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than when it is read from a ``.py`` file; the only thing that's faster about ``.pyc`` files is the speed with which they are loaded. * The module :mod:`compileall` can create .pyc files for all modules in a directory.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
than when it is read from a ``.py`` file; the only thing that's faster about ``.pyc`` files is the speed with which they are loaded. * The module :mod:`compileall` can create .pyc files for all modules in a directory.
than when it is read from a ``.py`` file; the only thing that's faster about ``.pyc`` files is the speed with which they are loaded. * The module :mod:`compileall` can create .pyc files for all modules in a directory.
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Intra-package References ------------------------ When packages are structured into subpackages (as with the :mod:`!sound` package in the example), you can use absolute imports to refer to submodules of siblings packages. For example, if the module :mod:`!sound.filters.vocoder` needs to use the :mod:`!echo` module in t...
trusted_official_docs
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Intra-package References ------------------------ When packages are structured into subpackages (as with the :mod:`!sound` package in the example), you can use absolute imports to refer to submodules of siblings packages. For example, if the module :mod:`!sound.filters.vocoder` needs to use the :mod:`!echo` module in t...
Intra-package References ------------------------ When packages are structured into subpackages (as with the :mod:`!sound` package in the example), you can use absolute imports to refer to submodules of siblings packages. For example, if the module :mod:`!sound.filters.vocoder` needs to use the :mod:`!echo` module in t...
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imports use leading dots to indicate the current and parent packages involved in the relative import. From the :mod:`!surround` module for example, you might use:: from . import echo from .. import formats from ..filters import equalizer
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
imports use leading dots to indicate the current and parent packages involved in the relative import. From the :mod:`!surround` module for example, you might use:: from . import echo from .. import formats from ..filters import equalizer
imports use leading dots to indicate the current and parent packages involved in the relative import. From the :mod:`!surround` module for example, you might use:: from . import echo from .. import formats from ..filters import equalizer
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modules are designed to export only names that follow certain patterns when you use ``import *``, it is still considered bad practice in production code. Remember, there is nothing wrong with using ``from package import specific_submodule``! In fact, this is the recommended notation unless the importing module needs to...
trusted_official_docs
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modules are designed to export only names that follow certain patterns when you use ``import *``, it is still considered bad practice in production code. Remember, there is nothing wrong with using ``from package import specific_submodule``! In fact, this is the recommended notation unless the importing module needs to...
modules are designed to export only names that follow certain patterns when you use ``import *``, it is still considered bad practice in production code. Remember, there is nothing wrong with using ``from package import specific_submodule``! In fact, this is the recommended notation unless the importing module needs to...
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Fibonacci series up to n.""" result = [] a, b = 0, 1 while a < n: result.append(a) a, b = b, a+b return result Now enter the Python interpreter and import this module with the following command::
trusted_official_docs
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Fibonacci series up to n.""" result = [] a, b = 0, 1 while a < n: result.append(a) a, b = b, a+b return result Now enter the Python interpreter and import this module with the following command::
Fibonacci series up to n.""" result = [] a, b = 0, 1 while a < n: result.append(a) a, b = b, a+b return result Now enter the Python interpreter and import this module with the following command::
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the *first* time the module name is encountered in an import statement. [#]_ (They are also run if the file is executed as a script.) Each module has its own private namespace, which is used as the global namespace by all functions defined in the module. Thus, the author of a module can use global variables in the modu...
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the *first* time the module name is encountered in an import statement. [#]_ (They are also run if the file is executed as a script.) Each module has its own private namespace, which is used as the global namespace by all functions defined in the module. Thus, the author of a module can use global variables in the modu...
the *first* time the module name is encountered in an import statement. [#]_ (They are also run if the file is executed as a script.) Each module has its own private namespace, which is used as the global namespace by all functions defined in the module. Thus, the author of a module can use global variables in the modu...
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>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] >>> import fibo >>> fib = fibo.fib >>> dir() ['__builtins__', '__name__', 'a', 'fib', 'fibo', 'sys'] Note that it lists all types of names: variables, modules, functions, etc.
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>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] >>> import fibo >>> fib = fibo.fib >>> dir() ['__builtins__', '__name__', 'a', 'fib', 'fibo', 'sys'] Note that it lists all types of names: variables, modules, functions, etc.
>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] >>> import fibo >>> fib = fibo.fib >>> dir() ['__builtins__', '__name__', 'a', 'fib', 'fibo', 'sys'] Note that it lists all types of names: variables, modules, functions, etc.
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This does not introduce the module name from which the imports are taken in the local namespace (so in the example, ``fibo`` is not defined). There is even a variant to import all names that a module defines::
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
This does not introduce the module name from which the imports are taken in the local namespace (so in the example, ``fibo`` is not defined). There is even a variant to import all names that a module defines::
This does not introduce the module name from which the imports are taken in the local namespace (so in the example, ``fibo`` is not defined). There is even a variant to import all names that a module defines::
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>>> import sys >>> sys.ps1 '>>> ' >>> sys.ps2 '... ' >>> sys.ps1 = 'C> ' C> print('Yuck!') Yuck! C> These two variables are only defined if the interpreter is in interactive mode.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
>>> import sys >>> sys.ps1 '>>> ' >>> sys.ps2 '... ' >>> sys.ps1 = 'C> ' C> print('Yuck!') Yuck! C> These two variables are only defined if the interpreter is in interactive mode.
>>> import sys >>> sys.ps1 '>>> ' >>> sys.ps2 '... ' >>> sys.ps1 = 'C> ' C> print('Yuck!') Yuck! C> These two variables are only defined if the interpreter is in interactive mode.
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option if you know what you're doing. "Optimized" modules have an ``opt-`` tag and are usually smaller. Future releases may change the effects of optimization. * A program doesn't run any faster when it is read from a ``.pyc`` file than when it is read from a ``.py`` file; the only thing that's faster about ``.pyc`` ...
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option if you know what you're doing. "Optimized" modules have an ``opt-`` tag and are usually smaller. Future releases may change the effects of optimization. * A program doesn't run any faster when it is read from a ``.pyc`` file than when it is read from a ``.py`` file; the only thing that's faster about ``.pyc`` ...
option if you know what you're doing. "Optimized" modules have an ``opt-`` tag and are usually smaller. Future releases may change the effects of optimization. * A program doesn't run any faster when it is read from a ``.pyc`` file than when it is read from a ``.py`` file; the only thing that's faster about ``.pyc`` ...
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recompiled. This is a completely automatic process. Also, the compiled modules are platform-independent, so the same library can be shared among systems with different architectures. Python does not check the cache in two circumstances. First, it always recompiles and does not store the result for the module that's loa...
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recompiled. This is a completely automatic process. Also, the compiled modules are platform-independent, so the same library can be shared among systems with different architectures. Python does not check the cache in two circumstances. First, it always recompiles and does not store the result for the module that's loa...
recompiled. This is a completely automatic process. Also, the compiled modules are platform-independent, so the same library can be shared among systems with different architectures. Python does not check the cache in two circumstances. First, it always recompiles and does not store the result for the module that's loa...
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CPython Docs
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It can also be used when utilising :keyword:`from` with similar effects:: >>> from fibo import fib as fibonacci >>> fibonacci(500) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
It can also be used when utilising :keyword:`from` with similar effects:: >>> from fibo import fib as fibonacci >>> fibonacci(500) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377
It can also be used when utilising :keyword:`from` with similar effects:: >>> from fibo import fib as fibonacci >>> fibonacci(500) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377
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from . import echo from .. import formats from ..filters import equalizer Note that relative imports are based on the name of the current module's package. Since the main module does not have a package, modules intended for use as the main module of a Python application must always use absolute imports.
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CPython Docs
from . import echo from .. import formats from ..filters import equalizer Note that relative imports are based on the name of the current module's package. Since the main module does not have a package, modules intended for use as the main module of a Python application must always use absolute imports.
from . import echo from .. import formats from ..filters import equalizer Note that relative imports are based on the name of the current module's package. Since the main module does not have a package, modules intended for use as the main module of a Python application must always use absolute imports.
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the current :term:`namespace` (see :ref:`tut-scopes` for more details); it only adds the module name ``fibo`` there. Using the module name you can access the functions:: >>> fibo.fib(1000) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 >>> fibo.fib2(100) [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89] >>> fibo.__name__...
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CPython Docs
the current :term:`namespace` (see :ref:`tut-scopes` for more details); it only adds the module name ``fibo`` there. Using the module name you can access the functions:: >>> fibo.fib(1000) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 >>> fibo.fib2(100) [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89] >>> fibo.__name__...
the current :term:`namespace` (see :ref:`tut-scopes` for more details); it only adds the module name ``fibo`` there. Using the module name you can access the functions:: >>> fibo.fib(1000) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 >>> fibo.fib2(100) [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89] >>> fibo.__name__...
