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7585435
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7585435/how-to-convert-string-to-bytes-in-python-3
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
7,585,435
How to convert string to bytes in Python 3
1,541
3,006,884
5
true
true
[ "python", "string", "character-encoding", "python-3.x" ]
2011-09-28T15:14:07
2025-08-22T23:21:40
Mark Ransom
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
7,585,619
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TypeError: 'str' does not support the buffer interface suggests two possible methods to convert a string to bytes: b = bytes(mystring, 'utf-8') b = mystring.encode('utf-8') What are the differences between them? Which one should I opt for and why? See Convert bytes to a string in Python 3 for the other way around.
<p><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5471158/typeerror-str-does-not-support-the-buffer-interface">TypeError: &#39;str&#39; does not support the buffer interface</a> suggests two possible methods to convert a string to bytes:</p> <pre><code>b = bytes(mystring, 'utf-8') b = mystring.encode('utf-8') </code></p...
null
0
8858008
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8858008/how-do-i-move-a-file-in-python
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
8,858,008
How do I move a file in Python?
1,539
2,141,240
12
true
true
[ "python", "file", "file-handling", "python-os" ]
2012-01-13T22:17:58
2024-04-28T06:05:52
David542
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
8,858,026
651,174
112,952
null
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How can I do the equivalent of mv in Python? mv "path/to/current/file.foo" "path/to/new/destination/for/file.foo"
<p>How can I do the equivalent of <a href="https://ss64.com/bash/mv.html" rel="noreferrer"><code>mv</code></a> in Python?</p> <pre class="lang-bash prettyprint-override"><code>mv &quot;path/to/current/file.foo&quot; &quot;path/to/new/destination/for/file.foo&quot; </code></pre>
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1
192109
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/192109/is-there-a-built-in-function-to-print-all-the-current-properties-and-values-of-a
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unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
192,109
Is there a built-in function to print all the current properties and values of an object?
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[ "python", "debugging", "introspection", "pretty-print", "python-datamodel" ]
2008-10-10T16:19:27
2026-03-22T04:29:42
fuentesjr
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
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So what I'm looking for here is something like PHP's print_r function. This is so I can debug my scripts by seeing what's the state of the object in question.
<p>So what I'm looking for here is something like PHP's <a href="https://www.php.net/print_r" rel="noreferrer">print_r</a> function.</p> <p>This is so I can debug my scripts by seeing what's the state of the object in question.</p>
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1
5142418
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5142418/what-is-the-use-of-assert-in-python
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
5,142,418
What is the use of "assert" in Python?
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2011-02-28T13:11:45
2022-12-06T02:47:13
Hossein
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What does assert mean? How is it used?
<p>What does <code>assert</code> mean? How is it used?</p>
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1
7961363
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7961363/removing-duplicates-in-lists
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
7,961,363
Removing duplicates in lists
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2011-11-01T00:45:24
2026-03-04T20:16:19
Neemaximo
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
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How can I check if a list has any duplicates and return a new list without duplicates?
<p>How can I check if a list has any duplicates and return a new list without duplicates?</p>
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1
31684375
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31684375/automatically-create-file-requirements-txt
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
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31,684,375
Automatically create file 'requirements.txt'
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2015-07-28T18:29:03
2026-01-04T22:32:56
Igor Barinov
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
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Sometimes I download the Python source code from GitHub and don't know how to install all the dependencies. If there isn't any requirements.txt file I have to create it by hand. Given the Python source code directory, is it possible to create requirements.txt automatically from the import section?
<p>Sometimes I download the Python source code from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" rel="noreferrer">GitHub</a> and don't know how to install all the dependencies. If there isn't any <em>requirements.txt</em> file I have to create it by hand.</p> <p>Given the Python source code directory, is it possible ...
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2
3430372
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3430372/how-do-i-get-the-full-path-of-the-current-files-directory
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unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
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How do I get the full path of the current file's directory?
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2,839,926
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[ "python", "directory" ]
2010-08-07T12:17:52
2023-09-07T15:57:19
Shubham
true
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How do I get the current file's directory path? I tried: >>> os.path.abspath(__file__) 'C:\\python27\\test.py' But I want: 'C:\\python27\\'
<p>How do I get the current file's directory path? I tried:</p> <pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; os.path.abspath(__file__) 'C:\\python27\\test.py' </code></pre> <p>But I want:</p> <pre><code>'C:\\python27\\' </code></pre>
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1
1483429
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1483429/how-do-i-print-an-exception-in-python
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
1,483,429
How do I print an exception in Python?
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true
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2009-09-27T11:48:19
2024-04-27T19:25:22
TIMEX
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How do I print the error/exception in the except: block? try: ... except: print(exception)
<p>How do I print the error/exception in the <code>except:</code> block?</p> <pre><code>try: ... except: print(exception) </code></pre>
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1
9942594
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9942594/unicodeencodeerror-ascii-codec-cant-encode-character-u-xa0-in-position-20
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
9,942,594
UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode character u'\xa0' in position 20: ordinal not in range(128)
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35
true
true
[ "python", "unicode", "beautifulsoup", "python-2.x", "python-unicode" ]
2012-03-30T12:06:41
2024-08-08T07:49:44
Homunculus Reticulli
false
CC BY-SA 3.0
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I'm having problems dealing with unicode characters from text fetched from different web pages (on different sites). I am using BeautifulSoup. The problem is that the error is not always reproducible; it sometimes works with some pages, and sometimes, it barfs by throwing a UnicodeEncodeError . I have tried just about ...
<p>I'm having problems dealing with unicode characters from text fetched from different web pages (on different sites). I am using BeautifulSoup. </p> <p>The problem is that the error is not always reproducible; it sometimes works with some pages, and sometimes, it barfs by throwing a <code>UnicodeEncodeError</code>. ...
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1
3768895
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3768895/how-to-make-a-class-json-serializable
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
3,768,895
How to make a class JSON serializable
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2010-09-22T11:52:19
2025-08-21T07:10:36
Sergey
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CC BY-SA 4.0
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How to make a Python class serializable? class FileItem: def __init__(self, fname): self.fname = fname Attempt to serialize to JSON: >>> import json >>> x = FileItem('/foo/bar') >>> json.dumps(x) TypeError: Object of type 'FileItem' is not JSON serializable
<p>How to make a Python class serializable?</p> <pre><code>class FileItem: def __init__(self, fname): self.fname = fname </code></pre> <p>Attempt to serialize to JSON:</p> <pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; import json &gt;&gt;&gt; x = FileItem('/foo/bar') &gt;&gt;&gt; json.dumps(x) TypeError: Object of type 'FileItem...
null
0
3289601
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3289601/null-object-in-python
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
3,289,601
Null object in Python
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2,566,719
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true
true
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2010-07-20T11:53:41
2025-02-21T16:32:37
Lizard
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
3,289,606
123,140
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How do I refer to the null object in Python?
<p>How do I refer to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_pointer" rel="noreferrer">null object</a> in Python?</p>
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1
1093322
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1093322/how-do-i-check-which-version-of-python-is-running-my-script
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
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How do I check which version of Python is running my script?
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2009-07-07T16:17:49
2024-10-14T14:20:49
carrier
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How do I check which version of the Python interpreter is running my script? See Find full path of the Python interpreter (Python executable)? if you are looking to find exactly which interpreter is being used - for example, to debug a Pip installation problem, or to check which virtual environment (if any) is active.
<p>How do I check which version of the Python interpreter is running my script?</p> <hr /> <p><sub> See <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2589711">Find full path of the Python interpreter (Python executable)?</a> if you are looking to find exactly <em>which interpreter</em> is being used - for example, to de...
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2835559
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2835559/why-cant-python-parse-this-json-data
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2,835,559
Why can't Python parse this JSON data?
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2010-05-14T15:54:20
2022-07-02T05:29:08
michele
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I have this JSON in a file: { "maps": [ { "id": "blabla", "iscategorical": "0" }, { "id": "blabla", "iscategorical": "0" } ], "masks": [ "id": "valore" ], "om_points": "value", "parameters": [ "id": "valore" ] } I wrote this script to print all of the JSON data: import json from pprint import pprint with open('data.jso...
<p>I have this JSON in a file:</p> <pre class="lang-json prettyprint-override"><code>{ &quot;maps&quot;: [ { &quot;id&quot;: &quot;blabla&quot;, &quot;iscategorical&quot;: &quot;0&quot; }, { &quot;id&quot;: &quot;blabla&quot;, &quot;iscategoric...
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1
4760215
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4760215/running-shell-command-and-capturing-the-output
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
4,760,215
Running shell command and capturing the output
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2011-01-21T14:55:44
2025-05-30T19:46:28
Silver Light
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I want to write a function that will execute a shell command and return its output as a string , no matter, is it an error or success message. I just want to get the same result that I would have gotten with the command line. What would be a code example that would do such a thing? For example: def run_command(cmd): # ...
<p>I want to write a function that will execute a shell command and return its output <strong>as a string</strong>, no matter, is it an error or success message. I just want to get the same result that I would have gotten with the command line.</p> <p>What would be a code example that would do such a thing?</p> <p>Fo...
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1
20625582
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/20625582/how-to-deal-with-settingwithcopywarning-in-pandas
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unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
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How to deal with SettingWithCopyWarning in Pandas
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2013-12-17T03:48:02
2025-06-15T02:38:25
bigbug
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I just upgraded my Pandas from 0.11 to 0.13.0rc1. Now, the application is popping out many new warnings. One of them like this: E:\FinReporter\FM_EXT.py:449: SettingWithCopyWarning: A value is trying to be set on a copy of a slice from a DataFrame. Try using .loc[row_index,col_indexer] = value instead quote_df['TVol'] ...
