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rmtree example ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This example shows how to remove a directory tree on Windows where some of the files have their read-only bit set. It uses the onexc callback to clear the readonly bit and reattempt the remove. Any subsequent failure will propagate. ::
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
rmtree example ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This example shows how to remove a directory tree on Windows where some of the files have their read-only bit set. It uses the onexc callback to clear the readonly bit and reattempt the remove. Any subsequent failure will propagate. ::
rmtree example ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This example shows how to remove a directory tree on Windows where some of the files have their read-only bit set. It uses the onexc callback to clear the readonly bit and reattempt the remove. Any subsequent failure will propagate. ::
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.. function:: copyfile(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True) Copy the contents (no metadata) of the file named *src* to a file named *dst* and return *dst* in the most efficient way possible. *src* and *dst* are :term:`path-like objects <path-like object>` or path names given as strings.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
.. function:: copyfile(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True) Copy the contents (no metadata) of the file named *src* to a file named *dst* and return *dst* in the most efficient way possible. *src* and *dst* are :term:`path-like objects <path-like object>` or path names given as strings.
.. function:: copyfile(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True) Copy the contents (no metadata) of the file named *src* to a file named *dst* and return *dst* in the most efficient way possible. *src* and *dst* are :term:`path-like objects <path-like object>` or path names given as strings.
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directory of the archive, all paths in the archive will be relative to it; for example, we typically chdir into *root_dir* before creating the archive. *base_dir* is a string or :term:`path-like object` specifying a directory where we start archiving from; i.e. *base_dir* will be the common prefix of all files and di...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
directory of the archive, all paths in the archive will be relative to it; for example, we typically chdir into *root_dir* before creating the archive. *base_dir* is a string or :term:`path-like object` specifying a directory where we start archiving from; i.e. *base_dir* will be the common prefix of all files and di...
directory of the archive, all paths in the archive will be relative to it; for example, we typically chdir into *root_dir* before creating the archive. *base_dir* is a string or :term:`path-like object` specifying a directory where we start archiving from; i.e. *base_dir* will be the common prefix of all files and di...
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omitted, such errors are handled by calling a handler specified by *onexc* or *onerror* or, if both are omitted, exceptions are propagated to the caller. This function can support :ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors <dir_fd>`.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
omitted, such errors are handled by calling a handler specified by *onexc* or *onerror* or, if both are omitted, exceptions are propagated to the caller. This function can support :ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors <dir_fd>`.
omitted, such errors are handled by calling a handler specified by *onexc* or *onerror* or, if both are omitted, exceptions are propagated to the caller. This function can support :ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors <dir_fd>`.
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Not all platforms provide the ability to examine and modify symbolic links. Python itself can tell you what functionality is locally available. * If ``os.chmod in os.supports_follow_symlinks`` is ``True``, :func:`copystat` can modify the permission bits of a symbolic link.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
Not all platforms provide the ability to examine and modify symbolic links. Python itself can tell you what functionality is locally available. * If ``os.chmod in os.supports_follow_symlinks`` is ``True``, :func:`copystat` can modify the permission bits of a symbolic link.
Not all platforms provide the ability to examine and modify symbolic links. Python itself can tell you what functionality is locally available. * If ``os.chmod in os.supports_follow_symlinks`` is ``True``, :func:`copystat` can modify the permission bits of a symbolic link.
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CPython Docs
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3 Added *follow_symlinks* argument, try to copy extended file system attributes too (currently Linux only). Now returns path to the newly created file. .. versionchanged:: 3.8 Platform-specific fast-copy syscalls may be used internally in order to copy the file more efficiently. See :ref:`shuti...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
.. versionchanged:: 3.3 Added *follow_symlinks* argument, try to copy extended file system attributes too (currently Linux only). Now returns path to the newly created file. .. versionchanged:: 3.8 Platform-specific fast-copy syscalls may be used internally in order to copy the file more efficiently. See :ref:`shuti...
.. versionchanged:: 3.3 Added *follow_symlinks* argument, try to copy extended file system attributes too (currently Linux only). Now returns path to the newly created file. .. versionchanged:: 3.8 Platform-specific fast-copy syscalls may be used internally in order to copy the file more efficiently. See :ref:`shuti...
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High-level utilities to create and read compressed and archived files are also provided. They rely on the :mod:`zipfile` and :mod:`tarfile` modules. .. function:: make_archive(base_name, format, [root_dir, [base_dir, [verbose, [dry_run, [owner, [group, [logger]]]]]]])
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
High-level utilities to create and read compressed and archived files are also provided. They rely on the :mod:`zipfile` and :mod:`tarfile` modules. .. function:: make_archive(base_name, format, [root_dir, [base_dir, [verbose, [dry_run, [owner, [group, [logger]]]]]]])
High-level utilities to create and read compressed and archived files are also provided. They rely on the :mod:`zipfile` and :mod:`tarfile` modules. .. function:: make_archive(base_name, format, [root_dir, [base_dir, [verbose, [dry_run, [owner, [group, [logger]]]]]]])
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CPython Docs
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If *dst* already exists but is not a directory, it may be overwritten depending on :func:`os.rename` semantics. If the destination is on the current filesystem, then :func:`os.rename` is used. Otherwise, *src* is copied to the destination using *copy_function* and then removed. In case of symlinks, a new symlink poin...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
If *dst* already exists but is not a directory, it may be overwritten depending on :func:`os.rename` semantics. If the destination is on the current filesystem, then :func:`os.rename` is used. Otherwise, *src* is copied to the destination using *copy_function* and then removed. In case of symlinks, a new symlink poin...
If *dst* already exists but is not a directory, it may be overwritten depending on :func:`os.rename` semantics. If the destination is on the current filesystem, then :func:`os.rename` is used. Otherwise, *src* is copied to the destination using *copy_function* and then removed. In case of symlinks, a new symlink poin...
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.. function:: register_unpack_format(name, extensions, function[, extra_args[, description]]) Registers an unpack format. *name* is the name of the format and *extensions* is a list of extensions corresponding to the format, like ``.zip`` for Zip files.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
.. function:: register_unpack_format(name, extensions, function[, extra_args[, description]]) Registers an unpack format. *name* is the name of the format and *extensions* is a list of extensions corresponding to the format, like ``.zip`` for Zip files.
.. function:: register_unpack_format(name, extensions, function[, extra_args[, description]]) Registers an unpack format. *name* is the name of the format and *extensions* is a list of extensions corresponding to the format, like ``.zip`` for Zip files.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.12 Added the *onexc* parameter, deprecated *onerror*. .. versionchanged:: 3.13 :func:`!rmtree` now ignores :exc:`FileNotFoundError` exceptions for all but the top-level path. Exceptions other than :exc:`OSError` and subclasses of :exc:`!OSError` are now always propagated to the caller.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
.. versionchanged:: 3.12 Added the *onexc* parameter, deprecated *onerror*. .. versionchanged:: 3.13 :func:`!rmtree` now ignores :exc:`FileNotFoundError` exceptions for all but the top-level path. Exceptions other than :exc:`OSError` and subclasses of :exc:`!OSError` are now always propagated to the caller.
.. versionchanged:: 3.12 Added the *onexc* parameter, deprecated *onerror*. .. versionchanged:: 3.13 :func:`!rmtree` now ignores :exc:`FileNotFoundError` exceptions for all but the top-level path. Exceptions other than :exc:`OSError` and subclasses of :exc:`!OSError` are now always propagated to the caller.
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CPython Docs
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.. function:: copystat(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True) Copy the permission bits, last access time, last modification time, and flags from *src* to *dst*. On Linux, :func:`copystat` also copies the "extended attributes" where possible. The file contents, owner, and group are unaffected. *src* and *dst* are :term:`...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
.. function:: copystat(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True) Copy the permission bits, last access time, last modification time, and flags from *src* to *dst*. On Linux, :func:`copystat` also copies the "extended attributes" where possible. The file contents, owner, and group are unaffected. *src* and *dst* are :term:`...
.. function:: copystat(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True) Copy the permission bits, last access time, last modification time, and flags from *src* to *dst*. On Linux, :func:`copystat` also copies the "extended attributes" where possible. The file contents, owner, and group are unaffected. *src* and *dst* are :term:`...
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CPython Docs
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In this example, we create a gzip'ed tar-file archive containing all files found in the :file:`.ssh` directory of the user:: >>> from shutil import make_archive >>> import os >>> archive_name = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', 'myarchive')) >>> root_dir = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', '.ssh')) >>> make_a...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
In this example, we create a gzip'ed tar-file archive containing all files found in the :file:`.ssh` directory of the user:: >>> from shutil import make_archive >>> import os >>> archive_name = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', 'myarchive')) >>> root_dir = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', '.ssh')) >>> make_a...
In this example, we create a gzip'ed tar-file archive containing all files found in the :file:`.ssh` directory of the user:: >>> from shutil import make_archive >>> import os >>> archive_name = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', 'myarchive')) >>> root_dir = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', '.ssh')) >>> make_a...
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copied as far as the platform allows; if false or omitted, the contents and metadata of the linked files are copied to the new tree. When *symlinks* is false, if the file pointed to by the symlink doesn't exist, an exception will be added in the list of errors raised in an :exc:`Error` exception at the end of the cop...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
copied as far as the platform allows; if false or omitted, the contents and metadata of the linked files are copied to the new tree. When *symlinks* is false, if the file pointed to by the symlink doesn't exist, an exception will be added in the list of errors raised in an :exc:`Error` exception at the end of the cop...
copied as far as the platform allows; if false or omitted, the contents and metadata of the linked files are copied to the new tree. When *symlinks* is false, if the file pointed to by the symlink doesn't exist, an exception will be added in the list of errors raised in an :exc:`Error` exception at the end of the cop...
