model). The maximum temperature in the H50 model is 11,500 K and the temperature peak is located near 1.5Rp (p = 0.3 nbar). As ηnet varies from 0.1 to 1, the peak shifts from 1.4Rp (0.5 nbar) to 1.9Rp (0.1 nbar) and the maximum temperature varies from 10,000 K to 13,200 K. It is interesting to note that the temperature profile depends strongly on the heating efficiency but the location of the peak and the maximum temperature depend only weakly on ηnet. This is because the vertical velocity increases with heating efficiency, leading to more efficient cooling by faster expansion that controls the peak temperature while enhanced advection and high altitude heating flatten the temperature gradient above the peak. As a result, the temperature profile is almost isothermal when ηnet = 1.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "50%", "start": 28, "end": 31}, {"text": "11,500 K", "start": 263, "end": 271}, {"text": "near 1.5Rp", "start": 308, "end": 318}, {"text": "0.3 nbar", "start": 324, "end": 332}, {"text": "0.1 to 1", "start": 355, "end": 363}, {"text": "1.4Rp (0.5 nbar) to 1.9Rp (0.1 nbar)", "start": 386, "end": 422}, {"text": "10,000 K to 13,200 K", "start": 463, "end": 483}, {"text": "1", "start": 1000, "end": 1001}], "measured property": [{"text": "net heating efficiency", "start": 2, "end": 24}, {"text": "maximum temperature", "start": 223, "end": 242}, {"text": "temperature peak", "start": 280, "end": 296}, {"text": "ηnet", "start": 338, "end": 342}, {"text": "peak", "start": 369, "end": 373}, {"text": "maximum temperature", "start": 431, "end": 450}], "measured entity": [{"text": "typical gas giant (hereafter, the H50 model)", "start": 173, "end": 217}, {"text": "H50 model", "start": 250, "end": 259}, {"text": "p", "start": 320, "end": 321}, {"text": "ηnet", "start": 993, "end": 997}], "qualifier": [{"text": "p = 0.3 nbar", "start": 320, "end": 332}, {"text": "shifts from", "start": 374, "end": 385}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "net heating efficiency", "start": 2, "end": 24}, "tail": {"text": "50%", "start": 28, "end": 31}}, {"head": {"text": "maximum temperature", "start": 223, "end": 242}, "tail": {"text": "11,500 K", "start": 263, "end": 271}}, {"head": {"text": "temperature peak", "start": 280, "end": 296}, "tail": {"text": "near 1.5Rp", "start": 308, "end": 318}}, {"head": {"text": "p", "start": 320, "end": 321}, "tail": {"text": "0.3 nbar", "start": 324, "end": 332}}, {"head": {"text": "ηnet", "start": 338, "end": 342}, "tail": {"text": "0.1 to 1", "start": 355, "end": 363}}, {"head": {"text": "peak", "start": 369, "end": 373}, "tail": {"text": "1.4Rp (0.5 nbar) to 1.9Rp (0.1 nbar)", "start": 386, "end": 422}}, {"head": {"text": "maximum temperature", "start": 431, "end": 450}, "tail": {"text": "10,000 K to 13,200 K", "start": 463, "end": 483}}, {"head": {"text": "ηnet", "start": 993, "end": 997}, "tail": {"text": "1", "start": 1000, "end": 1001}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "typical gas giant (hereafter, the H50 model)", "start": 173, "end": 217}, "tail": {"text": "net heating efficiency", "start": 2, "end": 24}}, {"head": {"text": "H50 model", "start": 250, "end": 259}, "tail": {"text": "maximum temperature", "start": 223, "end": 242}}, {"head": {"text": "H50 model", "start": 250, "end": 259}, "tail": {"text": "temperature peak", "start": 280, "end": 296}}, {"head": {"text": "H50 model", "start": 250, "end": 259}, "tail": {"text": "ηnet", "start": 338, "end": 342}}, {"head": {"text": "H50 model", "start": 250, "end": 259}, "tail": {"text": "peak", "start": 369, "end": 373}}, {"head": {"text": "H50 model", "start": 250, "end": 259}, "tail": {"text": "maximum temperature", "start": 431, "end": 450}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "p = 0.3 nbar", "start": 320, "end": 332}, "tail": {"text": "near 1.5Rp", "start": 308, "end": 318}}, {"head": {"text": "shifts from", "start": 374, "end": 385}, "tail": {"text": "peak", "start": 369, "end": 373}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Koskinen et al. (2010a) inferred a mean temperature of 8250 K in the thermosphere of HD209458b with p0 = 1 μbar (the M7 model). Taken together with our results based on solar XUV fluxes, this implies a relatively high heating efficiency. Alternatively, with ηnet = 0.5 it may imply that the XUV flux of HD209458b is 5–10 times higher than the corresponding solar flux. This type of an enhancement is not impossible. The activity level of the star depends on its rotation rate, and the rotation rate of HD209458 may be twice as fast as the rotation rate of the Sun (Silva-Valio, 2008). However, the uncertainty of the observed H Lyman α transit depths accommodates a range of temperatures, and thus we are unable to derive firm constraints on the heating rates from the observations. In general, though, the pressure averaged temperature provides a useful connection between observations and temperatures predicted by models that can be exploited to constrain heating rates.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "8250 K", "start": 55, "end": 61}, {"text": "1 μbar", "start": 105, "end": 111}, {"text": "0.5", "start": 265, "end": 268}, {"text": "5–10 times", "start": 316, "end": 326}, {"text": "twice", "start": 518, "end": 523}], "measured property": [{"text": "mean temperature", "start": 35, "end": 51}, {"text": "XUV flux", "start": 291, "end": 299}, {"text": "rotation rate", "start": 485, "end": 498}], "measured entity": [{"text": "thermosphere of HD209458b", "start": 69, "end": 94}, {"text": "p0", "start": 100, "end": 102}, {"text": "HD209458b", "start": 303, "end": 312}, {"text": "HD209458", "start": 502, "end": 510}], "qualifier": [{"text": "with p0 = 1 μbar", "start": 95, "end": 111}, {"text": "with ηnet = 0.5", "start": 253, "end": 268}, {"text": "higher than the corresponding solar flux", "start": 327, "end": 367}, {"text": "as fast as the rotation rate of the Sun", "start": 524, "end": 563}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "mean temperature", "start": 35, "end": 51}, "tail": {"text": "8250 K", "start": 55, "end": 61}}, {"head": {"text": "p0", "start": 100, "end": 102}, "tail": {"text": "1 μbar", "start": 105, "end": 111}}, {"head": {"text": "XUV flux", "start": 291, "end": 299}, "tail": {"text": "5–10 times", "start": 316, "end": 326}}, {"head": {"text": "rotation rate", "start": 485, "end": 498}, "tail": {"text": "twice", "start": 518, "end": 523}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "thermosphere of HD209458b", "start": 69, "end": 94}, "tail": {"text": "mean temperature", "start": 35, "end": 51}}, {"head": {"text": "HD209458b", "start": 303, "end": 312}, "tail": {"text": "XUV flux", "start": 291, "end": 299}}, {"head": {"text": "HD209458", "start": 502, "end": 510}, "tail": {"text": "rotation rate", "start": 485, "end": 498}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "with p0 = 1 μbar", "start": 95, "end": 111}, "tail": {"text": "mean temperature", "start": 35, "end": 51}}, {"head": {"text": "with