<p>I just upgraded my Pandas from 0.11 to 0.13.0rc1. Now, the application is popping out many new warnings. One of them like this:</p> <pre class="lang-none prettyprint-override"><code>E:\FinReporter\FM_EXT.py:449: SettingWithCopyWarning: A value is trying to be set on a copy of a slice from a DataFrame. Try using .loc...
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1
11875770
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11875770/how-can-i-overcome-datetime-datetime-not-json-serializable
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
11,875,770
How can I overcome "datetime.datetime not JSON serializable"?
1,495
1,394,772
36
true
true
[ "python", "json" ]
2012-08-09T02:02:51
2025-09-07T13:38:55
Rolando
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
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sample = {} sample['title'] = "String" sample['somedate'] = somedatetimehere jsonify(sample) on that dict gets: TypeError: datetime.datetime(2012, 8, 8, 21, 46, 24, 862000) is not JSON serializable What can I do to overcome that error? Note: the dictionaries are generated from the retrieval of records out of mongodb wh...
<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>sample = {} sample['title'] = &quot;String&quot; sample['somedate'] = somedatetimehere </code></pre> <p><code>jsonify(sample)</code> on that dict gets:</p> <blockquote> <p>TypeError: datetime.datetime(2012, 8, 8, 21, 46, 24, 862000) is not JSON serializable</p> </blockquo...
[ { "answerId": 36142844, "score": 1844, "isAccepted": false, "createdAt": "2016-03-21T22:29:26", "ownerDisplayName": "jjmontes", "ownerUserId": 401656, "bodyText": "My quick & dirty JSON dump that eats dates and everything: json.dumps(my_dictionary, indent=4, sort_keys=True, default=str) ...
1
7696924
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7696924/how-do-i-create-multiline-comments-in-python
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
7,696,924
How do I create multiline comments in Python?
1,486
2,343,155
27
true
true
[ "python", "comments", "documentation" ]
2011-10-08T12:51:13
2026-02-13T14:03:20
Pavan Kumar
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
7,696,966
639,891
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How do I make multi-line comments? Most languages have block comment symbols like: /* */
<p>How do I make multi-line comments? Most languages have block comment symbols like:</p> <pre><code>/* */ </code></pre>
[ { "answerId": 7696966, "score": 2237, "isAccepted": true, "createdAt": "2011-10-08T12:58:47", "ownerDisplayName": "Petr Viktorin", "ownerUserId": 99057, "bodyText": "You can use triple-quoted strings. When they're not a docstring (the first thing in a class/function/module), they are ign...
1
122327
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/122327/how-do-i-find-the-location-of-my-python-site-packages-directory
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
122,327
How do I find the location of my Python site-packages directory?
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[ "python" ]
2008-09-23T17:04:43
2026-02-22T14:11:18
Daryl Spitzer
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CC BY-SA 4.0
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How do I find the location of my site-packages directory?
<p>How do I find the location of my <code>site-packages</code> directory?</p>
[ { "answerId": 46071447, "score": 1182, "isAccepted": true, "createdAt": "2017-09-06T09:24:00", "ownerDisplayName": "Peterino", "ownerUserId": 202834, "bodyText": "There are two types of site-packages directories, global and per user . Global site-packages (\" dist-packages \") directorie...
1
13413590
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13413590/how-to-drop-rows-of-pandas-dataframe-whose-value-in-a-certain-column-is-nan
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
13,413,590
How to drop rows of Pandas DataFrame whose value in a certain column is NaN
1,479
2,320,080
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true
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[ "python", "pandas", "dataframe", "indexing", "nan" ]
2012-11-16T09:17:22
2024-03-08T15:47:42
bigbug
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CC BY-SA 4.0
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I have this DataFrame and want only the records whose EPS column is not NaN: STK_ID EPS cash STK_ID RPT_Date 601166 20111231 601166 NaN NaN 600036 20111231 600036 NaN 12 600016 20111231 600016 4.3 NaN 601009 20111231 601009 NaN NaN 601939 20111231 601939 2.5 NaN 000001 20111231 000001 NaN NaN ...i.e. something like df....
<p>I have this DataFrame and want only the records whose EPS column is not NaN:</p> <pre class="lang-none prettyprint-override"><code> STK_ID EPS cash STK_ID RPT_Date 601166 20111231 601166 NaN NaN 600036 20111231 600036 NaN 12 600016 20111231 600016 4.3 NaN 601009 2011...
[ { "answerId": 13413845, "score": 1651, "isAccepted": true, "createdAt": "2012-11-16T09:34:38", "ownerDisplayName": "eumiro", "ownerUserId": 449449, "bodyText": "Don't drop, just take the rows where EPS is not NA: df = df[df['EPS'].notna()]" }, { "answerId": 13434501, "score":...
2
134934
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/134934/display-number-with-leading-zeros
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
134,934
Display number with leading zeros
1,479
1,727,769
19
true
true
[ "python", "integer", "string-formatting" ]
2008-09-25T18:06:06
2022-11-09T15:44:56
ashchristopher
true
null
134,951
22,306
26,501
null
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null
null
null
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null
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How do I display a leading zero for all numbers with less than two digits? 1 → 01 10 → 10 100 → 100
<p>How do I display a leading zero for all numbers with less than two digits?</p> <pre class="lang-none prettyprint-override"><code>1 → 01 10 → 10 100 → 100 </code></pre>
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2
268272
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/268272/getting-key-with-maximum-value-in-dictionary
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
268,272
Getting key with maximum value in dictionary?
1,473
1,813,660
29
true
true
[ "python", "dictionary", "max" ]
2008-11-06T10:49:58
2024-03-08T03:53:33
ricafeal
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
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I have a dictionary where keys are strings, and values are integers. stats = {'a': 1, 'b': 3000, 'c': 0} How do I get the key with the maximum value? In this case, it is 'b' . Is there a nicer approach than using an intermediate list with reversed key-value tuples? inverse = [(value, key) for key, value in stats.items(...
<p>I have a dictionary where keys are strings, and values are integers.</p> <pre><code>stats = {'a': 1, 'b': 3000, 'c': 0} </code></pre> <p>How do I get the key with the maximum value? In this case, it is <code>'b'</code>.</p> <hr /> <p>Is there a nicer approach than using an intermediate list with reversed key-value t...
[ { "answerId": 280156, "score": 2121, "isAccepted": false, "createdAt": "2008-11-11T06:24:30", "ownerDisplayName": "A. Coady", "ownerUserId": 36433, "bodyText": "max(stats, key=stats.get)" } ]
1
5082452
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5082452/string-formatting-vs-format-vs-f-string-literal
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
5,082,452
String formatting: % vs. .format vs. f-string literal
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1,079,848
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true
true
[ "python", "performance", "string-formatting", "f-string" ]
2011-02-22T18:46:42
2024-07-10T10:34:49
NorthIsUp
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
5,082,482
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There are various string formatting methods: Python <2.6: "Hello %s" % name Python 2.6+: "Hello {}".format(name) (uses str.format ) Python 3.6+: f"{name}" (uses f-strings) Which is better, and for what situations? The following methods have the same outcome, so what is the difference? name = "Alice" "Hello %s" % name "...
<p>There are various string formatting methods:</p> <ul> <li>Python &lt;2.6: <code>&quot;Hello %s&quot; % name</code></li> <li>Python 2.6+: <code>&quot;Hello {}&quot;.format(name)</code>   (uses <a href="https://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#str.format" rel="noreferrer"><code>str.format</code></a>)</li> <li>P...
null
0
1952464
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1952464/python-how-to-determine-if-an-object-is-iterable
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
1,952,464
Python: how to determine if an object is iterable?
1,470
850,584
25
true
true
[ "python", "iterable" ]
2009-12-23T12:13:55
2024-07-31T18:59:36
willem
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
1,952,481
22,702
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Is there a method like isiterable ? The only solution I have found so far is to call: hasattr(myObj, '__iter__') but I am not sure how foolproof this is.
<p>Is there a method like <code>isiterable</code>? The only solution I have found so far is to call:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>hasattr(myObj, '__iter__') </code></pre> <p>but I am not sure how foolproof this is.</p>
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1
6269765
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6269765/what-does-the-b-character-do-in-front-of-a-string-literal
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
6,269,765
What does the 'b' character do in front of a string literal?
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2011-06-07T18:14:52
2026-02-22T19:19:24
Jesse Webb
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CC BY-SA 4.0
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Apparently, the following is the valid syntax: b'The string' I would like to know: What does this b character in front of the string mean? What are the effects of using it? What are appropriate situations to use it? I found a related question right here on SO, but that question is about PHP though, and it states the b ...
<p>Apparently, the following is the valid syntax:</p> <pre><code>b'The string' </code></pre> <p>I would like to know:</p> <ol> <li>What does this <code>b</code> character in front of the string mean?</li> <li>What are the effects of using it?</li> <li>What are appropriate situations to use it?</li> </ol> <p>I found a <...
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1
2682745
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2682745/how-do-i-create-a-constant-in-python
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
2,682,745
How do I create a constant in Python?
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1,616,550
45
true
true
[ "python", "constants" ]
2010-04-21T12:20:18
2026-07-24T15:23:06
zfranciscus
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
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How do I declare a constant in Python? In Java, we do: public static final String CONST_NAME = "Name";
<p>How do I declare a constant in Python?</p> <p>In Java, we do:</p> <pre class="lang-java prettyprint-override"><code>public static final String CONST_NAME = &quot;Name&quot;; </code></pre>
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1
73663
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/73663/how-do-i-terminate-a-script
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
73,663
How do I terminate a script?