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Permissions and times of directories are copied with :func:`copystat`, individual files are copied using :func:`~shutil.copy2`. If *symlinks* is true, symbolic links in the source tree are represented as symbolic links in the new tree and the metadata of the original links will be copied as far as the platform allows...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
Permissions and times of directories are copied with :func:`copystat`, individual files are copied using :func:`~shutil.copy2`. If *symlinks* is true, symbolic links in the source tree are represented as symbolic links in the new tree and the metadata of the original links will be copied as far as the platform allows...
Permissions and times of directories are copied with :func:`copystat`, individual files are copied using :func:`~shutil.copy2`. If *symlinks* is true, symbolic links in the source tree are represented as symbolic links in the new tree and the metadata of the original links will be copied as far as the platform allows...
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When ``COLUMNS`` or ``LINES`` is not defined, which is the common case, the terminal connected to :data:`sys.__stdout__` is queried by invoking :func:`os.get_terminal_size`. If the terminal size cannot be successfully queried, either because the system doesn't support querying, or because we are not connected to a te...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
When ``COLUMNS`` or ``LINES`` is not defined, which is the common case, the terminal connected to :data:`sys.__stdout__` is queried by invoking :func:`os.get_terminal_size`. If the terminal size cannot be successfully queried, either because the system doesn't support querying, or because we are not connected to a te...
When ``COLUMNS`` or ``LINES`` is not defined, which is the common case, the terminal connected to :data:`sys.__stdout__` is queried by invoking :func:`os.get_terminal_size`. If the terminal size cannot be successfully queried, either because the system doesn't support querying, or because we are not connected to a te...
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existing directory or a symlink to a directory, then *src* is moved inside that directory. The destination path in that directory must not already exist. If *dst* already exists but is not a directory, it may be overwritten depending on :func:`os.rename` semantics.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
existing directory or a symlink to a directory, then *src* is moved inside that directory. The destination path in that directory must not already exist. If *dst* already exists but is not a directory, it may be overwritten depending on :func:`os.rename` semantics.
existing directory or a symlink to a directory, then *src* is moved inside that directory. The destination path in that directory must not already exist. If *dst* already exists but is not a directory, it may be overwritten depending on :func:`os.rename` semantics.
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Platform-dependent efficient copy operations ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Starting from Python 3.8, all functions involving a file copy (:func:`copyfile`, :func:`~shutil.copy`, :func:`copy2`, :func:`copytree`, and :func:`move`) may use platform-specific "fast-copy" syscalls in order to copy the file mor...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
Platform-dependent efficient copy operations ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Starting from Python 3.8, all functions involving a file copy (:func:`copyfile`, :func:`~shutil.copy`, :func:`copy2`, :func:`copytree`, and :func:`move`) may use platform-specific "fast-copy" syscalls in order to copy the file mor...
Platform-dependent efficient copy operations ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Starting from Python 3.8, all functions involving a file copy (:func:`copyfile`, :func:`~shutil.copy`, :func:`copy2`, :func:`copytree`, and :func:`move`) may use platform-specific "fast-copy" syscalls in order to copy the file mor...
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removed. In case of symlinks, a new symlink pointing to the target of *src* will be created as the destination and *src* will be removed. If *copy_function* is given, it must be a callable that takes two arguments, *src* and the destination, and will be used to copy *src* to the destination if :func:`os.rename` canno...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
removed. In case of symlinks, a new symlink pointing to the target of *src* will be created as the destination and *src* will be removed. If *copy_function* is given, it must be a callable that takes two arguments, *src* and the destination, and will be used to copy *src* to the destination if :func:`os.rename` canno...
removed. In case of symlinks, a new symlink pointing to the target of *src* will be created as the destination and *src* will be removed. If *copy_function* is given, it must be a callable that takes two arguments, *src* and the destination, and will be used to copy *src* to the destination if :func:`os.rename` canno...
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.. function:: copy(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True) Copies the file *src* to the file or directory *dst*. *src* and *dst* should be :term:`path-like objects <path-like object>` or strings. If *dst* specifies a directory, the file will be copied into *dst* using the base filename from *src*. If *dst* specifies a fi...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
.. function:: copy(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True) Copies the file *src* to the file or directory *dst*. *src* and *dst* should be :term:`path-like objects <path-like object>` or strings. If *dst* specifies a directory, the file will be copied into *dst* using the base filename from *src*. If *dst* specifies a fi...
.. function:: copy(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True) Copies the file *src* to the file or directory *dst*. *src* and *dst* should be :term:`path-like objects <path-like object>` or strings. If *dst* specifies a directory, the file will be copied into *dst* using the base filename from *src*. If *dst* specifies a fi...
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raised. If *dst* already exists, it will be replaced. Special files such as character or block devices and pipes cannot be copied with this function. If *follow_symlinks* is false and *src* is a symbolic link, a new symbolic link will be created instead of copying the file *src* points to.
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CPython Docs
raised. If *dst* already exists, it will be replaced. Special files such as character or block devices and pipes cannot be copied with this function. If *follow_symlinks* is false and *src* is a symbolic link, a new symbolic link will be created instead of copying the file *src* points to.
raised. If *dst* already exists, it will be replaced. Special files such as character or block devices and pipes cannot be copied with this function. If *follow_symlinks* is false and *src* is a symbolic link, a new symbolic link will be created instead of copying the file *src* points to.
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Get the size of the terminal window. For each of the two dimensions, the environment variable, ``COLUMNS`` and ``LINES`` respectively, is checked. If the variable is defined and the value is a positive integer, it is used.
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CPython Docs
Get the size of the terminal window. For each of the two dimensions, the environment variable, ``COLUMNS`` and ``LINES`` respectively, is checked. If the variable is defined and the value is a positive integer, it is used.
Get the size of the terminal window. For each of the two dimensions, the environment variable, ``COLUMNS`` and ``LINES`` respectively, is checked. If the variable is defined and the value is a positive integer, it is used.
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*base_dir* (which defaults to :data:`os.curdir`) to start archiving from. Further arguments are passed as keyword arguments: *owner*, *group*, *dry_run* and *logger* (as passed in :func:`make_archive`). If *function* has the custom attribute ``function.supports_root_dir`` set to ``True``, the *root_dir* argument is pa...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
*base_dir* (which defaults to :data:`os.curdir`) to start archiving from. Further arguments are passed as keyword arguments: *owner*, *group*, *dry_run* and *logger* (as passed in :func:`make_archive`). If *function* has the custom attribute ``function.supports_root_dir`` set to ``True``, the *root_dir* argument is pa...
*base_dir* (which defaults to :data:`os.curdir`) to start archiving from. Further arguments are passed as keyword arguments: *owner*, *group*, *dry_run* and *logger* (as passed in :func:`make_archive`). If *function* has the custom attribute ``function.supports_root_dir`` set to ``True``, the *root_dir* argument is pa...
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some or all of this functionality is unavailable, when asked to modify a symbolic link, :func:`copystat` will copy everything it can. :func:`copystat` never returns failure. Please see :data:`os.supports_follow_symlinks` for more information.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
some or all of this functionality is unavailable, when asked to modify a symbolic link, :func:`copystat` will copy everything it can. :func:`copystat` never returns failure. Please see :data:`os.supports_follow_symlinks` for more information.
some or all of this functionality is unavailable, when asked to modify a symbolic link, :func:`copystat` will copy everything it can. :func:`copystat` never returns failure. Please see :data:`os.supports_follow_symlinks` for more information.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.8 The modern pax (POSIX.1-2001) format is now used instead of the legacy GNU format for archives created with ``format="tar"``. .. versionchanged:: 3.10.6 This function is now made thread-safe during creation of standard ``.zip`` and tar archives.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
.. versionchanged:: 3.8 The modern pax (POSIX.1-2001) format is now used instead of the legacy GNU format for archives created with ``format="tar"``. .. versionchanged:: 3.10.6 This function is now made thread-safe during creation of standard ``.zip`` and tar archives.
.. versionchanged:: 3.8 The modern pax (POSIX.1-2001) format is now used instead of the legacy GNU format for archives created with ``format="tar"``. .. versionchanged:: 3.10.6 This function is now made thread-safe during creation of standard ``.zip`` and tar archives.
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.. function:: which(cmd, mode=os.F_OK | os.X_OK, path=None) Return the path to an executable which would be run if the given *cmd* was called. If no *cmd* would be called, return ``None``.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
.. function:: which(cmd, mode=os.F_OK | os.X_OK, path=None) Return the path to an executable which would be run if the given *cmd* was called. If no *cmd* would be called, return ``None``.
.. function:: which(cmd, mode=os.F_OK | os.X_OK, path=None) Return the path to an executable which would be run if the given *cmd* was called. If no *cmd* would be called, return ``None``.
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copying operation will continue if it encounters existing directories, and files within the *dst* tree will be overwritten by corresponding files from the *src* tree. .. audit-event:: shutil.copytree src,dst shutil.copytree
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
copying operation will continue if it encounters existing directories, and files within the *dst* tree will be overwritten by corresponding files from the *src* tree. .. audit-event:: shutil.copytree src,dst shutil.copytree
copying operation will continue if it encounters existing directories, and files within the *dst* tree will be overwritten by corresponding files from the *src* tree. .. audit-event:: shutil.copytree src,dst shutil.copytree
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dimensions, the environment variable, ``COLUMNS`` and ``LINES`` respectively, is checked. If the variable is defined and the value is a positive integer, it is used. When ``COLUMNS`` or ``LINES`` is not defined, which is the common case, the terminal connected to :data:`sys.__stdout__` is queried by invoking :func:`o...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
dimensions, the environment variable, ``COLUMNS`` and ``LINES`` respectively, is checked. If the variable is defined and the value is a positive integer, it is used. When ``COLUMNS`` or ``LINES`` is not defined, which is the common case, the terminal connected to :data:`sys.__stdout__` is queried by invoking :func:`o...
dimensions, the environment variable, ``COLUMNS`` and ``LINES`` respectively, is checked. If the variable is defined and the value is a positive integer, it is used. When ``COLUMNS`` or ``LINES`` is not defined, which is the common case, the terminal connected to :data:`sys.__stdout__` is queried by invoking :func:`o...
