The neuron and head catalog of Qwen3-8B and Gemma 4 12B

Co-authored-by: logitsml <logitsml@users.noreply.huggingface.co>
Co-authored-by: claude opus 5.5 <claude opus 5.5@users.noreply.huggingface.co>

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+*.safetensors filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+saved_model/**/* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+*tfevents* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+# Audio files - uncompressed
+*.pcm filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.sam filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.raw filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+# Audio files - compressed
+*.aac filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.flac filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.mp3 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.ogg filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.wav filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+# Image files - uncompressed
+*.bmp filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.gif filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.tiff filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+# Image files - compressed
+*.jpg filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.jpeg filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.webp filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+# Video files - compressed
+*.mp4 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.webm filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text

README.md

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+---
+license: cc-by-4.0
+pretty_name: neuron-lens
+tags:
+- interpretability
+- neurons
+- attention-heads
+- r-lens
+- s-lens
+- multimodal
+configs:
+- config_name: qwen3-8b-neurons-acts
+  data_files: "qwen3-8b/neurons/acts/*.parquet"
+  default: true
+- config_name: qwen3-8b-neurons-drivers
+  data_files: "qwen3-8b/neurons/drivers/*.parquet"
+- config_name: qwen3-8b-neurons-reads
+  data_files: "qwen3-8b/neurons/reads/*.parquet"
+- config_name: qwen3-8b-neurons-legible
+  data_files: "qwen3-8b/neurons/legible/*.parquet"
+- config_name: qwen3-8b-neurons-labels
+  data_files: "qwen3-8b/neurons/labels/*.parquet"
+- config_name: qwen3-8b-heads-acts
+  data_files: "qwen3-8b/heads/acts.parquet"
+- config_name: qwen3-8b-heads-drivers
+  data_files: "qwen3-8b/heads/drivers.parquet"
+- config_name: qwen3-8b-heads-reads
+  data_files: "qwen3-8b/heads/reads.parquet"
+- config_name: qwen3-8b-heads-legible
+  data_files: "qwen3-8b/heads/legible.parquet"
+- config_name: qwen3-8b-heads-labels
+  data_files: "qwen3-8b/heads/labels.parquet"
+- config_name: gemma-4-12b-neurons-acts
+  data_files: "gemma-4-12b/neurons/acts/*.parquet"
+- config_name: gemma-4-12b-neurons-drivers
+  data_files: "gemma-4-12b/neurons/drivers/*.parquet"
+- config_name: gemma-4-12b-neurons-reads
+  data_files: "gemma-4-12b/neurons/reads/*.parquet"
+- config_name: gemma-4-12b-neurons-legible
+  data_files: "gemma-4-12b/neurons/legible/*.parquet"
+- config_name: gemma-4-12b-neurons-labels
+  data_files: "gemma-4-12b/neurons/labels/*.parquet"
+- config_name: gemma-4-12b-neurons-image
+  data_files: "gemma-4-12b/neurons/image/*.parquet"
+- config_name: gemma-4-12b-neurons-audio
+  data_files: "gemma-4-12b/neurons/audio/*.parquet"
+- config_name: gemma-4-12b-neurons-image-optimised
+  data_files: "gemma-4-12b/neurons/image_optimised.parquet"
+- config_name: gemma-4-12b-neurons-audio-optimised
+  data_files: "gemma-4-12b/neurons/audio_optimised.parquet"
+- config_name: gemma-4-12b-heads-acts
+  data_files: "gemma-4-12b/heads/acts.parquet"
+- config_name: gemma-4-12b-heads-drivers
+  data_files: "gemma-4-12b/heads/drivers.parquet"
+- config_name: gemma-4-12b-heads-reads
+  data_files: "gemma-4-12b/heads/reads.parquet"
+- config_name: gemma-4-12b-heads-legible
+  data_files: "gemma-4-12b/heads/legible.parquet"
+- config_name: gemma-4-12b-heads-labels
+  data_files: "gemma-4-12b/heads/labels.parquet"
+- config_name: gemma-4-12b-heads-media
+  data_files: "gemma-4-12b/heads/media.parquet"
+---
+
+# neuron-lens: every neuron and attention head of Qwen3-8B and Gemma 4 12B
+
+A catalog of two models' MLP neurons (two poles each) and attention heads:
+[`Qwen/Qwen3-8B`](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3-8B) (36 × 12,288 neurons,
+36 × 32 heads) and [`google/gemma-4-12B`](https://huggingface.co/google/gemma-4-12B)
+(48 × 15,360 neurons, 48 × 16 heads). Each unit is read from three
+sides:
+
+- **from the weights alone,** through two lenses: what a unit writes and what it reads; for a head, what
+  it copies and what it attends to, token by token;
+- **from its activations** over about 15.4M positions of web, Chinese, Python and chat text;
+- **from the tokens that drive it** when swept through real contexts.