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2008-09-16T15:35:55
2026-03-15T19:56:06
Teifion
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
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How do I exit a script early, like the die() command in PHP?
<p>How do I exit a script early, like the <code>die()</code> command in PHP?</p>
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1
17330160
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17330160/how-does-the-property-decorator-work-in-python
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
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How does the @property decorator work in Python?
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2013-06-26T20:47:15
2025-07-19T12:36:58
ashim
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
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I would like to understand how the built-in function property works. What confuses me is that property can also be used as a decorator, but it only takes arguments when used as a built-in function and not when used as a decorator. This example is from the documentation : class C: def __init__(self): self._x = None def ...
<p>I would like to understand how the built-in function <code>property</code> works. What confuses me is that <code>property</code> can also be used as a decorator, but it only takes arguments when used as a built-in function and not when used as a decorator.</p> <p>This example is from the <a href="http://docs.python....
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1
10715965
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10715965/create-a-pandas-dataframe-by-appending-one-row-at-a-time
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
10,715,965
Create a Pandas Dataframe by appending one row at a time
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[ "python", "pandas", "dataframe", "append" ]
2012-05-23T08:12:31
2024-06-09T02:30:19
PhE
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How do I create an empty DataFrame , then add rows, one by one? I created an empty DataFrame : df = pd.DataFrame(columns=('lib', 'qty1', 'qty2')) Then I can add a new row at the end and fill a single field with: df = df._set_value(index=len(df), col='qty1', value=10.0) It works for only one field at a time. What is a b...
<p>How do I create an empty <code>DataFrame</code>, then add rows, one by one?</p> <p>I created an empty <code>DataFrame</code>:</p> <pre><code>df = pd.DataFrame(columns=('lib', 'qty1', 'qty2')) </code></pre> <p>Then I can add a new row at the end and fill a single field with:</p> <pre><code>df = df._set_value(index=le...
null
0
8609192
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8609192/what-is-the-difference-between-null-true-and-blank-true-in-django
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
8,609,192
What is the difference between null=True and blank=True in Django?
1,430
594,878
30
true
true
[ "python", "django", "django-models", "django-admin" ]
2011-12-22T20:11:03
2024-02-08T18:25:45
user993563
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
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993,563
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When we add a model field in Django we generally write: models.CharField(max_length=100, null=True, blank=True) The same is done with ForeignKey , DecimalField etc. What is the basic difference between: null=True only blank=True only null=True and blank=True in respect to different ( CharField , ForeignKey , ManyToMany...
<p>When we add a model field in Django we generally write:</p> <pre><code>models.CharField(max_length=100, null=True, blank=True) </code></pre> <p>The same is done with <code>ForeignKey</code>, <code>DecimalField</code> etc. What is the basic difference between:</p> <ol> <li><code>null=True</code> only</li> <li><code>b...
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1
843277
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/843277/how-do-i-check-if-a-variable-exists
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
843,277
How do I check if a variable exists?
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16
true
true
[ "python", "exception", "variables" ]
2009-05-09T13:10:31
2025-06-03T06:53:11
Max Frai
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
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I want to check if a variable exists. Now I'm doing something like this: try: myVar except NameError: # Do something. Are there other ways without exceptions?
<p>I want to check if a variable exists. Now I'm doing something like this:</p> <pre><code>try: myVar except NameError: # Do something. </code></pre> <p>Are there other ways without exceptions?</p>
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1
11248073
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11248073/how-do-i-remove-all-packages-installed-by-pip
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
11,248,073
How do I remove all packages installed by pip?
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1,857,510
34
true
true
[ "python", "pip", "virtualenv", "python-packaging" ]
2012-06-28T15:36:44
2024-03-31T18:02:12
blueberryfields
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
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How do I uninstall all packages installed by pip from my currently activated virtual environment?
<p>How do I uninstall all packages installed by pip from my currently activated virtual environment?</p>
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2
53162
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/53162/how-can-i-do-a-line-break-line-continuation-in-python-split-up-a-long-line-of
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
53,162
How can I do a line break (line continuation) in Python (split up a long line of source code)?
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true
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2008-09-09T23:45:30
2025-03-28T15:26:04
Ray
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null
Given: e = 'a' + 'b' + 'c' + 'd' How do I write the above in two lines? e = 'a' + 'b' + 'c' + 'd' See also: How do I split the definition of a long string over multiple lines? if there is a long string literal in the code that needs to be broken up to wrap the line nicely.
<p>Given:</p> <pre><code>e = 'a' + 'b' + 'c' + 'd' </code></pre> <p>How do I write the above in two lines?</p> <pre><code>e = 'a' + 'b' + 'c' + 'd' </code></pre> <hr /> <p><sub>See also: <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10660435">How do I split the definition of a long string over multiple lines?</a> if...
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1
533631
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/533631/what-is-a-mixin-and-why-is-it-useful
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
533,631
What is a mixin and why is it useful?
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17
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true
[ "python", "oop", "multiple-inheritance", "mixins", "python-class" ]
2009-02-10T18:50:42
2025-09-08T15:40:47
TarkaDaal
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
547,714
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In Programming Python , Mark Lutz mentions the term mixin . I am from a C/C++/C# background and I have not heard the term before. What is a mixin? Reading between the lines of this example (which I have linked to because it is quite long), I am presuming it is a case of using multiple inheritance to extend a class as o...
<p>In <a href="https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/com/0596009259" rel="noreferrer" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><em>Programming Python</em></a>, Mark Lutz mentions the term <em>mixin</em>. I am from a C/C++/C# background and I have not heard the term before. What is a mixin?</p> <p>Reading between the lines of <a h...
null
0
8369219
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8369219/how-can-i-read-a-text-file-into-a-string-variable-and-strip-newlines
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
8,369,219
How can I read a text file into a string variable and strip newlines?
1,411
2,467,975
27
true
true
[ "python", "string" ]
2011-12-03T16:47:54
2026-04-19T05:09:10
klijo
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
8,369,345
963,489
16,601
null
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I have a text file that looks like: ABC DEF How can I read the file into a single-line string without newlines, in this case creating a string 'ABCDEF' ? For reading the file into a list of lines, but removing the trailing newline character from each line, see How to read a file without newlines? .
<p>I have a text file that looks like:</p> <pre><code>ABC DEF </code></pre> <p>How can I read the file into a single-line string without newlines, in this case creating a string <code>'ABCDEF'</code>?</p> <hr /> <p><sub>For reading the file into a <em>list</em> of lines, but removing the trailing newline character from...
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1
3940128
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3940128/how-do-i-reverse-a-list-or-loop-over-it-backwards
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
3,940,128
How do I reverse a list or loop over it backwards?
1,411
2,144,774
18
true
true
[ "python", "list", "reverse" ]
2010-10-15T06:59:39
2025-03-01T03:12:52
Leo.peis
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
3,940,144
476,595
14,521
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
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null
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null
How do I iterate over a list in reverse in Python? See also: How can I get a reversed copy of a list (avoid a separate statement when chaining a method after .reverse)?
<p>How do I iterate over a list in reverse in Python?</p> <hr /> <p><sub>See also: <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4280691/">How can I get a reversed copy of a list (avoid a separate statement when chaining a method after .reverse)?</a></sub></p>
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2
2802726
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2802726/putting-a-simple-if-then-else-statement-on-one-line
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
2,802,726
Putting a simple if-then-else statement on one line
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true
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[ "python", "if-statement", "syntax", "conditional-operator" ]
2010-05-10T12:58:04
2023-07-25T14:50:07
Abizern
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2,802,748
41,116
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How do I write an if - then - else statement in Python so that it fits on one line? For example, I want a one line version of: if count == N: count = 0 else: count = N + 1 In Objective-C, I would write this as: count = count == N ? 0 : count + 1;
<p>How do I write an <code>if</code>-<code>then</code>-<code>else</code> statement in Python so that it fits on one line?</p> <p>For example, I want a one line version of:</p> <pre><code>if count == N: count = 0 else: count = N + 1 </code></pre> <p>In Objective-C, I would write this as:</p> <pre><code>count = c...
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1
19482970
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/19482970/get-a-list-from-pandas-dataframe-column-headers
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
19,482,970
Get a list from Pandas DataFrame column headers
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2,452,844
25
true
true
[ "python", "pandas", "dataframe", "list", "header" ]
2013-10-20T21:18:37
2023-09-16T19:35:57
natsuki_2002
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
19,483,025
2,428,549
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I want to get a list of the column headers from a Pandas DataFrame. The DataFrame will come from user input, so I won't know how many columns there will be or what they will be called. For example, if I'm given a DataFrame like this: y gdp cap 0 1 2 5 1 2 3 9 2 8 7 2 3 3 4 7 4 6 7 7 5 4 8 3 6 8 2 8 7 9 9 10 8 6 6 4 9 1...
<p>I want to get a list of the column headers from a Pandas DataFrame. The DataFrame will come from user input, so I won't know how many columns there will be or what they will be called.</p> <p>For example, if I'm given a DataFrame like this:</p> <pre class="lang-none prettyprint-override"><code> y gdp cap 0 1...