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in the current namespace because they are defined in the :mod:`!sound.effects` package when the ``from...import`` statement is executed. (This also works when ``__all__`` is defined.) Although certain modules are designed to export only names that follow certain patterns when you use ``import *``, it is still considere...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
in the current namespace because they are defined in the :mod:`!sound.effects` package when the ``from...import`` statement is executed. (This also works when ``__all__`` is defined.) Although certain modules are designed to export only names that follow certain patterns when you use ``import *``, it is still considere...
in the current namespace because they are defined in the :mod:`!sound.effects` package when the ``from...import`` statement is executed. (This also works when ``__all__`` is defined.) Although certain modules are designed to export only names that follow certain patterns when you use ``import *``, it is still considere...
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>>> import fibo as fib >>> fib.fib(500) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 This is effectively importing the module in the same way that ``import fibo`` will do, with the only difference of it being available as ``fib``.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
>>> import fibo as fib >>> fib.fib(500) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 This is effectively importing the module in the same way that ``import fibo`` will do, with the only difference of it being available as ``fib``.
>>> import fibo as fib >>> fib.fib(500) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 This is effectively importing the module in the same way that ``import fibo`` will do, with the only difference of it being available as ``fib``.
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the code in that file is executed. This variable can be modified; doing so affects future searches for modules and subpackages contained in the package. While this feature is not often needed, it can be used to extend the set of modules found in a package.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
the code in that file is executed. This variable can be modified; doing so affects future searches for modules and subpackages contained in the package. While this feature is not often needed, it can be used to extend the set of modules found in a package.
the code in that file is executed. This variable can be modified; doing so affects future searches for modules and subpackages contained in the package. While this feature is not often needed, it can be used to extend the set of modules found in a package.
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"Compiled" Python files ----------------------- To speed up loading modules, Python caches the compiled version of each module in the ``__pycache__`` directory under the name :file:`module.{version}.pyc`, where the version encodes the format of the compiled file; it generally contains the Python version number. For exa...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
"Compiled" Python files ----------------------- To speed up loading modules, Python caches the compiled version of each module in the ``__pycache__`` directory under the name :file:`module.{version}.pyc`, where the version encodes the format of the compiled file; it generally contains the Python version number. For exa...
"Compiled" Python files ----------------------- To speed up loading modules, Python caches the compiled version of each module in the ``__pycache__`` directory under the name :file:`module.{version}.pyc`, where the version encodes the format of the compiled file; it generally contains the Python version number. For exa...
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>>> from fibo import fib, fib2 >>> fib(500) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 This does not introduce the module name from which the imports are taken in the local namespace (so in the example, ``fibo`` is not defined).
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CPython Docs
>>> from fibo import fib, fib2 >>> fib(500) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 This does not introduce the module name from which the imports are taken in the local namespace (so in the example, ``fibo`` is not defined).
>>> from fibo import fib, fib2 >>> fib(500) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 This does not introduce the module name from which the imports are taken in the local namespace (so in the example, ``fibo`` is not defined).
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(and submodules explicitly loaded) by :file:`__init__.py`. It also includes any submodules of the package that were explicitly loaded by previous :keyword:`import` statements. Consider this code:: import sound.effects.echo import sound.effects.surround from sound.effects import *
trusted_official_docs
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(and submodules explicitly loaded) by :file:`__init__.py`. It also includes any submodules of the package that were explicitly loaded by previous :keyword:`import` statements. Consider this code:: import sound.effects.echo import sound.effects.surround from sound.effects import *
(and submodules explicitly loaded) by :file:`__init__.py`. It also includes any submodules of the package that were explicitly loaded by previous :keyword:`import` statements. Consider this code:: import sound.effects.echo import sound.effects.surround from sound.effects import *
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>>> from fibo import * >>> fib(500) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 This imports all names except those beginning with an underscore (``_``). In most cases Python programmers do not use this facility since it introduces an unknown set of names into the interpreter, possibly hiding some things you have already ...
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CPython Docs
>>> from fibo import * >>> fib(500) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 This imports all names except those beginning with an underscore (``_``). In most cases Python programmers do not use this facility since it introduces an unknown set of names into the interpreter, possibly hiding some things you have already ...
>>> from fibo import * >>> fib(500) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 This imports all names except those beginning with an underscore (``_``). In most cases Python programmers do not use this facility since it introduces an unknown set of names into the interpreter, possibly hiding some things you have already ...
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wavwrite.py aiffread.py aiffwrite.py auread.py auwrite.py ... effects/ Subpackage for sound effects __init__.py echo.py surround.py reverse.py ... filters/ Subpackage for filters __init__.py equalizer.py vocoder.py karaoke.py ... When importing the package, Python searches through the directories on ``sys.path`` lookin...
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wavwrite.py aiffread.py aiffwrite.py auread.py auwrite.py ... effects/ Subpackage for sound effects __init__.py echo.py surround.py reverse.py ... filters/ Subpackage for filters __init__.py equalizer.py vocoder.py karaoke.py ... When importing the package, Python searches through the directories on ``sys.path`` lookin...
wavwrite.py aiffread.py aiffwrite.py auread.py auwrite.py ... effects/ Subpackage for sound effects __init__.py echo.py surround.py reverse.py ... filters/ Subpackage for filters __init__.py equalizer.py vocoder.py karaoke.py ... When importing the package, Python searches through the directories on ``sys.path`` lookin...
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This would mean that ``from sound.effects import *`` would import the three named submodules of the :mod:`!sound.effects` package. Be aware that submodules might become shadowed by locally defined names. For example, if you added a ``reverse`` function to the :file:`sound/effects/__init__.py` file, the ``from sound.eff...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
This would mean that ``from sound.effects import *`` would import the three named submodules of the :mod:`!sound.effects` package. Be aware that submodules might become shadowed by locally defined names. For example, if you added a ``reverse`` function to the :file:`sound/effects/__init__.py` file, the ``from sound.eff...
This would mean that ``from sound.effects import *`` would import the three named submodules of the :mod:`!sound.effects` package. Be aware that submodules might become shadowed by locally defined names. For example, if you added a ``reverse`` function to the :file:`sound/effects/__init__.py` file, the ``from sound.eff...
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the main module does not have a package, modules intended for use as the main module of a Python application must always use absolute imports. Packages in Multiple Directories --------------------------------
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the main module does not have a package, modules intended for use as the main module of a Python application must always use absolute imports. Packages in Multiple Directories --------------------------------
the main module does not have a package, modules intended for use as the main module of a Python application must always use absolute imports. Packages in Multiple Directories --------------------------------
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.. index:: single: __all__ Now what happens when the user writes ``from sound.effects import *``? Ideally, one would hope that this somehow goes out to the filesystem, finds which submodules are present in the package, and imports them all. This could take a long time and importing sub-modules might have unwanted side-...
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.. index:: single: __all__ Now what happens when the user writes ``from sound.effects import *``? Ideally, one would hope that this somehow goes out to the filesystem, finds which submodules are present in the package, and imports them all. This could take a long time and importing sub-modules might have unwanted side-...
.. index:: single: __all__ Now what happens when the user writes ``from sound.effects import *``? Ideally, one would hope that this somehow goes out to the filesystem, finds which submodules are present in the package, and imports them all. This could take a long time and importing sub-modules might have unwanted side-...
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siblings packages. For example, if the module :mod:`!sound.filters.vocoder` needs to use the :mod:`!echo` module in the :mod:`!sound.effects` package, it can use ``from sound.effects import echo``. You can also write relative imports, with the ``from module import name`` form of import statement. These imports use lead...
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siblings packages. For example, if the module :mod:`!sound.filters.vocoder` needs to use the :mod:`!echo` module in the :mod:`!sound.effects` package, it can use ``from sound.effects import echo``. You can also write relative imports, with the ``from module import name`` form of import statement. These imports use lead...
siblings packages. For example, if the module :mod:`!sound.filters.vocoder` needs to use the :mod:`!echo` module in the :mod:`!sound.effects` package, it can use ``from sound.effects import echo``. You can also write relative imports, with the ``from module import name`` form of import statement. These imports use lead...
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echofilter(input, output, delay=0.7, atten=4) Note that when using ``from package import item``, the item can be either a submodule (or subpackage) of the package, or some other name defined in the package, like a function, class or variable. The ``import`` statement first tests whether the item is defined in the packa...
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echofilter(input, output, delay=0.7, atten=4) Note that when using ``from package import item``, the item can be either a submodule (or subpackage) of the package, or some other name defined in the package, like a function, class or variable. The ``import`` statement first tests whether the item is defined in the packa...
echofilter(input, output, delay=0.7, atten=4) Note that when using ``from package import item``, the item can be either a submodule (or subpackage) of the package, or some other name defined in the package, like a function, class or variable. The ``import`` statement first tests whether the item is defined in the packa...
