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how organized labor works | workers participate in organized labor by joining a union that negotiates with their employer on their behalf because unions represent a large number of workers they are able to extract higher salaries and benefits than most workers could get by negotiating alone in most countries union formation is regulated by a gove... | |
what is the main purpose of organized labor | the main purpose of organized labor is to improve the conditions and economic power of the working class unions can negotiate on behalf of their members for higher wages better benefits or protection from termination in addition they also lobby for better labor laws with legislators and politicians was organized labor ... | |
what caused the decline of organized labor | in the united states organized labor began to decline in the 1980s due to anti union government policies and increased competition from abroad one of the first acts of the reagan administration was to fire all 11 300 air traffic controllers who were on strike against the federal aviation administration in the following... | |
what is original cost | original cost is the total price associated with the purchase of an asset the original cost of an asset takes into consideration all of the items that can be attributed to its purchase and to putting the asset to use these costs include the purchase price and such factors as commissions transportation appraisals warran... | |
what is an original equipment manufacturer oem | an original equipment manufacturer oem is a company whose goods are used as components in the products of another company known as a value added reseller var the var works closely with the oem which often customizes designs based on the var s needs and specifications julie bang investopediaunderstanding oemoems make pa... | |
what does original equipment manufacturer oem mean in cars | in the auto repair industry oem parts are those products used by a car manufacturer aftermarket parts are made by a third party manufacturer but may be compatible with the same vehicles | |
what does original equipment manufacturer oem mean in software | in computer and electronics sales oem refers to the software or hardware pre installed on a new computer or device | |
is it worth paying for oem parts | oem parts tend to be more expensive than third party manufacturers but are made to a more exact set of specifications some third party products are considered as reliable as oem parts and others may be significantly cheaper when searching for replacements consumers should research different brands to determine which ma... | |
what is original face | original face is the par value of a mortgage backed security mbs at the time it is issued an mbs is an investment that contains a number of mortgage home loans from various banks in which investors earn income from those loans the original face is the total principal amount originally owed on all of the mortgage loans ... | |
when an mbs is initially structured the par value given to the pool is called the original face the total outstanding balance at the time of its inception over time this balance is reduced as borrowers make payments on their loans resulting in a lower actual value of the mbs versus the original face value | an mbs can be tailored for a specific need for instance if an institutional investor made a request for a particular face value in addition to other characteristics the issuer would do its best to match that request because mortgages don t always come in easily rounded numbers especially when investors are looking for ... | |
when interest rates are low and it becomes cheaper to borrow homeowners are incentivized to refinance their mortgages resulting in higher levels of prepayment of the original loans within the mbs this increase will show in the pool factor as the outstanding principal balance current face shrinks faster than in previous... | mbs investors generally do not want to see the pool factor dropping faster than planned because it results in a lower overall return for them when a loan s principal is paid off early future interest payments will not be paid on that part of the principal quicker repayments as a result of mortgage refinancing also leav... | |
what is an original issue discount oid | an original issue discount oid is the discount in price from a bond s face value at the time a bond or other debt instrument is first issued bonds can be issued at a price lower than their face value known as a discount the oid is the amount of discount or the difference between the original face value and the price pa... | |
how an original issue discount oid works | once purchased the bond s issuer usually pays the bondholder an interest rate called a coupon while the investor holds the bond periodically the bondholder receives interest payments based on the rate of the bond when the bond reaches maturity the investor gets the return of the face value paid for the bond however som... | |
how is oid calculated | the oid is equal to the difference between the stated redemption price of a bond and the initial price when it was first issued it can be calculated by subtracting the issuance price from the redemption price | |
what is interest oid | oid is a form of interest on a debt instrument such as a bond or note issued at less than its face amount a debt instrument generally has a discount when it s issued for a price less than its stated redemption price at maturity for tax purposes this interest is considered income | |
how do i report oid on my tax return | taxpayers should use form 1099 oid original issue discount to report any interest that is taxable oid this type of interest is generally taxed as ordinary income however if a short term discount obligation is redeemed at maturity it will should be filed as form 1099 int brokers and middlemen will typically send the app... | |
