Datasets:
Languages:
English
Size:
100K<n<1M
ArXiv:
Tags:
mixed-modality-retrieval
multimodal-retrieval
visual-document-retrieval
contrastive-learning
training-data
License:
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README.md
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viewer: false
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---
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## Overview
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Every training instance pairs one query with **three co-equal positive views** of the same document:
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| View
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| **Text**
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| **Image** | The original document image
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| **Fused** | A short summary **+** the original image
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The three views are optimized jointly with the Multi-Positive View InfoNCE loss (see the [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.11816) and the [code](https://github.com/OpenBMB/Trident)).
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Three training files are provided:
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| File
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| `train_vdoc.jsonl`
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| `train_nature.jsonl` | Natural images
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| `train_all.jsonl`
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`train_all.jsonl` is the data used to train the released [Trident-Qwen3VL-2B](https://huggingface.co/OpenBMB/Trident-Qwen3VL-2B). The two domain files can be used to train domain-specific retrievers.
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### Image archives
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| Archive
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| `aokvqa.tar.gz`
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| `docvqa.tar.gz`
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| `dude.tar.gz`
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| `fvqa.tar.gz`
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| `infovqa.tar.gz`
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| `mscoco.tar.gz`
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| `openwikitable.tar.gz` | OpenWikiTable
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| `render_images.tar.gz` | Rendered images generated for the training data |
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| `visualmrc.tar.gz`
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| `visualnews.tar.gz`
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| `wiki.tar.gz`
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Each archive extracts into `images/` and keeps its own sub-folder, so image paths in the `.jsonl` files resolve as `data/Train/images/<path>`.
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```json
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{"query": [{"text": "How many stores did Saint Laurent operate in Western Europe in 2020?"}],
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"positive": [{"text": "<detailed description>", "id": "d1_text"},
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{"image": "
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{"text": "<short summary>", "image": "
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"doc_id": "d1", "query_id": "q1", "task": "default"}
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```
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| Field
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| `query`
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| `positive`
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| `doc_id`, `query_id`
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| `task`
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| `positive_ids`, `group_id` | *Optional.* Extra identity fields for false-negative masking. Missing ids fall back to content hashes. |
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| View
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| Text
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| Image
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| Fused (summary + image) | `id`, `text`, `image` |
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See [`src/mmemb/data/schema.py`](https://github.com/OpenBMB/Trident/blob/main/src/mmemb/data/schema.py) in the code repository for all supported fields.
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## Construction
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Following Section 4.1 of the paper, we build training instances from OpenDocVQA (visual documents) and the MMEB training sets (natural images). For every image document, Qwen3-VL-235B-A22B-Instruct generates (i) a detailed description (Text view) and (ii) a short summary that is paired with the image (Fused view). The original image is kept as the Image view, so each document is represented by three equally weighted positive views.
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## License
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The annotations released here are under the MIT License. The images originate from third-party datasets (see [Image archives](#image-archives)) and remain subject to their **original licenses**; please make sure your use complies with them.
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## Citation
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```bibtex
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@article{trident2026chaos,
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title = {Chaos in the Text: Revealing the Modality Preference in Mixed-Modality Retrievers},
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viewer: false
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---
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<h1 align="center">Trident-Train</h1>
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<p align="center">
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Official training data for <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.11816"><i>Chaos in the Text: Revealing the Modality Preference in Mixed-Modality Retrievers</i></a>
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</p>
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<p align="center">
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<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.11816"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/arXiv-2610.11816-b31b1b.svg" alt="arXiv"></a>
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<a href="https://github.com/OpenBMB/Trident"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/GitHub-OpenBMB%2FTrident-blue.svg" alt="Code"></a>
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<a href="https://huggingface.co/OpenBMB/Trident-Qwen3VL-2B"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/%F0%9F%A4%97%20Model-Trident--Qwen3VL--2B-yellow.svg" alt="Model"></a>
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<a href="https://huggingface.co/datasets/OpenBMB/Trident-Train"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/%F0%9F%A4%97%20Data-Trident--Train-orange.svg" alt="Train data"></a>
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<a href="https://huggingface.co/datasets/OpenBMB/Trident-Eval"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/%F0%9F%A4%97%20Data-Trident--Eval-orange.svg" alt="Eval data"></a>
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<a href="https://github.com/OpenBMB/Trident/blob/main/LICENSE"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-green.svg" alt="License"></a>
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</p>
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## Overview
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Every training instance pairs one query with **three co-equal positive views** of the same document:
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| View | Content | How it is built |
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| --------- | -------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| **Text** | A detailed description of the document image | Generated by [Qwen3-VL-235B-A22B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3-VL-235B-A22B-Instruct) |
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| **Image** | The original document image | Original image |
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| **Fused** | A short summary **+** the original image | Summary generated by [Qwen3-VL-235B-A22B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3-VL-235B-A22B-Instruct) |
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The three views are optimized jointly with the Multi-Positive View InfoNCE loss (see the [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.11816) and the [code](https://github.com/OpenBMB/Trident)).