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1
8384737
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8384737/extract-file-name-from-path-no-matter-what-the-os-path-format
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
8,384,737
Extract file name from path, no matter what the os/path format
1,395
2,538,936
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true
true
[ "python", "path" ]
2011-12-05T11:39:49
2024-12-12T20:36:43
BuZz
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
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1,029,944
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Which Python library can I use to extract filenames from paths, no matter what the operating system or path format could be? For example, I'd like all of these paths to return me c : a/b/c/ a/b/c \a\b\c \a\b\c\ a\b\c a/b/../../a/b/c/ a/b/../../a/b/c
<p>Which Python library can I use to extract filenames from paths, no matter what the operating system or path format could be?</p> <p>For example, I'd like all of these paths to return me <code>c</code>:</p> <pre><code>a/b/c/ a/b/c \a\b\c \a\b\c\ a\b\c a/b/../../a/b/c/ a/b/../../a/b/c </code></pre>
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2
12096252
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12096252/use-a-list-of-values-to-select-rows-from-a-pandas-dataframe
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
12,096,252
Use a list of values to select rows from a Pandas dataframe
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1,828,927
9
true
true
[ "python", "pandas", "dataframe", "indexing", "filter" ]
2012-08-23T16:31:12
2025-03-19T13:29:16
zach
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
12,098,586
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Let’s say I have the following Pandas dataframe: df = DataFrame({'A': [5,6,3,4], 'B': [1,2,3,5]}) df A B 0 5 1 1 6 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 I can subset based on a specific value: x = df[df['A'] == 3] x A B 2 3 3 But how can I subset based on a list of values? - something like this: list_of_values = [3, 6] y = df[df['A'] in list_...
<p>Let’s say I have the following Pandas dataframe:</p> <pre><code>df = DataFrame({'A': [5,6,3,4], 'B': [1,2,3,5]}) df A B 0 5 1 1 6 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 </code></pre> <p>I can subset based on a specific value:</p> <pre><code>x = df[df['A'] == 3] x A B 2 3 3 </code></pre> <p>But how ca...
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1
6159900
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6159900/correct-way-to-write-line-to-file
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
6,159,900
Correct way to write line to file?
1,392
2,911,857
17
true
true
[ "python", "file-io" ]
2011-05-28T05:44:53
2023-08-31T15:22:15
Yaroslav Bulatov
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
6,160,082
419,116
58,139
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
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null
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null
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null
null
How do I write a line to a file in modern Python? I heard that this is deprecated: print >>f, "hi there" Also, does "\n" work on all platforms, or should I use "\r\n" on Windows?
<p>How do I write a line to a file in modern Python? I heard that this is deprecated:</p> <pre><code>print &gt;&gt;f, &quot;hi there&quot; </code></pre> <p>Also, does <code>&quot;\n&quot;</code> work on all platforms, or should I use <code>&quot;\r\n&quot;</code> on Windows?</p>
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1
3277367
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3277367/how-does-pythons-super-work-with-multiple-inheritance
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
3,277,367
How does Python's super() work with multiple inheritance?
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[ "python", "multiple-inheritance" ]
2010-07-18T21:40:25
2023-06-23T16:16:08
Callisto
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CC BY-SA 4.0
3,277,407
395,354
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How does super() work with multiple inheritance? For example, given: class First(object): def __init__(self): print "first" class Second(object): def __init__(self): print "second" class Third(First, Second): def __init__(self): super(Third, self).__init__() print "that's it" Which parent method of Third does super()._...
<p>How does <code>super()</code> work with multiple inheritance? For example, given:</p> <pre><code>class First(object): def __init__(self): print &quot;first&quot; class Second(object): def __init__(self): print &quot;second&quot; class Third(First, Second): def __init__(self): su...
null
0
761804
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/761804/how-do-i-trim-whitespace-from-a-string
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
761,804
How do I trim whitespace from a string?
1,389
1,463,239
14
true
true
[ "python", "string", "trim" ]
2009-04-17T19:16:06
2023-12-10T03:40:46
robert
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
761,825
null
null
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How do I remove leading and trailing whitespace from a string in Python? " Hello world " --> "Hello world" " Hello world" --> "Hello world" "Hello world " --> "Hello world" "Hello world" --> "Hello world"
<p>How do I remove leading and trailing whitespace from a string in Python?</p> <pre><code>&quot; Hello world &quot; --&gt; &quot;Hello world&quot; &quot; Hello world&quot; --&gt; &quot;Hello world&quot; &quot;Hello world &quot; --&gt; &quot;Hello world&quot; &quot;Hello world&quot; --&gt; &quot;Hello world&quot; <...
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1
33533148
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33533148/how-do-i-type-hint-a-method-with-the-type-of-the-enclosing-class
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
33,533,148
How do I type hint a method with the type of the enclosing class?
1,387
413,996
9
true
true
[ "python", "pycharm", "python-typing" ]
2015-11-04T22:17:54
2025-04-07T03:53:54
Michael van Gerwen
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
33,533,514
4,665,133
13,981
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I have the following code in Python 3: class Position: def __init__(self, x: int, y: int): self.x = x self.y = y def __add__(self, other: Position) -> Position: return Position(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y) But my editor (PyCharm) says that the reference Position can not be resolved (in the __add__ method). How s...
<p>I have the following code in Python 3:</p> <pre><code>class Position: def __init__(self, x: int, y: int): self.x = x self.y = y def __add__(self, other: Position) -&gt; Position: return Position(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y) </code></pre> <p>But my editor (PyCharm) says that t...
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1
16819222
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16819222/how-do-i-return-dictionary-keys-as-a-list-in-python
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
16,819,222
How do I return dictionary keys as a list in Python?
1,383
2,245,051
13
true
true
[ "python", "python-3.x", "list", "dictionary" ]
2013-05-29T16:24:16
2023-02-27T21:29:21
user2015601
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
16,819,250
null
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With Python 2.7, I can get dictionary keys , values , or items as a list : >>> newdict = {1:0, 2:0, 3:0} >>> newdict.keys() [1, 2, 3] With Python >= 3.3, I get: >>> newdict.keys() dict_keys([1, 2, 3]) How do I get a plain list of keys with Python 3?
<p>With Python 2.7, I can get dictionary <em>keys</em>, <em>values</em>, or <em>items</em> as a <code>list</code>:</p> <pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; newdict = {1:0, 2:0, 3:0} &gt;&gt;&gt; newdict.keys() [1, 2, 3] </code></pre> <p>With Python &gt;= 3.3, I get:</p> <pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; newdict.keys() dict_keys([1, 2, 3]) </...
[ { "answerId": 16819250, "score": 1722, "isAccepted": true, "createdAt": "2013-05-29T16:25:40", "ownerDisplayName": "Chris ", "ownerUserId": 935692, "bodyText": "This will convert the dict_keys object to a list : list(newdict.keys()) On the other hand, you should ask yourself whether or n...
1
237079
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/237079/how-do-i-get-file-creation-and-modification-date-times
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
237,079
How do I get file creation and modification date/times?
1,382
1,357,570
13
true
true
[ "python", "file" ]
2008-10-25T21:54:56
2026-02-05T10:02:58
Mark Biek
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
52,858,040
305
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null
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null
What's the best cross-platform way to get file creation and modification dates/times, that works on both Linux and Windows?
<p>What's the best cross-platform way to get file creation and modification dates/times, that works on both Linux and Windows?</p>
null
0
227459
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/227459/how-to-get-the-ascii-value-of-a-character
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
227,459
How to get the ASCII value of a character
1,366
1,934,016
7
true
true
[ "python", "ascii" ]
2008-10-22T20:39:57
2024-06-01T15:45:12
Matt
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
227,472
17,693
89,027
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
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null
null
null
null
How do I get the ASCII value of a character as an int in Python?
<p>How do I get the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" rel="noreferrer">ASCII</a> value of a character as an <code>int</code> in Python?</p>
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1
2998215
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2998215/if-python-is-interpreted-what-are-pyc-files
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
2,998,215
If Python is interpreted, what are .pyc files?
1,365
721,104
13
true
true
[ "python", "compiled", "interpreted-language", "pyc" ]
2010-06-08T14:27:13
2025-01-03T23:01:54
froadie
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
2,998,228
259,541
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null
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Python is an interpreted language. But why does my source directory contain .pyc files, which are identified by Windows as "Compiled Python Files"?
<p>Python is an interpreted language. But why does my source directory contain <code>.pyc</code> files, which are identified by Windows as &quot;Compiled Python Files&quot;?</p>
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1
2709821
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2709821/what-is-the-purpose-of-the-self-parameter-why-is-it-needed
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
2,709,821
What is the purpose of the `self` parameter? Why is it needed?
1,362
1,115,878
27
true
true
[ "python", "class", "oop", "self" ]
2010-04-25T20:22:28
2025-09-30T06:30:09
richzilla
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
2,709,832
301,032
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Consider this example: class MyClass: def func(self, name): self.name = name I know that self refers to the specific instance of MyClass . But why must func explicitly include self as a parameter? Why do we need to use self in the method's code? Some other languages make this implicit, or use special syntax instead. Fo...
<p>Consider this example:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>class MyClass: def func(self, name): self.name = name </code></pre> <p>I know that <code>self</code> refers to the specific instance of <code>MyClass</code>. But why must <code>func</code> explicitly include <code>self</code> as a...
null
0
715417
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/715417/converting-from-a-string-to-boolean-in-python
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
715,417
Converting from a string to boolean in Python
1,362
1,535,376
43
true
true
[ "python", "string", "boolean" ]
2009-04-03T19:44:20
2025-10-15T07:17:49
Joan Venge
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
715,455
51,816
334,709
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
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How do I convert a string into a boolean in Python? This attempt returns True : >>> bool("False") True
<p>How do I convert a string into a boolean in Python? This attempt returns <code>True</code>:</p> <pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; bool(&quot;False&quot;) True </code></pre>
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1
1155617
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1155617/count-the-number-of-occurrences-of-a-character-in-a-string
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
1,155,617
Count the number of occurrences of a character in a string
1,358
1,966,914
26
true
true
[ "python", "string", "count" ]
2009-07-20T20:00:36
2023-07-08T23:11:58
Mat
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
1,155,647
42,974
87,620
null
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How do I count the number of occurrences of a character in a string? e.g. 'a' appears in 'Mary had a little lamb' 4 times.