ηnet = 0.5", "start": 253, "end": 268}, "tail": {"text": "XUV flux", "start": 291, "end": 299}}, {"head": {"text": "higher than the corresponding solar flux", "start": 327, "end": 367}, "tail": {"text": "5–10 times", "start": 316, "end": 326}}, {"head": {"text": "as fast as the rotation rate of the Sun", "start": 524, "end": 563}, "tail": {"text": "twice", "start": 518, "end": 523}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "In the previous section we discussed models where the net heating efficiency ηnet was fixed at a constant value at all altitudes. In this section we discuss more realistic models of HD209458b that rely on new approximations of photoelectron heating efficiency and derive an estimate of ηnet based on these models. Here we also include radiative cooling from recombination and, in one case, H Lyman α emissions by excited H (Murray-Clay et al., 2009). Our aim was to calculate the most likely range of temperatures in the thermosphere of HD209458b based on average solar fluxes. Fig. 4 shows the temperature and velocity profiles at 1–5Rp based on different approximations (see Table 2 for the input parameters). Model C1 assumes a constant photoelectron heating efficiency of 93% at all altitudes and photoelectron energies. This heating efficiency is appropriate for photoelectrons created by 50 eV photons at an electron mixing ratio of xe = 0.1 (Cecchi-Pestellini et al., 2009). Model C2 is otherwise similar to C1 but the heating efficiency varies with photoelectron energy and altitude (see below). Models C3 and C4 are also based on C1, but C3 includes the substellar tidal forces in the", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "93%", "start": 776, "end": 779}, {"text": "50 eV", "start": 894, "end": 899}, {"text": "0.1", "start": 944, "end": 947}], "measured property": [{"text": "constant photoelectron heating efficiency", "start": 731, "end": 772}], "measured entity": [{"text": "Model C1", "start": 712, "end": 720}, {"text": "photons", "start": 900, "end": 907}, {"text": "electron mixing ratio of xe", "start": 914, "end": 941}], "qualifier": [{"text": "at all altitudes and photoelectron energies", "start": 780, "end": 823}, {"text": "at an electron mixing ratio of xe = 0.1", "start": 908, "end": 947}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "constant photoelectron heating efficiency", "start": 731, "end": 772}, "tail": {"text": "93%", "start": 776, "end": 779}}, {"head": {"text": "photons", "start": 900, "end": 907}, "tail": {"text": "50 eV", "start": 894, "end": 899}}, {"head": {"text": "electron mixing ratio of xe", "start": 914, "end": 941}, "tail": {"text": "0.1", "start": 944, "end": 947}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "Model C1", "start": 712, "end": 720}, "tail": {"text": "constant photoelectron heating efficiency", "start": 731, "end": 772}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "at all altitudes and photoelectron energies", "start": 780, "end": 823}, "tail": {"text": "constant photoelectron heating efficiency", "start": 731, "end": 772}}, {"head": {"text": "at an electron mixing ratio of xe = 0.1", "start": 908, "end": 947}, "tail": {"text": "photons", "start": 900, "end": 907}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "equations of motion (e.g., Garcia Munoz, 2007) and C4 includes Lyman α cooling. All of these models are based on the outflow boundary conditions for temperature, velocity, and density.", "output": {"entities": {}, "relations": {}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "For an isothermal atmosphere with a temperature T0, Eq. (11) reduces to the famous result for the altitude of the sonic point (Parker, 1958):where  is the thermal escape parameter X0 at the lower boundary r0. The isothermal sonic point in the C1 model is located at 7.2Rp where c(ξc) = 7.2 km s−1. The volume averaged temperature of the C1 model below this point is approximately 7100 K. Assuming that r0 = Rp, T0 = 7100 K, and m = mH, X0 ∼ 16 and Eq. (12) yields ξc ∼ 8. In this case the analytic result agrees fairly well with the hydrodynamic model if one accounts for partial ionization of the atmosphere by assuming that the mean atomic weight2 is m = 0.9mH.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "7.2Rp", "start": 266, "end": 271}, {"text": "7.2 km s−1", "start": 286, "end": 296}, {"text": "approximately 7100 K", "start": 366, "end": 386}, {"text": "7100 K", "start": 416, "end": 422}, {"text": "∼ 16", "start": 439, "end": 443}, {"text": "0.9mH", "start": 657, "end": 662}], "measured property": [{"text": "located at", "start": 255, "end": 265}, {"text": "volume averaged temperature", "start": 302, "end": 329}, {"text": "T0", "start": 411, "end": 413}, {"text": "X0", "start": 436, "end": 438}], "measured entity": [{"text": "C1 model", "start": 243, "end": 251}, {"text": "c(ξc)", "start": 278, "end": 283}, {"text": "C1 model", "start": 337, "end": 345}, {"text": "mean atomic weight2", "start": 630, "end": 649}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "located at", "start": 255, "end": 265}, "tail": {"text": "7.2Rp", "start": 266, "end": 271}}, {"head": {"text": "c(ξc)", "start": 278, "end": 283}, "tail": {"text": "7.2 km s−1", "start": 286, "end": 296}}, {"head": {"text": "volume averaged temperature", "start": 302, "end": 329}, "tail": {"text": "approximately 7100 K", "start": 366, "end": 386}}, {"head": {"text": "T0", "start": 411, "end": 413}, "tail": {"text": "7100 K", "start": 416, "end": 422}}, {"head": {"text": "X0", "start": 436, "end": 438}, "tail": {"text": "∼ 16", "start": 439, "end": 443}}, {"head": {"text": "mean atomic weight2", "start": 630, "end": 649}, "tail": {"text": "0.9mH", "start": 657, "end": 662}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "C1 model", "start": 243, "end": 251}, "tail": {"text": "located at", "start": 255, "end": 265}}, {"head": {"text": "C1 model", "start": 337, "end": 345}, "tail": {"text": "volume averaged temperature", "start": 302, "end": 329}}, {"head": {"text": "C1 model", "start": 337, "end": 345}, "tail": {"text": "T0", "start": 411, "end": 413}}, {"head": {"text": "C1 model", "start": 337, "end": 345}, "tail": {"text": "X0", "start": 436, "end": 438}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Once again, the differences between the earlier models and our work arise from different boundary conditions, and assumptions regarding heating rates and photochemistry. We demonstrate this by reproducing the results of Murray-Clay et al. (2009) with our model. In order to do so, we set the lower boundary to 30 nbar with a temperature of 1000 K, and included the substellar tide in the equations of motion. We only included H, H+, and electrons in the model, and used the recombination rate coefficient and Lyman α cooling rate from Murray-Clay et al. (2009). We also calculated the heating and ionization rates with the gray approximation by assuming a single photon energy of 20 eV for the stellar flux of 0.45 W m−2 at the orbital position of