what is origination | origination is the multi step process that every individual must go through to obtain a mortgage or home loan the term also applies to other types of amortized personal loans origination is often a lengthy process that is overseen by the federal deposit insurance corporation fdic for compliance with title xiv of the do... | |
how origination works | loans help consumers and businesses meet their financial goals and obligations they can be used to make large purchases pay off debt make investments or buy properties like homes in order to be approved the borrower must apply for financing borrowers must submit various types of financial information and documentation ... | |
how does a loan origination work | loan origination is the process lenders use to assess and approve borrower applications for various forms of debt these include loans and mortgages originations go from the initial application for credit through underwriting and the approval process in order for the process to work borrowers need to submit an applicati... | |
do i have to pay an origination fee | most banks financial institutions and lenders charge an origination fee for any type of loan as a form of compensation for the loan process this includes personal loans debt consolidation loans mortgages home equity loans and others fees generally range from 0 5 to 1 of the loan balance so if you re asking for a 100 00... | |
do you need to go through the origination process for a credit card | the application and approval process for a credit card isn t as thorough as it is for a loan in most cases the origination of a credit card involves filling out an application and getting a credit check done and you may be approved in a matter of a few days to a few weeks lenders don t charge an origination fee for cre... | |
what is an origination fee | a mortgage origination fee is an upfront fee charged by a lender to process a new loan application the fee is compensation for executing the loan loan origination fees are quoted as a percentage of the total loan and they are generally between 0 5 and 1 of a mortgage loan in the united states sometimes referred to as d... | |
how to save on origination fees | mortgage origination fees can be negotiable but a lender cannot and should not be expected to work for free obtaining a reduced origination fee usually involves conceding something to the lender the most common way to lower the fee is to accept a higher interest rate in return effectively the lender earns its commissio... | |
how to pay loan origination fees | origination fees may represent just a small part of the closing costs and fees that must be paid when entering into a loan specific to a mortgage there may be a variety of ways to pay this small cost note that the ways to cover the origination fees below are not exhausted or listed in any particular order loan originat... | |
are loan origination fees negotiable | yes loan origination fees are often negotiable borrowers can try to negotiate with lenders to reduce or waive some of the origination fees shopping around for multiple lenders and obtaining loan estimates can provide leverage during negotiations can i roll loan origination fees into my mortgage in some cases borrowers ... | |
do loan origination fees vary depending on the type of loan | yes loan origination fees can vary depending on the type of loan and the lender s policies different loan programs such as conventional mortgages fha loans va loans or jumbo loans may have different origination fee structures | |
are loan origination fees tax deductible | in most cases loan origination fees are not tax deductible however some points paid as part of the loan origination process may be tax deductible if they meet certain conditions it s essential to consult with a tax advisor or tax professional to understand the tax implications specific to your situation the bottom line... | |
what are origination points | origination is a step by step process that every borrower must complete to obtain a mortgage or home loan meanwhile origination points represent the fees that borrowers pay to lenders or loan officers to compensate for evaluating processing and approving mortgage loans they represent a way to pay closing costs and thes... | |
how do origination points differ from discount points | discount points are upfront payments that buy down the interest rate on a mortgage lowering its monthly payments origination points are instead used to cover overhead costs for the loan origination and discount point fees are both paid at closing discount points may be tax deductible but origination points are not | |
how much are origination points usually | origination points on residential mortgages tend to be between 0 50 and 1 50 with 1 00 being the industry average | |
how can i avoid paying origination points | not all lenders charge origination points so be sure to shop around if this is a concern you have you might be able to negotiate points lower with your lender in order to close the deal or request the seller or one of the brokers involved in the deal to pay them on your behalf | |
what is an orphan block | in blockchain terms orphan blocks are blocks mined simultaneously as another block but not accepted by the blockchain most of the time this is because there are not enough blocks generated from that block for the network to recognize it as the longest fork the bitcoin blockchain discards orphan blocks however other blo... | |
how are orphan blocks different from stale blocks | as mentioned previously many people call blocks rejected by the network orphan blocks in a familial relationship this is not the correct term because blocks are referred to by ancestral relationships for easy reference an orphan block would technically be a block with unknown parent blocks the parent child relationship... | |
is a bitcoin a block | a block is an encrypted record of all transactions within that block bitcoin is the cryptocurrency rewarded for solving the hash the encrypted hexadecimal number that stores the previous block s information 2 | |
