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import Mathlib
namespace OAI
section
namespace ElementaryPositivity.ShufflePolynomiality
open MvPolynomial
variable {α : Type*} [DecidableEq α]
noncomputable def diagonal (i j : α) : MvPolynomial α ℚ := X j - X i
def merge (i j x : α) : α := if x = j then i else x
noncomputable def identify (i j : α) : MvPolynomial α ℚ →ₐ[ℚ] MvPolynomial α ℚ :=
rename (merge i j)
@[simp] lemma merge_left (i j : α) : merge i j i = i := by
simp [merge]
@[simp] lemma merge_right (i j : α) : merge i j j = i := by
simp [merge]
@[simp] lemma identify_diagonal (i j : α) : identify i j (diagonal i j) = 0 := by
simp [identify, diagonal]
lemma diagonal_dvd_sub_identify (i j : α) (f : MvPolynomial α ℚ) :
diagonal i j ∣ f - identify i j f := by
induction f using MvPolynomial.induction_on with
| C r => simp [identify]
| add p q hp hq =>
convert dvd_add hp hq using 1
simp only [map_add]
ring
| mul_X p k hp =>
have hx : diagonal i j ∣ X k - identify i j (X k) := by
by_cases hk : k = j
· subst k
simp [identify, diagonal]
· simp [identify, merge, hk]
convert dvd_add (dvd_mul_of_dvd_left hp (X k))
(dvd_mul_of_dvd_right hx (identify i j p)) using 1
simp only [map_mul]
ring
lemma diagonal_dvd_iff_identify_eq_zero (i j : α) (f : MvPolynomial α ℚ) :
diagonal i j ∣ f ↔ identify i j f = 0 := by
constructor
· intro h
simpa using map_dvd (identify i j) h
· intro h
simpa [h] using diagonal_dvd_sub_identify i j f
lemma ker_identify (i j : α) :
RingHom.ker (identify i j) = Ideal.span {diagonal i j} := by
ext f
simp [RingHom.mem_ker, Ideal.mem_span_singleton, diagonal_dvd_iff_identify_eq_zero]
omit [DecidableEq α] in
lemma diagonal_ne_zero {i j : α} (hij : i ≠ j) : diagonal i j ≠ 0 := by
simpa [diagonal, sub_eq_zero, MvPolynomial.X_inj] using hij.symm
lemma diagonal_prime {i j : α} (hij : i ≠ j) : Prime (diagonal i j) := by
apply (Ideal.span_singleton_prime (diagonal_ne_zero hij)).mp
rw [← ker_identify]
exact RingHom.ker_isPrime _
section Ordered
variable [LinearOrder α]
lemma merge_equal_for_ordered_pair {i j a b : α} (hij : i < j) (hab : a < b)
(h : merge i j a = merge i j b) : a = i ∧ b = j := by
by_cases ha : a = j
· subst a
by_cases hb : b = j
· subst b
exact (lt_irrefl _ hab).elim
· simp only [merge, ite_eq_right hb] at h
subst b
exact (lt_asymm hij hab).elim
· by_cases hb : b = j
· subst b
simpa [merge, ha] using h
· simp only [merge, ite_eq_right ha, ite_eq_right hb] at h
exact (hab.ne h).elim
lemma diagonals_not_dvd {i j a b : α} (hij : i < j) (hab : a < b)
(hne : (i,j) ≠ (a,b)) : ¬ diagonal i j ∣ diagonal a b := by
