Datasets:

rca-umb
/

five-desks

"""Security desk: SSH brute-force triage and first-match firewall rules."""

import ipaddress
import random

from ..grading import Part
from .base import Instance, csv_text

USERS = ["alice", "bob", "carol", "dave", "erin", "frank", "deploy", "backup"]
PROBE_USERS = ["root", "admin", "test", "oracle", "ubuntu", "postgres", "git"]


def _ext_ip(rng):
    net = rng.choice(["203.0.113", "198.51.100", "192.0.2", "100.64.7", "45.83.12"])
    return f"{net}.{rng.randrange(2, 254)}"


def _int_ip(rng):
    return f"10.{rng.randrange(0, 4)}.{rng.randrange(0, 255)}.{rng.randrange(2, 254)}"


def _fmt(seconds):
    return f"{seconds // 3600:02d}:{seconds % 3600 // 60:02d}:{seconds % 60:02d}"


def auth_log(rng: random.Random, level: int, task_id: str) -> Instance:
    while True:
        inst = _auth_once(rng, level, task_id)
        if inst is not None:
            return inst


def _auth_once(rng, level, task_id):
    threshold = {1: 5, 2: 5, 3: rng.choice([4, 5, 6])}[level]
    window_min = {1: 10, 2: 10, 3: rng.choice([5, 10, 15])}[level]
    host = rng.choice(["web01", "bastion", "db-02", "gw1"])
    events = []  # (seconds, kind, user, ip)
    start = rng.randrange(1 * 3600, 20 * 3600)

    def failures(ip, count, t0, spacing, users):
        t = t0
        for _ in range(count):
            user = rng.choice(users)
            kind = "invalid" if user in PROBE_USERS and rng.random() < 0.6 else "fail"
            events.append((t, kind, user, ip))
            t += rng.randrange(*spacing)
        return t

    used_ips = set()

    def fresh(maker):
        while True:
            ip = maker(rng)
            if ip not in used_ips:
                used_ips.add(ip)
                return ip

    # The real compromise.
    attacker = fresh(_ext_ip)
    victim = rng.choice(USERS)
    t_attack = start + rng.randrange(600, 5400)
    n_fail = threshold + rng.randrange(0, 4)
    burst = max(5, (window_min * 60 - 30) // (n_fail + 1))
    t = failures(attacker, n_fail, t_attack, (5, burst), PROBE_USERS + [victim])
    success_t = t + rng.randrange(3, 20)
    if success_t - t_attack >= window_min * 60:
        return None
    events.append((success_t, "accept", victim, attacker))

    # Benign logins from inside the network.
    for _ in range({1: 4, 2: 5, 3: 6}[level]):
        user = rng.choice(USERS)
        ip = fresh(_int_ip)
        t0 = start + rng.randrange(0, 7200)
        if rng.random() < 0.4:
            events.append((t0, "fail", user, ip))
            t0 += rng.randrange(5, 40)
        events.append((t0, "accept", user, ip))

    allowlist = []
    if level >= 2:
        # Noisy IP that never gets in.
        failures(fresh(_ext_ip), threshold + 3, start + rng.randrange(0, 6000), (2, 30), PROBE_USERS)
        # A real user who mistypes a few times, below the threshold, from outside.
        ip = fresh(_ext_ip)
        user = rng.choice([u for u in USERS if u != victim])
        t = failures(ip, threshold - 1, start + rng.randrange(0, 6000), (8, 40), [user])
        events.append((t + 10, "accept", user, ip))
    if level == 3:
        # An allowlisted scanner that fails a lot and then succeeds.
        scanner = fresh(_ext_ip)
        allowlist.append(scanner)
        t = failures(scanner, threshold + 2, start + rng.randrange(0, 6000), (2, 20), PROBE_USERS)
        events.append((t + 5, "accept", "backup", scanner))
        # A slow guesser: enough failures in total, but spread over more than the window.
        slow = fresh(_ext_ip)
        t0 = start + rng.randrange(0, 4000)
        gap = window_min * 60 // (threshold - 2) + 20
        t = t0
        for _ in range(threshold + 1):
            events.append((t, "fail", rng.choice(USERS), slow))
            t += gap
        events.append((t, "accept", rng.choice(USERS), slow))