<p>How do I count the number of occurrences of a character in a string?</p> <p>e.g. <code>'a'</code> appears in <code>'Mary had a little lamb'</code> 4 times.</p>
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1
534839
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/534839/how-to-create-a-guid-uuid-in-python
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
534,839
How to create a GUID/UUID in Python
1,345
1,393,538
8
true
true
[ "python", "uuid", "guid", "uniqueidentifier" ]
2009-02-10T23:51:21
2024-06-05T23:59:13
Jonathon Watney
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
534,847
59,180
22,438
null
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How do I create a GUID/UUID in Python that is platform independent? I hear there is a method using ActivePython on Windows but it's Windows only because it uses COM. Is there a method using plain Python?
<p>How do I create a GUID/UUID in Python that is platform independent? I hear there is a method using ActivePython on Windows but it's Windows only because it uses COM. Is there a method using plain Python?</p>
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1
12555323
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12555323/how-to-add-a-new-column-to-an-existing-dataframe
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
12,555,323
How to add a new column to an existing DataFrame
1,344
2,861,856
33
true
true
[ "python", "pandas", "dataframe", "chained-assignment" ]
2012-09-23T19:00:01
2025-02-04T23:17:05
tomasz74
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
12,555,510
1,661,173
16,791
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I have the following indexed DataFrame with named columns and rows not- continuous numbers: a b c d 2 0.671399 0.101208 -0.181532 0.241273 3 0.446172 -0.243316 0.051767 1.577318 5 0.614758 0.075793 -0.451460 -0.012493 I would like to add a new column, 'e' , to the existing data frame and do not want to change anything ...
<p>I have the following indexed DataFrame with named columns and rows not- continuous numbers:</p> <pre class="lang-none prettyprint-override"><code> a b c d 2 0.671399 0.101208 -0.181532 0.241273 3 0.446172 -0.243316 0.051767 1.577318 5 0.614758 0.075793 -0.451460 -0.012493 </c...
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1
739993
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/739993/how-do-i-get-a-list-of-locally-installed-python-modules
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
739,993
How do I get a list of locally installed Python modules?
1,334
2,145,470
34
true
true
[ "python", "module", "pip" ]
2009-04-11T12:34:18
2026-04-21T13:03:58
Léo Léopold Hertz 준영
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
23,885,252
54,964
143,634
null
null
null
null
null
null
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null
null
How do I get a list of Python modules installed on my computer?
<p>How do I get a list of Python modules installed on my computer?</p>
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1
1504717
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1504717/why-does-comparing-strings-using-either-or-is-sometimes-produce-a-differe
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
1,504,717
Why does comparing strings using either '==' or 'is' sometimes produce a different result?
1,333
1,712,316
15
true
true
[ "python", "string", "comparison", "identity", "equality" ]
2009-10-01T15:40:14
2025-06-19T07:47:42
jottos
true
null
1,504,742
14,555
20,474
null
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Two string variables are set to the same value. s1 == s2 always returns True , but s1 is s2 sometimes returns False . If I open my Python interpreter and do the same is comparison, it succeeds: >>> s1 = 'text' >>> s2 = 'text' >>> s1 is s2 True Why is this?
<p>Two string variables are set to the same value. <code>s1 == s2</code> always returns <code>True</code>, but <code>s1 is s2</code> sometimes returns <code>False</code>.</p> <p>If I open my Python interpreter and do the same <code>is</code> comparison, it succeeds:</p> <pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; s1 = 'text' &gt;&gt;&gt; ...
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1
7604966
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7604966/maximum-and-minimum-values-for-ints
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
7,604,966
Maximum and Minimum values for ints
1,323
2,318,467
12
true
true
[ "python", "integer" ]
2011-09-30T01:01:06
2023-11-07T07:30:43
bdhar
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
7,604,981
139,909
23,451
null
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null
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How do I represent minimum and maximum values for integers in Python? In Java, we have Integer.MIN_VALUE and Integer.MAX_VALUE . See also: What is the maximum float in Python? .
<p>How do I represent minimum and maximum values for integers in Python? In Java, we have <code>Integer.MIN_VALUE</code> and <code>Integer.MAX_VALUE</code>.</p> <hr /> <p><sub>See also: <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3477283">What is the maximum float in Python?</a>.</sub></p>
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1
845058
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/845058/how-to-get-the-line-count-of-a-large-file-cheaply-in-python
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
845,058
How to get the line count of a large file cheaply in Python
1,323
1,172,772
44
true
true
[ "python", "text-files", "line-count" ]
2009-05-10T10:22:05
2023-11-03T21:19:20
SilentGhost
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
845,081
12,855
322,971
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
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null
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How do I get a line count of a large file in the most memory- and time-efficient manner? def file_len(filename): with open(filename) as f: for i, _ in enumerate(f): pass return i + 1
<p>How do I get a line count of a large file in the most memory- and time-efficient manner?</p> <pre><code>def file_len(filename): with open(filename) as f: for i, _ in enumerate(f): pass return i + 1 </code></pre>
null
0
2349991
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2349991/how-do-i-import-other-python-files
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
2,349,991
How do I import other Python files?
1,317
3,286,420
23
true
true
[ "python", "import", "python-import", "python-module", "python-packaging" ]
2010-02-28T03:40:11
2025-01-19T02:03:45
Tamer
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
2,349,998
282,944
13,187
null
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null
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How do I import files in Python? I want to import: a file (e.g. file.py ) a folder a file dynamically at runtime, based on user input one specific part of a file (e.g. a single function)
<p>How do I import files in Python? I want to import:</p> <ol> <li>a file (e.g. <code>file.py</code>)</li> <li>a folder</li> <li>a file dynamically at runtime, based on user input</li> <li>one specific part of a file (e.g. a single function)</li> </ol>
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1
27885397
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/27885397/how-do-i-install-a-python-package-with-a-whl-file
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
27,885,397
How do I install a Python package with a .whl file?
1,312
2,817,927
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true
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2015-01-11T08:48:34
2024-11-19T15:37:29
e9t
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
27,909,082
1,054,939
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I'm trying to install a Python package on Windows, using Christoph Gohlke's Windows binaries here: http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#jpype The package is made available here as a .whl file. How do I install that?
<p>I'm trying to install a Python package on Windows, using Christoph Gohlke's Windows binaries here:</p> <p><a href="http://www.lfd.uci.edu/%7Egohlke/pythonlibs/#jpype" rel="noreferrer">http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#jpype</a></p> <p>The package is made available here as a <code>.whl</code> file. How do I ...
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1
1663807
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1663807/how-do-i-iterate-through-two-lists-in-parallel
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
1,663,807
How do I iterate through two lists in parallel?
1,312
1,350,761
9
true
true
[ "python", "list", "for-loop", "iterator" ]
2009-11-02T21:26:24
2024-02-15T15:10:49
Nathan Fellman
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
1,663,826
1,084
129,106
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I have two iterables, and I want to go over them in pairs: foo = [1, 2, 3] bar = [4, 5, 6] for (f, b) in iterate_together(foo, bar): print("f:", f, " | b:", b) That should result in: f: 1 | b: 4 f: 2 | b: 5 f: 3 | b: 6 One way to do it is to iterate over the indices: for i in range(len(foo)): print("f:", foo[i], " | b:...
<p>I have two iterables, and I want to go over them in pairs:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>foo = [1, 2, 3] bar = [4, 5, 6] for (f, b) in iterate_together(foo, bar): print(&quot;f:&quot;, f, &quot; | b:&quot;, b) </code></pre> <p>That should result in:</p> <pre class="lang-none prettyprint-o...
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1
1823058
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1823058/how-to-print-a-number-using-commas-as-thousands-separators
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
1,823,058
How to print a number using commas as thousands separators
1,311
1,053,870
26
true
true
[ "python", "number-formatting" ]
2009-11-30T23:11:43
2025-09-17T14:14:06
Elias Zamaria
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
10,742,904
28,324
101,964
null
null
null
null
null
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How do I print an integer with commas as thousands separators? 1234567 ⟶ 1,234,567 It does not need to be locale-specific to decide between periods and commas.
<p>How do I print an integer with commas as thousands separators?</p> <pre><code>1234567 ⟶ 1,234,567 </code></pre> <p>It does not need to be locale-specific to decide between periods and commas.</p>
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1
472000
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/472000/usage-of-slots
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
472,000
Usage of __slots__?
1,310
445,272
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true
true
[ "python", "oop", "python-internals", "slots" ]
2009-01-23T05:37:23
2026-07-14T08:27:39
Jeb
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
28,059,785
31,830
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What is the purpose of __slots__ in Python — especially with respect to when I would want to use it, and when not?
<p>What is the purpose of <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#slots" rel="noreferrer"><code>__slots__</code></a> in Python — especially with respect to when I would want to use it, and when not?</p>
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1
10434599
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10434599/get-the-data-received-in-a-flask-request
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
10,434,599
Get the data received in a Flask request
1,304
1,968,742
26
true
true
[ "python", "flask", "werkzeug" ]
2012-05-03T15:31:26
2024-10-15T18:31:08
ddinchev
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
16,664,376
762,886
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I want to be able to get the data sent to my Flask app. I've tried accessing request.data but it is an empty string. How do you access request data? from flask import request @app.route('/', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def parse_request(): data = request.data # data is empty # need posted data here The answer to this ques...