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programmers do not use this facility since it introduces an unknown set of names into the interpreter, possibly hiding some things you have already defined. Note that in general the practice of importing ``*`` from a module or package is frowned upon, since it often causes poorly readable code. However, it is okay to u...
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programmers do not use this facility since it introduces an unknown set of names into the interpreter, possibly hiding some things you have already defined. Note that in general the practice of importing ``*`` from a module or package is frowned upon, since it often causes poorly readable code. However, it is okay to u...
programmers do not use this facility since it introduces an unknown set of names into the interpreter, possibly hiding some things you have already defined. Note that in general the practice of importing ``*`` from a module or package is frowned upon, since it often causes poorly readable code. However, it is okay to u...
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This is effectively importing the module in the same way that ``import fibo`` will do, with the only difference of it being available as ``fib``. It can also be used when utilising :keyword:`from` with similar effects::
trusted_official_docs
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This is effectively importing the module in the same way that ``import fibo`` will do, with the only difference of it being available as ``fib``. It can also be used when utilising :keyword:`from` with similar effects::
This is effectively importing the module in the same way that ``import fibo`` will do, with the only difference of it being available as ``fib``. It can also be used when utilising :keyword:`from` with similar effects::
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import sound.effects.echo import sound.effects.surround from sound.effects import * In this example, the :mod:`!echo` and :mod:`!surround` modules are imported in the current namespace because they are defined in the :mod:`!sound.effects` package when the ``from...import`` statement is executed. (This also works when `...
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import sound.effects.echo import sound.effects.surround from sound.effects import * In this example, the :mod:`!echo` and :mod:`!surround` modules are imported in the current namespace because they are defined in the :mod:`!sound.effects` package when the ``from...import`` statement is executed. (This also works when `...
import sound.effects.echo import sound.effects.surround from sound.effects import * In this example, the :mod:`!echo` and :mod:`!surround` modules are imported in the current namespace because they are defined in the :mod:`!sound.effects` package when the ``from...import`` statement is executed. (This also works when `...
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if __name__ == "__main__": import sys fib(int(sys.argv[1])) you can make the file usable as a script as well as an importable module, because the code that parses the command line only runs if the module is executed as the "main" file:
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if __name__ == "__main__": import sys fib(int(sys.argv[1])) you can make the file usable as a script as well as an importable module, because the code that parses the command line only runs if the module is executed as the "main" file:
if __name__ == "__main__": import sys fib(int(sys.argv[1])) you can make the file usable as a script as well as an importable module, because the code that parses the command line only runs if the module is executed as the "main" file:
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.. rubric:: Footnotes .. [#] In fact function definitions are also 'statements' that are 'executed'; the execution of a module-level function definition adds the function name to the module's global namespace.
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.. rubric:: Footnotes .. [#] In fact function definitions are also 'statements' that are 'executed'; the execution of a module-level function definition adds the function name to the module's global namespace.
.. rubric:: Footnotes .. [#] In fact function definitions are also 'statements' that are 'executed'; the execution of a module-level function definition adds the function name to the module's global namespace.
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34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 >>> fibo.fib2(100) [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89] >>> fibo.__name__ 'fibo' If you intend to use a function often you can assign it to a local name::
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34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 >>> fibo.fib2(100) [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89] >>> fibo.__name__ 'fibo' If you intend to use a function often you can assign it to a local name::
34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 >>> fibo.fib2(100) [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89] >>> fibo.__name__ 'fibo' If you intend to use a function often you can assign it to a local name::
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*`` would only import the two submodules ``echo`` and ``surround``, but *not* the ``reverse`` submodule, because it is shadowed by the locally defined ``reverse`` function:: __all__ = [ "echo", # refers to the 'echo.py' file "surround", # refers to the 'surround.py' file "reverse", # !!! refers to the 'reverse' func...
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*`` would only import the two submodules ``echo`` and ``surround``, but *not* the ``reverse`` submodule, because it is shadowed by the locally defined ``reverse`` function:: __all__ = [ "echo", # refers to the 'echo.py' file "surround", # refers to the 'surround.py' file "reverse", # !!! refers to the 'reverse' func...
*`` would only import the two submodules ``echo`` and ``surround``, but *not* the ``reverse`` submodule, because it is shadowed by the locally defined ``reverse`` function:: __all__ = [ "echo", # refers to the 'echo.py' file "surround", # refers to the 'surround.py' file "reverse", # !!! refers to the 'reverse' func...
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deserves some attention: :mod:`sys`, which is built into every Python interpreter. The variables ``sys.ps1`` and ``sys.ps2`` define the strings used as primary and secondary prompts:: >>> import sys >>> sys.ps1 '>>> ' >>> sys.ps2 '... ' >>> sys.ps1 = 'C> ' C> print('Yuck!') Yuck! C>
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deserves some attention: :mod:`sys`, which is built into every Python interpreter. The variables ``sys.ps1`` and ``sys.ps2`` define the strings used as primary and secondary prompts:: >>> import sys >>> sys.ps1 '>>> ' >>> sys.ps2 '... ' >>> sys.ps1 = 'C> ' C> print('Yuck!') Yuck! C>
deserves some attention: :mod:`sys`, which is built into every Python interpreter. The variables ``sys.ps1`` and ``sys.ps2`` define the strings used as primary and secondary prompts:: >>> import sys >>> sys.ps1 '>>> ' >>> sys.ps2 '... ' >>> sys.ps1 = 'C> ' C> print('Yuck!') Yuck! C>
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fib(n): """Write Fibonacci series up to n.""" a, b = 0, 1 while a < n: print(a, end=' ') a, b = b, a+b print() def fib2(n): """Return Fibonacci series up to n.""" result = [] a, b = 0, 1 while a < n: result.append(a) a, b = b, a+b return result
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fib(n): """Write Fibonacci series up to n.""" a, b = 0, 1 while a < n: print(a, end=' ') a, b = b, a+b print() def fib2(n): """Return Fibonacci series up to n.""" result = [] a, b = 0, 1 while a < n: result.append(a) a, b = b, a+b return result
fib(n): """Write Fibonacci series up to n.""" a, b = 0, 1 while a < n: print(a, end=' ') a, b = b, a+b print() def fib2(n): """Return Fibonacci series up to n.""" result = [] a, b = 0, 1 while a < n: result.append(a) a, b = b, a+b return result
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input script is calculated after the symlink is followed. In other words the directory containing the symlink is **not** added to the module search path. After initialization, Python programs can modify :data:`sys.path`. The directory containing the script being run is placed at the beginning of the search path, ahead ...
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input script is calculated after the symlink is followed. In other words the directory containing the symlink is **not** added to the module search path. After initialization, Python programs can modify :data:`sys.path`. The directory containing the script being run is placed at the beginning of the search path, ahead ...
input script is calculated after the symlink is followed. In other words the directory containing the symlink is **not** added to the module search path. After initialization, Python programs can modify :data:`sys.path`. The directory containing the script being run is placed at the beginning of the search path, ahead ...
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into the *main* module (the collection of variables that you have access to in a script executed at the top level and in calculator mode). A module is a file containing Python definitions and statements. The file name is the module name with the suffix :file:`.py` appended. Within a module, the module's name (as a stri...
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into the *main* module (the collection of variables that you have access to in a script executed at the top level and in calculator mode). A module is a file containing Python definitions and statements. The file name is the module name with the suffix :file:`.py` appended. Within a module, the module's name (as a stri...
into the *main* module (the collection of variables that you have access to in a script executed at the top level and in calculator mode). A module is a file containing Python definitions and statements. The file name is the module name with the suffix :file:`.py` appended. Within a module, the module's name (as a stri...
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if you know what you are doing you can touch a module's global variables with the same notation used to refer to its functions, ``modname.itemname``. Modules can import other modules. It is customary but not required to place all :keyword:`import` statements at the beginning of a module (or script, for that matter). Th...
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if you know what you are doing you can touch a module's global variables with the same notation used to refer to its functions, ``modname.itemname``. Modules can import other modules. It is customary but not required to place all :keyword:`import` statements at the beginning of a module (or script, for that matter). Th...
if you know what you are doing you can touch a module's global variables with the same notation used to refer to its functions, ``modname.itemname``. Modules can import other modules. It is customary but not required to place all :keyword:`import` statements at the beginning of a module (or script, for that matter). Th...
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them all. This could take a long time and importing sub-modules might have unwanted side-effects that should only happen when the sub-module is explicitly imported. The only solution is for the package author to provide an explicit index of the package. The :keyword:`import` statement uses the following convention: if ...
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them all. This could take a long time and importing sub-modules might have unwanted side-effects that should only happen when the sub-module is explicitly imported. The only solution is for the package author to provide an explicit index of the package. The :keyword:`import` statement uses the following convention: if ...
them all. This could take a long time and importing sub-modules might have unwanted side-effects that should only happen when the sub-module is explicitly imported. The only solution is for the package author to provide an explicit index of the package. The :keyword:`import` statement uses the following convention: if ...