    events.sort()
    # Verify the ground truth by brute force over the final log.
    allowed = set(allowlist)
    hits = []
    for when, kind, user, ip in events:
        if kind != "accept" or ip in allowed:
            continue
        recent = [e for e in events if e[3] == ip and e[1] in ("fail", "invalid")
                  and when - window_min * 60 <= e[0] < when]
        if len(recent) >= threshold:
            hits.append((when, user, ip))
    if len(hits) != 1 or hits[0][2] != attacker:
        return None
    if len({e[0] for e in events}) != len(events):
        return None

    lines = []
    for when, kind, user, ip in events:
        if kind == "accept":
            msg = f"Accepted password for {user} from {ip}"
        elif kind == "invalid":
            msg = f"Failed password for invalid user {user} from {ip}"
        else:
            msg = f"Failed password for {user} from {ip}"
        lines.append(f"{_fmt(when)} {host} sshd: {msg}")
    files = {"auth.log": "\n".join(lines) + "\n"}
    rules = ["# Triage rule",
             f"- A compromise is an 'Accepted' login from an IP that had at least {threshold} failed attempts "
             f"(any user, including invalid users) from that same IP in the {window_min} minutes before the accepted login."]
    if level == 3:
        files["allowlist.txt"] = "\n".join(allowlist) + "\n"
        rules.append("- IPs in allowlist.txt are internal scanners: never report them.")
    rules.append("- Exactly one compromise is present.")
    files["triage_rule.md"] = "\n".join(rules) + "\n"
    question = "Find the compromise in auth.log: report (1) the source IP, (2) the account that was logged into, and (3) the time of the accepted login."
    parts = [Part("ip", "text", attacker, '"<ip>"'),
             Part("user", "text", victim, '"<user>"'),
             Part("time", "text", _fmt(success_t), '"HH:MM:SS"')]
    return Instance(task_id, "cybersecurity", question, files, parts, max_steps=10)


# ---------------------------------------------------------------- firewall

def _net_pool(rng, level):
    prefixes = {1: [8, 16, 24], 2: [16, 24, 24, 28], 3: [12, 20, 22, 26, 27, 29]}[level]
    nets = []
    for _ in range(6):
        plen = rng.choice(prefixes)
        base = ipaddress.ip_address(rng.choice([
            f"10.{rng.randrange(256)}.{rng.randrange(256)}.{rng.randrange(256)}",
            f"172.{rng.randrange(16, 32)}.{rng.randrange(256)}.{rng.randrange(256)}",
            f"192.168.{rng.randrange(256)}.{rng.randrange(256)}",
        ]))
        nets.append(ipaddress.ip_network(f"{base}/{plen}", strict=False))
    return nets


def _port_spec(rng, level):
    roll = rng.random()
    if roll < 0.25:
        return "any"
    if level >= 2 and roll < 0.5:
        lo = rng.choice([1000, 2000, 3000, 8000, 5000])
        return f"{lo}-{lo + rng.choice([99, 499, 999])}"
    return str(rng.choice([22, 53, 80, 123, 443, 3306, 5432, 8080]))


def _port_matches(spec, port):
    if spec == "any":
        return True
    if "-" in spec:
        lo, hi = map(int, spec.split("-"))
        return lo <= port <= hi
    return int(spec) == port


def _addr_matches(spec, addr):
    return spec == "any" or ipaddress.ip_address(addr) in ipaddress.ip_network(spec)


def _sample_in(rng, net):
    return str(net.network_address + rng.randrange(net.num_addresses))


def _near_miss(rng, net):
    # An address just outside the network, which naive prefix reading may misjudge.
    side = rng.choice([-1, 1])
    edge = net.network_address - 1 - rng.randrange(0, 3) if side < 0 else net.broadcast_address + 1 + rng.randrange(0, 3)
    return str(edge)