<p>I want to be able to get the data sent to my Flask app. I've tried accessing <code>request.data</code> but it is an empty string. How do you access request data?</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>from flask import request @app.route('/', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def parse_request(): data = re...
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1
6908143
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6908143/should-i-put-shebang-in-python-scripts-and-what-form-should-it-take
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
6,908,143
Should I put #! (shebang) in Python scripts, and what form should it take?
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969,106
15
true
true
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2011-08-02T06:35:42
2023-10-21T19:39:37
treecoder
false
CC BY-SA 3.0
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1,206,051
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Should I put the shebang in my Python scripts? In what form? #!/usr/bin/env python or #!/usr/local/bin/python Are these equally portable? Which form is used most? Note: the tornado project uses the shebang. On the other hand the Django project doesn't.
<p>Should I put the shebang in my Python scripts? In what form?</p> <pre class="lang-none prettyprint-override"><code>#!/usr/bin/env python </code></pre> <p>or</p> <pre class="lang-none prettyprint-override"><code>#!/usr/local/bin/python </code></pre> <p>Are these equally portable? Which form is used most?</p> <p...
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1
7571635
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7571635/fastest-way-to-check-if-a-value-exists-in-a-list
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
7,571,635
Fastest way to check if a value exists in a list
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3,079,585
12
true
true
[ "python", "list", "performance", "membership" ]
2011-09-27T15:23:26
2026-02-10T19:06:53
Jean-Francois Gallant
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
7,571,665
967,334
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null
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null
What is the fastest way to check if a value exists in a very large list (with millions of values) and what its index is?
<p>What is the fastest way to check if a value exists in a very large list (with millions of values) and what its index is?</p>
[ { "answerId": 7571665, "score": 2213, "isAccepted": true, "createdAt": "2011-09-27T15:25:11", "ownerDisplayName": "Rafe Kettler", "ownerUserId": 399815, "bodyText": "7 in a Clearest and fastest way to do it. You can also consider using a set , but constructing that set from your list may...
1
403421
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/403421/how-do-i-sort-a-list-of-objects-based-on-an-attribute-of-the-objects
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
403,421
How do I sort a list of objects based on an attribute of the objects?
1,291
1,072,159
10
true
true
[ "python", "list", "sorting", "reverse" ]
2008-12-31T16:41:32
2025-08-31T21:51:39
Nick Sergeant
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
403,426
22,468
38,803
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I have a list of Python objects that I want to sort by a specific attribute of each object: [Tag(name="toe", count=10), Tag(name="leg", count=2), ...] How do I sort the list by .count in descending order?
<p>I have a list of Python objects that I want to sort by a specific attribute of each object:</p> <pre><code>[Tag(name=&quot;toe&quot;, count=10), Tag(name=&quot;leg&quot;, count=2), ...] </code></pre> <p>How do I sort the list by <code>.count</code> in descending order?</p>
[ { "answerId": 403426, "score": 2047, "isAccepted": true, "createdAt": "2008-12-31T16:42:59", "ownerDisplayName": "Kenan Banks", "ownerUserId": 43089, "bodyText": "To sort the list in place: orig_list.sort(key=lambda x: x.count, reverse=True) To return a new list, use sorted : new_list = ...
1
8270092
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8270092/remove-all-whitespace-in-a-string
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
8,270,092
Remove all whitespace in a string
1,286
3,100,130
16
true
true
[ "python", "string", "trim", "removing-whitespace" ]
2011-11-25T13:51:21
2024-09-25T02:42:06
Kalanamith
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
8,270,146
1,004,875
20,944
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I want to eliminate all the whitespace from a string, on both ends, and in between words. I have this Python code: def my_handle(self): sentence = ' hello apple ' sentence.strip() But that only eliminates the whitespace on both sides of the string. How do I remove all whitespace?
<p>I want to eliminate all the whitespace from a string, on both ends, and in between words.</p> <p>I have this Python code:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>def my_handle(self): sentence = ' hello apple ' sentence.strip() </code></pre> <p>But that only eliminates the whitespace on both sid...
[ { "answerId": 8270146, "score": 2424, "isAccepted": true, "createdAt": "2011-11-25T13:56:30", "ownerDisplayName": "Cédric Julien", "ownerUserId": 718618, "bodyText": "If you want to remove leading and ending whitespace, use str.strip() : >>> \" hello apple \".strip() 'hello apple' If you...
1
129507
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/129507/how-do-you-test-that-a-python-function-throws-an-exception
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
129,507
How do you test that a Python function throws an exception?
1,278
1,026,785
20
true
true
[ "python", "unit-testing", "exception" ]
2008-09-24T20:00:35
2025-03-02T13:38:31
Daryl Spitzer
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
129,522
4,766
151,222
null
null
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null
null
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null
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null
How does one write a unit test that fails only if a function doesn't throw an expected exception?
<p>How does one write a unit test that fails only if a function doesn't throw an expected exception?</p>
[ { "answerId": 129522, "score": 1047, "isAccepted": true, "createdAt": "2008-09-24T20:02:29", "ownerDisplayName": "Moe", "ownerUserId": 3051, "bodyText": "Use TestCase.assertRaises from the unittest module, for example: import mymod class MyTestCase(unittest.TestCase): def test1(self): se...
1
19124601
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/19124601/pretty-print-an-entire-pandas-series-dataframe
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
19,124,601
Pretty-print an entire Pandas Series / DataFrame
1,270
1,701,286
15
true
true
[ "python", "pandas", "dataframe" ]
2013-10-01T19:46:07
2025-04-07T04:01:41
Dun Peal
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
30,691,921
916,907
18,039
null
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I work with Series and DataFrames on the terminal a lot. The default __repr__ for a Series returns a reduced sample, with some head and tail values, but the rest missing. Is there a builtin way to pretty-print the entire Series / DataFrame? Ideally, it would support proper alignment, perhaps borders between columns, an...
<p>I work with Series and DataFrames on the terminal a lot. The default <code>__repr__</code> for a Series returns a reduced sample, with some head and tail values, but the rest missing.</p> <p>Is there a builtin way to pretty-print the entire Series / DataFrame? Ideally, it would support proper alignment, perhaps bo...
[ { "answerId": 30691921, "score": 1601, "isAccepted": true, "createdAt": "2015-06-07T09:22:15", "ownerDisplayName": "tsvikas", "ownerUserId": 550269, "bodyText": "You can also use the option_context , with one or more options: with pd.option_context('display.max_rows', None, 'display.max_...
2
3462143
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3462143/get-difference-between-two-lists-with-unique-entries
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
3,462,143
Get difference between two lists with Unique Entries
1,270
1,570,460
33
true
true
[ "python", "performance", "list", "set", "set-difference" ]
2010-08-11T19:38:10
2023-08-15T08:27:33
Max Frai
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
3,462,160
87,152
64,832
null
null
null
null
null
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I have two lists in Python: temp1 = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four'] temp2 = ['One', 'Two'] Assuming the elements in each list are unique, I want to create a third list with items from the first list which are not in the second list: temp3 = ['Three', 'Four'] Are there any fast ways without cycles and checking?
<p>I have two lists in Python:</p> <pre><code>temp1 = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four'] temp2 = ['One', 'Two'] </code></pre> <p>Assuming the elements in each list are unique, I want to create a third list with items from the first list which are not in the second list:</p> <pre><code>temp3 = ['Three', 'Four'] </code></pr...
[ { "answerId": 3462160, "score": 1822, "isAccepted": true, "createdAt": "2010-08-11T19:40:00", "ownerDisplayName": "ars", "ownerUserId": 2611, "bodyText": "To get elements which are in temp1 but not in temp2 ( assuming uniqueness of the elements in each list ): In [5]: list(set(temp1) - s...
1
12453580
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12453580/how-to-concatenate-join-items-in-a-list-to-a-single-string
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
12,453,580
How to concatenate (join) items in a list to a single string
1,265
2,434,741
12
true
true
[ "python", "string", "list", "concatenation" ]
2012-09-17T05:32:25
2024-03-23T22:45:15
alvas
true
null
12,453,584
610,569
123,749
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null
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How do I concatenate a list of strings into a single string? For example, given ['this', 'is', 'a', 'sentence'] , how do I get "this-is-a-sentence" ? For handling a few strings in separate variables , see How do I append one string to another in Python? . For the opposite process - creating a list from a string - see H...
<p>How do I concatenate a list of strings into a single string?</p> <p>For example, given <code>['this', 'is', 'a', 'sentence']</code>, how do I get <code>&quot;this-is-a-sentence&quot;</code>?</p> <hr /> <p><sub>For handling a few strings in <em>separate variables</em>, see <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions...
[ { "answerId": 12453584, "score": 2098, "isAccepted": true, "createdAt": "2012-09-17T05:33:41", "ownerDisplayName": "Burhan Khalid", "ownerUserId": 790387, "bodyText": "Use str.join : >>> words = ['this', 'is', 'a', 'sentence'] >>> '-'.join(words) 'this-is-a-sentence' >>> ' '.join(words) ...
1
4028904
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4028904/what-is-a-cross-platform-way-to-get-the-home-directory
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
4,028,904
What is a cross-platform way to get the home directory?
1,262
728,564
5
true
true
[ "python", "cross-platform", "home-directory" ]
2010-10-26T23:43:19
2025-10-03T14:19:01
Nathan Osman
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
4,028,943
193,619
73,759
null
null
null
null
null
null
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null
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null
null
null
null
null
null
I need to get the location of the home directory of the current logged-on user. Currently, I've been using the following on Linux: os.getenv("HOME") However, this does not work on Windows. What is the correct cross-platform way to do this ?