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path taken from the environment variable :envvar:`PYTHONPATH`, or from a built-in default if :envvar:`PYTHONPATH` is not set. You can modify it using standard list operations:: >>> import sys >>> sys.path.append('/ufs/guido/lib/python')
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path taken from the environment variable :envvar:`PYTHONPATH`, or from a built-in default if :envvar:`PYTHONPATH` is not set. You can modify it using standard list operations:: >>> import sys >>> sys.path.append('/ufs/guido/lib/python')
path taken from the environment variable :envvar:`PYTHONPATH`, or from a built-in default if :envvar:`PYTHONPATH` is not set. You can modify it using standard list operations:: >>> import sys >>> sys.path.append('/ufs/guido/lib/python')
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Packages ======== Packages are a way of structuring Python's module namespace by using "dotted module names". For example, the module name :mod:`!A.B` designates a submodule named ``B`` in a package named ``A``. Just like the use of modules saves the authors of different modules from having to worry about each other's ...
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Packages ======== Packages are a way of structuring Python's module namespace by using "dotted module names". For example, the module name :mod:`!A.B` designates a submodule named ``B`` in a package named ``A``. Just like the use of modules saves the authors of different modules from having to worry about each other's ...
Packages ======== Packages are a way of structuring Python's module namespace by using "dotted module names". For example, the module name :mod:`!A.B` designates a submodule named ``B`` in a package named ``A``. Just like the use of modules saves the authors of different modules from having to worry about each other's ...
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.. code-block:: text sound/ Top-level package __init__.py Initialize the sound package formats/ Subpackage for file format conversions __init__.py wavread.py wavwrite.py aiffread.py aiffwrite.py auread.py auwrite.py ... effects/ Subpackage for sound effects __init__.py echo.py surround.py reverse.py ... ...
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.. code-block:: text sound/ Top-level package __init__.py Initialize the sound package formats/ Subpackage for file format conversions __init__.py wavread.py wavwrite.py aiffread.py aiffwrite.py auread.py auwrite.py ... effects/ Subpackage for sound effects __init__.py echo.py surround.py reverse.py ... ...
.. code-block:: text sound/ Top-level package __init__.py Initialize the sound package formats/ Subpackage for file format conversions __init__.py wavread.py wavwrite.py aiffread.py aiffwrite.py auread.py auwrite.py ... effects/ Subpackage for sound effects __init__.py echo.py surround.py reverse.py ... ...
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>>> import fibo This does not add the names of the functions defined in ``fibo`` directly to the current :term:`namespace` (see :ref:`tut-scopes` for more details); it only adds the module name ``fibo`` there. Using the module name you can access the functions::
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>>> import fibo This does not add the names of the functions defined in ``fibo`` directly to the current :term:`namespace` (see :ref:`tut-scopes` for more details); it only adds the module name ``fibo`` there. Using the module name you can access the functions::
>>> import fibo This does not add the names of the functions defined in ``fibo`` directly to the current :term:`namespace` (see :ref:`tut-scopes` for more details); it only adds the module name ``fibo`` there. Using the module name you can access the functions::
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def reverse(msg: str): # <-- this name shadows the 'reverse.py' submodule return msg[::-1] # in the case of a 'from sound.effects import *' If ``__all__`` is not defined, the statement ``from sound.effects import *`` does *not* import all submodules from the package :mod:`!sound.effects` into the current namespace; it ...
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def reverse(msg: str): # <-- this name shadows the 'reverse.py' submodule return msg[::-1] # in the case of a 'from sound.effects import *' If ``__all__`` is not defined, the statement ``from sound.effects import *`` does *not* import all submodules from the package :mod:`!sound.effects` into the current namespace; it ...
def reverse(msg: str): # <-- this name shadows the 'reverse.py' submodule return msg[::-1] # in the case of a 'from sound.effects import *' If ``__all__`` is not defined, the statement ``from sound.effects import *`` does *not* import all submodules from the package :mod:`!sound.effects` into the current namespace; it ...
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compiled version of spam.py would be cached as ``__pycache__/spam.cpython-33.pyc``. This naming convention allows compiled modules from different releases and different versions of Python to coexist. Python checks the modification date of the source against the compiled version to see if it's out of date and needs to b...
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compiled version of spam.py would be cached as ``__pycache__/spam.cpython-33.pyc``. This naming convention allows compiled modules from different releases and different versions of Python to coexist. Python checks the modification date of the source against the compiled version to see if it's out of date and needs to b...
compiled version of spam.py would be cached as ``__pycache__/spam.cpython-33.pyc``. This naming convention allows compiled modules from different releases and different versions of Python to coexist. Python checks the modification date of the source against the compiled version to see if it's out of date and needs to b...
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There is a variant of the :keyword:`import` statement that imports names from a module directly into the importing module's namespace. For example:: >>> from fibo import fib, fib2 >>> fib(500) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
There is a variant of the :keyword:`import` statement that imports names from a module directly into the importing module's namespace. For example:: >>> from fibo import fib, fib2 >>> fib(500) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377
There is a variant of the :keyword:`import` statement that imports names from a module directly into the importing module's namespace. For example:: >>> from fibo import fib, fib2 >>> fib(500) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377
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'meta_path', 'modules', 'path', 'path_hooks', 'path_importer_cache', 'platform', 'prefix', 'ps1', 'ps2', 'pycache_prefix', 'set_asyncgen_hooks', 'set_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth', 'setdlopenflags', 'setprofile', 'setrecursionlimit', 'setswitchinterval', 'settrace', 'stderr', 'stdin', 'stdout', 'thread_info', 'unrai...
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'meta_path', 'modules', 'path', 'path_hooks', 'path_importer_cache', 'platform', 'prefix', 'ps1', 'ps2', 'pycache_prefix', 'set_asyncgen_hooks', 'set_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth', 'setdlopenflags', 'setprofile', 'setrecursionlimit', 'setswitchinterval', 'settrace', 'stderr', 'stdin', 'stdout', 'thread_info', 'unrai...
'meta_path', 'modules', 'path', 'path_hooks', 'path_importer_cache', 'platform', 'prefix', 'ps1', 'ps2', 'pycache_prefix', 'set_asyncgen_hooks', 'set_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth', 'setdlopenflags', 'setprofile', 'setrecursionlimit', 'setswitchinterval', 'settrace', 'stderr', 'stdin', 'stdout', 'thread_info', 'unrai...
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does not list the names of built-in functions and variables. If you want a list of those, they are defined in the standard module :mod:`builtins`:: >>> import builtins >>> dir(builtins) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE ['ArithmeticError', 'AssertionError', 'AttributeError', 'BaseException', 'BlockingIOError', 'Broke...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
does not list the names of built-in functions and variables. If you want a list of those, they are defined in the standard module :mod:`builtins`:: >>> import builtins >>> dir(builtins) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE ['ArithmeticError', 'AssertionError', 'AttributeError', 'BaseException', 'BlockingIOError', 'Broke...
does not list the names of built-in functions and variables. If you want a list of those, they are defined in the standard module :mod:`builtins`:: >>> import builtins >>> dir(builtins) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE ['ArithmeticError', 'AssertionError', 'AttributeError', 'BaseException', 'BlockingIOError', 'Broke...
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Some tips for experts: * You can use the :option:`-O` or :option:`-OO` switches on the Python command to reduce the size of a compiled module. The ``-O`` switch removes assert statements, the ``-OO`` switch removes both assert statements and __doc__ strings. Since some programs may rely on having these available, yo...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
Some tips for experts: * You can use the :option:`-O` or :option:`-OO` switches on the Python command to reduce the size of a compiled module. The ``-O`` switch removes assert statements, the ``-OO`` switch removes both assert statements and __doc__ strings. Since some programs may rely on having these available, yo...
Some tips for experts: * You can use the :option:`-O` or :option:`-OO` switches on the Python command to reduce the size of a compiled module. The ``-O`` switch removes assert statements, the ``-OO`` switch removes both assert statements and __doc__ strings. Since some programs may rely on having these available, yo...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
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.. note:: For efficiency reasons, each module is only imported once per interpreter session. Therefore, if you change your modules, you must restart the interpreter -- or, if it's just one module you want to test interactively, use :func:`importlib.reload`, e.g. ``import importlib; importlib.reload(modulename)``.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
.. note:: For efficiency reasons, each module is only imported once per interpreter session. Therefore, if you change your modules, you must restart the interpreter -- or, if it's just one module you want to test interactively, use :func:`importlib.reload`, e.g. ``import importlib; importlib.reload(modulename)``.
.. note:: For efficiency reasons, each module is only imported once per interpreter session. Therefore, if you change your modules, you must restart the interpreter -- or, if it's just one module you want to test interactively, use :func:`importlib.reload`, e.g. ``import importlib; importlib.reload(modulename)``.