def firewall(rng: random.Random, level: int, task_id: str) -> Instance:
    while True:
        inst = _firewall_once(rng, level, task_id)
        if inst is not None:
            return inst


def _firewall_once(rng, level, task_id):
    n_rules = {1: 4, 2: 6, 3: 8}[level]
    n_packets = {1: 5, 2: 7, 3: 9}[level]
    protos = ["tcp", "udp"] + (["any"] if level == 3 else [])
    nets = _net_pool(rng, level)
    rules = []
    for idx in range(n_rules):
        rules.append({
            "num": (idx + 1) * 10,
            "action": rng.choice(["allow", "deny"]) if idx else "allow",
            "proto": rng.choice(protos),
            "src": rng.choice([str(n) for n in nets] + ["any"]),
            "dst": rng.choice([str(n) for n in nets]),
            "port": _port_spec(rng, level),
        })

    def decide(pkt):
        for r in rules:
            if ((r["proto"] == "any" or r["proto"] == pkt["proto"]) and _addr_matches(r["src"], pkt["src"])
                    and _addr_matches(r["dst"], pkt["dst"]) and _port_matches(r["port"], pkt["port"])):
                return r["action"], str(r["num"])
        return "deny", "default"

    packets = []
    for i in range(n_packets):
        rule = rng.choice(rules)
        proto = rule["proto"] if rule["proto"] != "any" else rng.choice(["tcp", "udp"])
        src_net = ipaddress.ip_network(rule["src"]) if rule["src"] != "any" else rng.choice(nets)
        dst_net = ipaddress.ip_network(rule["dst"])
        src = _sample_in(rng, src_net)
        dst = _near_miss(rng, dst_net) if level >= 2 and rng.random() < 0.3 else _sample_in(rng, dst_net)
        spec = rule["port"]
        if spec == "any":
            port = rng.choice([22, 80, 443, 8443, 3389, 25])
        elif "-" in spec:
            lo, hi = map(int, spec.split("-"))
            port = rng.choice([lo, hi, rng.randrange(lo, hi + 1), hi + 1])
        else:
            port = int(spec)
        if rng.random() < 0.15:
            proto = "udp" if proto == "tcp" else "tcp"
        packets.append({"id": f"P{i + 1}", "proto": proto, "src": src, "dst": dst, "port": port})

    verdicts = {p["id"]: decide(p) for p in packets}
    allowed = sorted((pid for pid, (act, _) in verdicts.items() if act == "allow"), key=lambda s: int(s[1:]))
    if not (1 <= len(allowed) <= n_packets - 1):
        return None
    deciders = {v[1] for v in verdicts.values()}
    if len(deciders) < 3:
        return None
    # Ask about a packet that is not decided by the first rule it superficially resembles.
    query = rng.choice([p["id"] for p in packets if verdicts[p["id"]][1] != "10"] or [packets[0]["id"]])

    rule_lines = ["# Firewall policy (evaluated top to bottom; the first matching rule decides; no match = deny)"]
    for r in rules:
        rule_lines.append(f"rule {r['num']}: {r['action']} proto {r['proto']} from {r['src']} to {r['dst']} port {r['port']}")
    files = {
        "rules.txt": "\n".join(rule_lines) + "\n",
        "packets.csv": csv_text(["id", "proto", "src", "dst", "dst_port"],
                                [[p["id"], p["proto"], p["src"], p["dst"], p["port"]] for p in packets]),
    }
    question = (f"Apply rules.txt to every packet in packets.csv. Report (1) the ids of all allowed packets and "
                f"(2) which rule decides packet {query} (its rule number, or \"default\" if no rule matches).")
    parts = [Part("allowed", "items", allowed, '["P1", ...]'),
             Part("deciding_rule", "rule", verdicts[query][1], '"<rule number or default>"')]
    return Instance(task_id, "cybersecurity", question, files, parts, max_steps=8)