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If *dry_run* is true, no archive is created, but the operations that would be executed are logged to *logger*. *owner* and *group* are used when creating a tar archive. By default, uses the current owner and group.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
If *dry_run* is true, no archive is created, but the operations that would be executed are logged to *logger*. *owner* and *group* are used when creating a tar archive. By default, uses the current owner and group.
If *dry_run* is true, no archive is created, but the operations that would be executed are logged to *logger*. *owner* and *group* are used when creating a tar archive. By default, uses the current owner and group.
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Identical to :func:`~shutil.copy` except that :func:`copy2` also attempts to preserve file metadata. When *follow_symlinks* is false, and *src* is a symbolic link, :func:`copy2` attempts to copy all metadata from the *src* symbolic link to the newly created *dst* symbolic link. However, this functionality is not avai...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
Identical to :func:`~shutil.copy` except that :func:`copy2` also attempts to preserve file metadata. When *follow_symlinks* is false, and *src* is a symbolic link, :func:`copy2` attempts to copy all metadata from the *src* symbolic link to the newly created *dst* symbolic link. However, this functionality is not avai...
Identical to :func:`~shutil.copy` except that :func:`copy2` also attempts to preserve file metadata. When *follow_symlinks* is false, and *src* is a symbolic link, :func:`copy2` attempts to copy all metadata from the *src* symbolic link to the newly created *dst* symbolic link. However, this functionality is not avai...
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CPython Docs
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from shutil import make_archive >>> import os >>> archive_name = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', 'myarchive')) >>> make_archive( ... archive_name, ... 'tar', ... root_dir='tmp/root', ... base_dir='structure/content', ... ) '/Users/tarek/myarchive.tar' Listing the files in the resulting archive gives us:
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
from shutil import make_archive >>> import os >>> archive_name = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', 'myarchive')) >>> make_archive( ... archive_name, ... 'tar', ... root_dir='tmp/root', ... base_dir='structure/content', ... ) '/Users/tarek/myarchive.tar' Listing the files in the resulting archive gives us:
from shutil import make_archive >>> import os >>> archive_name = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', 'myarchive')) >>> make_archive( ... archive_name, ... 'tar', ... root_dir='tmp/root', ... base_dir='structure/content', ... ) '/Users/tarek/myarchive.tar' Listing the files in the resulting archive gives us:
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.. note:: On Unix filesystems, *path* must point to a path within a **mounted** filesystem partition. On those platforms, CPython doesn't attempt to retrieve disk usage information from non-mounted filesystems.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
.. note:: On Unix filesystems, *path* must point to a path within a **mounted** filesystem partition. On those platforms, CPython doesn't attempt to retrieve disk usage information from non-mounted filesystems.
.. note:: On Unix filesystems, *path* must point to a path within a **mounted** filesystem partition. On those platforms, CPython doesn't attempt to retrieve disk usage information from non-mounted filesystems.
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be used as a callable for :func:`copytree`\'s *ignore* argument, ignoring files and directories that match one of the glob-style *patterns* provided. See the example below. .. function:: copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None, \ copy_function=copy2, ignore_dangling_symlinks=False, \ dirs_exist_ok=False)
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
be used as a callable for :func:`copytree`\'s *ignore* argument, ignoring files and directories that match one of the glob-style *patterns* provided. See the example below. .. function:: copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None, \ copy_function=copy2, ignore_dangling_symlinks=False, \ dirs_exist_ok=False)
be used as a callable for :func:`copytree`\'s *ignore* argument, ignoring files and directories that match one of the glob-style *patterns* provided. See the example below. .. function:: copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None, \ copy_function=copy2, ignore_dangling_symlinks=False, \ dirs_exist_ok=False)
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module is available), "bztar" (if the :mod:`bz2` module is available), "xztar" (if the :mod:`lzma` module is available), or "zstdtar" (if the :mod:`compression.zstd` module is available). *root_dir* is a string or :term:`path-like object` specifying a directory that will be the root directory of the archive, all paths...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
module is available), "bztar" (if the :mod:`bz2` module is available), "xztar" (if the :mod:`lzma` module is available), or "zstdtar" (if the :mod:`compression.zstd` module is available). *root_dir* is a string or :term:`path-like object` specifying a directory that will be the root directory of the archive, all paths...
module is available), "bztar" (if the :mod:`bz2` module is available), "xztar" (if the :mod:`lzma` module is available), or "zstdtar" (if the :mod:`compression.zstd` module is available). *root_dir* is a string or :term:`path-like object` specifying a directory that will be the root directory of the archive, all paths...
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* If ``os.chflags in os.supports_follow_symlinks`` is ``True``, :func:`copystat` can modify the flags of a symbolic link. (``os.chflags`` is not available on all platforms.) On platforms where some or all of this functionality is unavailable, when asked to modify a symbolic link, :func:`copystat` will copy everything...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
* If ``os.chflags in os.supports_follow_symlinks`` is ``True``, :func:`copystat` can modify the flags of a symbolic link. (``os.chflags`` is not available on all platforms.) On platforms where some or all of this functionality is unavailable, when asked to modify a symbolic link, :func:`copystat` will copy everything...
* If ``os.chflags in os.supports_follow_symlinks`` is ``True``, :func:`copystat` can modify the flags of a symbolic link. (``os.chflags`` is not available on all platforms.) On platforms where some or all of this functionality is unavailable, when asked to modify a symbolic link, :func:`copystat` will copy everything...
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By default :mod:`!shutil` provides these formats: - *zip*: ZIP file (if the :mod:`zlib` module is available). - *tar*: Uncompressed tar file. Uses POSIX.1-2001 pax format for new archives. - *gztar*: gzip'ed tar-file (if the :mod:`zlib` module is available). - *bztar*: bzip2'ed tar-file (if the :mod:`bz2` module is ava...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
By default :mod:`!shutil` provides these formats: - *zip*: ZIP file (if the :mod:`zlib` module is available). - *tar*: Uncompressed tar file. Uses POSIX.1-2001 pax format for new archives. - *gztar*: gzip'ed tar-file (if the :mod:`zlib` module is available). - *bztar*: bzip2'ed tar-file (if the :mod:`bz2` module is ava...
By default :mod:`!shutil` provides these formats: - *zip*: ZIP file (if the :mod:`zlib` module is available). - *tar*: Uncompressed tar file. Uses POSIX.1-2001 pax format for new archives. - *gztar*: gzip'ed tar-file (if the :mod:`zlib` module is available). - *bztar*: bzip2'ed tar-file (if the :mod:`bz2` module is ava...
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the base filename from *src*. If *dst* specifies a file that already exists, it will be replaced. Returns the path to the newly created file. If *follow_symlinks* is false, and *src* is a symbolic link, *dst* will be created as a symbolic link. If *follow_symlinks* is true and *src* is a symbolic link, *dst* will be ...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
the base filename from *src*. If *dst* specifies a file that already exists, it will be replaced. Returns the path to the newly created file. If *follow_symlinks* is false, and *src* is a symbolic link, *dst* will be created as a symbolic link. If *follow_symlinks* is true and *src* is a symbolic link, *dst* will be ...
the base filename from *src*. If *dst* specifies a file that already exists, it will be replaced. Returns the path to the newly created file. If *follow_symlinks* is false, and *src* is a symbolic link, *dst* will be created as a symbolic link. If *follow_symlinks* is true and *src* is a symbolic link, *dst* will be ...
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3 Added *follow_symlinks* argument. Now returns path to the newly created file. .. versionchanged:: 3.8 Platform-specific fast-copy syscalls may be used internally in order to copy the file more efficiently. See :ref:`shutil-platform-dependent-efficient-copy-operations` section.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
.. versionchanged:: 3.3 Added *follow_symlinks* argument. Now returns path to the newly created file. .. versionchanged:: 3.8 Platform-specific fast-copy syscalls may be used internally in order to copy the file more efficiently. See :ref:`shutil-platform-dependent-efficient-copy-operations` section.
.. versionchanged:: 3.3 Added *follow_symlinks* argument. Now returns path to the newly created file. .. versionchanged:: 3.8 Platform-specific fast-copy syscalls may be used internally in order to copy the file more efficiently. See :ref:`shutil-platform-dependent-efficient-copy-operations` section.
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(see :func:`os.chmod`). Other metadata, like the file's creation and modification times, is not preserved. To preserve all file metadata from the original, use :func:`~shutil.copy2` instead. .. audit-event:: shutil.copyfile src,dst shutil.copy
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
(see :func:`os.chmod`). Other metadata, like the file's creation and modification times, is not preserved. To preserve all file metadata from the original, use :func:`~shutil.copy2` instead. .. audit-event:: shutil.copyfile src,dst shutil.copy
(see :func:`os.chmod`). Other metadata, like the file's creation and modification times, is not preserved. To preserve all file metadata from the original, use :func:`~shutil.copy2` instead. .. audit-event:: shutil.copyfile src,dst shutil.copy
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Archiving example with *base_dir* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ In this example, similar to the `one above <shutil-archiving-example_>`_, we show how to use :func:`make_archive`, but this time with the usage of *base_dir*. We now have the following directory structure:
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
Archiving example with *base_dir* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ In this example, similar to the `one above <shutil-archiving-example_>`_, we show how to use :func:`make_archive`, but this time with the usage of *base_dir*. We now have the following directory structure:
Archiving example with *base_dir* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ In this example, similar to the `one above <shutil-archiving-example_>`_, we show how to use :func:`make_archive`, but this time with the usage of *base_dir*. We now have the following directory structure:
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more information. If :func:`copymode` cannot modify symbolic links on the local platform, and it is asked to do so, it will do nothing and return. .. audit-event:: shutil.copymode src,dst shutil.copymode
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
more information. If :func:`copymode` cannot modify symbolic links on the local platform, and it is asked to do so, it will do nothing and return. .. audit-event:: shutil.copymode src,dst shutil.copymode
more information. If :func:`copymode` cannot modify symbolic links on the local platform, and it is asked to do so, it will do nothing and return. .. audit-event:: shutil.copymode src,dst shutil.copymode
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:func:`register_archive_format` do not support the *root_dir* argument. In this case it temporarily changes the current working directory of the process to *root_dir* to perform archiving. .. versionchanged:: 3.8 The modern pax (POSIX.1-2001) format is now used instead of the legacy GNU format for archives created wi...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
:func:`register_archive_format` do not support the *root_dir* argument. In this case it temporarily changes the current working directory of the process to *root_dir* to perform archiving. .. versionchanged:: 3.8 The modern pax (POSIX.1-2001) format is now used instead of the legacy GNU format for archives created wi...