intro h
have hz := (diagonal_dvd_iff_identify_eq_zero i j _).mp h
have hm : merge i j a = merge i j b := by
have hrev : merge i j b = merge i j a := by
simpa [identify, diagonal, sub_eq_zero, MvPolynomial.X_inj] using hz
exact hrev.symm
obtain ⟨ha, hb⟩ := merge_equal_for_ordered_pair hij hab hm
exact hne (by simp [ha, hb])
lemma diagonals_isRelPrime {i j a b : α} (hij : i < j) (hab : a < b)
(hne : (i,j) ≠ (a,b)) : IsRelPrime (diagonal i j) (diagonal a b) := by
exact (diagonal_prime hij.ne).irreducible.isRelPrime_iff_not_dvd.mpr
(diagonals_not_dvd hij hab hne)
theorem diagonal_powers_product_dvd (s : Finset (α × α))
(hs : ∀ ij ∈ s, ij.1 < ij.2) (e : α × α → ℕ) (f : MvPolynomial α ℚ)
(hf : ∀ ij ∈ s, diagonal ij.1 ij.2 ^ e ij ∣ f) :
(∏ ij ∈ s, diagonal ij.1 ij.2 ^ e ij) ∣ f := by
apply Finset.prod_dvd_of_isRelPrime _ hf
intro ij hij kl hkl hne
exact (diagonals_isRelPrime (hs ij hij) (hs kl hkl) hne).pow
end Ordered
lemma merge_swap (i j : α) : merge i j ∘ Equiv.swap i j = merge i j := by
funext x
by_cases hi : x = i
· subst x
simp
· by_cases hj : x = j
· subst x
simp
· simp [Equiv.swap_apply_of_ne_of_ne hi hj, Function.comp_apply]
theorem diagonal_dvd_of_antisymmetric (i j : α) (f : MvPolynomial α ℚ)
(hf : rename (Equiv.swap i j) f = -f) : diagonal i j ∣ f := by
apply (diagonal_dvd_iff_identify_eq_zero i j f).mpr
have h := congrArg (identify i j) hf
simp only [identify, MvPolynomial.rename_rename, merge_swap, map_neg] at h
have hh : (2 : ℚ) • (rename (merge i j) f) = 0 := by
rw [two_smul]
exact add_eq_zero_iff_eq_neg.mpr h
exact (smul_eq_zero.mp hh).resolve_left (by norm_num)
theorem vandermonde_dvd [LinearOrder α] (s : Finset α) (f : MvPolynomial α ℚ)
(hf : ∀ i ∈ s, ∀ j ∈ s, i < j → rename (Equiv.swap i j) f = -f) :
(∏ ij ∈ (s ×ˢ s).filter (fun ij => ij.1 < ij.2), diagonal ij.1 ij.2) ∣ f := by
let t := (s ×ˢ s).filter (fun ij => ij.1 < ij.2)
have ht : ∀ ij ∈ t, ij.1 < ij.2 := by
intro ij hij
exact (Finset.mem_filter.mp hij).2
simpa using diagonal_powers_product_dvd t ht (fun _ => 1) f (by
intro ij hij
obtain ⟨hij, hlt⟩ := Finset.mem_filter.mp hij
obtain ⟨hi,hj⟩ := Finset.mem_product.mp hij
simpa using diagonal_dvd_of_antisymmetric ij.1 ij.2 f (hf ij.1 hi ij.2 hj hlt))
section Alternation
variable {G : Type*} [Group G] [Fintype G]
noncomputable def alternate (ρ : G →* Equiv.Perm α) (χ : G →* ℤˣ)
(f : MvPolynomial α ℚ) : MvPolynomial α ℚ :=
∑ g : G, (χ g : ℤ) • rename (ρ g) f
omit [DecidableEq α] in
lemma rename_alternate_of_sign_neg (ρ : G →* Equiv.Perm α) (χ : G →* ℤˣ)
(f : MvPolynomial α ℚ) (t : G) (ht : χ t = -1) :