<p>I need to get the location of the home directory of the current logged-on user. Currently, I've been using the following on Linux:</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>os.getenv(&quot;HOME&quot;) </code></pre> <p>However, this does not work on Windows. What is the correct cross-platform way to do this...
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1
2970608
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2970608/what-are-named-tuples-in-python
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
2,970,608
What are "named tuples" in Python?
1,255
715,439
14
true
true
[ "python", "types", "tuples", "terminology", "namedtuple" ]
2010-06-03T23:50:16
2024-08-25T01:46:25
Denilson Sá Maia
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
2,970,722
124,946
50,047
null
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What are named tuples and how do I use them? When should I use named tuples instead of normal tuples, or vice versa? Are there "named lists" too? (i.e. mutable named tuples) For the last question specifically, see also Existence of mutable named tuple in Python? .
<ul> <li>What are named tuples and how do I use them?</li> <li>When should I use named tuples instead of normal tuples, or vice versa?</li> <li>Are there &quot;named lists&quot; too? (i.e. mutable named tuples)</li> </ul> <hr /> <p><sub>For the last question specifically, see also <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/que...
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1
1185524
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1185524/how-do-i-trim-whitespace
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
1,185,524
How do I trim whitespace?
1,254
1,352,980
15
true
true
[ "python", "string", "whitespace", "trim", "strip" ]
2009-07-26T20:54:38
2022-06-22T04:15:54
Chris
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
1,185,529
104,060
22,425
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
Is there a Python function that will trim whitespace (spaces and tabs) from a string? So that given input " \t example string\t " becomes "example string" .
<p>Is there a Python function that will trim whitespace (spaces and tabs) from a string?</p> <p>So that given input <code>&quot; \t example string\t &quot;</code> becomes <code>&quot;example string&quot;</code>.</p>
[ { "answerId": 1185529, "score": 1834, "isAccepted": true, "createdAt": "2009-07-26T20:56:26", "ownerDisplayName": "James Thompson", "ownerUserId": 57458, "bodyText": "For whitespace on both sides, use str.strip : s = \" \\t a string example\\t \" s = s.strip() For whitespace on the right...
1
10214827
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10214827/find-which-version-of-package-is-installed-with-pip
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
10,214,827
Find which version of package is installed with pip
1,246
1,726,760
17
true
true
[ "python", "pip" ]
2012-04-18T17:37:20
2025-12-24T14:52:32
Alexis
false
CC BY-SA 3.0
10,215,100
207,795
25,631
null
null
null
null
null
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null
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Using pip, is it possible to figure out which version of a package is currently installed? I know about pip install XYZ --upgrade but I am wondering if there is anything like pip info XYZ . If not what would be the best way to tell what version I am currently using.
<p>Using pip, is it possible to figure out which version of a package is currently installed?</p> <p>I know about <code>pip install XYZ --upgrade</code> but I am wondering if there is anything like <code>pip info XYZ</code>. If not what would be the best way to tell what version I am currently using.</p>
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1
20101834
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/20101834/pip-install-from-git-repo-branch
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
20,101,834
pip install from git repo branch
1,231
1,153,766
11
true
true
[ "python", "git", "pip" ]
2013-11-20T16:46:42
2025-10-31T02:53:10
goh
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
20,101,940
357,236
29,929
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Trying to pip install a repo's specific branch. Google tells me to pip install https://github.com/user/repo.git@branch The branch's name is issue/34/oscar-0.6 so I did pip install https://github.com/tangentlabs/django-oscar-paypal.git@/issue/34/oscar-0.6 but its returning a 404. How do I install this branch?
<p>Trying to <code>pip</code> install a repo's specific branch. Google tells me to</p> <pre><code>pip install https://github.com/user/repo.git@branch </code></pre> <p>The branch's name is <code>issue/34/oscar-0.6</code> so I did <code>pip install https://github.com/tangentlabs/django-oscar-paypal.git@/issue/34/oscar-0...
[ { "answerId": 20101940, "score": 1646, "isAccepted": true, "createdAt": "2013-11-20T16:51:32", "ownerDisplayName": "falsetru", "ownerUserId": 2225682, "bodyText": "Prepend the url prefix git+ (See VCS Support ): pip install git+https://github.com/tangentlabs/django-oscar-paypal.git@issue...
1
441147
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/441147/how-to-subtract-a-day-from-a-date
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
441,147
How to subtract a day from a date?
1,226
1,305,260
8
true
true
[ "python", "date", "datetime", "timedelta" ]
2009-01-13T22:39:36
2023-02-22T23:46:58
defrex
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
441,152
6,007
16,575
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
I have a Python datetime.datetime object. What is the best way to subtract one day?
<p>I have a Python <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#datetime-objects" rel="noreferrer"><code>datetime.datetime</code></a> object. What is the best way to subtract one day?</p>
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1
988228
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/988228/convert-a-string-representation-of-a-dictionary-to-a-dictionary
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
988,228
Convert a String representation of a Dictionary to a dictionary
1,222
1,549,988
13
true
true
[ "python", "string", "dictionary", "type-conversion" ]
2009-06-12T18:25:02
2024-07-10T01:18:32
UberJumper
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
988,251
34,395
21,465
null
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null
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How can I convert the str representation of a dictionary, such as the following string, into a dict ? s = "{'muffin' : 'lolz', 'foo' : 'kitty'}" I prefer not to use eval . What else can I use?
<p>How can I convert the <code>str</code> representation of a dictionary, such as the following string, into a <code>dict</code>?</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>s = &quot;{'muffin' : 'lolz', 'foo' : 'kitty'}&quot; </code></pre> <p>I prefer not to use <code>eval</code>. What else can I use?</p>
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1
886221
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/886221/has-django-served-an-excess-of-100k-daily-visits
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
886,221
Has Django served an excess of 100k daily visits?
1,221
211,262
29
true
true
[ "python", "django", "web-applications", "scalability" ]
2009-05-20T05:07:55
2023-03-14T19:24:56
Roee Adler
true
null
886,645
103,532
34,134
null
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I'm building a web application with Django. The reasons I chose Django were: I wanted to work with free/open-source tools. I like Python and feel it's a long-term language, whereas regarding Ruby I wasn't sure, and PHP seemed like a huge hassle to learn. I'm building a prototype for an idea and wasn't thinking too much...
<p>I'm building a web application with Django. The reasons I chose Django were:</p> <ul> <li>I wanted to work with free/open-source tools.</li> <li>I like Python and feel it's a <strong>long-term</strong> language, whereas regarding Ruby I wasn't sure, and PHP seemed like a huge hassle to learn.</li> <li>I'm building a...
null
0
20638006
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/20638006/convert-list-of-dictionaries-to-a-pandas-dataframe
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
20,638,006
Convert list of dictionaries to a pandas DataFrame
1,219
1,033,835
8
true
true
[ "python", "dictionary", "pandas", "dataframe" ]
2013-12-17T15:24:51
2024-02-24T15:54:59
appleLover
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
20,638,258
1,560,517
15,839
null
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How can I convert a list of dictionaries into a DataFrame? I want to turn [{'points': 50, 'time': '5:00', 'year': 2010}, {'points': 25, 'time': '6:00', 'month': "february"}, {'points':90, 'time': '9:00', 'month': 'january'}, {'points_h1':20, 'month': 'june'}] into month points points_h1 time year 0 NaN 50 NaN 5:00 2010...
<p>How can I convert a list of dictionaries into a DataFrame? I want to turn</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>[{'points': 50, 'time': '5:00', 'year': 2010}, {'points': 25, 'time': '6:00', 'month': &quot;february&quot;}, {'points':90, 'time': '9:00', 'month': 'january'}, {'points_h1':20, 'month'...
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1
2793324
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2793324/is-there-a-simple-way-to-delete-a-list-element-by-value
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
2,793,324
Is there a simple way to delete a list element by value?
1,217
2,046,528
27
true
true
[ "python", "list" ]
2010-05-08T07:48:28
2025-03-18T13:32:10
zjm1126
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
2,793,341
234,322
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I want to remove a value from a list if it exists in the list (which it may not). a = [1, 2, 3, 4] b = a.index(6) del a[b] print(a) The above gives the error: ValueError: list.index(x): x not in list So I have to do this: a = [1, 2, 3, 4] try: b = a.index(6) del a[b] except: pass print(a) But is there not a simpler way...
<p>I want to remove a value from a list if it exists in the list (which it may not).</p> <pre><code>a = [1, 2, 3, 4] b = a.index(6) del a[b] print(a) </code></pre> <p>The above gives the error:</p> <pre class="lang-none prettyprint-override"><code>ValueError: list.index(x): x not in list </code></pre> <p>So I have to ...
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1
11520492
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11520492/difference-between-del-remove-and-pop-on-lists-in-python
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
11,520,492
Difference between del, remove, and pop on lists in Python
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2,068,651
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true
true
[ "python", "list" ]
2012-07-17T10:21:41
2024-02-21T07:50:54
sachin irukula
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
11,520,540
1,477,714
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Is there any difference between these three methods to remove an element from a list in Python? a = [1, 2, 3] a.remove(2) a # [1, 3] a = [1, 2, 3] del a[1] a # [1, 3] a = [1, 2, 3] a.pop(1) # 2 a # [1, 3]
<p>Is there any difference between these three methods to remove an element from a list in Python?</p> <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>a = [1, 2, 3] a.remove(2) a # [1, 3] a = [1, 2, 3] del a[1] a # [1, 3] a = [1, 2, 3] a.pop(1) # 2 a # [1, 3] </code></...