:func:`register_archive_format` do not support the *root_dir* argument. In this case it temporarily changes the current working directory of the process to *root_dir* to perform archiving. .. versionchanged:: 3.8 The modern pax (POSIX.1-2001) format is now used instead of the legacy GNU format for archives created wi...
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.. function:: copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length]) Copy the contents of the :term:`file-like object <file object>` *fsrc* to the file-like object *fdst*. The integer *length*, if given, is the buffer size. In particular, a negative *length* value means to copy the data without looping over the source data in chunks; by ...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
.. function:: copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length]) Copy the contents of the :term:`file-like object <file object>` *fsrc* to the file-like object *fdst*. The integer *length*, if given, is the buffer size. In particular, a negative *length* value means to copy the data without looping over the source data in chunks; by ...
.. function:: copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length]) Copy the contents of the :term:`file-like object <file object>` *fsrc* to the file-like object *fdst*. The integer *length*, if given, is the buffer size. In particular, a negative *length* value means to copy the data without looping over the source data in chunks; by ...
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*extract_dir* is the name of the target directory where the archive is unpacked. If not provided, the current working directory is used. *format* is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "gztar", "bztar", "xztar", or "zstdtar". Or any other format registered with :func:`register_unpack_format`. If not provided, :f...
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CPython Docs
*extract_dir* is the name of the target directory where the archive is unpacked. If not provided, the current working directory is used. *format* is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "gztar", "bztar", "xztar", or "zstdtar". Or any other format registered with :func:`register_unpack_format`. If not provided, :f...
*extract_dir* is the name of the target directory where the archive is unpacked. If not provided, the current working directory is used. *format* is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "gztar", "bztar", "xztar", or "zstdtar". Or any other format registered with :func:`register_unpack_format`. If not provided, :f...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
f740f224-df45-4b36-87c3-1cce3977fd87
CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/library/shutil.rst
unknown
b92e3f29-fd26-4f65-ba96-e5a7ef6657ee
52,653
supabase-export-v2
99a898b1a060aed5
of all files and directories in the archive. *base_dir* must be given relative to *root_dir*. See :ref:`shutil-archiving-example-with-basedir` for how to use *base_dir* and *root_dir* together. *root_dir* and *base_dir* both default to the current directory.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
of all files and directories in the archive. *base_dir* must be given relative to *root_dir*. See :ref:`shutil-archiving-example-with-basedir` for how to use *base_dir* and *root_dir* together. *root_dir* and *base_dir* both default to the current directory.
of all files and directories in the archive. *base_dir* must be given relative to *root_dir*. See :ref:`shutil-archiving-example-with-basedir` for how to use *base_dir* and *root_dir* together. *root_dir* and *base_dir* both default to the current directory.
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
f7e8c8e8-4016-463c-a860-ce9036ba6778
CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/library/shutil.rst
unknown
b92e3f29-fd26-4f65-ba96-e5a7ef6657ee
52,527
supabase-export-v2
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as a symbolic link. If *follow_symlinks* is true and *src* is a symbolic link, *dst* will be a copy of the file *src* refers to. :func:`~shutil.copy` copies the file data and the file's permission mode (see :func:`os.chmod`). Other metadata, like the file's creation and modification times, is not preserved. To preser...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
as a symbolic link. If *follow_symlinks* is true and *src* is a symbolic link, *dst* will be a copy of the file *src* refers to. :func:`~shutil.copy` copies the file data and the file's permission mode (see :func:`os.chmod`). Other metadata, like the file's creation and modification times, is not preserved. To preser...
as a symbolic link. If *follow_symlinks* is true and *src* is a symbolic link, *dst* will be a copy of the file *src* refers to. :func:`~shutil.copy` copies the file data and the file's permission mode (see :func:`os.chmod`). Other metadata, like the file's creation and modification times, is not preserved. To preser...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
f945ca98-4e0a-4a67-901b-4cc5e9d7015c
CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/library/shutil.rst
unknown
b92e3f29-fd26-4f65-ba96-e5a7ef6657ee
52,621
supabase-export-v2
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On Solaris :func:`os.sendfile` is used. On Windows :func:`shutil.copyfile` uses a bigger default buffer size (1 MiB instead of 64 KiB) and a :func:`memoryview`-based variant of :func:`shutil.copyfileobj` is used, which still reads and writes in a loop. :func:`shutil.copy2` uses the native ``CopyFile2`` call on Windows,...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
On Solaris :func:`os.sendfile` is used. On Windows :func:`shutil.copyfile` uses a bigger default buffer size (1 MiB instead of 64 KiB) and a :func:`memoryview`-based variant of :func:`shutil.copyfileobj` is used, which still reads and writes in a loop. :func:`shutil.copy2` uses the native ``CopyFile2`` call on Windows,...
On Solaris :func:`os.sendfile` is used. On Windows :func:`shutil.copyfile` uses a bigger default buffer size (1 MiB instead of 64 KiB) and a :func:`memoryview`-based variant of :func:`shutil.copyfileobj` is used, which still reads and writes in a loop. :func:`shutil.copy2` uses the native ``CopyFile2`` call on Windows,...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
f9b04f3c-e213-4aa2-8e17-39a720f20c60
CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/library/shutil.rst
unknown
b92e3f29-fd26-4f65-ba96-e5a7ef6657ee
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supabase-export-v2
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attributes" where possible. The file contents, owner, and group are unaffected. *src* and *dst* are :term:`path-like objects <path-like object>` or path names given as strings. If *follow_symlinks* is false, and *src* and *dst* both refer to symbolic links, :func:`copystat` will operate on the symbolic links themselv...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
attributes" where possible. The file contents, owner, and group are unaffected. *src* and *dst* are :term:`path-like objects <path-like object>` or path names given as strings. If *follow_symlinks* is false, and *src* and *dst* both refer to symbolic links, :func:`copystat` will operate on the symbolic links themselv...
attributes" where possible. The file contents, owner, and group are unaffected. *src* and *dst* are :term:`path-like objects <path-like object>` or path names given as strings. If *follow_symlinks* is false, and *src* and *dst* both refer to symbolic links, :func:`copystat` will operate on the symbolic links themselv...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
fa087c8b-5396-4e7c-bece-f9ea31e5a74f
CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/library/shutil.rst
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52,585
supabase-export-v2
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.. versionchanged:: 3.8 Platform-specific fast-copy syscalls may be used internally in order to copy the file more efficiently. See :ref:`shutil-platform-dependent-efficient-copy-operations` section. .. versionchanged:: 3.9 Accepts a :term:`path-like object` for both *src* and *dst*.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
.. versionchanged:: 3.8 Platform-specific fast-copy syscalls may be used internally in order to copy the file more efficiently. See :ref:`shutil-platform-dependent-efficient-copy-operations` section. .. versionchanged:: 3.9 Accepts a :term:`path-like object` for both *src* and *dst*.
.. versionchanged:: 3.8 Platform-specific fast-copy syscalls may be used internally in order to copy the file more efficiently. See :ref:`shutil-platform-dependent-efficient-copy-operations` section. .. versionchanged:: 3.9 Accepts a :term:`path-like object` for both *src* and *dst*.
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
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CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/library/shutil.rst
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52,543
supabase-export-v2
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.. function:: copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None, \ copy_function=copy2, ignore_dangling_symlinks=False, \ dirs_exist_ok=False) Recursively copy an entire directory tree rooted at *src* to a directory named *dst* and return the destination directory. All intermediate directories needed to contain *dst* wi...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
.. function:: copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None, \ copy_function=copy2, ignore_dangling_symlinks=False, \ dirs_exist_ok=False) Recursively copy an entire directory tree rooted at *src* to a directory named *dst* and return the destination directory. All intermediate directories needed to contain *dst* wi...