rename (ρ t) (alternate ρ χ f) = -alternate ρ χ f := by
rw [alternate, map_sum]
calc
(∑ g : G, rename (ρ t) ((χ g : ℤ) • rename (ρ g) f)) =
-(∑ g : G, (χ (t*g) : ℤ) • rename (ρ (t*g)) f) := by
rw [← Finset.sum_neg_distrib]
apply Finset.sum_congr rfl
intro g _
simp only [map_zsmul, MvPolynomial.rename_rename, map_mul,
Equiv.Perm.coe_mul, ht, neg_one_mul, Units.val_neg, neg_smul, neg_neg]
_ = -alternate ρ χ f := by
simpa [alternate] using congrArg Neg.neg
(Equiv.sum_comp (Equiv.mulLeft t) (fun g => (χ g : ℤ) • rename (ρ g) f))
lemma diagonal_dvd_alternate (ρ : G →* Equiv.Perm α) (χ : G →* ℤˣ)
(f : MvPolynomial α ℚ) (i j : α) (t : G)
(hρ : ρ t = Equiv.swap i j) (hχ : χ t = -1) :
diagonal i j ∣ alternate ρ χ f := by
apply diagonal_dvd_of_antisymmetric
rw [← hρ]
exact rename_alternate_of_sign_neg ρ χ f t hχ
theorem same_pack_alternation_polynomial [Fintype α] [LinearOrder α]
(f : MvPolynomial α ℚ) :
∃ q : MvPolynomial α ℚ,
alternate (MonoidHom.id (Equiv.Perm α)) Equiv.Perm.sign f =
(∏ ij ∈ (Finset.univ ×ˢ Finset.univ).filter
(fun ij : α × α => ij.1 < ij.2), diagonal ij.1 ij.2) * q := by
apply vandermonde_dvd Finset.univ
intro i _ j _ hij
apply rename_alternate_of_sign_neg (MonoidHom.id (Equiv.Perm α)) Equiv.Perm.sign
f (Equiv.swap i j)
exact Equiv.Perm.sign_swap hij.ne
end Alternation
section UnorderedPairs
lemma merge_equal_pair {i j a b : α} (hab : a ≠ b)
(h : merge i j a = merge i j b) :
(a = i ∧ b = j) ∨ (a = j ∧ b = i) := by
by_cases ha : a = j
· subst a
by_cases hb : b = j
· exact (hab hb.symm).elim
· simp only [merge, ite_eq_right hb] at h
exact Or.inr ⟨rfl, h.symm⟩
· by_cases hb : b = j
· subst b
simp only [merge, ite_eq_right ha] at h
exact Or.inl ⟨h, rfl⟩
· simp only [merge, ite_eq_right ha, ite_eq_right hb] at h
exact (hab h).elim
lemma independent_diagonals {i j a b : α} (hij : i ≠ j) (hab : a ≠ b)
(h₁ : (i,j) ≠ (a,b)) (h₂ : (i,j) ≠ (b,a)) :
IsRelPrime (diagonal i j) (diagonal a b) := by
apply (diagonal_prime hij).irreducible.isRelPrime_iff_not_dvd.mpr
intro hd
have hz := (diagonal_dvd_iff_identify_eq_zero i j _).mp hd
have he : merge i j b = merge i j a := by
simpa [identify, diagonal, sub_eq_zero, MvPolynomial.X_inj] using hz
obtain (⟨ha,hb⟩ | ⟨ha,hb⟩) := merge_equal_pair hab he.symm
· exact h₁ (by simp [ha, hb])
· exact h₂ (by simp [ha, hb])
theorem pair_powers_product_dvd (s : Finset (α × α))
(hs : ∀ ij ∈ s, ij.1 ≠ ij.2)
(hrev : ∀ ij ∈ s, (ij.2,ij.1) ∉ s)
(e : α × α → ℕ) (f : MvPolynomial α ℚ)
(hf : ∀ ij ∈ s, diagonal ij.1 ij.2 ^ e ij ∣ f) :
(∏ ij ∈ s, diagonal ij.1 ij.2 ^ e ij) ∣ f := by
