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how is proof of stake different from proof of work | both consensus mechanisms help blockchains synchronize data validate information and process transactions each method has proven successful at maintaining a blockchain although each has pros and cons however the two algorithms have very different approaches under pos block creators are called validators a validator che... | |
what is the difference between proof of stake and proof of work | proof of stake pos uses randomly selected validators to confirm transactions and create new blocks proof of work pow uses a competitive validation method to confirm transactions and add new blocks to the blockchain | |
what is proof of stake for dummies | proof of stake is a consensus mechanism where distributed cryptocurrency validator programs share the task of validating transactions | |
what are the disadvantages of proof of stake | under proof of stake pos consensus users must generally own a cryptocurrency before they can participate in consensus and earn more crypto to host a full validator node on ethereum a user needs to stake 32 eth which is very expensive another disadvantage of pos is that on blockchains with smaller networks a large minim... | |
is ethereum a pos or pow | ethereum uses proof of stake as its consensus mechanic full validator nodes require a stake of 32 eth but other participants can take part in consensus by delegating their eth to a validator or participating in staking pools users can also stake small amounts of eth on their own but no rewards are earned the bottom lin... | |
what is proof of work pow | proof of work pow is a blockchain consensus mechanism that requires significant computing effort from a network of devices the concept was adapted from digital tokens by hal finney in 2004 through the idea of reusable proof of work using the 160 bit secure hash algorithm 1 sha 1 1following its introduction in 2009 bitc... | |
what is the difference between proof of work and proof of stake | pow requires nodes on a network to provide evidence that they have expended computational power i e work to achieve consensus in a decentralized manner and to prevent bad actors from overtaking the network proof of stake requires collateral in the form of staked cryptocurrency to become a trusted participant | |
what is an example of proof of work in a blockchain | bitcoin cash and litecoin both use proof of work as consensus mechanisms | |
why do you need proof of work | current financial systems are built around a need for trust but when it comes to finances it has been the case time and again that some people cannot be trusted to do the right thing a proof removes the need to trust that others are acting honestly because it is code code is not tempted by money so if it is written wit... | |
what is property | property is a term describing anything that a person or a business has legal title over affording owners certain enforceable rights over said items examples of property which may be tangible or intangible include automotive vehicles industrial equipment furniture and real estate the last of which is often referred to a... | |
when auditors appraisers and analysts calculate the value of a business they factor all of its underlying property into the equation for example a manufacturer of small machine parts may gross just 80 000 per year but if it owns the factory in which it operates and that building is appraised at 1 million the overall va... | furthermore if that same company holds a patent for a part it has the potential to generate substantial income by licensing the rights to manufacture that item to a larger business rather than producing the part in house in this way licensing deals may create lucrative revenue streams that significantly boost a company... | |
how do you find out who owns a property | locating the owner of a property can be done through an online search on a county assessor s website with a court clerk by soliciting the help of a real estate broker or attorney or by a general online search | |
what are property taxes | property taxes also known as ad valorem taxes are tax assessments on the value of a property | |
how do you calculate property taxes | property taxes are determined by multiplying a tax rate determined by the local tax authority by the assessed value of the property if the value of a property is 100 000 and the tax rate is 4 the property taxes are 4 000 | |
what does a property appraiser do | a property appraiser is responsible for assessing the market value of a property for real estate transactions in contrast a property assessor assesses the value of a property for tax purposes the bottom lineproperty includes the tangible and intangible assets a person or entity has title to and rights to use there are ... | |
what is property insurance | property insurance is a broad term for a series of policies that provide either property protection or liability coverage for property owners property insurance provides financial reimbursement to the owner or renter of a structure and its contents in case of damage or theft and to a person other than the owner or rent... | |
how property insurance works | property insurance can include a number of types of policies such as homeowners insurance renters insurance flood insurance and earthquake insurance both structural losses and personal property are usually included in a homeowners or renters insurance policy 1 the exception is personal property that is very high value ... | |
what is the difference between homeowners insurance and property insurance | homeowners insurance typically provides financial coverage for liability claims and losses of property or personal belongings due to physical damage on the other hand property insurance is an umbrella term describing various types of policies that include coverage for floods earthquakes and hurricanes property and casu... | |