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CPython Docs
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Packages in Multiple Directories -------------------------------- Packages support one more special attribute, :attr:`~module.__path__`. This is initialized to be a :term:`sequence` of strings containing the name of the directory holding the package's :file:`__init__.py` before the code in that file is executed. This v...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
Packages in Multiple Directories -------------------------------- Packages support one more special attribute, :attr:`~module.__path__`. This is initialized to be a :term:`sequence` of strings containing the name of the directory holding the package's :file:`__init__.py` before the code in that file is executed. This v...
Packages in Multiple Directories -------------------------------- Packages support one more special attribute, :attr:`~module.__path__`. This is initialized to be a :term:`sequence` of strings containing the name of the directory holding the package's :file:`__init__.py` before the code in that file is executed. This v...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
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CPython Docs
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More details are at :ref:`sys-path-init`. .. note:: On file systems which support symlinks, the directory containing the input script is calculated after the symlink is followed. In other words the directory containing the symlink is **not** added to the module search path.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
More details are at :ref:`sys-path-init`. .. note:: On file systems which support symlinks, the directory containing the input script is calculated after the symlink is followed. In other words the directory containing the symlink is **not** added to the module search path.
More details are at :ref:`sys-path-init`. .. note:: On file systems which support symlinks, the directory containing the input script is calculated after the symlink is followed. In other words the directory containing the symlink is **not** added to the module search path.
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CPython Docs
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"echo", # refers to the 'echo.py' file "surround", # refers to the 'surround.py' file "reverse", # !!! refers to the 'reverse' function now !!! ] def reverse(msg: str): # <-- this name shadows the 'reverse.py' submodule return msg[::-1] # in the case of a 'from sound.effects import *'
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
"echo", # refers to the 'echo.py' file "surround", # refers to the 'surround.py' file "reverse", # !!! refers to the 'reverse' function now !!! ] def reverse(msg: str): # <-- this name shadows the 'reverse.py' submodule return msg[::-1] # in the case of a 'from sound.effects import *'
"echo", # refers to the 'echo.py' file "surround", # refers to the 'surround.py' file "reverse", # !!! refers to the 'reverse' function now !!! ] def reverse(msg: str): # <-- this name shadows the 'reverse.py' submodule return msg[::-1] # in the case of a 'from sound.effects import *'
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******* Modules ******* If you quit from the Python interpreter and enter it again, the definitions you have made (functions and variables) are lost. Therefore, if you want to write a somewhat longer program, you are better off using a text editor to prepare the input for the interpreter and running it with that file a...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
******* Modules ******* If you quit from the Python interpreter and enter it again, the definitions you have made (functions and variables) are lost. Therefore, if you want to write a somewhat longer program, you are better off using a text editor to prepare the input for the interpreter and running it with that file a...
******* Modules ******* If you quit from the Python interpreter and enter it again, the definitions you have made (functions and variables) are lost. Therefore, if you want to write a somewhat longer program, you are better off using a text editor to prepare the input for the interpreter and running it with that file a...
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
Local_Trusted_Corpus
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CPython Docs
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When importing the package, Python searches through the directories on ``sys.path`` looking for the package subdirectory. The :file:`__init__.py` files are required to make Python treat directories containing the file as packages (unless using a :term:`namespace package`, a relatively advanced feature). This prevents d...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
When importing the package, Python searches through the directories on ``sys.path`` looking for the package subdirectory. The :file:`__init__.py` files are required to make Python treat directories containing the file as packages (unless using a :term:`namespace package`, a relatively advanced feature). This prevents d...
When importing the package, Python searches through the directories on ``sys.path`` looking for the package subdirectory. The :file:`__init__.py` files are required to make Python treat directories containing the file as packages (unless using a :term:`namespace package`, a relatively advanced feature). This prevents d...
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Local_Trusted_Corpus
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These two variables are only defined if the interpreter is in interactive mode. The variable ``sys.path`` is a list of strings that determines the interpreter's search path for modules. It is initialized to a default path taken from the environment variable :envvar:`PYTHONPATH`, or from a built-in default if :envvar:`P...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
These two variables are only defined if the interpreter is in interactive mode. The variable ``sys.path`` is a list of strings that determines the interpreter's search path for modules. It is initialized to a default path taken from the environment variable :envvar:`PYTHONPATH`, or from a built-in default if :envvar:`P...
These two variables are only defined if the interpreter is in interactive mode. The variable ``sys.path`` is a list of strings that determines the interpreter's search path for modules. It is initialized to a default path taken from the environment variable :envvar:`PYTHONPATH`, or from a built-in default if :envvar:`P...
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of modules of the same name in the library directory. This is an error unless the replacement is intended. See section :ref:`tut-standardmodules` for more information. .. % Do we need stuff on zip files etc. ? DUBOIS
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
of modules of the same name in the library directory. This is an error unless the replacement is intended. See section :ref:`tut-standardmodules` for more information. .. % Do we need stuff on zip files etc. ? DUBOIS
of modules of the same name in the library directory. This is an error unless the replacement is intended. See section :ref:`tut-standardmodules` for more information. .. % Do we need stuff on zip files etc. ? DUBOIS
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The imported module names, if placed at the top level of a module (outside any functions or classes), are added to the module's global namespace. There is a variant of the :keyword:`import` statement that imports names from a module directly into the importing module's namespace. For example::
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
The imported module names, if placed at the top level of a module (outside any functions or classes), are added to the module's global namespace. There is a variant of the :keyword:`import` statement that imports names from a module directly into the importing module's namespace. For example::
The imported module names, if placed at the top level of a module (outside any functions or classes), are added to the module's global namespace. There is a variant of the :keyword:`import` statement that imports names from a module directly into the importing module's namespace. For example::
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There is even a variant to import all names that a module defines:: >>> from fibo import * >>> fib(500) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
There is even a variant to import all names that a module defines:: >>> from fibo import * >>> fib(500) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377
There is even a variant to import all names that a module defines:: >>> from fibo import * >>> fib(500) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377
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as if you imported it, but with the ``__name__`` set to ``"__main__"``. That means that by adding this code at the end of your module:: if __name__ == "__main__": import sys fib(int(sys.argv[1]))
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
as if you imported it, but with the ``__name__`` set to ``"__main__"``. That means that by adding this code at the end of your module:: if __name__ == "__main__": import sys fib(int(sys.argv[1]))
as if you imported it, but with the ``__name__`` set to ``"__main__"``. That means that by adding this code at the end of your module:: if __name__ == "__main__": import sys fib(int(sys.argv[1]))
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the use of dotted module names saves the authors of multi-module packages like NumPy or Pillow from having to worry about each other's module names. Suppose you want to design a collection of modules (a "package") for the uniform handling of sound files and sound data. There are many different sound file formats (usual...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
the use of dotted module names saves the authors of multi-module packages like NumPy or Pillow from having to worry about each other's module names. Suppose you want to design a collection of modules (a "package") for the uniform handling of sound files and sound data. There are many different sound file formats (usual...
the use of dotted module names saves the authors of multi-module packages like NumPy or Pillow from having to worry about each other's module names. Suppose you want to design a collection of modules (a "package") for the uniform handling of sound files and sound data. There are many different sound file formats (usual...
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CPython Docs
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.. index:: pair: module; builtins :func:`dir` does not list the names of built-in functions and variables. If you want a list of those, they are defined in the standard module :mod:`builtins`::
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
.. index:: pair: module; builtins :func:`dir` does not list the names of built-in functions and variables. If you want a list of those, they are defined in the standard module :mod:`builtins`::
.. index:: pair: module; builtins :func:`dir` does not list the names of built-in functions and variables. If you want a list of those, they are defined in the standard module :mod:`builtins`::
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case, :file:`__init__.py` can just be an empty file, but it can also execute initialization code for the package or set the ``__all__`` variable, described later. Users of the package can import individual modules from the package, for example::
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
case, :file:`__init__.py` can just be an empty file, but it can also execute initialization code for the package or set the ``__all__`` variable, described later. Users of the package can import individual modules from the package, for example::
case, :file:`__init__.py` can just be an empty file, but it can also execute initialization code for the package or set the ``__all__`` variable, described later. Users of the package can import individual modules from the package, for example::
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# Fibonacci numbers module def fib(n): """Write Fibonacci series up to n.""" a, b = 0, 1 while a < n: print(a, end=' ') a, b = b, a+b print()
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
# Fibonacci numbers module def fib(n): """Write Fibonacci series up to n.""" a, b = 0, 1 while a < n: print(a, end=' ') a, b = b, a+b print()
# Fibonacci numbers module def fib(n): """Write Fibonacci series up to n.""" a, b = 0, 1 while a < n: print(a, end=' ') a, b = b, a+b print()
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for easier maintenance. You may also want to use a handy function that you've written in several programs without copying its definition into each program. To support this, Python has a way to put definitions in a file and use them in a script or in an interactive instance of the interpreter. Such a file is called a *m...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
for easier maintenance. You may also want to use a handy function that you've written in several programs without copying its definition into each program. To support this, Python has a way to put definitions in a file and use them in a script or in an interactive instance of the interpreter. Such a file is called a *m...
for easier maintenance. You may also want to use a handy function that you've written in several programs without copying its definition into each program. To support this, Python has a way to put definitions in a file and use them in a script or in an interactive instance of the interpreter. Such a file is called a *m...