apply Finset.prod_dvd_of_isRelPrime _ hf
intro ij hij kl hkl hne
apply (independent_diagonals (hs ij hij) (hs kl hkl) hne _).pow
intro hr
apply hrev ij hij
have heq : (ij.2,ij.1) = kl := by
simpa only [Prod.swap, Prod.eta] using congrArg Prod.swap hr
rwa [heq]
end UnorderedPairs
section Packs
variable {I : Type*} [Fintype I] [DecidableEq I]
variable (V : I → Type*) [∀ i, Fintype (V i)] [∀ i, DecidableEq (V i)]
def packAction : (∀ i, Equiv.Perm (V i)) →* Equiv.Perm (Σ i, V i) where
toFun g := Equiv.sigmaCongrRight g
map_one' := by apply Equiv.ext; rintro ⟨i,a⟩; rfl
map_mul' g h := by apply Equiv.ext; rintro ⟨i,a⟩; rfl
def packSign (E : I → Prop) [DecidablePred E] :
(∀ i, Equiv.Perm (V i)) →* ℤˣ where
toFun g := ∏ i, if E i then Equiv.Perm.sign (g i) else 1
map_one' := by simp
map_mul' g h := by
simp only [Pi.mul_apply, map_mul]
rw [← Finset.prod_mul_distrib]
apply Finset.prod_congr rfl
intro i _
split_ifs <;> simp
omit [Fintype I] [∀ i, Fintype (V i)] in
lemma packAction_transposition (i : I) (a b : V i) :
packAction V (Function.update 1 i (Equiv.swap a b)) =
Equiv.swap (⟨i,a⟩ : Σ i,V i) ⟨i,b⟩ := by
apply Equiv.ext
rintro ⟨j,c⟩
by_cases hj : j = i
· subst j
change (⟨i, (Function.update (1 : ∀ i, Equiv.Perm (V i)) i (Equiv.swap a b)) i c⟩ : Σ i,V i) = _
rw [Function.update_self]
simp only [Equiv.swap_apply_def, Sigma.mk.inj_iff, heq_eq_eq, true_and]
split_ifs <;> rfl
· change (⟨j, (Function.update (1 : ∀ i, Equiv.Perm (V i)) i (Equiv.swap a b)) j c⟩ : Σ i,V i) = _
rw [Function.update_of_ne hj]
exact (Equiv.swap_apply_of_ne_of_ne
(fun h => hj (congrArg Sigma.fst h))
(fun h => hj (congrArg Sigma.fst h))).symm
lemma packSign_transposition (E : I → Prop) [DecidablePred E]
(i : I) (a b : V i) (hi : E i) (hab : a ≠ b) :
packSign V E (Function.update 1 i (Equiv.swap a b)) = -1 := by
change (∏ j, if E j then
Equiv.Perm.sign ((Function.update (1 : ∀ i, Equiv.Perm (V i)) i
(Equiv.swap a b)) j) else 1) = -1
rw [Fintype.prod_eq_single i]
· simp [hi, Equiv.Perm.sign_swap hab]
· intro j hji
simp [Function.update_of_ne hji]
lemma pack_alternate_diagonal (E : I → Prop) [DecidablePred E]
(f : MvPolynomial (Σ i,V i) ℚ) (i : I) (a b : V i)
(hi : E i) (hab : a ≠ b) :
diagonal ⟨i,a⟩ ⟨i,b⟩ ∣ alternate (packAction V) (packSign V E) f := by
apply diagonal_dvd_alternate (packAction V) (packSign V E) f
⟨i,a⟩ ⟨i,b⟩ (Function.update 1 i (Equiv.swap a b))
· exact packAction_transposition V i a b
· exact packSign_transposition V E i a b hi hab
noncomputable def packPairs (E : I → Prop) [DecidablePred E] :
Finset ((Σ i,V i) × (Σ i,V i)) := by
classical