[ { "answerId": 11520540, "score": 1695, "isAccepted": true, "createdAt": "2012-07-17T10:24:09", "ownerDisplayName": "Martijn Pieters", "ownerUserId": 100297, "bodyText": "The effects of the three different methods to remove an element from a list: remove removes the first matching value ,...
1
2104080
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2104080/how-do-i-check-file-size-in-python
OcN7A9CDxbrWVwaw5
unPv1LuxmpaTYkIgE
2,104,080
How do I check file size in Python?
1,212
1,137,763
11
true
true
[ "python", "file" ]
2010-01-20T18:58:29
2025-01-02T18:06:38
5YrsLaterDBA
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
2,104,107
117,039
35,126
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How do I get the size of a file in Python?
<p>How do I get the size of a file in Python?</p>
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2
79989978
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79989978/importerror-cannot-import-name-builddependencyinstallerror-while-compiling-py
2EnEpWXmgrDNgcaO7
OPgwtXmLxaEk9xGVW
79,989,978
ImportError: cannot import name 'BuildDependencyInstallError' while compiling Python Kivy 2.1.0 with Buildozer 1.4.0
1
20
1
false
false
[ "python", "pip", "importerror", "buildozer", "python-3.10" ]
2026-08-03T00:09:37
2026-08-03T00:38:36
Triangle Brannsverberder
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
null
32,994,876
11
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
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null
null
null
null
null
null
null
79989814
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79989814/why-do-my-nested-loops-only-execute-once-in-python-leetcode-longest-palindromi
2EnEpWXmgrDNgcaO7
OPgwtXmLxaEk9xGVW
79,989,814
Why do my nested loops only execute once in Python? (LeetCode Longest Palindromic Substring)
-4
74
0
false
false
[ "python" ]
2026-08-02T04:05:03
2026-08-02T07:48:54
James
true
null
null
32,991,740
1
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
79989759
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79989759/how-to-ping-back-to-client-with-python-socket-io
2EnEpWXmgrDNgcaO7
OPgwtXmLxaEk9xGVW
79,989,759
How to ping back to client with Python socket.io
-3
42
0
false
false
[ "python", "flask", "flask-socketio" ]
2026-08-01T19:34:10
2026-08-01T19:37:50
Noah Bergh
true
null
null
32,919,780
27
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
79989687
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79989687/pywin32-excel-com-pastespecial-fails-with-all-the-merged-cells-need-to-be-the
2EnEpWXmgrDNgcaO7
OPgwtXmLxaEk9xGVW
79,989,687
pywin32 Excel COM: PasteSpecial fails with “all the merged cells need to be the same size” when writing into a sheet with merged cells
0
50
0
false
false
[ "python", "excel", "pywin32", "win32com" ]
2026-08-01T12:24:56
2026-08-01T15:32:04
Dhimesh Parmar
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
null
9,254,892
11
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
79989600
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79989600/pyqt-stuck-in-loop-window-not-opening
2EnEpWXmgrDNgcaO7
OPgwtXmLxaEk9xGVW
79,989,600
pyqt - stuck in loop, window not opening
-3
58
0
false
false
[ "python", "user-interface", "pyqt" ]
2026-07-31T22:21:15
2026-07-31T22:21:15
samrad Tangestani
true
null
null
29,950,733
13
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
79989585
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79989585/how-do-i-get-the-autocomplete-hints-to-work-for-items-in-my-generic-dictionary-c
2EnEpWXmgrDNgcaO7
OPgwtXmLxaEk9xGVW
79,989,585
How do I get the autocomplete hints to work for items in my generic dictionary class?
2
121
1
true
false
[ "python", "python-typing" ]
2026-07-31T20:55:30
2026-08-01T02:54:28
iamthebull
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
null
8,512,755
351
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
79989572
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79989572/how-to-programmatically-add-missing-elements-into-a-list-of-arguments
2EnEpWXmgrDNgcaO7
OPgwtXmLxaEk9xGVW
79,989,572
How to programmatically add missing elements into a list of arguments
-5
113
0
false
false
[ "python", "list" ]
2026-07-31T19:42:12
2026-08-01T05:47:06
troppapolvere
true
null
null
16,501,119
115
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
79989568
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79989568/why-is-scrapy-not-returning-items-despite-crawling
2EnEpWXmgrDNgcaO7
OPgwtXmLxaEk9xGVW
79,989,568
Why is scrapy not returning items despite crawling?
2
62
1
true
false
[ "python", "web-scraping", "scrapy" ]
2026-07-31T19:15:50
2026-08-01T00:26:42
Gabriel Silva
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
null
32,229,208
29
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
79989494
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79989494/excel-com-autofilter-fails-with-1004-on-valid-relative-field-range-av5er15
2EnEpWXmgrDNgcaO7
OPgwtXmLxaEk9xGVW
79,989,494
Excel COM AutoFilter fails with 1004 on valid relative Field (range $AV$5:$ER$1501, Field=101) after PivotTable refresh (Python win32com)
1
67
1
false
false
[ "python", "excel", "autofilter" ]
2026-07-31T13:31:01
2026-08-01T06:33:02
Dhimesh Parmar
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
null
9,254,892
11
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
79989470
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79989470/apply-a-user-defined-function-udf-to-pandas
2EnEpWXmgrDNgcaO7
OPgwtXmLxaEk9xGVW
79,989,470
Apply a user-defined function (UDF) to Pandas
-4
170
2
true
false
[ "python", "pandas", "user-defined-functions" ]
2026-07-31T11:44:38
2026-07-31T18:43:11
kpra
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
null
4,309,315
25
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
79989338
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79989338/trying-to-change-a-pixel-in-python
2EnEpWXmgrDNgcaO7
OPgwtXmLxaEk9xGVW
79,989,338
Trying to Change A Pixel in Python
2
191
1
true
false
[ "python", "numpy", "opencv", "matplotlib", "variable-assignment" ]
2026-07-31T00:39:31
2026-07-31T15:13:18
Razgriz
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
null
32,984,248
39
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
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null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
79989280
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79989280/connectionreseterror-winerror-10054-in-asyncio-proactor-event-loop-on-windows
2EnEpWXmgrDNgcaO7
OPgwtXmLxaEk9xGVW
79,989,280
ConnectionResetError: [WinError 10054] in asyncio Proactor event loop on Windows (Python 3.13) without explicit socket handling
1
87
1
true
true
[ "python", "python-3.x", "windows", "socket.io", "webrtc" ]
2026-07-30T18:22:23
2026-07-31T14:03:51
Zain Ul Abidin
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
79,989,500
2,355,176
2,770
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
79989086
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79989086/yaml-scanner-scannererror-mapping-values-are-not-allowed-here-error-when-tryi
2EnEpWXmgrDNgcaO7
OPgwtXmLxaEk9xGVW
79,989,086
yaml.scanner.ScannerError: mapping values are not allowed here - error when trying to use Detectron2 for layout mapping in WSL2 in Windows 11
-1
56
0
false
false
[ "python", "yaml", "detectron", "pdf-extraction" ]
2026-07-30T06:25:54
2026-07-30T12:48:11
Bussller
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
null
4,661,875
2,082
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
79989072
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79989072/constraint-programming-beginner-why-arent-my-constraints-showing-up
2EnEpWXmgrDNgcaO7
OPgwtXmLxaEk9xGVW
79,989,072
Constraint Programming beginner -- why aren't my constraints showing up?
-4
124
0
false
false
[ "python", "or-tools", "constraint-programming" ]
2026-07-30T05:42:24
2026-07-31T13:42:15
Chip Uni
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
null
209,359
7,534
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
79989057
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79989057/ppo-agent-refuses-to-place-orders-in-custom-gymnasium-inventory-environment-stu
2EnEpWXmgrDNgcaO7
OPgwtXmLxaEk9xGVW
79,989,057
PPO Agent refuses to place orders in custom Gymnasium Inventory Environment (stuck in local minimum)
-1
50
0
false
false
[ "python", "reinforcement-learning", "inventory-management", "gymnasium", "stablebaseline3" ]
2026-07-30T03:58:34
2026-07-30T03:58:34
Ryan Foster
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
null
31,272,945
1
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
79988040
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79988040/copy-to-stdout-with-csv-header-always-hangs
2EnEpWXmgrDNgcaO7
OPgwtXmLxaEk9xGVW
79,988,040
Copy to stdout with CSV header always hangs
1
126
2
true
false
[ "python", "sqlalchemy", "psycopg3" ]
2026-07-30T01:12:05
2026-07-30T19:14:16
Jim Garrison
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
null
18,157
87,148
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
79988030
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79988030/how-do-i-get-correct-type-hints-in-subclass
2EnEpWXmgrDNgcaO7
OPgwtXmLxaEk9xGVW
79,988,030
How do I get correct type hints in subclass?
2
130
2
true
true
[ "python", "python-typing", "type-hinting" ]
2026-07-30T00:16:28
2026-07-31T15:45:30
iamthebull
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
79,989,235
8,512,755
351
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
79988026
question
stackoverflow
2026-08-03T01:37:29
null
null
null
null
null
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79988026/b64encode-b64decode-unbalanced-encoding
2EnEpWXmgrDNgcaO7
OPgwtXmLxaEk9xGVW
79,988,026
b64encode() / b64decode - unbalanced encoding
0
123
3
true
true
[ "python" ]
2026-07-29T22:56:36
2026-07-30T04:03:00
NickC
false
CC BY-SA 4.0
79,988,042
669,301
1,421
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
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