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what is positive economics in simple terms | positive economics is the objective analysis of the economic study this involves investigating what has happened and what is happening allowing economists to predict what will happen in the future positive economics is tangible so anything that can be substantiated with a fact such as the inflation rate the unemploymen... | |
what are the differences between positive and normative economics | while positive economics is a branch of economics that relies on objective data normative economics is based on subjective information the latter is based on value judgments that stem from opinions and personal feelings rather than analysis positive economics deals in what is compared to normative economics which relie... | |
what is a positive versus normative statement | there are big distinctions between positive and normative statements positive statements are objective theories that can be tested normative statements on the other hand are subjective they involve the use of opinions and value judgments and are often based on personal opinions | |
what are examples of normative economics | normative economics is represented by anything that is subjective and value based this means we can use the information we have at our disposal to say what should be in the future for instance we can use data from earnings to say that corporations should pay more in taxes and we can use the cost of living with current ... | |
what is positive pay | the term positive pay refers to an automated cash management service used by financial institutions to deter check fraud banks use positive pay to match checks issued by companies with those it presents for payment checks that are considered suspicious are sent back to the issuer for examination the system acts as a fo... | |
how does positive pay work | positive pay is a service provided by financial institutions to their customers clients enrolled in the program have special fraud detection services to protect their accounts the system matches the date check number dollar amount and account number of each check presented against a list provided by the company to prot... | |
when the information doesn t match the check the bank notifies the customer through an exception report withholding payment until the company advises the bank to either accept or reject the check the bank can also flag the check notify a representative at the company and seek permission to clear the check | companies should thoroughly review the terms and conditions of their financial institution as banks may not be responsible for fraudulent checks if the company finds only a slight error or other minor problem it can also choose to advise the bank to clear the check if the company forgets to send a list to the bank all ... | |
how does positive pay work | positive pay is a check fraud prevention tool checks are matched and cross referenced with a list provided by the client including the date check number dollar amount and account number any suspicious items are verified with the client | |
what is a positive pay file | a positive pay file is a complete list of checks that a company or other entity writes against its accounts during a certain period of time this list is provided to the company s bank when they are enrolled in the positive pay program to prevent and eliminate check fraud | |
how expensive is the positive pay service | the costs associated with the positive pay system depend entirely on where you bank other factors can also affect the fees including your relationship with the bank the type of client you are and your net worth some banks offer the service for free while others charge monthly fees or offer it on a per use basis the bot... | |
what is the post money valuation | post money valuation is a company s estimated worth after outside financing and or capital injections are added to its balance sheet post money valuation refers to the approximate market value given to a start up after a round of financing from venture capitalists or angel investors have been completed valuations that ... | |
what is post trade processing | post trade processing occurs after a trade is complete at this point the buyer and the seller compare trade details approve the transaction change records of ownership and arrange for the transfer of securities and cash post trade processing is especially important in markets that are not standardized such as the over ... | |
how post trade processing works | post trade processing is important in that it verifies the details of a transaction markets and prices move fast transactions are executed quickly often instantaneously many securities trades are done over the phone the ability for mistakes is inherent despite traders skill increasingly trades are executed at high freq... | |
is anything being done to shorten post trade processing | yes in may 2024 the sec shortened the clearing time for most stock trades to t 1 it is exploring the feasibility of same day settlement or t 0 3 | |
why does the trade date differ from the settlement date for stocks | if you buy or sell shares of stock or other securities the settlement date will typically be one day after the actual trade date this is because it takes time for the post trade processing clearing and settlement of the trade barriers to same day settlement include older systems still in place to reconcile asset owners... | |
what kinds of securities currently clear t 1 t 0 | most stocks etfs corporate bonds municipal bonds listed options and government securities clear t 1 5 spot fx trades typically settle t 2 t 1 for usd cad 6 certificates of deposit cds and commercial paper settle t 0 | |
what is a posterior probability | a posterior probability in bayesian statistics is the revised or updated probability of an event occurring after taking into consideration new information the posterior probability is calculated by updating the prior probability using bayes theorem in statistical terms the posterior probability is the probability of ev... | |