what are the main categories covered under a homeowners insurance policy | a standard homeowners insurance policy will cover damage to the physical structure damage or loss of personal property liability in case someone sues for getting injured on your property medical costs to the injured party and additional living expenses if you need to be out of the home while being repaired due to a cov... | |
what is not covered by property insurance | typically damage due to a home s age or normal wear and tear is not covered under property insurance depending on the policy mold and insect damage may also not be covered | |
is property insurance mandatory | there are no laws that require you to have property insurance however banks and other mortgage lenders typically require you to insure your property while your loan is outstanding still homeowners insurance is a good tool to protect yourself from potential financial losses if you own your home outright 8the bottom line... | |
what is property management | property management is the daily oversight of residential commercial or industrial real estate by a third party contractor generally property managers take responsibility for day to day repairs and ongoing maintenance security and upkeep of properties they usually work for the owners of investment properties such as ap... | |
is a property manager worth it | it depends managing property can be costly and take a lot of time if the cost of a property manager is less than the opportunity cost of managing properties yourself it s probably a good investment however this is an equation that every investor will have to work through for themselves who benefits from hiring a proper... | |
are property managers regulated | yes property management licensing requirements vary by state but most states require property management companies to be licensed by the local real estate board property owners should make sure that the firms they hire are properly licensed the bottom lineproperty management is the oversight of real estate by a third p... | |
what is property plant and equipment pp e | property plant and equipment pp e are long term tangible assets vital to business operations these assets are not easily converted into cash the overall value of a company s pp e can range from very low to extremely high compared to its total assets investopedia julie bangtypes of assetsproperty plant and equipment are... | |
what pp e value means | investment analysts and accountants use pp e to determine if a company is financially sound a company investing in pp e is a good sign for investors purchases often signal that management expects long term profitability of its company investment in pp e is also called a capital investment industries or businesses that ... | |
why should investors pay attention to pp e | pp e assets help generate economic benefits and contribute to revenue purchases of pp e are a signal that management has faith in the long term outlook of its company although pp e are vital to the long term success of many companies they are also capital intensive companies sometimes sell assets to raise cash or net i... | |
how do the values of tangible and intangible assets differ | since pp e are tangible assets pp e analysis doesn t include intangible assets such as a company s trademark for example coca cola s ko trademark and brand name represent sizable intangible assets if investors were to only look at coca cola s pp e they wouldn t see the true value of the company s assets pp e only repre... | |
what are noncurrent assets | pp e are noncurrent assets or long term assets noncurrent assets include intangible assets such as patents and copyrights they provide value to a company but cannot be readily converted to cash within a year long term investments such as bonds and notes are also considered noncurrent assets because a company usually ho... | |
what are property rights | property rights give the owner or right holder the ability to do with the property what they choose that includes holding on to it selling or renting it out for profit or transferring it to another party property rights define the theoretical and legal ownership of resources and how they can be used these resources can... | |
what is common property | ownership of common property is shared by more than one individual and or institution rights to its disposition and other factors are divided among the group no single individual or entity has absolute control this is commonly the case when you purchase a condominium or in a development with a homeowners association or... | |
does the federal government provide property rights | the fifth and fourteenth amendments of the american constitution grant certain property rights to citizens the fifth amendment prohibits the american government from taking control of any privately owned property without providing fair compensation in exchange the fourteenth amendment states nor shall any state deprive... | |
what is open access property | no individual business or even a government entity can claim property rights to open access property it s not owned by anyone or anything no one or nothing can claim that the atlantic ocean belongs to them anyone can fish there dive there or build a floating home on its surface 4the bottom lineproperty rights are a for... | |
what is property tax | a property tax is an annual or semiannual charge levied by a local government and paid by the owners of real estate within its jurisdiction property tax is an ad valorem tax meaning the amount owed is a percentage of the assessed value of the real estate property tax receipts are the main source of revenue for most loc... | |