.. function:: copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None, \ copy_function=copy2, ignore_dangling_symlinks=False, \ dirs_exist_ok=False) Recursively copy an entire directory tree rooted at *src* to a directory named *dst* and return the destination directory. All intermediate directories needed to contain *dst* wi...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
fbb4f18a-89ca-464d-9a5b-b71aa131d435
CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/library/shutil.rst
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b92e3f29-fd26-4f65-ba96-e5a7ef6657ee
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supabase-export-v2
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keyword argument. Otherwise the current working directory of the process is temporarily changed to *root_dir* before calling *function*. In this case :func:`make_archive` is not thread-safe. If given, *extra_args* is a sequence of ``(name, value)`` pairs that will be used as extra keywords arguments when the archiver ...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
keyword argument. Otherwise the current working directory of the process is temporarily changed to *root_dir* before calling *function*. In this case :func:`make_archive` is not thread-safe. If given, *extra_args* is a sequence of ``(name, value)`` pairs that will be used as extra keywords arguments when the archiver ...
keyword argument. Otherwise the current working directory of the process is temporarily changed to *root_dir* before calling *function*. In this case :func:`make_archive` is not thread-safe. If given, *extra_args* is a sequence of ``(name, value)`` pairs that will be used as extra keywords arguments when the archiver ...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
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CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/library/shutil.rst
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b92e3f29-fd26-4f65-ba96-e5a7ef6657ee
52,604
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delimited by :data:`os.pathsep`. When no *path* is specified, the :envvar:`PATH` environment variable is read from :data:`os.environ`, falling back to :data:`os.defpath` if it is not set. If *cmd* contains a directory component, :func:`!which` only checks the specified path directly and does not search the directories...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
delimited by :data:`os.pathsep`. When no *path* is specified, the :envvar:`PATH` environment variable is read from :data:`os.environ`, falling back to :data:`os.defpath` if it is not set. If *cmd* contains a directory component, :func:`!which` only checks the specified path directly and does not search the directories...
delimited by :data:`os.pathsep`. When no *path* is specified, the :envvar:`PATH` environment variable is read from :data:`os.environ`, falling back to :data:`os.defpath` if it is not set. If *cmd* contains a directory component, :func:`!which` only checks the specified path directly and does not search the directories...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
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CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/library/shutil.rst
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b92e3f29-fd26-4f65-ba96-e5a7ef6657ee
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supabase-export-v2
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If given, *extra_args* is a sequence of ``(name, value)`` pairs that will be used as extra keywords arguments when the archiver callable is used. *description* is used by :func:`get_archive_formats` which returns the list of archivers. Defaults to an empty string.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
If given, *extra_args* is a sequence of ``(name, value)`` pairs that will be used as extra keywords arguments when the archiver callable is used. *description* is used by :func:`get_archive_formats` which returns the list of archivers. Defaults to an empty string.
If given, *extra_args* is a sequence of ``(name, value)`` pairs that will be used as extra keywords arguments when the archiver callable is used. *description* is used by :func:`get_archive_formats` which returns the list of archivers. Defaults to an empty string.
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
03e9aea2-5e6e-4858-b042-6589fb662bbe
CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/tutorial/appendix.rst
unknown
39be2b3f-aef0-437b-894f-38977933ebbd
52,737
supabase-export-v2
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of running out of memory. All error messages are written to the standard error stream; normal output from executed commands is written to standard output. Typing the interrupt character (usually :kbd:`Control-C` or :kbd:`Delete`) to the primary or secondary prompt cancels the input and returns to the primary prompt. [#...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
of running out of memory. All error messages are written to the standard error stream; normal output from executed commands is written to standard output. Typing the interrupt character (usually :kbd:`Control-C` or :kbd:`Delete`) to the primary or secondary prompt cancels the input and returns to the primary prompt. [#...
of running out of memory. All error messages are written to the standard error stream; normal output from executed commands is written to standard output. Typing the interrupt character (usually :kbd:`Control-C` or :kbd:`Delete`) to the primary or secondary prompt cancels the input and returns to the primary prompt. [#...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
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CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/tutorial/appendix.rst
unknown
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There are two variants of the interactive :term:`REPL`. The classic basic interpreter is supported on all platforms with minimal line control capabilities. Since Python 3.13, a new interactive shell is used by default. This one supports color, multiline editing, history browsing, and paste mode. To disable color, see :...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
There are two variants of the interactive :term:`REPL`. The classic basic interpreter is supported on all platforms with minimal line control capabilities. Since Python 3.13, a new interactive shell is used by default. This one supports color, multiline editing, history browsing, and paste mode. To disable color, see :...
There are two variants of the interactive :term:`REPL`. The classic basic interpreter is supported on all platforms with minimal line control capabilities. Since Python 3.13, a new interactive shell is used by default. This one supports color, multiline editing, history browsing, and paste mode. To disable color, see :...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
5d39e2dc-f2d0-4e0d-8ee3-e59f7fdd67fd
CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/tutorial/appendix.rst
unknown
39be2b3f-aef0-437b-894f-38977933ebbd
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#!/usr/bin/env python3 (assuming that the interpreter is on the user's :envvar:`PATH`) at the beginning of the script and giving the file an executable mode. The ``#!`` must be the first two characters of the file. On some platforms, this first line must end with a Unix-style line ending (``'\n'``), not a Windows (``'\...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
#!/usr/bin/env python3 (assuming that the interpreter is on the user's :envvar:`PATH`) at the beginning of the script and giving the file an executable mode. The ``#!`` must be the first two characters of the file. On some platforms, this first line must end with a Unix-style line ending (``'\n'``), not a Windows (``'\...
#!/usr/bin/env python3 (assuming that the interpreter is on the user's :envvar:`PATH`) at the beginning of the script and giving the file an executable mode. The ``#!`` must be the first two characters of the file. On some platforms, this first line must end with a Unix-style line ending (``'\n'``), not a Windows (``'\...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
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CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/tutorial/appendix.rst
unknown
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and :index:`usercustomize`. To see how it works, you need first to find the location of your user site-packages directory. Start Python and run this code:: >>> import site >>> site.getusersitepackages() '/home/user/.local/lib/python3.x/site-packages'
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
and :index:`usercustomize`. To see how it works, you need first to find the location of your user site-packages directory. Start Python and run this code:: >>> import site >>> site.getusersitepackages() '/home/user/.local/lib/python3.x/site-packages'
and :index:`usercustomize`. To see how it works, you need first to find the location of your user site-packages directory. Start Python and run this code:: >>> import site >>> site.getusersitepackages() '/home/user/.local/lib/python3.x/site-packages'
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
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CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/tutorial/appendix.rst
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supabase-export-v2
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>>> import site >>> site.getusersitepackages() '/home/user/.local/lib/python3.x/site-packages' Now you can create a file named :file:`usercustomize.py` in that directory and put anything you want in it. It will affect every invocation of Python, unless it is started with the :option:`-s` option to disable the automatic...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
>>> import site >>> site.getusersitepackages() '/home/user/.local/lib/python3.x/site-packages' Now you can create a file named :file:`usercustomize.py` in that directory and put anything you want in it. It will affect every invocation of Python, unless it is started with the :option:`-s` option to disable the automatic...
>>> import site >>> site.getusersitepackages() '/home/user/.local/lib/python3.x/site-packages' Now you can create a file named :file:`usercustomize.py` in that directory and put anything you want in it. It will affect every invocation of Python, unless it is started with the :option:`-s` option to disable the automatic...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
750a4204-3115-42e3-a2d2-c317a78a5c26
CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/tutorial/appendix.rst
unknown
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supabase-export-v2
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The Interactive Startup File ---------------------------- When you use Python interactively, it is frequently handy to have some standard commands executed every time the interpreter is started. You can do this by setting an environment variable named :envvar:`PYTHONSTARTUP` to the name of a file containing your start-...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
The Interactive Startup File ---------------------------- When you use Python interactively, it is frequently handy to have some standard commands executed every time the interpreter is started. You can do this by setting an environment variable named :envvar:`PYTHONSTARTUP` to the name of a file containing your start-...
The Interactive Startup File ---------------------------- When you use Python interactively, it is frequently handy to have some standard commands executed every time the interpreter is started. You can do this by setting an environment variable named :envvar:`PYTHONSTARTUP` to the name of a file containing your start-...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
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CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/tutorial/appendix.rst
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When using the new interactive shell, exit the shell by typing :kbd:`exit` or :kbd:`quit`. Adding call parentheses after those commands is not required. If the new interactive shell is not desired, it can be disabled via the :envvar:`PYTHON_BASIC_REPL` environment variable.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
When using the new interactive shell, exit the shell by typing :kbd:`exit` or :kbd:`quit`. Adding call parentheses after those commands is not required. If the new interactive shell is not desired, it can be disabled via the :envvar:`PYTHON_BASIC_REPL` environment variable.
When using the new interactive shell, exit the shell by typing :kbd:`exit` or :kbd:`quit`. Adding call parentheses after those commands is not required. If the new interactive shell is not desired, it can be disabled via the :envvar:`PYTHON_BASIC_REPL` environment variable.
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
7956ade4-b8ee-45ba-bf5e-9fd149f63556
CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/tutorial/appendix.rst
unknown
39be2b3f-aef0-437b-894f-38977933ebbd
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supabase-export-v2
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The Customization Modules ------------------------- Python provides two hooks to let you customize it: :index:`sitecustomize` and :index:`usercustomize`. To see how it works, you need first to find the location of your user site-packages directory. Start Python and run this code::
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
The Customization Modules ------------------------- Python provides two hooks to let you customize it: :index:`sitecustomize` and :index:`usercustomize`. To see how it works, you need first to find the location of your user site-packages directory. Start Python and run this code::
The Customization Modules ------------------------- Python provides two hooks to let you customize it: :index:`sitecustomize` and :index:`usercustomize`. To see how it works, you need first to find the location of your user site-packages directory. Start Python and run this code::
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
7c954a63-a421-4c9d-a915-00cd73b99033
CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/tutorial/appendix.rst
unknown
39be2b3f-aef0-437b-894f-38977933ebbd
52,752
supabase-export-v2
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using code like ``if os.path.isfile('.pythonrc.py'): exec(open('.pythonrc.py').read())``. If you want to use the startup file in a script, you must do this explicitly in the script:: import os filename = os.environ.get('PYTHONSTARTUP') if filename and os.path.isfile(filename): with open(filename) as fobj: startup_f...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
using code like ``if os.path.isfile('.pythonrc.py'): exec(open('.pythonrc.py').read())``. If you want to use the startup file in a script, you must do this explicitly in the script:: import os filename = os.environ.get('PYTHONSTARTUP') if filename and os.path.isfile(filename): with open(filename) as fobj: startup_f...
using code like ``if os.path.isfile('.pythonrc.py'): exec(open('.pythonrc.py').read())``. If you want to use the startup file in a script, you must do this explicitly in the script:: import os filename = os.environ.get('PYTHONSTARTUP') if filename and os.path.isfile(filename): with open(filename) as fobj: startup_f...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
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CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/tutorial/appendix.rst
unknown
39be2b3f-aef0-437b-894f-38977933ebbd
52,736
supabase-export-v2
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Error Handling -------------- When an error occurs, the interpreter prints an error message and a stack trace. In interactive mode, it then returns to the primary prompt; when input came from a file, it exits with a nonzero exit status after printing the stack trace. (Exceptions handled by an :keyword:`except` clause i...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
Error Handling -------------- When an error occurs, the interpreter prints an error message and a stack trace. In interactive mode, it then returns to the primary prompt; when input came from a file, it exits with a nonzero exit status after printing the stack trace. (Exceptions handled by an :keyword:`except` clause i...