what does a posterior probability tell you | bayes theorem can be used in many applications such as medicine finance and economics in finance bayes theorem can be used to update a previous belief once new information is obtained prior probability represents what is originally believed before new evidence is introduced and posterior probability takes this new info... | |
what is poverty | the term poverty refers to the state or condition in which people or communities lack the financial resources and other essentials for a minimum standard of living as such they cannot meet their basic human needs people and families who live in poverty may go without proper housing clean water healthy food and medical ... | |
when measuring poverty the census bureau excludes the following people | each year the census bureau updates its poverty threshold statistics the table below shows the 2022 income thresholds for those in poverty each column represents the number of people living in a household under the age of 18 poverty thresholds as well as the number of children under the age of 18 in a home are importan... | |
what causes poverty | poverty is a difficult cycle to break and can pass from one generation to the next it is often determined by socioeconomic status ethnicity gender and geography many people are born into poverty and have little hope of overcoming it others may fall into poverty because of negative economic conditions natural disasters ... | |
how poverty is measured | poverty is commonly measured using income thresholds in many countries centralized bodies like the census bureau collect data and update the information on an annual basis based on inflation this information which in the u s is reported through the consumer price index for all urban consumers cpi u generally includes i... | |
how to reduce poverty | the united nations and the world bank are major advocates of reducing world poverty the world bank has an ambitious target of reducing poverty to less than 3 of the global population by 2030 10 some of the actionable plans to eliminate poverty include the following for poverty to be eradicated as the world bank intends... | |
what countries have the highest poverty rates | the countries with the highest poverty rates include south sudan 82 30 equatorial guinea 76 80 madagascar 70 70 central african republic 68 80 and burundi 64 09 16 | |
which states have the highest poverty rates | as of 2024 the states with the highest poverty rates were louisiana 19 60 mississippi 19 40 new mexico 18 40 west virginia 16 80 and kentucky 16 50 the district of columbia s poverty rate is 16 50 17can poverty be solved the answer to this question is complicated and nuanced social welfare programs and private philanth... | |
what is a poverty trap | a poverty trap is a mechanism that makes it very difficult for people to escape poverty a poverty trap is created when an economic system requires a significant amount of capital to escape poverty when individuals lack this capital they may also find it difficult to acquire it creating a self reinforcing cycle of pover... | |
what causes poverty traps | there are several factors that make it difficult for people to escape poverty a lack of access to capital is a major contributor to poverty traps as is poor education infrastructure and healthcare | |
why is it so hard to get out of poverty | many of the things that can help pull people out of poverty require the one thing poor people don t have money for example without money it s difficult to get a decent education and acquire new skills to boost job prospects and earnings potential spare time to address issues and boost wellbeing is also in short supply ... | |
how many people in the u s live in poverty | according to the united states census bureau 37 9 million people in the u s lived in poverty in 2022 which represents 11 5 of the population 10the bottom linepoverty traps are self perpetuating cycles of poverty where individuals or communities struggle to escape the reasons for poverty cycles may include low income li... | |
what is the power distance index pdi | the power distance index pdi is a measurement of the acceptance of a hierarchy of power and wealth by the individuals who make up the general population of a nation culture or business developed by dutch social psychologist geert hofstede the pdi ultimately provides insight into the extent to which regular citizens or ... | |
does the u s have a high or low pdi | the u s has a pdi of 40 according to the power distance index this relatively low score is seen as reflecting a focus on equal rights in american business it concludes managers rely on individuals and teams and management is accessible to employees communication is informal direct and participative | |
what nation has a very high pdi | russia has a very high pdi of 93 power holders are remote from the people political and financial power are highly centralized in moscow any business interactions are expected to take a top down approach | |
which nation has a very low pdi | denmark scores an 18 on the pdi scale danes do not lead the summary states they coach and employee autonomy is required danes have a highly egalitarian mind set and expect to be consulted not ordered around the bottom linethe power distance index can provide useful information to people doing business abroad about the ... | |
what is a power of attorney poa | a power of attorney poa is a legal authorization that gives the agent or attorney in fact the authority to act on behalf of an individual referred to as the principal the agent may be given broad or limited authority to make decisions about the principal s property finances investments or medical care poas can be finan... | |