why are property taxes so high in the u s | according to the lincoln institute of land policy four key factors explain why property taxes are relatively high in the u s and why they vary so greatly by state property tax reliance home values local spending and classification 9 | |
what is the property tax deduction | state and local property taxes are generally eligible to be deducted from the property owner s federal income taxes deductible real estate taxes include any state local or foreign taxes that are levied for the general public welfare they do not include taxes charged for home renovations or for services like trash colle... | |
how to claim a property tax deduction | to claim a property tax deduction the tax must apply only to the value of the personal property owned and be charged on an annual basis irrespective of when the government collects it from you 1 therefore if the state tax was only charged at the time the property was purchased then it does not meet the irs definition o... | |
what is a proportional tax | a proportional tax is sometimes referred to as a flat tax it is an income tax system that levies the same percentage tax to everyone regardless of income a proportional tax is the same for low middle and high income taxpayers in contrast a progressive or marginal tax system adjusts tax rates progressively by income low... | |
why do countries impose a marginal tax rate over a proportional tax rate | developed countries tend to use a graduated or marginal tax system where those with lower incomes pay a smaller percentage of their income in taxes the common argument for a marginal tax system is that those who have low incomes need most to all of their income to provide for basic needs such as food and shelter 2 | |
is sales tax considered a proportional tax | sales tax is considered proportional because all consumers regardless of their income pay the same fixed rate | |
what is the difference between a progressive tax and a regressive tax | a regressive tax system is where the tax rate decreases as the taxpayer s income increases a progressive tax system also known as ability to pay taxation is one in which the tax rate increases as the taxpayer s income increases the bottom linea proportional tax is commonly called a flat tax which assesses the same tax ... | |
what is proprietary trading | proprietary trading refers to a financial firm or commercial bank that invests for direct market gain rather than earning commission dollars by trading on behalf of clients also known as prop trading this type of trading activity occurs when a financial firm chooses to profit from market activities rather than thin mar... | |
how does proprietary trading work | proprietary trading which is also known as prop trading occurs when a trading desk at a financial institution brokerage firm investment bank hedge fund or other liquidity source uses the firm s capital and balance sheet to conduct self promoting financial transactions these trades are usually speculative in nature exec... | |
how does proprietary trading work | proprietary trading occurs when a financial institution trades financial instruments using its own money rather than client funds this allows the firm to maintain the full amount of any gains earned on the investment potentially providing a significant boost to the firm s profits proprietary trading desks are generally... | |
why do firms engage in proprietary trading | financial institutions engage in proprietary trading as a way of benefitting from perceived competitive advantages and maximizing their profits since proprietary trading uses the firm s own money rather than funds belonging to its clients prop traders can take on greater levels of risk without having to answer to clien... | |
what is proration | proration is a type of corporate action that may arise during an event such as an acquisition where a company splits its original cash and equity offer in response to shareholder preferences in certain situations the acquiring firm will offer a combination of cash and equity and shareholders of the firm being acquired ... | |
when deciding to merge in addition to how both companies will reward shareholders it is important to take into consideration the federal trade commission s guidelines on keeping the industry competitive and avoiding the creation of monopolies | it is important to ask whether a proposed merger will create or enhance market power or not an antitrust concern arises particularly with proposed horizontal mergers between direct competitors example of prorationsuppose a company decides to acquire a rival for 100 million which consists of 75 cash and 25 equity the ca... | |
what is a proporation factor | the proration factor refers to the fraction of equity shares accepted by an acquiring company needed for the target company s shareholders to participate in a takeover offer proration factor may also refer to the amount of pension eligibility a plan participant is entitled to | |
why does proration happen | proration can occur if a corporate action is planned but there is not enough cash available to complete the transaction instead equity shares are used as a form of payment either in full or in part | |
what is proration in accounting | in business accounting proration can refer to the logical allocation of over and under utilized resources e g finished inventories vs works in progress that a firm has in order to settle the books at the end of an accounting period | |
what is the prospect theory | prospect theory assumes that losses and gains are valued differently and thus individuals make decisions based on perceived gains instead of perceived losses also known as the loss aversion theory the general concept is that if two choices are put before an individual both equal with one presented in terms of potential... | |