exact (Finset.univ ×ˢ Finset.univ).filter (fun ij =>
ij.1.1 = ij.2.1 ∧ E ij.1.1 ∧
Fintype.equivFin (Σ i,V i) ij.1 < Fintype.equivFin (Σ i,V i) ij.2)
noncomputable def packVandermonde (E : I → Prop) [DecidablePred E] :
MvPolynomial (Σ i,V i) ℚ :=
∏ ij ∈ packPairs V E, diagonal ij.1 ij.2
theorem pack_alternation_polynomial (E : I → Prop) [DecidablePred E]
(f : MvPolynomial (Σ i,V i) ℚ) :
∃ q : MvPolynomial (Σ i,V i) ℚ,
alternate (packAction V) (packSign V E) f = packVandermonde V E * q := by
classical
change packVandermonde V E ∣ alternate (packAction V) (packSign V E) f
unfold packVandermonde
have hi (ij) (hij : ij ∈ packPairs V E) :
ij.1.1 = ij.2.1 ∧ E ij.1.1 ∧
Fintype.equivFin (Σ i,V i) ij.1 < Fintype.equivFin (Σ i,V i) ij.2 :=
(Finset.mem_filter.mp hij).2
have hn (ij) (hij : ij ∈ packPairs V E) : ij.1 ≠ ij.2 := by
intro h
exact (hi ij hij).2.2.ne (congrArg (Fintype.equivFin (Σ i,V i)) h)
have hr (ij) (hij : ij ∈ packPairs V E) : (ij.2,ij.1) ∉ packPairs V E := by
intro hrev
exact lt_asymm (hi ij hij).2.2 (hi _ hrev).2.2
simpa using pair_powers_product_dvd (packPairs V E) hn hr (fun _ => 1)
(alternate (packAction V) (packSign V E) f) (by
rintro ⟨⟨i,a⟩,⟨j,b⟩⟩ hij
have he : i = j := (hi _ hij).1
subst j
have hab : a ≠ b := by
intro h
exact hn _ hij (by cases h; rfl)
simpa using pack_alternate_diagonal V E f i a b (hi _ hij).2.1 hab)
end Packs
section FinPacks
variable {I : Type*} [Fintype I] [DecidableEq I]
variable (n : I → ℕ) (E : I → Prop) [DecidablePred E]
noncomputable def naturalVandermonde : MvPolynomial (Σ i, Fin (n i)) ℚ :=
∏ i, if E i then (Matrix.vandermonde (fun a : Fin (n i) =>
(X ⟨i,a⟩ : MvPolynomial (Σ i, Fin (n i)) ℚ))).det else 1
def finPackPair (a : Σ i, Fin (n i) × Fin (n i)) :
(Σ i, Fin (n i)) × (Σ i, Fin (n i)) :=
(⟨a.1,a.2.1⟩, ⟨a.1,a.2.2⟩)
omit [Fintype I] [DecidableEq I] in
lemma finPackPair_injective : Function.Injective (finPackPair n) := by
rintro ⟨i,a,b⟩ ⟨j,c,d⟩ h
have hij : i = j := congrArg (fun p => p.1.1) h
subst j
simp only [finPackPair, Prod.mk.injEq, Sigma.mk.inj_iff, heq_eq_eq, true_and] at h
obtain ⟨rfl,rfl⟩ := h
rfl
noncomputable def naturalPairs : Finset (Σ i, Fin (n i) × Fin (n i)) :=
Finset.univ.sigma (fun i => (Finset.univ ×ˢ Finset.univ).filter
(fun ab : Fin (n i) × Fin (n i) => E i ∧ ab.1 < ab.2))
omit [DecidableEq I] in
lemma naturalVandermonde_product : naturalVandermonde n E =
∏ a ∈ naturalPairs n E, diagonal (finPackPair n a).1 (finPackPair n a).2 := by
rw [naturalVandermonde, naturalPairs, Finset.prod_sigma]
apply Finset.prod_congr rfl
intro i _
by_cases hi : E i