how a power of attorney poa works | a power of attorney is a legal document that binds the agent or attorney in fact and the principal it s used in the event of a principal s temporary or permanent illness or disability or when they can t sign necessary documents 1 both parties must sign the document and a third party is usually required to witness it mo... | |
how to set up a power of attorney | you can buy or download a poa template but be sure it s for your state because requirements can differ there s no standard poa form for all 50 states although all states do accept some version of a durable power of attorney 1a few key powers cannot be delegated including the right to make amend or revoke a will or cont... | |
how can i revoke a power of attorney that i ve given to someone | power of attorney can be terminated if you expressly revoke it it may also have a set termination date or duration of time for which it s in force a poa will also end if you become mentally incapacitated unless it is a durable power of attorney all powers of attorney cease if you die 3who can i name to have power of at... | |
what is pre foreclosure | pre foreclosure refers to the first phase of a legal proceeding that ultimately can conclude in a property being repossessed from a defaulted borrower the lender files a notice of default on the property in pre foreclosure because the borrowing owner exceeds the contractual terms for delinquent payments a notice of def... | |
what is a pre ipo placement | a pre initial public offering ipo placement is a private sale of large blocks of shares before a stock is listed on a public exchange the buyers are typically private equity firms hedge funds and other institutions willing to buy large stakes in the firm due to the size of the investments being made and the risks invol... | |
what is pre market trading | pre market trading is the period of trading activity that occurs before the regular market session the pre market trading session typically occurs between 8 a m and 9 30 a m est each trading day many investors and traders watch the pre market trading activity to judge the strength and direction of the market in anticip... | |
when does pre market trading begin | pre market trading can start as early as 4 a m est although most of it takes place from 8 a m est and before regular trading commences at 9 30 a m est 54 | |
what securities can be traded in the pre market session options | generally only listed stocks can be traded in the pre market session not all stocks though stocks such as those that have a limited float or are not widely held or small cap stocks may not have sufficient volumes to make pre market trading a viable proposition options cannot be traded in the pre market session | |
do online brokers offer pre market trading | almost all online brokers offer pre market trading although the hours differ from one broker to the other here s a sample of pre market trading hours at select online brokers as of dec 21 2021 note that these hours may be subject to change can a limit order from pre market trading carry over into the regular session in... | |
why are extended trading hours necessary | extended trading hours enable investors to react to news and events when the markets are closed it is also a convenient way to trade for people who cannot buy and sell securities during the regular trading session | |
what is the nasdaq 100 pre market indicator | the nasdaq 100 pre market indicator is calculated based on the last sale of nasdaq 100 securities during the pre market trading period of 4 a m to 9 30 a m est for nasdaq 100 securities that do not trade in the pre market the calculation uses the last sale from the previous day s 4 p m closing price the nasdaq 100 pre ... | |
is 24 hour trading for stocks going to be a reality soon | the 24 hour trading that is a feature of the foreign exchange and cryptocurrency markets may come to equity markets within the next few years on february 6 2024 24x national exchange submitted to the securities and exchange commission a form 1 application under the securities exchange act of 1934 seeking registration a... | |
what is predatory pricing | predatory pricing is the illegal business practice of setting prices for a product unrealistically low in order to eliminate the competition predatory pricing violates antitrust laws as its goal is to create a monopoly however the practice can be difficult to prosecute defendants may argue that lowering prices is a nor... | |
what does predatory pricing mean | predatory pricing is the lowering of prices by one company for the purpose of driving rivals out of the business at that point the company can raise prices and in fact must raise prices in order to recoup losses and survive the practice is illegal because if successful it creates a monopoly and eliminates choice | |
which companies have been accused of predatory pricing | walmart is among the companies that have been accused of predatory pricing in 1993 a judge ordered the retailer to stop selling drugs and health and beauty products below cost after three stores in conway arkansas accused the company of undercutting them to drive them out of business similar allegations were leveled at... | |
is predatory pricing illegal | predatory pricing is illegal but it s difficult to prove predatory pricing violates antitrust laws in the u s and other countries that are intended to ensure fair competition the prosecutors have to prove that the accused company did not just intend to compete but intended to eliminate the competition the bottom line | |
is that product an example of predatory pricing or just a great bargain from the consumer s viewpoint it s hard to tell | if it s predatory pricing the low prices will last only enough for the manufacturer to drive its rivals out of business at that point it must raise prices to make up for the losses it incurred by cutting its prices so low and it can raise prices with impunity now that the competition has been eliminated this disadvanta... | |