+
+Gemma 4 takes images and sound too, so each of its neurons is also read through lenses fitted on images
+and sounds, and against 49,694 labelled images and 46,932
+labelled sounds.
+
+![What neurons and heads do](figures/01_anatomy.png)
+
+Neurons and heads get the same tables, one row per pole or per head:
+
+| table | neurons | heads |
+|---|---|---|
+| `reads` | lens reads of the write and the read direction | lens reads of the OV and QK circuits, per token |
+| `acts` | activation statistics and top firings | output-norm statistics, top firings, attention patterns |
+| `drivers` | the tokens that drive each pole hardest | the tokens that drive each head, as query and as key |
+| `legible` | which reads hold at the pole's top firings | which reads hold at the head's top firings |
+| `labels` | Claude Haiku's labels: where it fires, what it writes | where it fires, what it attends to, what it writes |
+| `image`, `audio` (Gemma 4) | the patch or sound it reads, its write in media contexts, the images or sounds that drive it, and whether its media label is its text concept too | |
+| `media` (Gemma 4) | | how each head attends in image and audio contexts, and which carry what an image or sound shows |
+
+| config | rows | what |
+|---|---|---|
+| `qwen3-8b-neurons-acts` | 884,736 | every pole's activation statistics and top firings |
+| `qwen3-8b-neurons-drivers` | 884,736 | every pole's 64 token drivers in real contexts |
+| `qwen3-8b-neurons-reads` | 884,736 | every pole's weight-only reads through both lenses |
+| `qwen3-8b-neurons-legible` | 884,736 | which reads hold at every pole's top firings |
+| `qwen3-8b-neurons-labels` | 884,736 | every pole's labels, by Claude Haiku 5.5 |
+| `qwen3-8b-heads-acts` | 1,152 | every head's output statistics, top firings and attention patterns |
+| `qwen3-8b-heads-drivers` | 1,152 | every head's 64 token drivers, as query and as key |
+| `qwen3-8b-heads-reads` | 1,152 | every head's OV and QK circuits read per token |
+| `qwen3-8b-heads-legible` | 1,152 | which reads hold at every head's top firings |
+| `qwen3-8b-heads-labels` | 1,152 | every head's labels, by Claude Haiku 5.5 |
+| `gemma-4-12b-neurons-acts` | 1,474,560 | every pole's activation statistics and top firings |
+| `gemma-4-12b-neurons-drivers` | 1,474,560 | every pole's 64 token drivers in real contexts |
+| `gemma-4-12b-neurons-reads` | 1,474,560 | every pole's weight-only reads through both lenses |
+| `gemma-4-12b-neurons-legible` | 1,474,560 | which reads hold at every pole's top firings |
+| `gemma-4-12b-neurons-labels` | 1,474,560 | every pole's labels, by Claude Haiku 5.5 |
+| `gemma-4-12b-neurons-image` | 1,474,560 | every pole's image read and write, the images that drive it, and its cross-modal ranks |
+| `gemma-4-12b-neurons-audio` | 1,474,560 | every pole's audio read and write, the sounds that drive it, and its cross-modal ranks |
+| `gemma-4-12b-neurons-image-optimised` | 1,728 | the patch that most raises each of the best-labelled poles |
+| `gemma-4-12b-neurons-audio-optimised` | 1,728 | the 40 ms of sound that most raises each of the best-labelled poles |
+| `gemma-4-12b-heads-acts` | 768 | every head's output statistics, top firings and attention patterns |
+| `gemma-4-12b-heads-drivers` | 768 | every head's 64 token drivers, as query and as key |
+| `gemma-4-12b-heads-reads` | 768 | every head's OV and QK circuits read per token |
+| `gemma-4-12b-heads-legible` | 768 | which reads hold at every head's top firings |
+| `gemma-4-12b-heads-labels` | 768 | every head's labels, by Claude Haiku 5.5 |
+| `gemma-4-12b-heads-media` | 768 | every head in image and audio contexts |
+
+The lenses are [`stdlogits/rs-lenses`](https://huggingface.co/stdlogits/rs-lenses) at revision `93a9c5ffee`. Code, methods and
+findings (cited here as §N) are on [GitHub](https://github.com/stdlogits/neuron-lens).