HD209458b. Fig. 10 shows the density profiles of H and H+ based on this model (hereafter, the MC09 model).", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "30 nbar", "start": 310, "end": 317}, {"text": "1000 K", "start": 340, "end": 346}, {"text": "20 eV", "start": 680, "end": 685}, {"text": "0.45 W m−2", "start": 710, "end": 720}], "measured property": [{"text": "lower boundary", "start": 292, "end": 306}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 325, "end": 336}, {"text": "energy", "start": 670, "end": 676}], "measured entity": [{"text": "model", "start": 255, "end": 260}, {"text": "single photon", "start": 656, "end": 669}, {"text": "stellar flux", "start": 694, "end": 706}], "qualifier": [{"text": "at the orbital position of HD209458b", "start": 721, "end": 757}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "lower boundary", "start": 292, "end": 306}, "tail": {"text": "30 nbar", "start": 310, "end": 317}}, {"head": {"text": "temperature", "start": 325, "end": 336}, "tail": {"text": "1000 K", "start": 340, "end": 346}}, {"head": {"text": "energy", "start": 670, "end": 676}, "tail": {"text": "20 eV", "start": 680, "end": 685}}, {"head": {"text": "stellar flux", "start": 694, "end": 706}, "tail": {"text": "0.45 W m−2", "start": 710, "end": 720}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "model", "start": 255, "end": 260}, "tail": {"text": "lower boundary", "start": 292, "end": 306}}, {"head": {"text": "model", "start": 255, "end": 260}, "tail": {"text": "temperature", "start": 325, "end": 336}}, {"head": {"text": "single photon", "start": 656, "end": 669}, "tail": {"text": "energy", "start": 670, "end": 676}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "at the orbital position of HD209458b", "start": 721, "end": 757}, "tail": {"text": "stellar flux", "start": 694, "end": 706}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Koskinen et al. (2010a) demonstrated that the H Lyman α transit observations (Ben-Jaffel, 2007, 2008) can be explained with absorption by H in the thermosphere if the base of the hot layer of H is near 1 μbar, the mean temperature within the layer is about 8250 K, and the atmosphere is mostly ionized above 3Rp. These parameters are based on fitting the data with a simple empirical model of the upper atmosphere. The density and temperature profiles from our new hydrodynamic model agree qualitatively with these constraints, demonstrating that the basic assumptions of Koskinen et al. (2010a) are reasonable. This confirms once again that a comet-like tail (Vidal-Madjar et al., 2003) or energetic neutral atoms (Holström et al., 2008) are not necessarily required to explain the H Lyman α observations.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "near 1 μbar", "start": 197, "end": 208}, {"text": "8250 K", "start": 257, "end": 263}, {"text": "above 3Rp", "start": 302, "end": 311}], "measured property": [{"text": "base", "start": 167, "end": 171}, {"text": "mean temperature", "start": 214, "end": 230}, {"text": "mostly ionized", "start": 287, "end": 301}], "measured entity": [{"text": "hot layer of H", "start": 179, "end": 193}, {"text": "atmosphere", "start": 273, "end": 283}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "base", "start": 167, "end": 171}, "tail": {"text": "near 1 μbar", "start": 197, "end": 208}}, {"head": {"text": "mean temperature", "start": 214, "end": 230}, "tail": {"text": "8250 K", "start": 257, "end": 263}}, {"head": {"text": "mostly ionized", "start": 287, "end": 301}, "tail": {"text": "above 3Rp", "start": 302, "end": 311}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "hot layer of H", "start": 179, "end": 193}, "tail": {"text": "base", "start": 167, "end": 171}}, {"head": {"text": "hot layer of H", "start": 179, "end": 193}, "tail": {"text": "mean temperature", "start": 214, "end": 230}}, {"head": {"text": "atmosphere", "start": 273, "end": 283}, "tail": {"text": "mostly ionized", "start": 287, "end": 301}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Concentrations of salts in Mars soil assuming deposition during the Amazonian, a soil density of 1 g cm−3, and mixing in a range of 1.5–2.6 m depth. Values are calculated for the nominal Mars case.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "1 g cm−3", "start": 97, "end": 105}, {"text": "1.5–2.6 m", "start": 132, "end": 141}], "measured property": [{"text": "soil density", "start": 81, "end": 93}, {"text": "depth", "start": 142, "end": 147}], "measured entity": [{"text": "Mars soil", "start": 27, "end": 36}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "soil density", "start": 81, "end": 93}, "tail": {"text": "1 g cm−3", "start": 97, "end": 105}}, {"head": {"text": "depth", "start": 142, "end": 147}, "tail": {"text": "1.5–2.6 m", "start": 132, "end": 141}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "Mars soil", "start": 27, "end": 36}, "tail": {"text": "soil density", "start": 81, "end": 93}}, {"head": {"text": "Mars soil", "start": 27, "end": 36}, "tail": {"text": "depth", "start": 142, "end": 147}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "In extremely arid regions on Earth, such as the Atacama Desert, nitrate, sulfate and perchlorate salts form in the atmosphere and accumulate on the surface from dry deposition according to diagnostic evidence in their oxygen isotopes. Salts of similar oxyanions should have formed in the atmosphere of Mars because of comparable photochemical reactions. We use a 1-D photochemical model to calculate the deposition rates of sulfate, nitrogen oxyanions, and perchlorate from Mars’ atmosphere, given a plausible range of volcanic fluxes of sulfur- and chlorine-containing gases in the past. To calculate integrated fluxes over time, we assume that throughout the last 3 byr (the Amazonian eon), the typical background atmosphere would have been similar to today’s cold and dry environment. If the soil has been mixed by impact perturbations to a characteristic depth of ∼2 m during this time, given a time-average volcanic flux 0.1% of the modern terrestrial volcanic flux, the model suggests that the soil would have accumulated 1.0–1.7 wt.% SO42- and 0.2–0.4 wt.% N in the form of pernitrate (peroxynitrate) or nitrate. The calculated sulfate concentration is consistent with in situ observations of", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "last 3 byr", "start": 661, "end": 671}, {"text": "∼2 m", "start": 868, "end": 872}, {"text": "0.1%", "start": 926, "end": 930}, {"text": "1.0–1.7 wt.%", "start": 1028, "end": 1040}, {"text": "0.2–0.4 wt.