what are preemptive rights | preemptive rights give a shareholder the opportunity to buy additional shares in any future issue of a company s common stock before the shares are made available to the general public this right is a contractual clause that is generally available in the u s only to early investors in a newly public company or to major... | |
what are preference shares | preference shares more commonly referred to as preferred stock are shares of a company s stock with dividends that are paid out to shareholders before common stock dividends are issued if the company enters bankruptcy preferred stockholders are entitled to be paid from company assets before common stockholders most pre... | |
what are preference shares | preference shares also known as preferred shares are a type of security that offers characteristics similar to both common shares and a fixed income security the holders of preference shares are typically given priority when it comes to any dividends that the company pays in exchange preference shares often do not enjo... | |
what are the main types of preference shares | there are four main types of preference shares cumulative preferred non cumulative preferred participating preferred and convertible holders of cumulative preferred shares are entitled to receive dividends retroactively for any dividends that were not paid in prior periods whereas non cumulative preferred shares do not... | |
what happens if you own preference shares in a company that goes bankrupt | if a company goes bankrupt then the different securityholders in that company will have claim to the company s assets the order in which those securityholders receive their share of the assets will depend on the specific rights given to them in their security agreements preference shares for instance will generally hav... | |
what are preference shares | preference shares more commonly referred to as preferred stock are shares of a company s stock with dividends that are paid out to shareholders before common stock dividends are issued if the company enters bankruptcy preferred stockholders are entitled to be paid from company assets before common stockholders most pre... | |
what are preference shares | preference shares also known as preferred shares are a type of security that offers characteristics similar to both common shares and a fixed income security the holders of preference shares are typically given priority when it comes to any dividends that the company pays in exchange preference shares often do not enjo... | |
what are the main types of preference shares | there are four main types of preference shares cumulative preferred non cumulative preferred participating preferred and convertible holders of cumulative preferred shares are entitled to receive dividends retroactively for any dividends that were not paid in prior periods whereas non cumulative preferred shares do not... | |
what happens if you own preference shares in a company that goes bankrupt | if a company goes bankrupt then the different securityholders in that company will have claim to the company s assets the order in which those securityholders receive their share of the assets will depend on the specific rights given to them in their security agreements preference shares for instance will generally hav... | |
what is a preferred provider organization ppo | a preferred provider organization ppo is a health insurance plan for individuals and families ppos involve networks that are made up of contracted medical professionals and health insurance companies healthcare facilities and practitioners known as preferred providers offer services to the insurer s plan policyholders ... | |
how preferred provider organizations ppos work | a preferred provider organization is a managed care network consisting of medical professionals and facilities such as primary and specialty physicians hospitals and other healthcare professionals who contract with insurance providers to render services to subscribed participants these are plan participants or consumer... | |
how do ppo deductibles work | a health insurance deductible is an amount you must pay out of pocket for medical services each year after you ve met it your insurance coverage kicks in ppo plans may have two different annual deductibles one applies to providers in the ppo network the other usually a larger sum to providers outside the network the la... | |
what are disadvantages of ppo plans | ppo plans tend to be more expensive than other managed care options they typically have higher monthly premiums and out of pocket costs like deductibles you often have both coinsurance and copays this is the tradeoff for the flexibility ppos provide of letting you use providers both within and outside the ppo system wi... | |
what is the difference between a ppo and a pos | the biggest difference between ppo and pos plans is generally flexibility both plans cover you whether you use providers and facilities in or out of the network however a pos requires you to have a primary care physician and get referrals from them if you want to see a specialist or anyone else ppos don t costs are ano... | |
what is preferred stock | the term stock refers to ownership or equity in a firm there are two types of equity common stock and preferred stock preferred stockholders have a higher claim to dividends or asset distribution than common stockholders the details of each preferred stock depend on the issue jiaqi zhou investopediaunderstanding prefer... | |
have first right to dividends and must be paid before common stockholders | typically do not have as much capital appreciationtypically have no voting rightsmay have the option to be convertible to common stockreceive better treatment during liquidationsequity ownership of a companytradable on public exchanges for public companies no guarantee of dividends must wait until preferred stockholder... | |
do not have the option to be convertible to preferred stock | receive worse treatment during liquidationswhile preferred stock and common stock are both equity instruments they share important distinctions first preferred stock receive a fixed dividend as dividend obligations to preferred shareholders must be satisfied first common stockholders on the other hand may not always re... | |