what happens to orphaned bitcoin | bitcoin is the cryptocurrency awarded for opening a new block in the blockchain blocks can become orphaned but a bitcoin cannot orphaned stale blocks are discarded | |
is there a reward for mining stale blocks | generally there is no reward for mining a stale block however some blockchains might allow for stale block rewards investing in cryptocurrencies and other initial coin offerings icos is highly risky and speculative and this article is not a recommendation by investopedia or the writer to invest in cryptocurrencies or o... | |
what is the orphan drug credit | the orphan drug credit is a federal tax credit that gives pharmaceutical companies incentives to develop medications and treatments for rare diseases that affect small populations the credit is designed to help pharmaceutical companies lower their developmental costs the credit is for 25 of qualified clinical testing e... | |
what is an oscillator | an oscillator is a technical analysis tool that constructs high and low bands between two extreme values and then builds a trend indicator that fluctuates within these bounds traders use the trend indicator to discover short term overbought or oversold conditions when the value of the oscillator approaches the upper ex... | |
how oscillators work | oscillators are typically used in conjunction with other technical analysis indicators to make trading decisions analysts find oscillators most advantageous when they cannot find a clear trend in a company s stock price easily for example when a stock trades horizontally or sideways the most common oscillators are the ... | |
what is an oscillator | an oscillator is a technical analysis tool that constructs high and low bands between two extreme values and then builds a trend indicator that fluctuates within these bounds traders use the trend indicator to discover short term overbought or oversold conditions when the value of the oscillator approaches the upper ex... | |
how oscillators work | oscillators are typically used in conjunction with other technical analysis indicators to make trading decisions analysts find oscillators most advantageous when they cannot find a clear trend in a company s stock price easily for example when a stock trades horizontally or sideways the most common oscillators are the ... | |
what is the oslo stock exchange osl | the oslo stock exchange osl is norway s premier stock exchange the exchange is located in the capital city of oslo and is the region s major regulated market for securities trading investors can trade different assets such as equities bonds and exchange traded products etps on the osl the exchange s market capitalizati... | |
what is the oslo stock exchange called | the oslo stock exchange is the premier exchange in norway it is the country s only regulated securities exchange the osl is also called euronext oslo as it is owned by euronext and is known locally as oslo b rs | |
is the oslo stock exchange an eu regulated market | yes since the oslo stock exchange is owned by euronext and operates in the eu market the exchange is eu regulated however unlike euronext s other exchanges the oslo exchange is not a small or mid sized enterprise sme growth market smes are designed to give advantages to companies that otherwise do not meet the criteria... | |
how many companies are on the oslo stock exchange | as of april 2024 there are 332 companies listed on the exchange 18 there are three norwegian companies listed on exchanges in the united states which are listed below | |
how do i buy norwegian stocks | the best way to buy norwegian stocks is if you are able to trade on the oslo stock exchange these shares will be the most liquid and your orders will fill the fastest however you can still trade norwegian stocks on markets in the united states by purchasing something called an american depositary receipt adr an adr is ... | |
what is euronext oslo | euronext oslo is another name for the oslo stock exchange euronext and nasdaq entered into bidding for the oslo stock exchange but euronext was able to secure it in 2019 euronext is headquartered in amsterdam and is europe s largest stock exchange group the bottom linealthough norway is not an eu member nation the comp... | |
what is otc markets group inc | the otc markets group is the owner and operator of the most substantial u s inter dealer electronic quotation and trading system for over the counter otc securities it provides marketplaces for trading more than 11 500 otc securities 1understanding otc markets group inc otc markets group inc provides services in three ... | |
what does otcm stand for | otcm stands for over the counter market which is a market where parties transact the buying and selling of securities with one another without a centralized exchange facilitating the process otcm can also refer to otc markets group which owns and operates a trading system to facilitate otc trading who runs otcm otcm i... | |
what is the difference between stock exchanges and the otc market | the otc market facilitates the trading of financial securities between two parties without the oversight of an exchange a stock exchange is an exchange that oversees the buying and selling of stocks stock exchanges allow for more liquidity oversight and transparency than otc markets | |
is the otc market safe to trade | otc markets are safe to trade but there are some risks with the process such as less information available about the securities and less liquidity picking companies in the tiers that have stronger financial standards can help reduce the risks in otc trading | |
what is the process for listing a public company in the otc market | to be able to trade in the otc market a company must be sponsored by a market maker the market maker will sponsor the issue as market makers are the only ones allowed to apply to have a quote listed investopedia does not provide tax investment or financial services and advice the information is presented without consid... | |