how the prospect theory works | prospect theory belongs to the behavioral economic subgroup describing how individuals make a choice between probabilistic alternatives where risk is involved and the probability of different outcomes is unknown this theory was formulated in 1979 and further developed in 1992 by amos tversky and daniel kahneman deeming... | |
how to overcome biases | understanding prospect theory can help individuals overcome their biases and make more rational choices for example an investor who is aware of their bias towards high probability events can compensate by giving extra consideration to low probability ones it also helps to reframe possible outcomes in a way that reduces... | |
what does prospect theory mean | prospect theory says that investors value gains and losses differently that is if an investor is presented an investment option based on potential gains and another based on potential losses the investor will choose an investment where potential gains are presented | |
why is prospect theory important | it s useful for investors to understand their biases where losses tend to cause greater emotional impact than the equivalent gain the prospect theory helps describe how decisions are made by investors | |
what are the main components of prospect theory | prospect theory is part of the behavioral economic subgroup it describes how individuals make decisions between alternatives where risk is involved and the probability of different outcomes is unknown there is a certainty effect exhibited in the prospect theory where people seek certain outcomes underweighting only pro... | |
what did kahneman and tversky do | kahneman and tversky proposed that losses have a greater emotional impact than a gain of the same amount they said that given choices presented two ways with both offering the same result an individual will pick the option offering perceived gains the bottom lineprospect theory says that individuals will accept an inve... | |
what is a prospectus | a prospectus is a formal document required by and filed with the securities and exchange commission sec that provides details about an investment offering to the public a prospectus is filed for offerings of stocks bonds and mutual funds the prospectus can help investors make more informed investment decisions because ... | |
why is a prospectus useful for investors | an sec required prospectus provides important details about an investment offering to investors it provides information to the public regarding investment risk and consolidates valuable information about the investment as well as the company being invested in knowing the type and amount of risk involved is an important... | |
what information is normally in a prospectus | a prospectus includes pertinent information such as a brief summary of the company s background and financial information the name of the company and its principals age of the company management experience and management s involvement in the business furthermore the number of shares being issued the type of securities ... | |
what s the difference between a preliminary and a final prospectus | the preliminary prospectus is the first offering document provided by a security issuer and includes most of the details of the business and transaction however the preliminary prospectus doesn t contain the number of shares to be issued or price information typically the preliminary prospectus is used to gauge interes... | |
what is protectionism | protectionism refers to government policies that restrict international trade to help domestic industries protectionist policies are usually implemented with the goal of improving economic activity within a domestic economy but can also be implemented for safety or quality concerns investopedia jiaqi zhouunderstanding ... | |
what are examples of protectionism | common examples of protectionism or tools that are used to implement a policy of protectionism include tariffs quotas and subsidies all of these tools are meant to promote domestic companies by making foreign goods more expensive or scarce | |
is protectionism left wing or right wing politics | traditionally protectionism is a left wing policy right wing politics generally support free trade which is the opposite of a protectionist stance left wing politics support economic populism of which protectionism is a part | |
what are the arguments for protectionism | lawmakers who favor protectionist trade policies believe that they protect jobs at home help support and grow small companies and industries and provide a layer of security to the nation the bottom lineby implementing protectionist policies such as quotas and tariffs governments seek to protect domestic businesses from... | |
what is a protective put | a protective put is a risk management strategy using options contracts that investors employ to guard against the loss of owning a stock or asset the hedging strategy involves an investor buying a put option for a fee called a premium puts by themselves are a bearish strategy where the trader believes the price of the ... | |
how a protective put works | protective puts are commonly utilized when an investor is long or purchases shares of stock or other assets that they intend to hold in their portfolio typically an investor who owns stock has the risk of taking a loss on the investment if the stock price declines below the purchase price by purchasing a put option any... | |