have a fixed term or maturity date | preferred stock is often compared to bonds because both may offer recurring cash distributions however as there are many differences between stocks and bonds there are differences with preferred equity as well in terms of similarities both securities are often issued at face value or par value this value is used to cal... | |
what are the advantages of a preferred stock | a preferred stock is a class of stock that is granted certain rights that differ from common stock namely preferred stock often possess higher dividend payments and a higher claim to assets in the event of liquidation in addition preferred stock can have a callable feature which means that the issuer has the right to r... | |
what is an example of a preferred stock | consider a company is issuing a 7 preferred stock at a 1 000 par value in turn the investor would receive a 70 annual dividend or 17 50 quarterly typically this preferred stock will trade around its par value behaving more similarly to a bond investors who are looking to generate income may choose to invest in this sec... | |
what is the downside of preferred stock | though preferred stock often have greater rights and claims to dividends this type of investment often does not appreciate in value as much as common stock in addition preferred stockholders have little to no say in the operations of the company as they often forgo voting capabilities the bottom lineinvestors intereste... | |
what is a premium | premium has several meanings in finance most commonly it refers to understanding a premiumbroadly speaking a premium is a price paid for above and beyond some basic or intrinsic value relatedly it is the price paid for protection from a loss hazard or harm e g insurance or options contracts the word premium is derived ... | |
what is a premium bond | a premium bond is a bond trading above its face value or in other words it costs more than the face amount on the bond a bond might trade at a premium because its interest rate is higher than current rates in the market these bonds are different from a type of lottery bond account sold in the united kingdom that is als... | |
what is a prepaid expense | a prepaid expense is an expense that has been paid for in advance but not yet incurred in business a prepaid expense is recorded as an asset on the balance sheet that results from a business making advance payments for goods or services to be received in the future prepaid expenses are initially recorded as assets but ... | |
is prepaid expense a current asset | yes prepaid expense is recorded as a current asset current assets are assets that a company plans to use or sell within a year they are short term assets most often this is where the prepaid expense line item is recorded if any prepaid expense will not be used within a year then it must be recorded as a long term asset... | |
what is the difference between prepayment and prepaid expense | prepayments and prepaid expenses are different from one another a prepayment means that you are just paying your bill earlier for example if you have a debt obligation such as a loan and you owe 1 000 next month but decide to pay that amount this month that is a prepayment a prepaid expense on the other hand is any goo... | |
what are examples of prepaid expenses | common examples of prepaid expenses include leases rent legal retainers advertising costs estimated taxes insurance salaries and leased office equipment the bottom lineprepaid expense is an accounting line item on a company s balance sheet that refers to goods and services that have been paid for but not yet incurred r... | |
what is prepayment | prepayment is an accounting term for the settlement of a debt or installment loan in advance of its official due date a prepayment may be the settlement of a bill an operating expense or a non operating expense that closes an account before its due date an individual a corporation or any other type of organization may ... | |
what is a prepayment penalty | a prepayment penalty is usually specified in a clause in a mortgage contract stating that a penalty will be assessed if the borrower significantly pays down or pays off the mortgage before term usually within the first three years of committing to the loan the penalty is sometimes based on a percentage of the remaining... | |
how a prepayment penalty works | prepayment penalties are written into mortgage contracts by lenders to compensate for prepayment risk particularly in difficult economic climates and under circumstances where the incentive for a borrower to refinance a subprime mortgage is high these penalties don t only kick in when a borrower pays off the entire loa... | |
what is prepayment risk | prepayment risk is the risk involved with the premature return of principal on a fixed income security when debtors return part of the principal early they do not have to make interest payments on that part of the principal that means investors in associated fixed income securities will not receive interest paid on the... | |
when interest rates fall investors only benefit if the bonds are not called as market interest rates go down the bondholders gain by continuing to receive the old interest rate which was higher investors can also sell the bonds to obtain a capital gain however issuers will call their bonds and refinance if interest rat... | as a practical matter corporate bonds often have call provisions while government bonds rarely do that is one reason why investing in government bonds is often a better bet in a falling interest rate environment however corporate bonds still have higher returns in the long run investors should consider prepayment risk ... | |