Error Handling -------------- When an error occurs, the interpreter prints an error message and a stack trace. In interactive mode, it then returns to the primary prompt; when input came from a file, it exits with a nonzero exit status after printing the stack trace. (Exceptions handled by an :keyword:`except` clause i...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
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CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/tutorial/appendix.rst
unknown
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supabase-export-v2
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the :term:`>>>` and :term:`...` prompts. :kbd:`F3` enters "paste mode", which makes pasting larger blocks of code easier. Press :kbd:`F3` to return to the regular prompt. When using the new interactive shell, exit the shell by typing :kbd:`exit` or :kbd:`quit`. Adding call parentheses after those commands is not requir...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
the :term:`>>>` and :term:`...` prompts. :kbd:`F3` enters "paste mode", which makes pasting larger blocks of code easier. Press :kbd:`F3` to return to the regular prompt. When using the new interactive shell, exit the shell by typing :kbd:`exit` or :kbd:`quit`. Adding call parentheses after those commands is not requir...
the :term:`>>>` and :term:`...` prompts. :kbd:`F3` enters "paste mode", which makes pasting larger blocks of code easier. Press :kbd:`F3` to return to the regular prompt. When using the new interactive shell, exit the shell by typing :kbd:`exit` or :kbd:`quit`. Adding call parentheses after those commands is not requir...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
a43af2a5-c380-4c69-bdc5-74b37711415e
CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/tutorial/appendix.rst
unknown
39be2b3f-aef0-437b-894f-38977933ebbd
52,750
supabase-export-v2
57a57c4b1eb38023
environment variable named :envvar:`PYTHONSTARTUP` to the name of a file containing your start-up commands. This is similar to the :file:`.profile` feature of the Unix shells. This file is only read in interactive sessions, not when Python reads commands from a script, and not when :file:`/dev/tty` is given as the expl...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
environment variable named :envvar:`PYTHONSTARTUP` to the name of a file containing your start-up commands. This is similar to the :file:`.profile` feature of the Unix shells. This file is only read in interactive sessions, not when Python reads commands from a script, and not when :file:`/dev/tty` is given as the expl...
environment variable named :envvar:`PYTHONSTARTUP` to the name of a file containing your start-up commands. This is similar to the :file:`.profile` feature of the Unix shells. This file is only read in interactive sessions, not when Python reads commands from a script, and not when :file:`/dev/tty` is given as the expl...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
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CPython Docs
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$ chmod +x myscript.py On Windows systems, there is no notion of an "executable mode". The Python installer automatically associates ``.py`` files with ``python.exe`` so that a double-click on a Python file will run it as a script. The extension can also be ``.pyw``, in that case, the console window that normally appea...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
$ chmod +x myscript.py On Windows systems, there is no notion of an "executable mode". The Python installer automatically associates ``.py`` files with ``python.exe`` so that a double-click on a Python file will run it as a script. The extension can also be ``.pyw``, in that case, the console window that normally appea...
$ chmod +x myscript.py On Windows systems, there is no notion of an "executable mode". The Python installer automatically associates ``.py`` files with ``python.exe`` so that a double-click on a Python file will run it as a script. The extension can also be ``.pyw``, in that case, the console window that normally appea...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
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CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/tutorial/appendix.rst
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it defines or imports can be used without qualification in the interactive session. You can also change the prompts ``sys.ps1`` and ``sys.ps2`` in this file. If you want to read an additional start-up file from the current directory, you can program this in the global start-up file using code like ``if os.path.isfile('...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
it defines or imports can be used without qualification in the interactive session. You can also change the prompts ``sys.ps1`` and ``sys.ps2`` in this file. If you want to read an additional start-up file from the current directory, you can program this in the global start-up file using code like ``if os.path.isfile('...
it defines or imports can be used without qualification in the interactive session. You can also change the prompts ``sys.ps1`` and ``sys.ps2`` in this file. If you want to read an additional start-up file from the current directory, you can program this in the global start-up file using code like ``if os.path.isfile('...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
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CPython Docs
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anything you want in it. It will affect every invocation of Python, unless it is started with the :option:`-s` option to disable the automatic import. :index:`sitecustomize` works in the same way, but is typically created by an administrator of the computer in the global site-packages directory, and is imported before ...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
anything you want in it. It will affect every invocation of Python, unless it is started with the :option:`-s` option to disable the automatic import. :index:`sitecustomize` works in the same way, but is typically created by an administrator of the computer in the global site-packages directory, and is imported before ...
anything you want in it. It will affect every invocation of Python, unless it is started with the :option:`-s` option to disable the automatic import. :index:`sitecustomize` works in the same way, but is typically created by an administrator of the computer in the global site-packages directory, and is imported before ...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
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CPython Docs
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line ending (``'\n'``), not a Windows (``'\r\n'``) line ending. Note that the hash, or pound, character, ``'#'``, is used to start a comment in Python. The script can be given an executable mode, or permission, using the :program:`chmod` command.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
line ending (``'\n'``), not a Windows (``'\r\n'``) line ending. Note that the hash, or pound, character, ``'#'``, is used to start a comment in Python. The script can be given an executable mode, or permission, using the :program:`chmod` command.
line ending (``'\n'``), not a Windows (``'\r\n'``) line ending. Note that the hash, or pound, character, ``'#'``, is used to start a comment in Python. The script can be given an executable mode, or permission, using the :program:`chmod` command.
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
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CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/tutorial/interactive.rst
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completion, object exploration and advanced history management. It can also be thoroughly customized and embedded into other applications. Another similar enhanced interactive environment is bpython_. .. _GNU Readline: https://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/readline/rltop.html .. _IPython: https://ipython.org/ .. _bpython: h...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
completion, object exploration and advanced history management. It can also be thoroughly customized and embedded into other applications. Another similar enhanced interactive environment is bpython_. .. _GNU Readline: https://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/readline/rltop.html .. _IPython: https://ipython.org/ .. _bpython: h...
completion, object exploration and advanced history management. It can also be thoroughly customized and embedded into other applications. Another similar enhanced interactive environment is bpython_. .. _GNU Readline: https://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/readline/rltop.html .. _IPython: https://ipython.org/ .. _bpython: h...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
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CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/tutorial/interactive.rst
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************************************************** Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution ************************************************** Some versions of the Python interpreter support editing of the current input line and history substitution, similar to facilities found in the Korn shell and the GNU B...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
************************************************** Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution ************************************************** Some versions of the Python interpreter support editing of the current input line and history substitution, similar to facilities found in the Korn shell and the GNU B...
************************************************** Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution ************************************************** Some versions of the Python interpreter support editing of the current input line and history substitution, similar to facilities found in the Korn shell and the GNU B...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
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CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/tutorial/interactive.rst
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next). The completion mechanism might use the interpreter's symbol table. A command to check (or even suggest) matching parentheses, quotes, etc., would also be useful. One alternative enhanced interactive interpreter that has been around for quite some time is IPython_, which features tab completion, object exploratio...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
next). The completion mechanism might use the interpreter's symbol table. A command to check (or even suggest) matching parentheses, quotes, etc., would also be useful. One alternative enhanced interactive interpreter that has been around for quite some time is IPython_, which features tab completion, object exploratio...
next). The completion mechanism might use the interpreter's symbol table. A command to check (or even suggest) matching parentheses, quotes, etc., would also be useful. One alternative enhanced interactive interpreter that has been around for quite some time is IPython_, which features tab completion, object exploratio...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
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CPython Docs
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Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter =========================================== This facility is an enormous step forward compared to earlier versions of the interpreter; however, some wishes are left: It would be nice if the proper indentation were suggested on continuation lines (the parser knows if an :data:...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter =========================================== This facility is an enormous step forward compared to earlier versions of the interpreter; however, some wishes are left: It would be nice if the proper indentation were suggested on continuation lines (the parser knows if an :data:...
Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter =========================================== This facility is an enormous step forward compared to earlier versions of the interpreter; however, some wishes are left: It would be nice if the proper indentation were suggested on continuation lines (the parser knows if an :data:...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
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CPython Docs
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Tab Completion and History Editing ================================== Completion of variable and module names is :ref:`automatically enabled <rlcompleter-config>` at interpreter startup so that the :kbd:`Tab` key invokes the completion function; it looks at Python statement names, the current local variables, and the a...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
Tab Completion and History Editing ================================== Completion of variable and module names is :ref:`automatically enabled <rlcompleter-config>` at interpreter startup so that the :kbd:`Tab` key invokes the completion function; it looks at Python statement names, the current local variables, and the a...