%", "start": 1051, "end": 1063}], "measured entity": [{"text": "Amazonian eon", "start": 677, "end": 690}, {"text": "soil", "start": 795, "end": 799}, {"text": "modern terrestrial volcanic flux", "start": 938, "end": 970}, {"text": "soil", "start": 1000, "end": 1004}], "measured property": [{"text": "depth", "start": 859, "end": 864}, {"text": "time-average volcanic flux", "start": 899, "end": 925}, {"text": "SO42-", "start": 1041, "end": 1046}, {"text": "N", "start": 1064, "end": 1065}], "qualifier": [{"text": "mixed by impact perturbations", "start": 809, "end": 838}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "Amazonian eon", "start": 677, "end": 690}, "tail": {"text": "last 3 byr", "start": 661, "end": 671}}, {"head": {"text": "depth", "start": 859, "end": 864}, "tail": {"text": "∼2 m", "start": 868, "end": 872}}, {"head": {"text": "time-average volcanic flux", "start": 899, "end": 925}, "tail": {"text": "0.1%", "start": 926, "end": 930}}, {"head": {"text": "SO42-", "start": 1041, "end": 1046}, "tail": {"text": "1.0–1.7 wt.%", "start": 1028, "end": 1040}}, {"head": {"text": "N", "start": 1064, "end": 1065}, "tail": {"text": "0.2–0.4 wt.%", "start": 1051, "end": 1063}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "soil", "start": 795, "end": 799}, "tail": {"text": "depth", "start": 859, "end": 864}}, {"head": {"text": "modern terrestrial volcanic flux", "start": 938, "end": 970}, "tail": {"text": "time-average volcanic flux", "start": 899, "end": 925}}, {"head": {"text": "soil", "start": 1000, "end": 1004}, "tail": {"text": "SO42-", "start": 1041, "end": 1046}}, {"head": {"text": "soil", "start": 1000, "end": 1004}, "tail": {"text": "N", "start": 1064, "end": 1065}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "mixed by impact perturbations", "start": 809, "end": 838}, "tail": {"text": "soil", "start": 795, "end": 799}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "soils from rovers and landers and orbital gamma ray spectroscopy. However, nitrates or pernitrates are yet to be detected. The modeled formation of perchlorate via purely gas-phase oxidation of volcanically-derived chlorine is insufficient by orders of magnitude to explain 0.4–0.6 wt.% ClO4- measured by NASA’s Phoenix Lander. The far smaller amount of ozone in the martian atmosphere compared to the terrestrial atmosphere and the colder, drier conditions are the cause of lower rates of gas phase oxidation of chlorine volatiles to perchloric acid. Our calculations imply that non-gas-phase processes not included in the photochemical model, such as heterogeneous reactions, are likely important for the formation of perchlorate and are yet to be identified.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "0.4–0.6 wt.%", "start": 274, "end": 286}], "measured property": [{"text": "ClO4-", "start": 287, "end": 292}], "qualifier": [{"text": "measured by NASA’s Phoenix Lander.", "start": 293, "end": 327}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "ClO4-", "start": 287, "end": 292}, "tail": {"text": "0.4–0.6 wt.%", "start": 274, "end": 286}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "measured by NASA’s Phoenix Lander.", "start": 293, "end": 327}, "tail": {"text": "ClO4-", "start": 287, "end": 292}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "The model-inferred abundances of perchlorate are far smaller than observations, however. If we assume the soil is mixed to an average depth of 2 m and the parent salt is Ca(ClO4)2 or Mg(ClO4)2, then we calculate concentrations of 4.3 × 10−8 wt. % and 4.0 × 10−10 wt. %, respectively. These concentrations are both many orders of magnitude lower than the observed abundance at the Phoenix landing site: 0.4–0.6 wt. % (Hecht et al., 2009). Also, the concentrations are far below what would be inferred from observations of perchlorate:nitrate ratios ∼1:60 measured in EETA79001 (Kounaves et al., 2014) and the Atacama perchlorate:nitrate of ∼1:1000. Distinct from the results for Earth where gas phase reactions were sufficient to reproduce data (Catling et al., 2010), we conclude that additional heterogeneous reactions must be present to account for the efficient formation of perchlorate on Mars, a hypothesis we discuss further in Section 7. But first we explore the sensitivity of deposition fluxes to model parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "2 m", "start": 143, "end": 146}, {"text": "4.3 × 10−8 wt. %", "start": 230, "end": 246}, {"text": "4.0 × 10−10 wt. %", "start": 251, "end": 268}, {"text": "0.4–0.6 wt. %", "start": 402, "end": 415}, {"text": "∼1:60", "start": 548, "end": 553}, {"text": "∼1:1000", "start": 639, "end": 646}], "measured property": [{"text": "depth", "start": 134, "end": 139}, {"text": "concentrations", "start": 212, "end": 226}, {"text": "observed abundance", "start": 354, "end": 372}, {"text": "ratios", "start": 541, "end": 547}], "measured entity": [{"text": "soil", "start": 106, "end": 110}, {"text": "Ca(ClO4)2", "start": 170, "end": 179}, {"text": "Mg(ClO4)2", "start": 183, "end": 192}, {"text": "perchlorate", "start": 33, "end": 44}, {"text": "perchlorate:nitrate", "start": 521, "end": 540}, {"text": "perchlorate:nitrate", "start": 616, "end": 635}], "qualifier": [{"text": "average", "start": 126, "end": 133}, {"text": "mixed", "start": 114, "end": 119}, {"text": "measured in EETA79001", "start": 554, "end": 575}, {"text": "Atacama", "start": 608, "end": 615}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "depth", "start": 134, "end": 139}, "tail": {"text": "2 m", "start": 143, "end": 146}}, {"head": {"text": "concentrations", "start": 212, "end": 226}, "tail": {"text": "4.3 × 10−8 wt. %", "start": 230, "end": 246}}, {"head": {"text": "concentrations", "start": 212, "end": 226}, "tail": {"text": "4.0 × 10−10 wt. %", "start": 251, "end": 268}}, {"head": {"text": "observed abundance", "start": 354, "end": 372}, "tail": {"text": "0.4–0.6 wt. %", "start": 402, "end": 415}}, {"head": {"text": "ratios", "start": 541, "end": 547}, "tail": {"text": "∼1:60", "start": 548, "end": 553}}, {"head": {"text": "ratios", "start": 541, "end": 547}, "tail": {"text": "∼1:1000", "start": 639, "end": 646}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "soil", "start": 106, "end": 110}, "tail": {"text": "depth", "start": 134, "end": 139}}, {"head": {"text": "Ca(ClO4)2", "start": 170, "end": 179}, "tail": {"text": "concentrations", "start": 212, "end": 226}}, {"head": {"text": "Mg(ClO4)2", "start": 183, "end": 192}, "tail": {"text": "concentrations", "start": 212, "end": 226}}, {"head": {"text": "perchlorate", "start": 33, "end": 44}, "tail": {"text": "observed abundance", "start": 354, "end": 372}}, {"head": {"text": "perchlorate:nitrate", "start": 521, "end": 540}, "tail": {"text": "ratios", "start": 541, "end": 547}}, {"head": {"text": "perchlorate:nitrate", "start": 616, "end": 635}, "tail": {"text": "ratios", "start": 541, "end": 547}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "average", "start": 126, "end": 133}, "tail": {"text": "2 m", "start": 143, "end": 146}}, {"head": {"text": "mixed", "start": 114, "end": 119}, "tail": {"text": "depth", "start": 134, "end": 139}}, {"head": {"text": "measured in EETA79001", "start": 554, "end": 575}, "tail": {"text": "perchlorate:nitrate", "start": 521, "end": 540}}, {"head": {"text": "Atacama", "start": 608, "end": 615}, "tail": {"text": "perchlorate:nitrate", "start": 616, "end": 635}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "A QCM-D instrument, which is a highly sensitive balance based on the measurement of changes in the resonance frequency of a quartz crystal oscillator, was used to study the film formation and complexation processes. The instrument used was a Q-sense E4 microbalance (Q-sense, Gothenburg). The temperature of the measuring cell was controlled at 25 ± 0.02 °C, and the resonant frequency of the oscillator (f) and the energy dissipation value (D) were recorded simultaneously as a function of time. The baseline was determined using the buffer solution without protein.