what are otc options | otc options are exotic options that trade in the over the counter market rather than on a formal exchange like exchange traded option contracts understanding otc optionsinvestors turn to otc options when the listed options do not quite meet their needs the flexibility of these options is attractive to many investors th... | |
the otc pink now branded as the pink open market is the lowest and most speculative tier of the three marketplaces for the trading of over the counter otc stocks all three tiers are provided and operated by the otc markets group this marketplace offers to trade in a wide range of equities through any broker and include... | since it has no disclosure requirements the categorization of otc pink companies is from information provided by the company otc markets group now markets otc pink as the pink open market but the historical name still persists 1understanding otc pinkthe over the counter otc market is a decentralized market where securi... | |
what types of companies generally trade on pink markets | companies that trade on pink markets vary widely they can include smaller or newer companies that don t meet the listing requirements for major exchanges foreign entities that wish to trade in the u s or companies preferring less regulatory scrutiny | |
what are the investment risks associated with pink markets | investing in pink markets carries substantial risk due to the lack of stringent regulatory oversight risks include limited financial information high volatility low liquidity and potential for fraud or manipulation | |
have there been any recent developments in the pink markets | yes the regulatory structure of pink markets has been evolving for instance certain types of securities such as dark securities have been removed from the market entirely to increase transparency and reduce risk | |
are pink markets the same as major stock exchanges | no pink markets are not the same as major stock exchanges like the nyse or nasdaq they operate over the counter meaning trades occur directly between parties rather than through a centralized exchange and they typically involve stocks that do not meet the listing requirements of major exchanges the bottom linethe termi... | |
what is the otcqb | the otcqb also called the venture market is the middle tier of the over the counter otc market for u s stocks it was created in 2010 and consists mainly of early stage and developing u s and international companies that are not yet able to qualify for the otcqx but are not as speculative as the lowest tier pink sheets ... | |
what is the otcqx | the otcqx is the top tier of the three marketplaces for the over the counter otc trading of stocks the otcqx is provided and operated by the otc markets group stocks that trade on this forum must meet more stringent qualification criteria compared to the other tiers which are the otcqb otcbb and the pink sheets underst... | |
what is other comprehensive basis of accounting | other comprehensive basis of accounting ocboa includes financial statements prepared using a system of accounting that differs from gaap the most common being tax basis and cash basis financial statements other comprehensive basis of accounting ocboa systems also includes a statutory basis of accounting such as that us... | |
what are other current assets oca | other current assets oca is a category of things of value that a company owns benefits from or uses to generate income that can be converted into cash within one business cycle they are referred to as other because they are uncommon or insignificant unlike typical current asset items such as cash securities accounts re... | |
when other current assets oca are discussed information will be provided in the footnotes to the financial statements explanations may be necessary for example when there is a notable change in other current assets oca from one period to the next | other current assets oca are expected to be disposed within a year or to mature into another form thus the value of a company s other current assets oca may vary greatly from year to year depending on the health of the company and how it spends its money it is useful to determine how material these assets are as they m... | |
what are other current liabilities | other current liabilities in financial accounting are categories of short term debt that are lumped together on the liabilities side of the balance sheet the term current liabilities refers to items of short term debt that a firm must pay within 12 months to that companies add the word other to describe those current l... | |
why use other current liabilities | financial statements can become quite complex if every asset and liability account were listed by line item the balance sheet could balloon to many pages which would be less useful to readers so some companies aggregate their balance sheet accounts for the sake of simplicity citing other current liabilities on one line... | |
what are other long term liabilities | other long term liabilities are a line item on a balance sheet that lumps together obligations that are not due within 12 months these debts that are less urgent to repay are a part of their total liabilities but are categorized as other when the company doesn t deem them important enough to warrant individual identifi... | |
what are other post employment benefits opeb | other post employment benefits opeb are the benefits other than pension distributions that employees may begin to receive from their employer once they retire other post employment benefits can include life insurance health insurance and deferred compensation these benefits are also referred to as other post retirement... | |
which businesses offer other post employment benefits | businesses and other organizations that may provide benefits to employees after they retire include private sector companies state county and municipal governments and religious and educational institutions although these benefits are mostly employer paid retired employees may have to share a portion of the costs throu... | |