	"""Security desk: SSH brute-force triage and first-match firewall rules."""

	import ipaddress
	import random

	from ..grading import Part
	from .base import Instance, csv_text

	USERS = ["alice", "bob", "carol", "dave", "erin", "frank", "deploy", "backup"]
	PROBE_USERS = ["root", "admin", "test", "oracle", "ubuntu", "postgres", "git"]


	def _ext_ip(rng):
	net = rng.choice(["203.0.113", "198.51.100", "192.0.2", "100.64.7", "45.83.12"])
	return f"{net}.{rng.randrange(2, 254)}"


	def _int_ip(rng):
	return f"10.{rng.randrange(0, 4)}.{rng.randrange(0, 255)}.{rng.randrange(2, 254)}"


	def _fmt(seconds):
	return f"{seconds // 3600:02d}:{seconds % 3600 // 60:02d}:{seconds % 60:02d}"


	def auth_log(rng: random.Random, level: int, task_id: str) -> Instance:
	while True:
	inst = _auth_once(rng, level, task_id)
	if inst is not None:
	return inst


	def _auth_once(rng, level, task_id):
	threshold = {1: 5, 2: 5, 3: rng.choice([4, 5, 6])}[level]
	window_min = {1: 10, 2: 10, 3: rng.choice([5, 10, 15])}[level]
	host = rng.choice(["web01", "bastion", "db-02", "gw1"])
	events = [] # (seconds, kind, user, ip)
	start = rng.randrange(1 * 3600, 20 * 3600)

	def failures(ip, count, t0, spacing, users):
	t = t0
	for _ in range(count):
	user = rng.choice(users)
	kind = "invalid" if user in PROBE_USERS and rng.random() < 0.6 else "fail"
	events.append((t, kind, user, ip))
	t += rng.randrange(*spacing)
	return t

	used_ips = set()

	def fresh(maker):
	while True:
	ip = maker(rng)
	if ip not in used_ips:
	used_ips.add(ip)
	return ip

	# The real compromise.
	attacker = fresh(_ext_ip)
	victim = rng.choice(USERS)
	t_attack = start + rng.randrange(600, 5400)
	n_fail = threshold + rng.randrange(0, 4)
	burst = max(5, (window_min * 60 - 30) // (n_fail + 1))
	t = failures(attacker, n_fail, t_attack, (5, burst), PROBE_USERS + [victim])
	success_t = t + rng.randrange(3, 20)
	if success_t - t_attack >= window_min * 60:
	return None
	events.append((success_t, "accept", victim, attacker))

	# Benign logins from inside the network.
	for _ in range({1: 4, 2: 5, 3: 6}[level]):
	user = rng.choice(USERS)
	ip = fresh(_int_ip)
	t0 = start + rng.randrange(0, 7200)
	if rng.random() < 0.4:
	events.append((t0, "fail", user, ip))
	t0 += rng.randrange(5, 40)
	events.append((t0, "accept", user, ip))

	allowlist = []
	if level >= 2:
	# Noisy IP that never gets in.
	failures(fresh(_ext_ip), threshold + 3, start + rng.randrange(0, 6000), (2, 30), PROBE_USERS)
	# A real user who mistypes a few times, below the threshold, from outside.
	ip = fresh(_ext_ip)
	user = rng.choice([u for u in USERS if u != victim])
	t = failures(ip, threshold - 1, start + rng.randrange(0, 6000), (8, 40), [user])
	events.append((t + 10, "accept", user, ip))
	if level == 3:
	# An allowlisted scanner that fails a lot and then succeeds.
	scanner = fresh(_ext_ip)
	allowlist.append(scanner)
	t = failures(scanner, threshold + 2, start + rng.randrange(0, 6000), (2, 20), PROBE_USERS)
	events.append((t + 5, "accept", "backup", scanner))
	# A slow guesser: enough failures in total, but spread over more than the window.
	slow = fresh(_ext_ip)
	t0 = start + rng.randrange(0, 4000)
	gap = window_min * 60 // (threshold - 2) + 20
	t = t0
	for _ in range(threshold + 1):
	events.append((t, "fail", rng.choice(USERS), slow))
	t += gap
	events.append((t, "accept", rng.choice(USERS), slow))