what is present value | present value pv is the current value of a future sum of money or stream of cash flows it is determined by discounting the future value by the estimated rate of return that the money could earn if invested present value calculations can be useful in investing and in strategic planning for businesses katie kerpel invest... | |
how do you calculate present value | present value is calculated using three data points the expected future value the interest rate that the money might earn between now and then if invested and number of payment periods such as one in the case of a one year annual return that doesn t compound with that information you can calculate the present value usi... | |
what is an example of present value | consider a scenario where you expect to receive a 5 000 lump sum payment in five years time if the discount rate is 8 25 you want to know what that payment will be worth today so you calculate the pv 5 000 1 0 0825 5 3 363 80 4 | |
why is present value important | present value is important because it allows investors and businesses to judge whether some future outcome will be worth making the investment today it is also important in choosing among potential investments especially if they are expected to pay off at different times in the future the bottom linepresent value is a ... | |
what is the present value interest factor pvif | the present value interest factor pvif is a formula used to estimate the current worth of a sum of money that is to be received at some future date pvifs are often presented in the form of a table with values for different time periods and interest rate combinations formula for the present value interest factor pvif p ... | |
how do i calculate the pvif | add 1 and the discount interest rate then multiply the sum by the number of years or another time period divide the future sum to be received by that multiplication result and you have the present value interest factor pvif | |
what is the pvif based on | the pvif is based on the time value of money the meaning of that key financial concept is that a sum of money today is worth more than the same sum will be in the future because money has the potential to grow in value over a given period of time | |
how do pvifs apply to annuities | the present value interest factor of an annuity pvifa is useful when you are deciding whether to take a lump sum payment now or an annuity payment in future periods using estimated rates of return you can compare the value of the annuity payments to the lump sum the bottom linea present value interest factor pvif is us... | |
the present value interest factor of an annuity is a factor that can be used to calculate the present value of a series of annuities when it is multiplied by the recurring payment amount the initial deposit earns interest at the interest rate r which perfectly finances a series of n consecutive withdrawals and may be w... | pvifa is also a variable used when calculating the present value of an ordinary annuity understanding present value interest factor of annuitythe calculation of pvifa is based on the concept of the time value of money this idea stipulates that the value of currency received today is worth more than the value of currenc... | |
how do you calculate present value interest factor for an annuity | the formula to calculate pvifa is 1 1 r n r where r represents the period rate and n represents the number of payments or withdrawals | |
what is the present value interest factor of an annuity table | it is a simple table that features the pvifas of common combinations of rates and terms for example each column might feature a different rate while each row features a different term the corresponding cell for each rate term is the pvifa | |
what is the relationship between pvif and pvifa | the pvif formula calculates the current worth of a lump sum to be received at a future date while the pvifa calculates the present value of a series of annuities the bottom linethe present value interest factor of an annuity provides a useful way to determine if a lump sum payment now is a better option than future ann... | |
what is the present value of an annuity | the present value of an annuity is the current value of future payments from an annuity given a specified rate of return or discount rate the higher the discount rate the lower the present value of the annuity present value pv is an important calculation that relies on the concept of the time value of money whereby a d... | |
why is future value fv important to investors | future value fv is the value of a current asset at a future date based on an assumed rate of growth it is important to investors as they can use it to estimate how much an investment made today will be worth in the future this would aid them in making sound investment decisions based on their anticipated needs however ... | |
how does ordinary annuity differ from annuity due | an ordinary annuity is a series of equal payments made at the end of consecutive periods over a fixed length of time an example of an ordinary annuity includes loans such as mortgages the payment for an annuity due is made at the beginning of each period a common example of an annuity due payment is rent this variance ... | |
what is the formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity | the formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity is 4p pmt 1 1 1 r n rwhere p present value of an annuity streampmt dollar amount of each annuity paymentr interest rate also known as discount rate n number of periods in which payments will be made begin aligned text p text pmt times frac 1 big frac 1 1 r n big ... | |
what is the formula for the present value of an annuity due | with an annuity due in which payments are made at the beginning of each period the formula is slightly different than that of an ordinary annuity to find the value of an annuity due simply multiply the above formula by a factor of 1 r 6p pmt 1 1 1 r n r 1 r begin aligned text p text pmt times frac 1 big frac 1 1 r n bi... |
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