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(or overwrites) a variable named ``x`` that still exists after the loop completes. We can calculate the list of squares without any side effects using:: squares = list(map(lambda x: x**2, range(10)))
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
(or overwrites) a variable named ``x`` that still exists after the loop completes. We can calculate the list of squares without any side effects using:: squares = list(map(lambda x: x**2, range(10)))
(or overwrites) a variable named ``x`` that still exists after the loop completes. We can calculate the list of squares without any side effects using:: squares = list(map(lambda x: x**2, range(10)))
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Here is a small example using a dictionary:: >>> tel = {'jack': 4098, 'sape': 4139} >>> tel['guido'] = 4127 >>> tel {'jack': 4098, 'sape': 4139, 'guido': 4127} >>> tel['jack'] 4098 >>> tel['irv'] Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> KeyError: 'irv' >>> print(tel.get('irv')) ...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
Here is a small example using a dictionary:: >>> tel = {'jack': 4098, 'sape': 4139} >>> tel['guido'] = 4127 >>> tel {'jack': 4098, 'sape': 4139, 'guido': 4127} >>> tel['jack'] 4098 >>> tel['irv'] Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> KeyError: 'irv' >>> print(tel.get('irv')) ...
Here is a small example using a dictionary:: >>> tel = {'jack': 4098, 'sape': 4139} >>> tel['guido'] = 4127 >>> tel {'jack': 4098, 'sape': 4139, 'guido': 4127} >>> tel['jack'] 4098 >>> tel['irv'] Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> KeyError: 'irv' >>> print(tel.get('irv')) ...
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The following list comprehension will transpose rows and columns:: >>> [[row[i] for row in matrix] for i in range(4)] [[1, 5, 9], [2, 6, 10], [3, 7, 11], [4, 8, 12]]
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
The following list comprehension will transpose rows and columns:: >>> [[row[i] for row in matrix] for i in range(4)] [[1, 5, 9], [2, 6, 10], [3, 7, 11], [4, 8, 12]]
The following list comprehension will transpose rows and columns:: >>> [[row[i] for row in matrix] for i in range(4)] [[1, 5, 9], [2, 6, 10], [3, 7, 11], [4, 8, 12]]
python, official-docs, cpython, P0
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Return zero-based index of the first occurrence of *value* in the list. Raises a :exc:`ValueError` if there is no such item. The optional arguments *start* and *end* are interpreted as in the slice notation and are used to limit the search to a particular subsequence of the list. The returned index is computed relati...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
Return zero-based index of the first occurrence of *value* in the list. Raises a :exc:`ValueError` if there is no such item. The optional arguments *start* and *end* are interpreted as in the slice notation and are used to limit the search to a particular subsequence of the list. The returned index is computed relati...
Return zero-based index of the first occurrence of *value* in the list. Raises a :exc:`ValueError` if there is no such item. The optional arguments *start* and *end* are interpreted as in the slice notation and are used to limit the search to a particular subsequence of the list. The returned index is computed relati...
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Note how the order of the :keyword:`for` and :keyword:`if` statements is the same in both these snippets. If the expression is a tuple (e.g. the ``(x, y)`` in the previous example), it must be parenthesized. ::
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
Note how the order of the :keyword:`for` and :keyword:`if` statements is the same in both these snippets. If the expression is a tuple (e.g. the ``(x, y)`` in the previous example), it must be parenthesized. ::
Note how the order of the :keyword:`for` and :keyword:`if` statements is the same in both these snippets. If the expression is a tuple (e.g. the ``(x, y)`` in the previous example), it must be parenthesized. ::
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>>> vec = [[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]] >>> [num for elem in vec for num in elem] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] List comprehensions can contain complex expressions and nested functions::
trusted_official_docs
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>>> vec = [[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]] >>> [num for elem in vec for num in elem] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] List comprehensions can contain complex expressions and nested functions::
>>> vec = [[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]] >>> [num for elem in vec for num in elem] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] List comprehensions can contain complex expressions and nested functions::
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context of the :keyword:`!for` and :keyword:`!if` clauses which follow it. For example, this listcomp combines the elements of two lists if they are not equal:: >>> [(x, y) for x in [1,2,3] for y in [3,1,4] if x != y] [(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 1), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 4)]
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context of the :keyword:`!for` and :keyword:`!if` clauses which follow it. For example, this listcomp combines the elements of two lists if they are not equal:: >>> [(x, y) for x in [1,2,3] for y in [3,1,4] if x != y] [(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 1), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 4)]
context of the :keyword:`!for` and :keyword:`!if` clauses which follow it. For example, this listcomp combines the elements of two lists if they are not equal:: >>> [(x, y) for x in [1,2,3] for y in [3,1,4] if x != y] [(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 1), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 4)]
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(see :ref:`typesseq`). Since Python is an evolving language, other sequence data types may be added. There is also another standard sequence data type: the *tuple*. A tuple consists of a number of values separated by commas, for instance::
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
(see :ref:`typesseq`). Since Python is an evolving language, other sequence data types may be added. There is also another standard sequence data type: the *tuple*. A tuple consists of a number of values separated by commas, for instance::
(see :ref:`typesseq`). Since Python is an evolving language, other sequence data types may be added. There is also another standard sequence data type: the *tuple*. A tuple consists of a number of values separated by commas, for instance::
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1234.5] >>> del a[0] >>> a [1, 66.25, 333, 333, 1234.5] >>> del a[2:4] >>> a [1, 66.25, 1234.5] >>> del a[:] >>> a [] :keyword:`del` can also be used to delete entire variables::
trusted_official_docs
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1234.5] >>> del a[0] >>> a [1, 66.25, 333, 333, 1234.5] >>> del a[2:4] >>> a [1, 66.25, 1234.5] >>> del a[:] >>> a [] :keyword:`del` can also be used to delete entire variables::
1234.5] >>> del a[0] >>> a [1, 66.25, 333, 333, 1234.5] >>> del a[2:4] >>> a [1, 66.25, 1234.5] >>> del a[:] >>> a [] :keyword:`del` can also be used to delete entire variables::
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# show that duplicates have been removed {'orange', 'banana', 'pear', 'apple'} >>> 'orange' in basket # fast membership testing True >>> 'crabgrass' in basket False >>> # Demonstrate set operations on unique letters from two words >>> >>> a = set('abracadabra') >>> b = set('alacazam') >>> a # unique letters in a {...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
# show that duplicates have been removed {'orange', 'banana', 'pear', 'apple'} >>> 'orange' in basket # fast membership testing True >>> 'crabgrass' in basket False >>> # Demonstrate set operations on unique letters from two words >>> >>> a = set('abracadabra') >>> b = set('alacazam') >>> a # unique letters in a {...
# show that duplicates have been removed {'orange', 'banana', 'pear', 'apple'} >>> 'orange' in basket # fast membership testing True >>> 'crabgrass' in basket False >>> # Demonstrate set operations on unique letters from two words >>> >>> a = set('abracadabra') >>> b = set('alacazam') >>> a # unique letters in a {...
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An example that uses most of the list methods:: >>> fruits = ['orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'banana', 'kiwi', 'apple', 'banana'] >>> fruits.count('apple') 2 >>> fruits.count('tangerine') 0 >>> fruits.index('banana') 3 >>> fruits.index('banana', 4) # Find next banana starting at position 4 6 >>> fruits.reverse() ...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
An example that uses most of the list methods:: >>> fruits = ['orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'banana', 'kiwi', 'apple', 'banana'] >>> fruits.count('apple') 2 >>> fruits.count('tangerine') 0 >>> fruits.index('banana') 3 >>> fruits.index('banana', 4) # Find next banana starting at position 4 6 >>> fruits.reverse() ...
An example that uses most of the list methods:: >>> fruits = ['orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'banana', 'kiwi', 'apple', 'banana'] >>> fruits.count('apple') 2 >>> fruits.count('tangerine') 0 >>> fruits.index('banana') 3 >>> fruits.index('banana', 4) # Find next banana starting at position 4 6 >>> fruits.reverse() ...
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The conditions used in ``while`` and ``if`` statements can contain any operators, not just comparisons. The comparison operators ``in`` and ``not in`` are membership tests that determine whether a value is in (or not in) a container. The operators ``is`` and ``is not`` compare whether two objects are really the same ob...
trusted_official_docs
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The conditions used in ``while`` and ``if`` statements can contain any operators, not just comparisons. The comparison operators ``in`` and ``not in`` are membership tests that determine whether a value is in (or not in) a container. The operators ``is`` and ``is not`` compare whether two objects are really the same ob...