	events.sort()
	# Verify the ground truth by brute force over the final log.
	allowed = set(allowlist)
	hits = []
	for when, kind, user, ip in events:
	if kind != "accept" or ip in allowed:
	continue
	recent = [e for e in events if e[3] == ip and e[1] in ("fail", "invalid")
	and when - window_min * 60 <= e[0] < when]
	if len(recent) >= threshold:
	hits.append((when, user, ip))
	if len(hits) != 1 or hits[0][2] != attacker:
	return None
	if len({e[0] for e in events}) != len(events):
	return None

	lines = []
	for when, kind, user, ip in events:
	if kind == "accept":
	msg = f"Accepted password for {user} from {ip}"
	elif kind == "invalid":
	msg = f"Failed password for invalid user {user} from {ip}"
	else:
	msg = f"Failed password for {user} from {ip}"
	lines.append(f"{_fmt(when)} {host} sshd: {msg}")
	files = {"auth.log": "\n".join(lines) + "\n"}
	rules = ["# Triage rule",
	f"- A compromise is an 'Accepted' login from an IP that had at least {threshold} failed attempts "
	f"(any user, including invalid users) from that same IP in the {window_min} minutes before the accepted login."]
	if level == 3:
	files["allowlist.txt"] = "\n".join(allowlist) + "\n"
	rules.append("- IPs in allowlist.txt are internal scanners: never report them.")
	rules.append("- Exactly one compromise is present.")
	files["triage_rule.md"] = "\n".join(rules) + "\n"
	question = "Find the compromise in auth.log: report (1) the source IP, (2) the account that was logged into, and (3) the time of the accepted login."
	parts = [Part("ip", "text", attacker, '"<ip>"'),
	Part("user", "text", victim, '"<user>"'),
	Part("time", "text", _fmt(success_t), '"HH:MM:SS"')]
	return Instance(task_id, "cybersecurity", question, files, parts, max_steps=10)


	# ---------------------------------------------------------------- firewall

	def _net_pool(rng, level):
	prefixes = {1: [8, 16, 24], 2: [16, 24, 24, 28], 3: [12, 20, 22, 26, 27, 29]}[level]
	nets = []
	for _ in range(6):
	plen = rng.choice(prefixes)
	base = ipaddress.ip_address(rng.choice([
	f"10.{rng.randrange(256)}.{rng.randrange(256)}.{rng.randrange(256)}",
	f"172.{rng.randrange(16, 32)}.{rng.randrange(256)}.{rng.randrange(256)}",
	f"192.168.{rng.randrange(256)}.{rng.randrange(256)}",
	]))
	nets.append(ipaddress.ip_network(f"{base}/{plen}", strict=False))
	return nets


	def _port_spec(rng, level):
	roll = rng.random()
	if roll < 0.25:
	return "any"
	if level >= 2 and roll < 0.5:
	lo = rng.choice([1000, 2000, 3000, 8000, 5000])
	return f"{lo}-{lo + rng.choice([99, 499, 999])}"
	return str(rng.choice([22, 53, 80, 123, 443, 3306, 5432, 8080]))


	def _port_matches(spec, port):
	if spec == "any":
	return True
	if "-" in spec:
	lo, hi = map(int, spec.split("-"))
	return lo <= port <= hi
	return int(spec) == port


	def _addr_matches(spec, addr):
	return spec == "any" or ipaddress.ip_address(addr) in ipaddress.ip_network(spec)


	def _sample_in(rng, net):
	return str(net.network_address + rng.randrange(net.num_addresses))


	def _near_miss(rng, net):
	# An address just outside the network, which naive prefix reading may misjudge.
	side = rng.choice([-1, 1])
	edge = net.network_address - 1 - rng.randrange(0, 3) if side < 0 else net.broadcast_address + 1 + rng.randrange(0, 3)
	return str(edge)