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "25 ± 0.02 °C", "start": 345, "end": 357}], "measured property": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 293, "end": 304}], "measured entity": [{"text": "measuring cell", "start": 312, "end": 326}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "temperature", "start": 293, "end": 304}, "tail": {"text": "25 ± 0.02 °C", "start": 345, "end": 357}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "measuring cell", "start": 312, "end": 326}, "tail": {"text": "temperature", "start": 293, "end": 304}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "The adsorption of Mefp-1 on an oxidized iron surface was followed in real time using QCM-D as illustrated in Fig. 2. The sensed mass determined with QCM-D includes the mass of the adsorbed protein and that of water that is hydrodynamically coupled to the layer. This mass will be referred to as the “sensed mass” in this article to distinguish it from the adsorbed mass of the protein. The exposure to the Mefp-1 solution leads to initial rapid adsorption, as expected for a protein showing high affinity for the adsorbent. After this initial rapid adsorption, a slower increase in the sensed mass is observed, suggesting a continuous build-up of the Mefp-1 layer. Since the substrate is a pre-conditioned iron surface that is not as stable as a model silica surface, the adsorption of Mefp-1 was interrupted after 10 min to prevent non-negligible corrosion of the substrate within the period of measurement. The protein solution was removed by injection of a protein free 10 μm FeCl3 solution into the cell, which allows the investigation of Fe3+ enhanced complexation of the pre-adsorbed protein layer. As shown in Fig. 2, the exposure of the adsorbed layer to the FeCl3 solution leads to a", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "10 min", "start": 815, "end": 821}, {"text": "10 μm", "start": 973, "end": 978}], "measured property": [{"text": "interrupted", "start": 797, "end": 808}], "measured entity": [{"text": "adsorption of Mefp-1", "start": 772, "end": 792}, {"text": "FeCl3", "start": 979, "end": 984}], "qualifier": [{"text": "after", "start": 809, "end": 814}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "interrupted", "start": 797, "end": 808}, "tail": {"text": "10 min", "start": 815, "end": 821}}, {"head": {"text": "FeCl3", "start": 979, "end": 984}, "tail": {"text": "10 μm", "start": 973, "end": 978}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "adsorption of Mefp-1", "start": 772, "end": 792}, "tail": {"text": "interrupted", "start": 797, "end": 808}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "after", "start": 809, "end": 814}, "tail": {"text": "10 min", "start": 815, "end": 821}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "decrease in the sensed mass, which can arise from removal of some loosely bound Mefp-1 and/or some of the coupled water in the protein layer. Further information can be obtained from the change in the dissipation (ΔD) values.", "output": {"entities": {}, "relations": {}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "In situ nano-mechanical mapping was performed on an iron substrate with a pre-adsorbed Mefp-1 layer, immersed in the citric acid buffer solution and the 10 μM FeCl3 solution, respectively. The topography images are shown in Fig. 4, presenting the starting surface in the buffer solution at pH 7–8 (Fig. 4a). Since the iron surface was pre-conditioned in 10% NaOH, the surface mainly consists of Fe2O3 as confirmed by the CRM measurement. The Rq value is 3.91 nm over a 500 nm × 500 nm scanned area. The topograpical images of the Mefp-1 layer adsorbed on the iron surface in the buffer solution and in the FeCl3 solution are shown in Fig. 4b and c, respectively. The adsorption of the protein leads to a smearing of the features seen on the surface prior to the Mefp-1 adsorption, compare Fig. 4a and b. By comparing the Z-range of the surface with and without the Mefp-1 film (Table 1), it is seen that the adsorption of Mefp-1 does not lead to any significant change in the height variation, which indicates a full coverage of the Mefp-1 film on the surface. Fig. 4c presents the topography of the Mefp-1 film exposed to the FeCl3 solution; by comparing with Fig. 4b and the Z-range in Table 1, it", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "10 μM", "start": 153, "end": 158}, {"text": "pH 7–8", "start": 290, "end": 296}, {"text": "10%", "start": 354, "end": 357}, {"text": "3.91 nm", "start": 454, "end": 461}, {"text": "500 nm × 500 nm", "start": 469, "end": 484}], "measured entity": [{"text": "FeCl3", "start": 159, "end": 164}, {"text": "solution", "start": 278, "end": 286}, {"text": "NaOH", "start": 358, "end": 362}, {"text": "scanned area", "start": 485, "end": 497}], "measured property": [{"text": "Rq value", "start": 442, "end": 450}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "FeCl3", "start": 159, "end": 164}, "tail": {"text": "10 μM", "start": 153, "end": 158}}, {"head": {"text": "solution", "start": 278, "end": 286}, "tail": {"text": "pH 7–8", "start": 290, "end": 296}}, {"head": {"text": "NaOH", "start": 358, "end": 362}, "tail": {"text": "10%", "start": 354, "end": 357}}, {"head": {"text": "Rq value", "start": 442, "end": 450}, "tail": {"text": "3.91 nm", "start": 454, "end": 461}}, {"head": {"text": "scanned area", "start": 485, "end": 497}, "tail": {"text": "500 nm × 500 nm", "start": 469, "end": 484}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "is observed that the introduction of Fe3+ induced a negligible decrease in the height variation, which remains predominantly due to the roughness of the substrate surface.", "output": {"entities": {}, "relations": {}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Fig. 8 shows the in situ ATR-FTIR spectra of the oxidized iron surface with pre-adsorbed Mefp-1 film obtained after exposure to the 10 μM FeCl3 solution for different times. Comparing with the 15 min Mefp-1 spectrum (Fig. 6a), the intensity of negative water band is relatively larger after exposing the Mefp-1 layer to the FeCl3 solution (Fig. 8a), which indicates that water is released from the pre-adsorbed Mefp-1 layer. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that the addition of the Fe3+ makes the Mefp-1 film more compact, in agreement with the QCM-D and AFM results. It should be noted that the spectra obtained with the addition of FeCl3 are remarkably similar to those without the FeCl3 addition but after sufficiently long exposure in the Mefp-1 solution, which indicates that Fe3+ could also be generated from the oxidized iron surface. We note that the broad and unresolved 1540 cm−1 peak is more clearly split into two separate peaks at 1550 cm−1 and 1536 cm−1 (Fig. 8b). This is not surprising since the DFT analysis showed that the 1540 cm−1 peak had contributions from both the backbone and the catechol unit, and that these bands may be influenced differently by the change in", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "10 μM", "start": 132, "end": 137}, {"text": "15 min", "start": 193, "end": 199}, {"text": "1540 cm−1", "start": 888, "end": 897}, {"text": "1550 cm−1", "start": 952, "end": 961}, {"text": "1536 cm−1", "start": 966, "end": 975}, {"text": "1540 cm−1", "start": 1049, "end": 1058}], "measured entity": [{"text": "FeCl3", "start": 138, "end": 143}, {"text": "Mefp-1 spectrum", "start": 200, "end": 215}, {"text": "in situ ATR-FTIR spectra", "start": 17, "end": 41}], "measured property": [{"text": "peak", "start": 898, "end": 902}, {"text": "peaks", "start": 943, "end": 948}, {"text": "peak", "start": 1059, "end": 1063}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "FeCl3", "start": 138, "end": 143}, "tail": {"text": "10 μM", "start": 132, "end": 137}}, {"head": {"text": "Mefp-1 spectrum", "start": 200, "end": 215}, "tail": {"text": "15 min", "start": 193, "end": 199}}, {"head": {"text": "peak", "start": 898, "end": 902}, "tail": {"text": "1540 cm−1", "start": 888, "end": 897}}, {"head": {"text": "peaks", "start": 943, "end": 948}, "tail": {"text": "1550 cm−1", "start": 952, "end": 961}}, {"head": {"text": "peaks", "start": 943, "end": 948}, "tail": {"text": "1536 cm−1", "start": 966, "end": 975}}, {"head": {"text": "peak", "start": 1059, "end": 1063}, "tail": {"text": "1540 cm−1", "start": 1049, "end": 1058}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "in situ ATR-FTIR spectra", "start": 17, "end": 41}, "tail": {"text": "peak", "start": 898, "end": 902}}, {"head": {"text": "in situ ATR-FTIR spectra", "start": 17, "end": 41}, "tail": {"text": "peaks", "start": 943, "end": 948}}, {"head": {"text": "in situ ATR-FTIR spectra", "start": 17, "end": 41}, "tail": {"text": "peak", "start": 1059, "end": 1063}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "aqueous solvation when the water content of the protein film becomes reduced. It should also be recognized that the effect of subtracting the water spectrum may influence the two spectra slightly differently in this region. However, more importantly the peaks, at 1485 cm−1 and 1260 cm−1 (Fig. 8b), which we have associated with the complexation between catechol and Fe3+, remain largely unaltered both in terms of frequencies and intensities. This supports our earlier hypothesis that Fe3+ could be generated from the oxidized iron surface during the exposure to Mefp-1 solution and forms [Fe(Cat)3]3− complexes.. The shoulder at 1423 cm−1 (marked with arrow in Fig. 8b) seems to be slightly enhanced upon addition of FeCl3, and this could indicate some differences in the geometry of the complexes.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "1485 cm−1", "start": 264, "end": 273}, {"text": "1260 cm−1", "start": 278, "end": 287}, {"text": "1423 cm−1", "start": 631, "end": 640}], "measured property": [{"text": "peaks", "start": 254, "end": 259}, {"text": "shoulder", "start": 619, "end": 627}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "peaks", "start": 254, "end": 259}, "tail": {"text": "1485 cm−1", "start": 264, "end": 273}}, {"head": {"text": "peaks", "start": 254, "end": 259}, "tail": {"text": "1260 cm−1", "start": 278, "end": 287}}, {"head": {"text": "shoulder", "start": 619, "end": 627}, "tail": {"text": "1423 cm−1", "start": 631, "end": 640}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "The figure also demonstrates the capability of FATAL+ to generate pulses with significantly less skew (1 μs) on top of the FATAL pulses with worst-case skew.", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "1 μs", "start": 103, "end": 107}], "measured property": [{"text": "skew", "start": 97, "end": 101}], "measured entity": [{"text": "pulses", "start": 66, "end": 72}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "skew", "start": 97, "end": 101}, "tail": {"text": "1 μs", "start": 103, "end": 107}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "pulses", "start": 66, "end": 72}, "tail": {"text": "skew", "start": 97, "end": 101}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "As the conclusion of our paper, we now assess to which extent the properties of our implementation of the FATAL+ algorithm, which have been expressed and verified within our modeling framework and tested experimentally, meet our design goals. Furthermore, we will discuss a number of potential improvements and future research avenues. Our exposition will follow the optimization criteria listed in Section 2.1.7.•Area consumption: For a suitable implementation, the total number of gates is O(nlogn) per node. This can be seen by observing that the complexity of the threshold gates is dominating the asymptotic number of gates, since the O(n) remaining components of a node have a constant number of gates each; using sorting networks to implement threshold gates, the stated complexity bound follows [48]. Trivially, this number of gates is a factor of O(logn) from optimal. We conjecture that in fact this complexity is asymptotically optimal, unless one is willing to sacrifice other desirable properties of the algorithm (e.g. optimal resilience). Assuming that the gate complexity of the nodes adequately represents the area consumption of our algorithm, we conclude that our solution is", "output": {"entities": {}, "relations": {}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "satisfactory in that regard.•Communication complexity: Our implementation uses 7 (1-bit) wires per channel, and sequential encoding of the states of the main state machine would reduce this number to 5. All communication are broadcasts. Considering the complexity of the task, there seems to be very limited room for improvement.•Stabilization time: Our algorithm has a stabilization time of O(n) in the worst case. Recent findings [49] show that a polylogarithmic stabilization time can be achieved at a low communication complexity; however, this comes at the expense of suboptimal resilience, a weaker adversarial model, and, most importantly, constants in the complexity bounds that make the resulting algorithm inferior to our solution for any practical range of parameters. Moreover, as formalized in [13] and demonstrated in Section 7, for a wide range of scenarios our algorithm achieves constant stabilization time. Considering the severe fault model, we conclude that despite not being optimal, our algorithm performs satisfactory with respect to this quality measure.