Tab Completion and History Editing ================================== Completion of variable and module names is :ref:`automatically enabled <rlcompleter-config>` at interpreter startup so that the :kbd:`Tab` key invokes the completion function; it looks at Python statement names, the current local variables, and the a...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
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CPython Docs
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automatically saved between calls. This made the function easier to write and much more clear than an approach using instance variables like ``self.index`` and ``self.data``. In addition to automatic method creation and saving program state, when generators terminate, they automatically raise :exc:`StopIteration`. In c...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
automatically saved between calls. This made the function easier to write and much more clear than an approach using instance variables like ``self.index`` and ``self.data``. In addition to automatic method creation and saving program state, when generators terminate, they automatically raise :exc:`StopIteration`. In c...
automatically saved between calls. This made the function easier to write and much more clear than an approach using instance variables like ``self.index`` and ``self.data``. In addition to automatic method creation and saving program state, when generators terminate, they automatically raise :exc:`StopIteration`. In c...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
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CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/tutorial/classes.rst
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class attribute is searched, descending down the chain of base classes if necessary, and the method reference is valid if this yields a function object. Derived classes may override methods of their base classes. Because methods have no special privileges when calling other methods of the same object, a method of a bas...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
class attribute is searched, descending down the chain of base classes if necessary, and the method reference is valid if this yields a function object. Derived classes may override methods of their base classes. Because methods have no special privileges when calling other methods of the same object, a method of a bas...
class attribute is searched, descending down the chain of base classes if necessary, and the method reference is valid if this yields a function object. Derived classes may override methods of their base classes. Because methods have no special privileges when calling other methods of the same object, a method of a bas...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
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CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/tutorial/classes.rst
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to :func:`super`. This approach is known in some other multiple-inheritance languages as call-next-method and is more powerful than the super call found in single-inheritance languages. Dynamic ordering is necessary because all cases of multiple inheritance exhibit one or more diamond relationships (where at least one ...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
to :func:`super`. This approach is known in some other multiple-inheritance languages as call-next-method and is more powerful than the super call found in single-inheritance languages. Dynamic ordering is necessary because all cases of multiple inheritance exhibit one or more diamond relationships (where at least one ...
to :func:`super`. This approach is known in some other multiple-inheritance languages as call-next-method and is more powerful than the super call found in single-inheritance languages. Dynamic ordering is necessary because all cases of multiple inheritance exhibit one or more diamond relationships (where at least one ...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
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CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/tutorial/classes.rst
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of a module called :mod:`__main__`, so they have their own global namespace. (The built-in names actually also live in a module; this is called :mod:`builtins`.) The local namespace for a function is created when the function is called, and deleted when the function returns or raises an exception that is not handled wi...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
of a module called :mod:`__main__`, so they have their own global namespace. (The built-in names actually also live in a module; this is called :mod:`builtins`.) The local namespace for a function is created when the function is called, and deleted when the function returns or raises an exception that is not handled wi...
of a module called :mod:`__main__`, so they have their own global namespace. (The built-in names actually also live in a module; this is called :mod:`builtins`.) The local namespace for a function is created when the function is called, and deleted when the function returns or raises an exception that is not handled wi...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
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CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/tutorial/classes.rst
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def f(self): return 'hello world' then ``MyClass.i`` and ``MyClass.f`` are valid attribute references, returning an integer and a function object, respectively. Class attributes can also be assigned to, so you can change the value of ``MyClass.i`` by assignment. :attr:`~type.__doc__` is also a valid attribute, returnin...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
def f(self): return 'hello world' then ``MyClass.i`` and ``MyClass.f`` are valid attribute references, returning an integer and a function object, respectively. Class attributes can also be assigned to, so you can change the value of ``MyClass.i`` by assignment. :attr:`~type.__doc__` is also a valid attribute, returnin...
def f(self): return 'hello world' then ``MyClass.i`` and ``MyClass.f`` are valid attribute references, returning an integer and a function object, respectively. Class attributes can also be assigned to, so you can change the value of ``MyClass.i`` by assignment. :attr:`~type.__doc__` is also a valid attribute, returnin...
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CPython Docs
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.. index:: pair: object; method Valid method names of an instance object depend on its class. By definition, all attributes of a class that are function objects define corresponding methods of its instances. So in our example, ``x.f`` is a valid method reference, since ``MyClass.f`` is a function, but ``x.i`` is not, s...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
.. index:: pair: object; method Valid method names of an instance object depend on its class. By definition, all attributes of a class that are function objects define corresponding methods of its instances. So in our example, ``x.f`` is a valid method reference, since ``MyClass.f`` is a function, but ``x.i`` is not, s...
.. index:: pair: object; method Valid method names of an instance object depend on its class. By definition, all attributes of a class that are function objects define corresponding methods of its instances. So in our example, ``x.f`` is a valid method reference, since ``MyClass.f`` is a function, but ``x.i`` is not, s...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
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CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/tutorial/classes.rst
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all dogs 'canine' >>> e.kind # shared by all dogs 'canine' >>> d.name # unique to d 'Fido' >>> e.name # unique to e 'Buddy' As discussed in :ref:`tut-object`, shared data can have possibly surprising effects involving :term:`mutable` objects such as lists and dictionaries. For example, the *tricks* list in the followin...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
all dogs 'canine' >>> e.kind # shared by all dogs 'canine' >>> d.name # unique to d 'Fido' >>> e.name # unique to e 'Buddy' As discussed in :ref:`tut-object`, shared data can have possibly surprising effects involving :term:`mutable` objects such as lists and dictionaries. For example, the *tricks* list in the followin...
all dogs 'canine' >>> e.kind # shared by all dogs 'canine' >>> d.name # unique to d 'Fido' >>> e.name # unique to e 'Buddy' As discussed in :ref:`tut-object`, shared data can have possibly surprising effects involving :term:`mutable` objects such as lists and dictionaries. For example, the *tricks* list in the followin...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
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CPython Docs
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the search proceeds to look in the base class. This rule is applied recursively if the base class itself is derived from some other class. There's nothing special about instantiation of derived classes: ``DerivedClassName()`` creates a new instance of the class. Method references are resolved as follows: the correspond...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
the search proceeds to look in the base class. This rule is applied recursively if the base class itself is derived from some other class. There's nothing special about instantiation of derived classes: ``DerivedClassName()`` creates a new instance of the class. Method references are resolved as follows: the correspond...
the search proceeds to look in the base class. This rule is applied recursively if the base class itself is derived from some other class. There's nothing special about instantiation of derived classes: ``DerivedClassName()`` creates a new instance of the class. Method references are resolved as follows: the correspond...
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to know how scopes and namespaces work to fully understand what's going on. Incidentally, knowledge about this subject is useful for any advanced Python programmer. Let's begin with some definitions.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
to know how scopes and namespaces work to fully understand what's going on. Incidentally, knowledge about this subject is useful for any advanced Python programmer. Let's begin with some definitions.
to know how scopes and namespaces work to fully understand what's going on. Incidentally, knowledge about this subject is useful for any advanced Python programmer. Let's begin with some definitions.
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
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CPython Docs
file://datasets/cpython/Doc/tutorial/classes.rst
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does not need to be wrapped in an additional set of parentheses. That is to say, the following two pieces of code are semantically equivalent:: >>> f(x for x in y) >>> f((x for x in y))
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
does not need to be wrapped in an additional set of parentheses. That is to say, the following two pieces of code are semantically equivalent:: >>> f(x for x in y) >>> f((x for x in y))
does not need to be wrapped in an additional set of parentheses. That is to say, the following two pieces of code are semantically equivalent:: >>> f(x for x in y) >>> f((x for x in y))
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print(element) for element in (1, 2, 3): print(element) for key in {'one':1, 'two':2}: print(key) for char in "123": print(char) for line in open("myfile.txt"): print(line, end='') This style of access is clear, concise, and convenient. The use of iterators pervades and unifies Python. Behind the scenes, the :keyword:`...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
print(element) for element in (1, 2, 3): print(element) for key in {'one':1, 'two':2}: print(key) for char in "123": print(char) for line in open("myfile.txt"): print(line, end='') This style of access is clear, concise, and convenient. The use of iterators pervades and unifies Python. Behind the scenes, the :keyword:`...
print(element) for element in (1, 2, 3): print(element) for key in {'one':1, 'two':2}: print(key) for char in "123": print(char) for line in open("myfile.txt"): print(line, end='') This style of access is clear, concise, and convenient. The use of iterators pervades and unifies Python. Behind the scenes, the :keyword:`...
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CPython Docs
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h = g Now ``f``, ``g`` and ``h`` are all attributes of class :class:`!C` that refer to function objects, and consequently they are all methods of instances of :class:`!C` --- ``h`` being exactly equivalent to ``g``. Note that this practice usually only serves to confuse the reader of a program.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
h = g Now ``f``, ``g`` and ``h`` are all attributes of class :class:`!C` that refer to function objects, and consequently they are all methods of instances of :class:`!C` --- ``h`` being exactly equivalent to ``g``. Note that this practice usually only serves to confuse the reader of a program.
h = g Now ``f``, ``g`` and ``h`` are all attributes of class :class:`!C` that refer to function objects, and consequently they are all methods of instances of :class:`!C` --- ``h`` being exactly equivalent to ``g``. Note that this practice usually only serves to confuse the reader of a program.
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Writable attributes may also be deleted with the :keyword:`del` statement. For example, ``del modname.the_answer`` will remove the attribute :attr:`!the_answer` from the object named by ``modname``. Namespaces are created at different moments and have different lifetimes. The namespace containing the built-in names is ...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
Writable attributes may also be deleted with the :keyword:`del` statement. For example, ``del modname.the_answer`` will remove the attribute :attr:`!the_answer` from the object named by ``modname``. Namespaces are created at different moments and have different lifetimes. The namespace containing the built-in names is ...
Writable attributes may also be deleted with the :keyword:`del` statement. For example, ``del modname.the_answer`` will remove the attribute :attr:`!the_answer` from the object named by ``modname``. Namespaces are created at different moments and have different lifetimes. The namespace containing the built-in names is ...