	def firewall(rng: random.Random, level: int, task_id: str) -> Instance:
	while True:
	inst = _firewall_once(rng, level, task_id)
	if inst is not None:
	return inst


	def _firewall_once(rng, level, task_id):
	n_rules = {1: 4, 2: 6, 3: 8}[level]
	n_packets = {1: 5, 2: 7, 3: 9}[level]
	protos = ["tcp", "udp"] + (["any"] if level == 3 else [])
	nets = _net_pool(rng, level)
	rules = []
	for idx in range(n_rules):
	rules.append({
	"num": (idx + 1) * 10,
	"action": rng.choice(["allow", "deny"]) if idx else "allow",
	"proto": rng.choice(protos),
	"src": rng.choice([str(n) for n in nets] + ["any"]),
	"dst": rng.choice([str(n) for n in nets]),
	"port": _port_spec(rng, level),
	})

	def decide(pkt):
	for r in rules:
	if ((r["proto"] == "any" or r["proto"] == pkt["proto"]) and _addr_matches(r["src"], pkt["src"])
	and _addr_matches(r["dst"], pkt["dst"]) and _port_matches(r["port"], pkt["port"])):
	return r["action"], str(r["num"])
	return "deny", "default"

	packets = []
	for i in range(n_packets):
	rule = rng.choice(rules)
	proto = rule["proto"] if rule["proto"] != "any" else rng.choice(["tcp", "udp"])
	src_net = ipaddress.ip_network(rule["src"]) if rule["src"] != "any" else rng.choice(nets)
	dst_net = ipaddress.ip_network(rule["dst"])
	src = _sample_in(rng, src_net)
	dst = _near_miss(rng, dst_net) if level >= 2 and rng.random() < 0.3 else _sample_in(rng, dst_net)
	spec = rule["port"]
	if spec == "any":
	port = rng.choice([22, 80, 443, 8443, 3389, 25])
	elif "-" in spec:
	lo, hi = map(int, spec.split("-"))
	port = rng.choice([lo, hi, rng.randrange(lo, hi + 1), hi + 1])
	else:
	port = int(spec)
	if rng.random() < 0.15:
	proto = "udp" if proto == "tcp" else "tcp"
	packets.append({"id": f"P{i + 1}", "proto": proto, "src": src, "dst": dst, "port": port})

	verdicts = {p["id"]: decide(p) for p in packets}
	allowed = sorted((pid for pid, (act, _) in verdicts.items() if act == "allow"), key=lambda s: int(s[1:]))
	if not (1 <= len(allowed) <= n_packets - 1):
	return None
	deciders = {v[1] for v in verdicts.values()}
	if len(deciders) < 3:
	return None
	# Ask about a packet that is not decided by the first rule it superficially resembles.
	query = rng.choice([p["id"] for p in packets if verdicts[p["id"]][1] != "10"] or [packets[0]["id"]])

	rule_lines = ["# Firewall policy (evaluated top to bottom; the first matching rule decides; no match = deny)"]
	for r in rules:
	rule_lines.append(f"rule {r['num']}: {r['action']} proto {r['proto']} from {r['src']} to {r['dst']} port {r['port']}")
	files = {
	"rules.txt": "\n".join(rule_lines) + "\n",
	"packets.csv": csv_text(["id", "proto", "src", "dst", "dst_port"],
	[[p["id"], p["proto"], p["src"], p["dst"], p["port"]] for p in packets]),
	}
	question = (f"Apply rules.txt to every packet in packets.csv. Report (1) the ids of all allowed packets and "
	f"(2) which rule decides packet {query} (its rule number, or \"default\" if no rule matches).")
	parts = [Part("allowed", "items", allowed, '["P1", ...]'),
	Part("deciding_rule", "rule", verdicts[query][1], '"<rule number or default>"')]
	return Instance(task_id, "cybersecurity", question, files, parts, max_steps=8)