•Resilience: It is known that 3f+1 nodes are necessary to tolerate f faults [25,14] unless cryptographic tools are", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "7", "start": 79, "end": 80}, {"text": "1-bit", "start": 82, "end": 87}], "measured entity": [{"text": "wires per channel", "start": 89, "end": 106}, {"text": "wires", "start": 89, "end": 94}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "wires per channel", "start": 89, "end": 106}, "tail": {"text": "7", "start": 79, "end": 80}}, {"head": {"text": "wires", "start": 89, "end": 94}, "tail": {"text": "1-bit", "start": 82, "end": 87}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "available. Since the complexity incurred by cryptographic tools is prohibitive in our setting, our algorithm features optimal resilience.•Delays: As mentioned, the delay of wires is outside our control. Taking dmin+ and dmax+ into account in the quick cycle machine, we make best use of the available bounds in terms of the final frequency/synchrony trade-off. The delays incurred by the computations performed at nodes are proportional to the depths of the involved circuits. Again, the implementation of the threshold gates is the dominant cost factor here. The sorting network by Ajtai et al. [48] exhibits depth O(logn). Assuming constant fan-in of gates, this is clearly asymptotically optimal if the decision when to increase the logical clock Lv next indeed depends on all n−1 input signals of v from remote nodes. We conclude that, so far as within our control, the design goal of minimizing the incurred delays is met by our algorithm.•Metastability: We discussed several effective measures to prevent metastability in Section 6. Our experiments support our theoretical finding that, after stabilization, metastability may not occur in absence of further faults. However, since metastability", "output": {"entities": {}, "relations": {}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "is an elusive problem for which it is difficult to transfer insights and observations to other modes of operation of a given system—let alone to different implementation technology—a mathematical treatment of metastability is highly desirable. Our model opens up various possible approaches to this issue. For one, it is feasible to switch to a more accurate description of signals in terms of signals' voltages as continuous functions of time. Another option choosing an intermediate level of complexity would be to add an additional signal state (e.g. ⊥) for “invalid” signals, representing e.g. creeping or oscillating signals. Assigning appropriate probabilities of metastability propagation and decay to modules, this would enable a unified probabilistic analysis of metastability generation, propagation, and decay within a modeling framework using discrete state representations. Such an approach could yield entirely unconditional guarantees on system recovery; in contrast, our current description requires an a priori guarantee that metastability is sufficiently contained during the stabilization process.•Connectivity: The algorithm presented in this work requires to connect all pairs of", "output": {"entities": {}, "relations": {}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "nodes and is therefore not scalable. Unfortunately, it is known that Ω(n2) links are required for tolerating f∈Ω(n) faults in the worst case [26,27]. We argued for the assumption of worst-case behavior of faulty nodes; however, it appears reasonable that typical systems will not exhibit a worst-case distribution of faults within the system. Indeed, many interesting scenarios justify to assume a much more benign distribution of faults. In the extreme case where faults are distributed uniformly and independently at random with a constant probability, say, 10%, of a node being faulty, node degrees of Δ∈O(clogn) would suffice to guarantee (at a given point in time) that the probability that more than Δ/9 neighbors of any node are faulty, is at most 1−1/nc. Note that this implies that the mean time until this property is violated polynomially grows with system size. Using the FATAL+ protocol in small subsystems (of less than Δ nodes), system-wide synchronization will be much easier to achieve than if one would start from scratch. In this setting, Δ∈O(logn) would replace n in all complexity bounds of the FATAL+ algorithm, resulting in particular in gate complexity O(lognloglogn) per", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "10%", "start": 560, "end": 563}], "measured entity": [{"text": "node", "start": 570, "end": 574}], "measured property": [{"text": "probability", "start": 542, "end": 553}], "qualifier": [{"text": "being faulty", "start": 575, "end": 587}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "probability", "start": 542, "end": 553}, "tail": {"text": "10%", "start": 560, "end": 563}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "node", "start": 570, "end": 574}, "tail": {"text": "probability", "start": 542, "end": 553}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "being faulty", "start": 575, "end": 587}, "tail": {"text": "probability", "start": 542, "end": 553}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "node, computational delay O(loglogn), and stabilization time O(clogn) with probability 1−1/nc. Thus, this approach promises “local” fault-tolerance of Ω(Δ) faults in each neighborhood in combination with excellent scalability in all complexity measures, and realizing this is a major goal of our future work.•Clock size: The constraint (1) entails that either clock size is bounded or large clocks result in larger stabilization time. This restriction can be overcome if we use the clocks of bounded size generated by FATAL+ as input to another layer that runs a synchronous consensus algorithm in order to agree on exponentially larger clocks [41]. Finally, we would like to mention two more prospective extensions of our work. First, building on our modeling framework, it seems feasible to tackle an even more strict verification of the algorithm's properties than “standard” mathematical analysis. The hierarchical structure and formal specifications of modules seem amenable to formal verification methods. Such an approach should benefit from the possibilities to adjust the granularity of the model by the distinction between basic and compound modules as well as the restrictions imposed by", "output": {"entities": {}, "relations": {}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "the module specifications; more restrictive modules may be simpler to analyze, yet will guarantee the same properties as the stated variants. Second, it should be noted that it is straightforward to derive clocks of even higher frequency from the FATAL+ clocks. This is essentially done by frequency multiplication, at the expense of increasing the clock skew. We refer to Dolev et al. [13] for details.", "output": {"entities": {}, "relations": {}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "Self-reported hearing difficulty was the strongest association