should the price of the asset and the strike price be the same the contract is considered at the money atm an at the money put option provides an investor with 100 protection until the option expires many times a protective put will be at the money if it was bought at the same time the underlying asset is purchased | an investor can also buy an out of the money otm put option out of the money happens when the strike price is below the price of the stock or asset an otm put option does not provide 100 protection on the downside but instead caps the losses to the difference between the purchased stock price and the strike price inves... | |
what is a provident fund | a provident fund is a government managed retirement savings scheme used primarily in asia and africa 1 in some ways these funds resemble a hybrid of 401 k plans and social security in the u s they also share some traits with pension funds workers give a portion of their salaries to the provident fund employers also con... | |
what exactly is a provident fund | a provident fund is a government managed retirement savings plan that helps employees prepare for retirement employees and their employers contribute to the plan | |
what is the difference between a provident fund and a retirement annuity | a provident fund is a government managed plan whereas a retirement annuity is a private insurance product both can help you prepare for and sustain a financially healthy retirement but each come with their own pros and cons with an annuity for example you may have access to a wider range of investment options but you w... | |
what is a contract provision | a contract provision is a stipulation within a contract legal document or a law a contract provision often requires action by a specific date or within a specified period of time contract provisions are intended to protect the interests of one or both parties in a contract | |
how a contract provision works | contract provisions can be found in a country s laws in loan documents and in contract agreements they also can be found in the fine print accompanying purchases of some stocks for example an anti greenmail provision is a type of contract provision that is contained in some companies charters that prevents the board of... | |
what are some typical contract provisions | while all contracts will vary depending on the particular circumstance around what the contract is for and who is involved nearly all will have at least some of the following basic provisions | |
what is the difference between a contract provision and clause | a provision in a contract stipulates a condition or requirement a clause is a section or subsection written into a contract which may contain one or more provisions within it | |
what are sunrise and sunset provisions | a sunset provision automatically allows for a contract or parts of it to be phased out or automatically terminated at some point in the future a sunrise provision extends coverage to events occurring before the contract was signed allowing the insured to keep a level of affordable coverage | |
what does provision for credit losses mean | the provision for credit losses pcl is an estimation of potential losses that a company might experience due to credit risk the provision for credit losses is treated as an expense on the company s financial statements they are expected losses from delinquent and bad debt or other credit that is likely to default or be... | |
what is a proxy | a proxy is an agent legally authorized to act on behalf of another party or a format that allows an investor to vote without being physically present at the meeting shareholders not attending a company s annual general meeting agm may vote their shares by proxy by allowing someone else to cast votes on their behalf or ... | |
how does a proxy work | while proxy voting is often an option management encourages shareholders to vote in person if the shareholder cannot attend voting by proxy is another option for a person to act as a proxy for an individual formal documentation may be required that outlines the extent to which the proxy can speak on the individual s be... | |
when voting by proxy remotely shareholders may be eligible to vote by mail phone or internet shareholders use the information in the proxy statements to aid in the decision making process | anyone can look up a public company s proxy statement via the sec website under the name def 14a benefits of proxymanagement ensures that ownership interests are fully represented by encouraging shareholders that are unable to attend annual meetings to vote by proxy before the annual meeting each shareholder is issued ... | |
when does a proxy statement need to be filed | public companies must file a proxy statement before any meeting where the management submits proposals for a shareholder vote this can include the election of directors votes on shareholder proposals or other corporate decision making 4 | |
what is in a proxy statement | a typical proxy statement states the date and location of the next shareholder assembly along with instructions for shareholders who cannot attend in person it will also include a detailed agenda for the meeting including elections of directors and shareholder proposals | |
where can you find a proxy statement | public companies will send their proxy statements to the shareholders of record either through the mail or electronically you can usually find proxy statements on the company s website in addition public companies are also required to file their proxy statements with the securities and exchange commission or the equiva... | |
what is a proxy fight | a proxy fight refers to the act of a group of shareholders joining forces and attempting to gather enough shareholder proxy votes to win a corporate vote sometimes referred to as a proxy battle this action is mainly used in corporate takeovers in the process of a corporate takeover particularly a hostile takeover outsi... | |