how are other post employment benefits taxed | whether retirees must pay income taxes on their opeb depends on the type of benefit health insurance coverage is generally not taxable employer paid life insurance premiums may be partially taxable if the death benefit exceeds 50 000 4deferred compensation arrangements come in many different permutations in part depend... | |
are other post employment benefits guaranteed | retirees who receive other post employment benefits should note that unless there is a clear and specific agreement in writing their employer can often change or eliminate those benefits at its discretion according to the u s department of labor dol 6for that reason it s worth checking the summary plan description spd ... | |
what is the biggest other post employment benefit | the most significant other post employment benefit opeb is generally medical insurance but life insurance and and other benefits are also included in this term 10 | |
how does deferred compensation work | with deferred compensation the plan withholds a portion of your pay until a specific date usually when you retire it is part of your salary that is not paid or taxed until the future deferred compensation is usually used as an incentive to hold onto key employees 3can employer cut your retiree health benefits if your e... | |
what are other post retirement benefits | other post retirement benefits are benefits other than pension distributions paid to employees during their retirement years post retirement benefits may include life insurance and medical plans or premiums for such benefits as well as deferred compensation arrangements although these benefits are mostly employer paid ... | |
what is other real estate owned oreo | other real estate owned oreo is a bank accounting term that refers to real estate property assets that a bank holds but that are not part of its business oftentimes these assets are acquired due to foreclosure proceedings a large quantity of oreo assets on a bank balance sheet may raise concerns about the overall healt... | |
when a real estate property is deemed real estate owned it means that the property is now owned by a lender because the borrower defaulted on their mortgage and the property did not sell at foreclosure auction banks are not typically in the business of owning real estate and end up in that position when something goes ... | special considerationsmost oreo assets are available for sale by the banks who own them many states have laws that regulate the acquisition and maintenance of oreo properties banks are generally required to maintain keep insurance on pay taxes on and actively market them 2 increasing oreo on a bank s balance sheet may ... | |
what are out of pocket expenses | out of pocket expenses are costs that an individual is responsible for paying that may or may not be reimbursed later the term is most often used to describe an employee s work related expenses that the company later reimburses it also is used to indicate a health insurance policyholder s nonreimbursable share of medic... | |
when deciding whether to choose a plan with a high or low deductible estimate your likely medical expenses for the year and research the premiums deductibles and out of pocket maximums for the available plans | examples of out of pocket expenseshere s an example of work related out of pocket expenses assume an employee has a meeting with a potential client the employee spends 250 on airfare 50 on uber rides 100 on a hotel and 100 on meals all charged to their own credit card after the trip the employee submits an expense repo... | |
when you have met your deductible you may still have to pay an amount for each prescription for example a plan might state that you must pay 10 for each refill of generic drugs or prescription medicine meaning your out of pocket cost will be 10 for each prescription | other types of out of pocket expensesin the real estate industry out of pocket expenses refer to any expenses above and beyond the mortgage itself that the buyer incurs during the sale process these costs vary depending on local property and real estate but they typically include the cost of a home inspection appraisal... | |
what does out of pocket mean | an out of pocket expense is a payment you make with your own money whether or not it is reimbursed it could be a business expense such as paying for a flight that is reimbursed by your employer or a health expense that you pay before your total outlay reaches the insurance deductible | |
what is the difference between a deductible and an out of pocket expense | a health insurance plan s deductible and its out of pocket limit both represent points at which the insurance company pays for all or some of your subsequent health costs however they are two different things the deductible is the amount of money you have to pay on your own every year for your covered medical expenses ... | |
what is not an example of an out of pocket expense | the monthly premium you pay for your healthcare plan does not count as an out of pocket expense out of pocket costs include deductibles coinsurance and copayments for covered services plus all costs for services that aren t covered | |
is it better to pay out of pocket or use health insurance | it is tempting to get a high deductible plan choosing to pay out of pocket for routine healthcare in return for lower monthly premiums that can work if you don t have considerable medical expenses it could get expensive if you unexpectedly need substantial medical care | |
when choosing a healthcare plan it is wise to estimate what your healthcare costs may be each year before deciding on a low deductible high premium or high deductible low premium plan | also consider that your healthcare needs will change as you age when you have a family and when your income changes all these factors will affect how much coverage you need and what level of out of pocket costs you can afford | |