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Three training files are provided:
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| File | Domain | Source | #Queries |
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| -------------------- | --------------------------------- | ---------------------------- | -------- |
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| `train_vdoc.jsonl` | Visual documents | OpenDocVQA | ~41K |
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| `train_nature.jsonl` | Natural images | MMEB training sets | ~170K |
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| `train_all.jsonl` | Visual documents + natural images | Union of the two files above | ~211K |
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`train_all.jsonl` is the data used to train the released [Trident-Qwen3VL-2B](https://huggingface.co/OpenBMB/Trident-Qwen3VL-2B). The two domain files can be used to train domain-specific retrievers.
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### Image archives
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| Archive | Source dataset |
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| ---------------------- | ----------------------------------------------- |
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| `aokvqa.tar.gz` | A-OKVQA |
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| `docvqa.tar.gz` | DocVQA |
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| `dude.tar.gz` | DUDE |
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| `fvqa.tar.gz` | FVQA |
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| `infovqa.tar.gz` | InfographicVQA |
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| `mscoco.tar.gz` | MSCOCO |
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| `openwikitable.tar.gz` | OpenWikiTable |
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| `render_images.tar.gz` | Rendered images generated for the training data |
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| `visualmrc.tar.gz` | VisualMRC |
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| `visualnews.tar.gz` | VisualNews |
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| `wiki.tar.gz` | Wikipedia images |
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Each archive extracts into `images/` and keeps its own sub-folder, so image paths in the `.jsonl` files resolve as `data/Train/images/<path>`.
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```json
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{"query": [{"text": "How many stores did Saint Laurent operate in Western Europe in 2020?"}],
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"positive": [{"text": "<detailed description>", "id": "d1_text"},
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{"image": "docvqa/d1.png", "id": "d1_image"},
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{"text": "<short summary>", "image": "docvqa/d1.png", "id": "d1_fused"}],
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"doc_id": "d1", "query_id": "q1", "task": "default"}
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```
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| Field | Description |
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| -------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| `query` | A list with the query content (`text` and/or `image`). |
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| `positive` | Exactly three positive views of the same document, **always in the order text → image → fused**. Each view carries its own `id`. |
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| `doc_id`, `query_id` | Identities of the document and the query. Used to mask false negatives inside a batch. |
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| `task` | Task tag (`"default"`). |
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| `positive_ids`, `group_id` | *Optional.* Extra identity fields for false-negative masking. Missing ids fall back to content hashes. |
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| View | Fields present |
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| ----------------------- | --------------------- |
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| Text | `id`, `text` |
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| Image | `id`, `image` |
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| Fused (summary + image) | `id`, `text`, `image` |
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See [`src/mmemb/data/schema.py`](https://github.com/OpenBMB/Trident/blob/main/src/mmemb/data/schema.py) in the code repository for all supported fields.
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## Construction
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Following Section 4.1 of the paper, we build training instances from OpenDocVQA (visual documents) and the MMEB training sets (natural images). For every image document, [Qwen3-VL-235B-A22B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3-VL-235B-A22B-Instruct) generates (i) a detailed description (Text view) and (ii) a short summary that is paired with the image (Fused view). The original image is kept as the Image view, so each document is represented by three equally weighted positive views.
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## License
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The annotations released here are under the [MIT License](https://github.com/OpenBMB/Trident/blob/main/LICENSE). The images originate from third-party datasets (see [Image archives](#image-archives)) and remain subject to their **original licenses**; please make sure your use complies with them.
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## Citation
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If you find this work useful, please cite:
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```bibtex
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@article{trident2026chaos,
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title = {Chaos in the Text: Revealing the Modality Preference in Mixed-Modality Retrievers},
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