+
+## The lenses
+
+- The **R-lens** reads what a vector makes the model say: `softmax(W_U · norm(J_L x))`, with `J_L` the
+  averaged Jacobian from layer `L` to the last layer (for Gemma 4, after its final softcap,
+  `30 · tanh(x / 30)`).
+- The **S-lens** reads which input tokens put a vector there: token `v` scores
+  `c · K_L (W_E[v] − mean(W_E))`, with `K_L` the averaged Jacobian from the embeddings to layer `L`.
+
+Each is fitted at two points of every layer: `out`, the layer's output, and `mid`, its MLP input (after
+attention). `out` reads MLP outputs and attention inputs; `mid` reads MLP inputs and attention outputs.
+Gemma 4's image and audio lenses are fitted the same way on images and sounds.
+
+| what | where it is | R-lens read | S-lens read | Gemma 4: image and audio lenses |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| a neuron's write | layer `L`'s output | `write_R` | `write_S` | `image.write_R`, `audio.write_R` |
+| a neuron's read direction `â ± b̂` | layer `L`'s MLP input | `read_R` | `read_S` | `image.read_png`, `audio.read_wave` |
+| what a head reads | layer `L − 1`'s output | | the token's footprint (input of `ov_*`, `qk_*`) | |
+| what a head writes | layer `L`'s MLP input | `ov_R` | `ov_S` | |
+
+## Which reads to trust where
+
+No read works at every depth (§7, §11). For Qwen3-8B (these bands are priors; `legible` says which
+reads hold for each unit):
+
+| layers | what drives a neuron | what a neuron writes | what a head writes |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| L0-L7 | `read_S` (literal tokens, raw at L0-L4) | `write_S` (early neurons write back what they detect); `write_R` from about L4 | `ov_S` |
+| L8 | both | both | `ov_S`, `ov_R` |
+| L9-L12, L21-L35 | `read_R`, with `read_S_z` as a concept-level view | `write_R` | `ov_R` |
+| L13-L20 | only `drivers` and `acts` | `write_R`, for steering | `ov_R` (weak) |
+
+![Which reads work at which depth](figures/03_depth_map.png)
+
+Gemma 4's map has the same shape at its own depths: `read_S` through L13 (falling to under 1% at L9 and rising again at L10-L13),
+`write_R` from about L33 (for steering from L11), and a dark middle (§13).
+
+![Both models by relative depth](figures/18_two_models.png)
+
+## Conventions
+
+- **Keys.** Neuron tables: `layer`, `neuron` (coordinate `n` of `down_proj`'s input, 0-indexed), `pole`
+  (+1 or −1). Both models' gated activations take both signs, so each neuron has two poles with separate
+  meanings, 24,576 (Qwen3-8B) or 30,720 (Gemma 4) rows a layer, the + poles
+  first. Head tables: `layer`, `head` (query head) and `kv_head` (the key-value head it reads). `L8 n344 +`
+  is `layer` 8, `neuron` 344, `pole` 1; `L20h17` is `layer` 20, `head` 17.
+- **Token lists.** `<read>_ids` are 64 token ids of the model's tokenizer, `<read>_val` their scores,
+  `<read>_str` the top 8 decoded and joined by ` | ` (newlines as `⏎`). Signal holds to rank 64 (§7).