· simp only [hi, ite_true, Matrix.det_vandermonde, true_and]
rw [Finset.prod_filter, Finset.prod_product]
apply Finset.prod_congr rfl
intro a _
simp only [← Finset.filter_lt_eq_Ioi, Finset.prod_filter, diagonal, finPackPair]
· simp [hi]
omit [DecidableEq I] in
lemma rename_naturalVandermonde (g : ∀ i, Equiv.Perm (Fin (n i))) :
rename (packAction (fun i => Fin (n i)) g) (naturalVandermonde n E) =
(packSign (fun i => Fin (n i)) E g : ℤ) • naturalVandermonde n E := by
rw [naturalVandermonde, map_prod]
simp only [packSign, MonoidHom.coe_mk, OneHom.coe_mk, Units.coe_prod,
zsmul_eq_mul, Int.cast_prod]
rw [← Finset.prod_mul_distrib]
apply Finset.prod_congr rfl
intro i _
by_cases hi : E i
· simp only [hi, ite_true]
change ((rename (packAction (fun i => Fin (n i)) g)).toRingHom)
(Matrix.vandermonde (fun a : Fin (n i) => X ⟨i,a⟩)).det = _
rw [RingHom.map_det]
have hm : (rename (packAction (fun i => Fin (n i)) g)).toRingHom.mapMatrix
(Matrix.vandermonde (fun a : Fin (n i) =>
(X ⟨i,a⟩ : MvPolynomial (Σ i, Fin (n i)) ℚ))) =
(Matrix.vandermonde (fun a : Fin (n i) =>
(X ⟨i,a⟩ : MvPolynomial (Σ i, Fin (n i)) ℚ))).submatrix (g i) id := by
ext a b
simp [Matrix.vandermonde, Matrix.submatrix_apply, packAction]
rw [hm, Matrix.det_permute]
· simp [hi]
lemma naturalVandermonde_dvd_alternate (f : MvPolynomial (Σ i, Fin (n i)) ℚ) :
naturalVandermonde n E ∣
alternate (packAction (fun i => Fin (n i))) (packSign (fun i => Fin (n i)) E) f := by
rw [naturalVandermonde_product]
apply Finset.prod_dvd_of_isRelPrime
· rintro ⟨i,a,b⟩ hi ⟨j,c,d⟩ hj hne
change (⟨i,(a,b)⟩ : Σ i, Fin (n i) × Fin (n i)) ∈ naturalPairs n E at hi
change (⟨j,(c,d)⟩ : Σ i, Fin (n i) × Fin (n i)) ∈ naturalPairs n E at hj
simp only [naturalPairs, Finset.mem_sigma, Finset.mem_univ, Finset.mem_filter,
Finset.mem_product, true_and] at hi hj
have hab : (⟨i,a⟩ : Σ i,Fin (n i)) ≠ ⟨i,b⟩ := by simpa using hi.2.ne
have hcd : (⟨j,c⟩ : Σ i,Fin (n i)) ≠ ⟨j,d⟩ := by simpa using hj.2.ne
apply independent_diagonals hab hcd
· exact fun h => hne (finPackPair_injective n h)
· intro hr
have hij : i = j := congrArg (fun p => p.1.1) hr
subst j
simp only [Prod.mk.injEq, Sigma.mk.inj_iff, heq_eq_eq, true_and] at hr
obtain ⟨rfl,rfl⟩ := hr
exact lt_asymm hi.2 hj.2
· rintro ⟨i,a,b⟩ ha
simp only [naturalPairs, Finset.mem_sigma, Finset.mem_univ, Finset.mem_filter,
Finset.mem_product, true_and] at ha
exact pack_alternate_diagonal (fun i => Fin (n i)) E f i a b ha.1 ha.2.ne
end FinPacks
section FractionRename
variable {α : Type*} [DecidableEq α]
end FractionRename
end ElementaryPositivity.ShufflePolynomiality
end
end OAI