how proxy fights work | shareholders may appeal to a company s board of directors if they re dissatisfied with a specific management decision but if board members refuse to listen disgruntled shareholders may attempt to persuade other shareholders to let them use their proxy votes in a campaign to replace unyielding board members with candida... | |
what is a proxy statement | a proxy statement is a document containing the information the securities and exchange commission sec requires companies to provide to shareholders so they can make informed decisions about matters that will be brought up at an annual or special stockholder meeting issues covered in a proxy statement can include propos... | |
what s in a proxy statement | proxy statements must disclose the company s voting procedure nominated candidates for its board of directors and compensation of directors and executives the proxy statement must disclose executives and directors compensation including salaries bonuses equity awards and any deferred compensation proxy statements can a... | |
when a corporate takeover is particularly contentious to the point that it has become a hostile takeover the acquiring group may try to convince shareholders to vote out some or all of a company s senior management so as to make it easier to take control of the organization | proxy statement faqsforeign companies that offer sec registered securities in the united states have to file forms with the sec in a similar way to u s companies so as to give investors accurate and timely information all such forms can be found using edgar the sec s database companies that are not registered with the ... | |
what is a proxy vote | the term proxy vote refers to a ballot cast by a single person or firm on behalf of a corporation s shareholder who may not be able to attend a shareholder meeting or who may not choose to vote on a particular issue shareholders receive a proxy ballot in the mail along with an information booklet called a proxy stateme... | |
how a proxy vote works | publicly traded companies report their activities to shareholders through their annual meetings before those meetings shareholders receive information on topics to be voted on at the meeting such as share ownership the structure of the board of directors bod and executive salary and benefits investors who own applicabl... | |
what is a public company | a public company is a corporation whose shareholders have a claim to part of the company s assets and profits it s also called a publicly traded company this type of company is called a public limited company plc in the united kingdom ownership of a public company is distributed among general public shareholders throug... | |
is an exchange traded fund etf a publicly traded company | an etf is similar to a publicly traded company in that its shares are traded on stock exchanges and the market determines their value you can buy etf shares just as you would buy shares of a publicly traded company through a brokerage account or a broker 4 | |
what is a reporting company | reporting company is essentially another name for a public company these companies must meet the same reporting requirements with the sec as public companies a reporting company does not necessarily have to undergo an ipo however it can register its class of securities with the sec instead 5 | |
what is a beneficial owner | a beneficial owner is someone who controls or owns 25 or more of a reporting or public company and who has significant control over the company companies must report their beneficial owners and provide certain information about them 6the bottom lineyou probably own stock in a public company if you ve invested in a mutu... | |
what is the public company accounting oversight board pcaob | the public company accounting oversight board pcaob is a non profit organization that regulates auditors of publicly traded companies the purpose of pcaob is to minimize audit risk in particular the pcaob oversees the audits of public companies brokers and dealers registered with the u s securities and exchange commiss... | |
what is a public good | a public good is a commodity or service that every member of a society can use without reducing its availability to all others typically a public good is provided by a government and funded through taxes examples of a public good include a town road park or school national defense is a public good a public good may als... | |
how public goods work | the main criteria that distinguish a public good are that it must be non rivalrous and non excludable non rivalrous means that the goods do not dwindle in supply as more people consume them non excludability means that the good is available to all citizens the point of contention is called the free rider problem a publ... | |
what counts as a public good | a public good is any product or service that is available to all residents of a society such as national defense police and fire services clean air and drinking water | |
what are the main differences between private and public goods | a private good is consumed exclusively by one person most often there is a cost associated with it that prohibits its use by some others a private good is available to all one person s use of it does not prevent others from using it | |
what is a quasi public good | quasi public goods have elements of both public and private goods a public bridge is available to all but loses some of its value when it becomes congested during rush hour a public museum is open to all and may even receive some public funds but it may still charge an entrance fee to adequately finance its operation t... |
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