The conditions used in ``while`` and ``if`` statements can contain any operators, not just comparisons. The comparison operators ``in`` and ``not in`` are membership tests that determine whether a value is in (or not in) a container. The operators ``is`` and ``is not`` compare whether two objects are really the same ob...
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List Comprehensions ------------------- List comprehensions provide a concise way to create lists. Common applications are to make new lists where each element is the result of some operations applied to each member of another sequence or iterable, or to create a subsequence of those elements that satisfy a certain con...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
List Comprehensions ------------------- List comprehensions provide a concise way to create lists. Common applications are to make new lists where each element is the result of some operations applied to each member of another sequence or iterable, or to create a subsequence of those elements that satisfy a certain con...
List Comprehensions ------------------- List comprehensions provide a concise way to create lists. Common applications are to make new lists where each element is the result of some operations applied to each member of another sequence or iterable, or to create a subsequence of those elements that satisfy a certain con...
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Using Lists as Stacks --------------------- The list methods make it very easy to use a list as a stack, where the last element added is the first element retrieved ("last-in, first-out"). To add an item to the top of the stack, use :meth:`~list.append`. To retrieve an item from the top of the stack, use :meth:`~list.p...
trusted_official_docs
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Using Lists as Stacks --------------------- The list methods make it very easy to use a list as a stack, where the last element added is the first element retrieved ("last-in, first-out"). To add an item to the top of the stack, use :meth:`~list.append`. To retrieve an item from the top of the stack, use :meth:`~list.p...
Using Lists as Stacks --------------------- The list methods make it very easy to use a list as a stack, where the last element added is the first element retrieved ("last-in, first-out"). To add an item to the top of the stack, use :meth:`~list.append`. To retrieve an item from the top of the stack, use :meth:`~list.p...
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In the real world, you should prefer built-in functions to complex flow statements. The :func:`zip` function would do a great job for this use case:: >>> list(zip(*matrix)) [(1, 5, 9), (2, 6, 10), (3, 7, 11), (4, 8, 12)]
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
In the real world, you should prefer built-in functions to complex flow statements. The :func:`zip` function would do a great job for this use case:: >>> list(zip(*matrix)) [(1, 5, 9), (2, 6, 10), (3, 7, 11), (4, 8, 12)]
In the real world, you should prefer built-in functions to complex flow statements. The :func:`zip` function would do a great job for this use case:: >>> list(zip(*matrix)) [(1, 5, 9), (2, 6, 10), (3, 7, 11), (4, 8, 12)]
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When looping through dictionaries, the key and corresponding value can be retrieved at the same time using the :meth:`~dict.items` method. :: >>> knights = {'gallahad': 'the pure', 'robin': 'the brave'} >>> for k, v in knights.items(): ... print(k, v) ... gallahad the pure robin the brave
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
When looping through dictionaries, the key and corresponding value can be retrieved at the same time using the :meth:`~dict.items` method. :: >>> knights = {'gallahad': 'the pure', 'robin': 'the brave'} >>> for k, v in knights.items(): ... print(k, v) ... gallahad the pure robin the brave
When looping through dictionaries, the key and corresponding value can be retrieved at the same time using the :meth:`~dict.items` method. :: >>> knights = {'gallahad': 'the pure', 'robin': 'the brave'} >>> for k, v in knights.items(): ... print(k, v) ... gallahad the pure robin the brave
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to a particular subsequence of the list. The returned index is computed relative to the beginning of the full sequence rather than the *start* argument. .. method:: list.count(value, /) :noindex:
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
to a particular subsequence of the list. The returned index is computed relative to the beginning of the full sequence rather than the *start* argument. .. method:: list.count(value, /) :noindex:
to a particular subsequence of the list. The returned index is computed relative to the beginning of the full sequence rather than the *start* argument. .. method:: list.count(value, /) :noindex:
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evens = {i: i**2 for i in (2, 4, 6)} >>> {**odds, **evens} {1: 1, 3: 9, 5: 25, 2: 4, 4: 16, 6: 36} >>> all_values = [odds, evens, {0: 0}] >>> {**i for i in all_values} {1: 1, 3: 9, 5: 25, 2: 4, 4: 16, 6: 36, 0: 0}
trusted_official_docs
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evens = {i: i**2 for i in (2, 4, 6)} >>> {**odds, **evens} {1: 1, 3: 9, 5: 25, 2: 4, 4: 16, 6: 36} >>> all_values = [odds, evens, {0: 0}] >>> {**i for i in all_values} {1: 1, 3: 9, 5: 25, 2: 4, 4: 16, 6: 36, 0: 0}
evens = {i: i**2 for i in (2, 4, 6)} >>> {**odds, **evens} {1: 1, 3: 9, 5: 25, 2: 4, 4: 16, 6: 36} >>> all_values = [odds, evens, {0: 0}] >>> {**i for i in all_values} {1: 1, 3: 9, 5: 25, 2: 4, 4: 16, 6: 36, 0: 0}
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insertion order (if you want it sorted, just use ``sorted(d)`` instead). To check whether a single key is in the dictionary, use the :keyword:`in` keyword. Here is a small example using a dictionary::
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
insertion order (if you want it sorted, just use ``sorted(d)`` instead). To check whether a single key is in the dictionary, use the :keyword:`in` keyword. Here is a small example using a dictionary::
insertion order (if you want it sorted, just use ``sorted(d)`` instead). To check whether a single key is in the dictionary, use the :keyword:`in` keyword. Here is a small example using a dictionary::
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>>> x = [1, 2, 3] >>> [0, *x, 4, 5, 6] [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] This only works if the expression following the ``*`` evaluates to an iterable object; trying to unpack a non-iterable object will raise an exception::
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
>>> x = [1, 2, 3] >>> [0, *x, 4, 5, 6] [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] This only works if the expression following the ``*`` evaluates to an iterable object; trying to unpack a non-iterable object will raise an exception::
>>> x = [1, 2, 3] >>> [0, *x, 4, 5, 6] [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] This only works if the expression following the ``*`` evaluates to an iterable object; trying to unpack a non-iterable object will raise an exception::
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>>> matrix = [ ... [1, 2, 3, 4], ... [5, 6, 7, 8], ... [9, 10, 11, 12], ... ] The following list comprehension will transpose rows and columns::
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CPython Docs
>>> matrix = [ ... [1, 2, 3, 4], ... [5, 6, 7, 8], ... [9, 10, 11, 12], ... ] The following list comprehension will transpose rows and columns::
>>> matrix = [ ... [1, 2, 3, 4], ... [5, 6, 7, 8], ... [9, 10, 11, 12], ... ] The following list comprehension will transpose rows and columns::
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by attribute in the case of :func:`namedtuples <collections.namedtuple>`). Lists are :term:`mutable`, and their elements are usually homogeneous and are accessed by iterating over the list. A special problem is the construction of tuples containing 0 or 1 items: the syntax has some extra quirks to accommodate these. Em...
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by attribute in the case of :func:`namedtuples <collections.namedtuple>`). Lists are :term:`mutable`, and their elements are usually homogeneous and are accessed by iterating over the list. A special problem is the construction of tuples containing 0 or 1 items: the syntax has some extra quirks to accommodate these. Em...
by attribute in the case of :func:`namedtuples <collections.namedtuple>`). Lists are :term:`mutable`, and their elements are usually homogeneous and are accessed by iterating over the list. A special problem is the construction of tuples containing 0 or 1 items: the syntax has some extra quirks to accommodate these. Em...
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.. method:: list.insert(index, value, /) :noindex: Insert an item at a given position. The first argument is the index of the element before which to insert, so ``a.insert(0, x)`` inserts at the front of the list, and ``a.insert(len(a), x)`` is equivalent to ``a.append(x)``.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
.. method:: list.insert(index, value, /) :noindex: Insert an item at a given position. The first argument is the index of the element before which to insert, so ``a.insert(0, x)`` inserts at the front of the list, and ``a.insert(len(a), x)`` is equivalent to ``a.append(x)``.
.. method:: list.insert(index, value, /) :noindex: Insert an item at a given position. The first argument is the index of the element before which to insert, so ``a.insert(0, x)`` inserts at the front of the list, and ``a.insert(len(a), x)`` is equivalent to ``a.append(x)``.
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the top of the stack, use :meth:`~list.append`. To retrieve an item from the top of the stack, use :meth:`~list.pop` without an explicit index. For example:: >>> stack = [3, 4, 5] >>> stack.append(6) >>> stack.append(7) >>> stack [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] >>> stack.pop() 7 >>> stack [3, 4, 5, 6] >>> stack.pop() 6 >>> ...