with tinnitus. Previous research has shown that around 40% of 55–74 year olds with hearing difficulties also report tinnitus [36], and the majority of tinnitus patients have some degree of hearing loss [37]. No single theory explaining the cause of tinnitus is universally accepted, but one theory suggests that tinnitus may result from an increase of central gain (to compensate for deprived sensory inputs) which amplifies neural noise in order to maintain neural homeostasis [38]. It is likely that the severity of tinnitus is influenced by a complex interaction involving auditory, psychological and emotional networks [39,40]. It is interesting that neuroticism is a strong association with current tinnitus, albeit not as strong as hearing difficulty. Furthermore, of those who have tinnitus, neuroticism has a stronger effect on the perceived severity than hearing difficulty. One explanation could be that those who are more neurotic may think their tinnitus is indicative of a more serious condition and therefore find the tinnitus more bothersome. The finding that personality traits such as neuroticism can contribute to", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "around 40%", "start": 111, "end": 121}, {"text": "55–74 year", "start": 125, "end": 135}], "measured property": [{"text": "hearing difficulties", "start": 146, "end": 166}], "measured entity": [{"text": "55–74 year olds", "start": 125, "end": 140}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "hearing difficulties", "start": 146, "end": 166}, "tail": {"text": "around 40%", "start": 111, "end": 121}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "55–74 year olds", "start": 125, "end": 140}, "tail": {"text": "hearing difficulties", "start": 146, "end": 166}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "tinnitus awareness and distress is important when considering treatment approaches because personality traits are generally stable over time [41], although the absolute level of personality traits can change [42]. Thus it is possible that psychological interventions may be beneficial for tinnitus patients although the effects may be gradual [11].", "output": {"entities": {}, "relations": {}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "The ternary magnesium nitride fluorides were prepared by the high temperature solid state reaction of stoichiometric amounts of synthesised Mg3N2 with anhydrous MgF2 (Aldrich, 99.9%). All manipulations were carried out under inert nitrogen or argon atmospheres. The appropriate 1:3 and 1:1 stoichiometric molar ratios were used in the synthesis of Mg3NF3 (1) and Mg2NF (2) respectively, as shown below:(1)Mg3N2+3MgF2→2Mg3NF3(2)Mg3N2+MgF2→2Mg2NF", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "99.9%", "start": 176, "end": 181}, {"text": "1:3", "start": 278, "end": 281}, {"text": "1:1", "start": 286, "end": 289}], "measured entity": [{"text": "anhydrous MgF2", "start": 151, "end": 165}, {"text": "stoichiometric molar", "start": 290, "end": 310}], "measured property": [{"text": "ratios", "start": 311, "end": 317}], "qualifier": [{"text": "Mg3NF3", "start": 348, "end": 354}, {"text": "Mg2NF", "start": 363, "end": 368}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "anhydrous MgF2", "start": 151, "end": 165}, "tail": {"text": "99.9%", "start": 176, "end": 181}}, {"head": {"text": "ratios", "start": 311, "end": 317}, "tail": {"text": "1:3", "start": 278, "end": 281}}, {"head": {"text": "ratios", "start": 311, "end": 317}, "tail": {"text": "1:1", "start": 286, "end": 289}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "stoichiometric molar", "start": 290, "end": 310}, "tail": {"text": "ratios", "start": 311, "end": 317}}], "qualifies": [{"head": {"text": "Mg3NF3", "start": 348, "end": 354}, "tail": {"text": "ratios", "start": 311, "end": 317}}, {"head": {"text": "Mg2NF", "start": 363, "end": 368}, "tail": {"text": "ratios", "start": 311, "end": 317}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}
{"input": "All products were initially characterised by PXD. Data were collected using a Philips X-pert diffractometer operating with CuKα radiation. Initial scans were carried out from 5≤2θ/°≤80 with a step size of 0.02° and a scan time of 50 min. Due to the air-sensitive nature of the products, a dedicated air-tight aluminium sample holder with Mylar windows was employed [24].", "output": {"entities": {"quantity": [{"text": "5≤2θ/°≤80", "start": 175, "end": 184}, {"text": "0.02°", "start": 205, "end": 210}, {"text": "50 min", "start": 230, "end": 236}], "measured entity": [{"text": "Initial scans", "start": 139, "end": 152}], "measured property": [{"text": "step size", "start": 192, "end": 201}, {"text": "scan time", "start": 217, "end": 226}]}, "relations": {"has quantity": [{"head": {"text": "Initial scans", "start": 139, "end": 152}, "tail": {"text": "5≤2θ/°≤80", "start": 175, "end": 184}}, {"head": {"text": "step size", "start": 192, "end": 201}, "tail": {"text": "0.02°", "start": 205, "end": 210}}, {"head": {"text": "scan time", "start": 217, "end": 226}, "tail": {"text": "50 min", "start": 230, "end": 236}}], "has property": [{"head": {"text": "Initial scans", "start": 139, "end": 152}, "tail": {"text": "step size", "start": 192, "end": 201}}, {"head": {"text": "Initial scans", "start": 139, "end": 152}, "tail": {"text": "scan time", "start": 217, "end": 226}}]}}, "schema": {"entities": [{"label": "quantity", "description": "A count, consisting of a value, or a measurement, consisting of a value and usually a unit, including contiguous modifiers such as tolerances, 'approximately' or '<'; e.g. '355 ml', 'five' samples, 'room temperature'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured entity", "description": "The thing that has a given quantity, either as its direct value or indirectly via a measured property; e.g. 'The soda can' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "measured property", "description": "The property of a measured entity that a quantity gives the value of; e.g. 'volume' in 'The soda can's volume was 355 ml'.", "description_source": "official"}, {"label": "qualifier", "description": "A span describing special circumstances or context needed to interpret a particular measurement; e.g. 'after I drank half the can' in 'The can contained 175 ml of soda after I drank half the can'.", "description_source": "official"}], "relations": [{"label": "has quantity", "description": "The head (a measured property, or a measured entity when there is no measured property) has the tail quantity as its value.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "has property", "description": "The head measured entity has the tail measured property, which is measured by a quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}, {"label": "qualifies", "description": "The head qualifier describes conditions or context that affect the tail measured entity, measured property or quantity.", "description_source": "official", "symmetric": false}], "setting": "end_to_end"}}