what is an out of pocket maximum | an out of pocket maximum is the most you have to pay per year for covered healthcare services when you have spent this amount in your plan year on deductibles copayments and coinsurance for in network care and services your health insurer will pay for 100 of your healthcare services 1an out of pocket maximum helps you ... | |
what is out of the money otm | out of the money otm is an expression used to describe an option contract that only contains extrinsic value these options will have a delta of less than 0 50 an otm call option will have a strike price that is higher than the market price of the underlying asset alternatively an otm put option has a strike price that... | |
what happens to an out of the money option at expiration | at expiration out of the money options expire worthless | |
why do out of the money options have value prior to expiration | out of the money options still have time extrinsic value this is because there is some probability that the option will finish in the money come expiration thus the longer until expiration the more valuable an out of the money will be all else equal since with more time there are more chances for the underlying to move... | |
what is the most out of the money option | an option with a zero delta would be the most otm option since it has effectively zero chance of finishing in the money such an option would also probably be very close to worthless it will also have a delta very close to zero the bottom lineout of the money otm refers to options that do not have any intrinsic value th... | |
what is outcome bias | outcome bias arises when a decision is based on the outcome of previous events without regard to how the past events developed outcome bias does not involve analysis of factors that lead to a previous event and instead de emphasizes the events preceding the outcomes and overemphasizes the outcome unlike hindsight bias ... | |
what is an outlay cost | an outlay cost is a cost incurred in order to execute a strategy or acquire an asset outlay costs are also paid to vendors to acquire goods such as inventory or services such as consulting or software design they are concrete expenses that are actually incurred in order to achieve a goal | |
how outlay costs work | outlay costs are easy to recognize and measure because they have actually been paid to outside vendors as opposed to opportunity costs which are not actually incurred and paid to outside parties by the company for corporations outlay costs for new projects include start up production and asset acquisition costs they ca... | |
what does outperform mean | in financial news media outperform is commonly used as a rating given by analysts who publicly research and recommend securities if they change their rating on a particular security to outperform from market perform or even underperform then something has changed in their analyses that makes them believe the security w... | |
what makes a company outperform | an index is composed of securities from the same industry or of companies that have a similar size in terms of market capitalization any factor that helps a company generate proportionally more revenue and more profit than its peers in an industry grouping will see its share price appreciate faster this outperforming a... | |
how portfolio managers are ranked | if a portfolio manager consistently picks stocks that outperform the benchmark the investment fund they work for will produce a higher rate of return and those in the financial media will take notice money managers are ranked based on the portfolio rate of return and how those returns compare to the benchmark financial... | |
what is outplacement | outplacement is any service that assists a departing employee with obtaining a new job or transitioning to a new career access to outplacement services is offered by some employers as an employee benefit for their staff outplacement services can be beneficial for all parties monetarily professionally and emotionally an... | |
what is an output gap | the term output gap refers to the difference between the actual output of an economy and the maximum potential output of an economy expressed as a percentage of gross domestic product gdp a country s output gap may be either positive or negative a negative output gap suggests that actual economic output is below the ec... | |
how an output gap works | the output gap is a comparison between actual gdp and potential gdp or output and maximum efficiency output 1 this is difficult to calculate because you can t estimate an economy s optimal level of operating efficiency there is little consensus among economists about the best way to measure potential gdp but most agree... | |
how the potential output is measured can be problematic in fact there isn t just one way to do so analysts and economists may use different filters or models to do so for instance some experts may compute the potential output as the trend output while others consider it as the trend growth 1 | another limitation to the output gap lies in how intertwined relationships are within the economy for example a less active workforce will lead to a drop in output similarly distressed small businesses and corporations and tighter lending standards during tough economic times can also have a big impact on the potential... | |
when an economy is in recession it means that its actual output gap is lower than the potential output gap | governments can move the economy back to its potential gdp by taking a number of steps including but not limited to reviewing tax rates and rebates making moves on interest rates and cutting or increasing government spending the direction they choose depends on whether the actual output is positive or negative | |
what is an outright forward | an outright forward or currency forward is a currency contract that locks in the exchange rate and a delivery date beyond the spot value date it is the simplest type of foreign exchange forward contract and protects an investor importer or exporter from exchange rate fluctuations understanding outright forwardsan outri... |
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