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the top of the stack, use :meth:`~list.append`. To retrieve an item from the top of the stack, use :meth:`~list.pop` without an explicit index. For example:: >>> stack = [3, 4, 5] >>> stack.append(6) >>> stack.append(7) >>> stack [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] >>> stack.pop() 7 >>> stack [3, 4, 5, 6] >>> stack.pop() 6 >>> ...
the top of the stack, use :meth:`~list.append`. To retrieve an item from the top of the stack, use :meth:`~list.pop` without an explicit index. For example:: >>> stack = [3, 4, 5] >>> stack.append(6) >>> stack.append(7) >>> stack [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] >>> stack.pop() 7 >>> stack [3, 4, 5, 6] >>> stack.pop() 6 >>> ...
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Note that the effect is that each element from ``x`` is unpacked. This works for arbitrary iterable objects, not just lists:: >>> x = [[1, 2, 3], 'cat', {'spam': 'eggs'}] >>> [*element for element in x] [1, 2, 3, 'c', 'a', 't', 'spam']
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Note that the effect is that each element from ``x`` is unpacked. This works for arbitrary iterable objects, not just lists:: >>> x = [[1, 2, 3], 'cat', {'spam': 'eggs'}] >>> [*element for element in x] [1, 2, 3, 'c', 'a', 't', 'spam']
Note that the effect is that each element from ``x`` is unpacked. This works for arbitrary iterable objects, not just lists:: >>> x = [[1, 2, 3], 'cat', {'spam': 'eggs'}] >>> [*element for element in x] [1, 2, 3, 'c', 'a', 't', 'spam']
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To loop over a sequence in sorted order, use the :func:`sorted` function which returns a new sorted list while leaving the source unaltered. :: >>> basket = ['apple', 'orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'orange', 'banana'] >>> for i in sorted(basket): ... print(i) ... apple apple banana orange orange pear
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
To loop over a sequence in sorted order, use the :func:`sorted` function which returns a new sorted list while leaving the source unaltered. :: >>> basket = ['apple', 'orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'orange', 'banana'] >>> for i in sorted(basket): ... print(i) ... apple apple banana orange orange pear
To loop over a sequence in sorted order, use the :func:`sorted` function which returns a new sorted list while leaving the source unaltered. :: >>> basket = ['apple', 'orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'orange', 'banana'] >>> for i in sorted(basket): ... print(i) ... apple apple banana orange orange pear
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empty set you have to use ``set()``, not ``{}``; the latter creates an empty dictionary, a data structure that we discuss in the next section. Because sets are unordered, iterating over them or printing them can produce the elements in a different order than you expect.
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
empty set you have to use ``set()``, not ``{}``; the latter creates an empty dictionary, a data structure that we discuss in the next section. Because sets are unordered, iterating over them or printing them can produce the elements in a different order than you expect.
empty set you have to use ``set()``, not ``{}``; the latter creates an empty dictionary, a data structure that we discuss in the next section. Because sets are unordered, iterating over them or printing them can produce the elements in a different order than you expect.
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>>> empty = () >>> singleton = 'hello', # <-- note trailing comma >>> len(empty) 0 >>> len(singleton) 1 >>> singleton ('hello',) The statement ``t = 12345, 54321, 'hello!'`` is an example of *tuple packing*: the values ``12345``, ``54321`` and ``'hello!'`` are packed together in a tuple. The reverse operation is also p...
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>>> empty = () >>> singleton = 'hello', # <-- note trailing comma >>> len(empty) 0 >>> len(singleton) 1 >>> singleton ('hello',) The statement ``t = 12345, 54321, 'hello!'`` is an example of *tuple packing*: the values ``12345``, ``54321`` and ``'hello!'`` are packed together in a tuple. The reverse operation is also p...
>>> empty = () >>> singleton = 'hello', # <-- note trailing comma >>> len(empty) 0 >>> len(singleton) 1 >>> singleton ('hello',) The statement ``t = 12345, 54321, 'hello!'`` is an example of *tuple packing*: the values ``12345``, ``54321`` and ``'hello!'`` are packed together in a tuple. The reverse operation is also p...
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'hello!'`` is an example of *tuple packing*: the values ``12345``, ``54321`` and ``'hello!'`` are packed together in a tuple. The reverse operation is also possible:: >>> x, y, z = t
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
'hello!'`` is an example of *tuple packing*: the values ``12345``, ``54321`` and ``'hello!'`` are packed together in a tuple. The reverse operation is also possible:: >>> x, y, z = t
'hello!'`` is an example of *tuple packing*: the values ``12345``, ``54321`` and ``'hello!'`` are packed together in a tuple. The reverse operation is also possible:: >>> x, y, z = t
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remove slices from a list or clear the entire list (which we did earlier by assignment of an empty list to the slice). For example:: >>> a = [-1, 1, 66.25, 333, 333, 1234.5] >>> del a[0] >>> a [1, 66.25, 333, 333, 1234.5] >>> del a[2:4] >>> a [1, 66.25, 1234.5] >>> del a[:] >>> a []
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
remove slices from a list or clear the entire list (which we did earlier by assignment of an empty list to the slice). For example:: >>> a = [-1, 1, 66.25, 333, 333, 1234.5] >>> del a[0] >>> a [1, 66.25, 333, 333, 1234.5] >>> del a[2:4] >>> a [1, 66.25, 1234.5] >>> del a[:] >>> a []
remove slices from a list or clear the entire list (which we did earlier by assignment of an empty list to the slice). For example:: >>> a = [-1, 1, 66.25, 333, 333, 1234.5] >>> del a[0] >>> a [1, 66.25, 333, 333, 1234.5] >>> del a[2:4] >>> a [1, 66.25, 1234.5] >>> del a[:] >>> a []
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>>> fruits ['banana', 'apple', 'kiwi', 'banana', 'pear', 'apple', 'orange', 'grape'] >>> fruits.sort() >>> fruits ['apple', 'apple', 'banana', 'banana', 'grape', 'kiwi', 'orange', 'pear'] >>> fruits.pop() 'pear' You might have noticed that methods like ``insert``, ``remove`` or ``sort`` that only modify the list have n...
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
>>> fruits ['banana', 'apple', 'kiwi', 'banana', 'pear', 'apple', 'orange', 'grape'] >>> fruits.sort() >>> fruits ['apple', 'apple', 'banana', 'banana', 'grape', 'kiwi', 'orange', 'pear'] >>> fruits.pop() 'pear' You might have noticed that methods like ``insert``, ``remove`` or ``sort`` that only modify the list have n...
>>> fruits ['banana', 'apple', 'kiwi', 'banana', 'pear', 'apple', 'orange', 'grape'] >>> fruits.sort() >>> fruits ['apple', 'apple', 'banana', 'banana', 'grape', 'kiwi', 'orange', 'pear'] >>> fruits.pop() 'pear' You might have noticed that methods like ``insert``, ``remove`` or ``sort`` that only modify the list have n...
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Unpacking can also be used in list comprehensions, as a way to build a new list representing the concatenation of an arbitrary number of iterables:: >>> x = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [], [7], [8, 9]] >>> [*element for element in x] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
trusted_official_docs
CPython Docs
Unpacking can also be used in list comprehensions, as a way to build a new list representing the concatenation of an arbitrary number of iterables:: >>> x = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [], [7], [8, 9]] >>> [*element for element in x] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
Unpacking can also be used in list comprehensions, as a way to build a new list representing the concatenation of an arbitrary number of iterables:: >>> x = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [], [7], [8, 9]] >>> [*element for element in x] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
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list have no return value printed -- they return the default ``None``. [#]_ This is a design principle for all mutable data structures in Python. Another thing you might notice is that not all data can be sorted or compared. For instance, ``[None, 'hello', 10]`` doesn't sort because integers can't be compared to string...
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CPython Docs
list have no return value printed -- they return the default ``None``. [#]_ This is a design principle for all mutable data structures in Python. Another thing you might notice is that not all data can be sorted or compared. For instance, ``[None, 'hello', 10]`` doesn't sort because integers can't be compared to string...
list have no return value printed -- they return the default ``None``. [#]_ This is a design principle for all mutable data structures in Python. Another thing you might notice is that not all data can be sorted or compared. For instance, ``[None, 'hello', 10]`` doesn't sort because integers can't be compared to string...
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.. _tut-comparing: Comparing Sequences and Other Types =================================== Sequence objects typically may be compared to other objects with the same sequence type. The comparison uses *lexicographical* ordering: first the first two items are compared, and if they differ this determines the outcome of th...
trusted_official_docs
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.. _tut-comparing: Comparing Sequences and Other Types =================================== Sequence objects typically may be compared to other objects with the same sequence type. The comparison uses *lexicographical* ordering: first the first two items are compared, and if they differ this determines the outcome of th...
.. _tut-comparing: Comparing Sequences and Other Types =================================== Sequence objects typically may be compared to other objects with the same sequence type. The comparison uses *lexicographical* ordering: first the first two items are compared, and if they differ this determines the outcome of th...
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