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CPython Docs
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x.f() If ``x = MyClass()``, as above, this will return the string ``'hello world'``. However, it is not necessary to call a method right away: ``x.f`` is a method object, and can be stored away and called at a later time. For example::
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
x.f() If ``x = MyClass()``, as above, this will return the string ``'hello world'``. However, it is not necessary to call a method right away: ``x.f`` is a method object, and can be stored away and called at a later time. For example::
x.f() If ``x = MyClass()``, as above, this will return the string ``'hello world'``. However, it is not necessary to call a method right away: ``x.f`` is a method object, and can be stored away and called at a later time. For example::
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def add_trick(self, trick): self.tricks.append(trick) >>> d = Dog('Fido') >>> e = Dog('Buddy') >>> d.add_trick('roll over') >>> e.add_trick('play dead') >>> d.tricks # unexpectedly shared by all dogs ['roll over', 'play dead']
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def add_trick(self, trick): self.tricks.append(trick) >>> d = Dog('Fido') >>> e = Dog('Buddy') >>> d.add_trick('roll over') >>> e.add_trick('play dead') >>> d.tricks # unexpectedly shared by all dogs ['roll over', 'play dead']
def add_trick(self, trick): self.tricks.append(trick) >>> d = Dog('Fido') >>> e = Dog('Buddy') >>> d.add_trick('roll over') >>> e.add_trick('play dead') >>> d.tricks # unexpectedly shared by all dogs ['roll over', 'play dead']
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your classes. Define an :meth:`~container.__iter__` method which returns an object with a :meth:`~iterator.__next__` method. If the class defines :meth:`!__next__`, then :meth:`!__iter__` can just return ``self``:: class Reverse: """Iterator for looping over a sequence backwards.""" def __init__(self, data): self.da...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
your classes. Define an :meth:`~container.__iter__` method which returns an object with a :meth:`~iterator.__next__` method. If the class defines :meth:`!__next__`, then :meth:`!__iter__` can just return ``self``:: class Reverse: """Iterator for looping over a sequence backwards.""" def __init__(self, data): self.da...
your classes. Define an :meth:`~container.__iter__` method which returns an object with a :meth:`~iterator.__next__` method. If the class defines :meth:`!__next__`, then :meth:`!__iter__` can just return ``self``:: class Reverse: """Iterator for looping over a sequence backwards.""" def __init__(self, data): self.da...
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of instances of :class:`!C` --- ``h`` being exactly equivalent to ``g``. Note that this practice usually only serves to confuse the reader of a program. Methods may call other methods by using method attributes of the ``self`` argument::
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
of instances of :class:`!C` --- ``h`` being exactly equivalent to ``g``. Note that this practice usually only serves to confuse the reader of a program. Methods may call other methods by using method attributes of the ``self`` argument::
of instances of :class:`!C` --- ``h`` being exactly equivalent to ``g``. Note that this practice usually only serves to confuse the reader of a program. Methods may call other methods by using method attributes of the ``self`` argument::
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For example, if ``x`` is the instance of :class:`!MyClass` created above, the following piece of code will print the value ``16``, without leaving a trace:: x.counter = 1 while x.counter < 10: x.counter = x.counter * 2 print(x.counter) del x.counter
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
For example, if ``x`` is the instance of :class:`!MyClass` created above, the following piece of code will print the value ``16``, without leaving a trace:: x.counter = 1 while x.counter < 10: x.counter = x.counter * 2 print(x.counter) del x.counter
For example, if ``x`` is the instance of :class:`!MyClass` created above, the following piece of code will print the value ``16``, without leaving a trace:: x.counter = 1 while x.counter < 10: x.counter = x.counter * 2 print(x.counter) del x.counter
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left off (it remembers all the data values and which statement was last executed). An example shows that generators can be trivially easy to create:: def reverse(data): for index in range(len(data)-1, -1, -1): yield data[index]
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
left off (it remembers all the data values and which statement was last executed). An example shows that generators can be trivially easy to create:: def reverse(data): for index in range(len(data)-1, -1, -1): yield data[index]
left off (it remembers all the data values and which statement was last executed). An example shows that generators can be trivially easy to create:: def reverse(data): for index in range(len(data)-1, -1, -1): yield data[index]
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definition is evolving towards static name resolution, at "compile" time, so don't rely on dynamic name resolution! (In fact, local variables are already determined statically.) A special quirk of Python is that -- if no :keyword:`global` or :keyword:`nonlocal` statement is in effect -- assignments to names always go i...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
definition is evolving towards static name resolution, at "compile" time, so don't rely on dynamic name resolution! (In fact, local variables are already determined statically.) A special quirk of Python is that -- if no :keyword:`global` or :keyword:`nonlocal` statement is in effect -- assignments to names always go i...
definition is evolving towards static name resolution, at "compile" time, so don't rely on dynamic name resolution! (In fact, local variables are already determined statically.) A special quirk of Python is that -- if no :keyword:`global` or :keyword:`nonlocal` statement is in effect -- assignments to names always go i...
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base class may end up calling a method of a derived class that overrides it. (For C++ programmers: all methods in Python are effectively ``virtual``.) An overriding method in a derived class may in fact want to extend rather than simply replace the base class method of the same name. There is a simple way to call the b...
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base class may end up calling a method of a derived class that overrides it. (For C++ programmers: all methods in Python are effectively ``virtual``.) An overriding method in a derived class may in fact want to extend rather than simply replace the base class method of the same name. There is a simple way to call the b...
base class may end up calling a method of a derived class that overrides it. (For C++ programmers: all methods in Python are effectively ``virtual``.) An overriding method in a derived class may in fact want to extend rather than simply replace the base class method of the same name. There is a simple way to call the b...
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= 'west' ... >>> w1 = Warehouse() >>> print(w1.purpose, w1.region) storage west >>> w2 = Warehouse() >>> w2.region = 'east' >>> print(w2.purpose, w2.region) storage east Data attributes may be referenced by methods as well as by ordinary users ("clients") of an object. In other words, classes are not usable to implemen...
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= 'west' ... >>> w1 = Warehouse() >>> print(w1.purpose, w1.region) storage west >>> w2 = Warehouse() >>> w2.region = 'east' >>> print(w2.purpose, w2.region) storage east Data attributes may be referenced by methods as well as by ordinary users ("clients") of an object. In other words, classes are not usable to implemen...
= 'west' ... >>> w1 = Warehouse() >>> print(w1.purpose, w1.region) storage west >>> w2 = Warehouse() >>> w2.region = 'east' >>> print(w2.purpose, w2.region) storage east Data attributes may be referenced by methods as well as by ordinary users ("clients") of an object. In other words, classes are not usable to implemen...
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necessary to call a method right away: ``x.f`` is a method object, and can be stored away and called at a later time. For example:: xf = x.f while True: print(xf())
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necessary to call a method right away: ``x.f`` is a method object, and can be stored away and called at a later time. For example:: xf = x.f while True: print(xf())
necessary to call a method right away: ``x.f`` is a method object, and can be stored away and called at a later time. For example:: xf = x.f while True: print(xf())
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def addtwice(self, x): self.add(x) self.add(x) Methods may reference global names in the same way as ordinary functions. The global scope associated with a method is the module containing its definition. (A class is never used as a global scope.) While one rarely encounters a good reason for using global data in a meth...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
def addtwice(self, x): self.add(x) self.add(x) Methods may reference global names in the same way as ordinary functions. The global scope associated with a method is the module containing its definition. (A class is never used as a global scope.) While one rarely encounters a good reason for using global data in a meth...
def addtwice(self, x): self.add(x) self.add(x) Methods may reference global names in the same way as ordinary functions. The global scope associated with a method is the module containing its definition. (A class is never used as a global scope.) While one rarely encounters a good reason for using global data in a meth...
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By now you have probably noticed that most container objects can be looped over using a :keyword:`for` statement:: for element in [1, 2, 3]: print(element) for element in (1, 2, 3): print(element) for key in {'one':1, 'two':2}: print(key) for char in "123": print(char) for line in open("myfile.txt"): print(lin...
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By now you have probably noticed that most container objects can be looped over using a :keyword:`for` statement:: for element in [1, 2, 3]: print(element) for element in (1, 2, 3): print(element) for key in {'one':1, 'two':2}: print(key) for char in "123": print(char) for line in open("myfile.txt"): print(lin...
By now you have probably noticed that most container objects can be looped over using a :keyword:`for` statement:: for element in [1, 2, 3]: print(element) for element in (1, 2, 3): print(element) for key in {'one':1, 'two':2}: print(key) for char in "123": print(char) for line in open("myfile.txt"): print(lin...
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which tells the :keyword:`!for` loop to terminate. You can call the :meth:`~iterator.__next__` method using the :func:`next` built-in function; this example shows how it all works:: >>> s = 'abc' >>> it = iter(s) >>> it <str_iterator object at 0x10c90e650> >>> next(it) 'a' >>> next(it) 'b' >>> next(it) 'c' >>...
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which tells the :keyword:`!for` loop to terminate. You can call the :meth:`~iterator.__next__` method using the :func:`next` built-in function; this example shows how it all works:: >>> s = 'abc' >>> it = iter(s) >>> it <str_iterator object at 0x10c90e650> >>> next(it) 'a' >>> next(it) 'b' >>> next(it) 'c' >>...
which tells the :keyword:`!for` loop to terminate. You can call the :meth:`~iterator.__next__` method using the :func:`next` built-in function; this example shows how it all works:: >>> s = 'abc' >>> it = iter(s) >>> it <str_iterator object at 0x10c90e650> >>> next(it) 'a' >>> next(it) 'b' >>> next(it) 'c' >>...
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Instance Objects ---------------- Now what can we do with instance objects? The only operations understood by instance objects are attribute references. There are two kinds of valid attribute names: data attributes and methods.
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Instance Objects ---------------- Now what can we do with instance objects? The only operations understood by instance objects are attribute references. There are two kinds of valid attribute names: data attributes and methods.
Instance Objects ---------------- Now what can we do with instance objects? The only operations understood by instance objects are attribute references. There are two kinds of valid attribute names: data attributes and methods.
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