+- **Kept tokens.** Reads cover the tokens seen 5 or more times in the activation corpora, without
+  byte-fallback pieces (`token_counts.pt`): 103,830 for Qwen3-8B, 123,774 for Gemma 4.
+  Undertrained tokens otherwise dominate early reads.
+- **`_z`** reads are layer-contrastive: each token's score z-scored across the layer's poles or heads,
+  which removes the hub tokens that top most raw reads. **`_neg`**: a head read's bottom.
+- **Firings.** A unit's firing in a document is its strongest position there; its top firings are the
+  24 documents where that is largest. `contexts` show the first 5, the firing token in `⟦ ⟧` and, for
+  heads, the token it attends to most (past position 0) in `⟪ ⟫`.
+- **Tests** (`legible`) score a read on the tokens of the unit's own top firings, as a mean z, against
+  mismatched pairs: another unit of the layer scored on the same tokens. `_q` is the Benjamini-Hochberg
+  q-value; a test passes at `q ≤ 0.05`. **Dark:** fires, but no test passes and no single token
+  dominates its firings.
+- **Scale.** A lens read describes a direction, not an effect size; `act_top × w_norm` is a pole's
+  typical write within this corpus. A write read is the pole's average push, which steering shows;
+  before about L21 of Qwen3-8B, what one firing does depends on its context (§4).
+- **Gemma 4.** A neuron's write is what reaches the residual, `s · γ_post ⊙ W_down[:, n]` (its MLP output
+  passes a post-feedforward RMSNorm, whose scale the lenses hold constant, and the layer's output is
+  scaled by `layer_scalar` `s`); `w_norm` is its norm. The read direction is the gate and up rows times
+  the pre-feedforward norm's weight. Sliding-window layers have 8 key-value heads of size 256; every sixth
+  layer is global, with one of size 512 whose keys are also its values. A head's write is `W_O` times the
+  post-attention norm's weight. Every document starts with `<bos>`, the attention sink, so activation
+  statistics start at the first real token and `first_*` is at position 1. The base model has no chat
+  template: its chat slice is plain `User:` / `Assistant:` turns.
+
+## Neurons
+
+### `<model>-neurons-reads`: weight-only reads
+
+| columns | read | of |
+|---|---|---|
+| `write_R`, `write_R_z` | the R-lens, `softmax(W_U · norm(J^out_L w))`; `_val` are probabilities (the logit lens at the last layer) | the write `w` (Qwen3-8B: `±W_down[:, n]`) |
+| `write_S`, `write_S_z` | the S-lens to the layer's output: tokens whose footprint the write imitates | the write |
+| `read_R`, `read_R_z` | the R-lens from the MLP input: what the residual says when it drives the pole | the read direction `â ± b̂` |
+| `read_S`, `read_S_z` | the S-lens to the MLP input: input tokens that drive the pole | the read direction |
+
+`â` and `b̂` are the neuron's gate and up rows times the MLP input norm's weight, normalized: `â ± b̂`
+is a heuristic direction for each pole. Also per row: `w_norm`, `cos_ab`, `null_share` (the share of the
+write in the bottom 1% of singular directions of `W_U diag(γ)`, where entropy neurons write; Stolfo et
+al. 2024) and `vocab_skew`, `vocab_kurt` of `W_U · norm(w)` (Gurnee et al. 2024's prediction and
+suppression neurons).
+
+![Read signal by rank](figures/13_rank_depth.png)
+
+### `<model>-neurons-acts`: activation statistics
+
+Over every document of four slices, up to 256 tokens each, in bf16: DCLM held out from the lens
+corpus, FineWeb-2 Chinese, codeparrot Python, and UltraChat dialogues (63,990 documents and
+15,367,795 positions for Qwen3-8B, 63,992 and 15,409,492 for Gemma 4; `docs.parquet`).
+
+- `act_top`: the median of the 24 top firings, the pole's typical high activation; `act_max`.
+- `rate`: the share of positions past `act_top / 4`, from exact counts on a quarter-octave grid (linear
+  between its points); `rate_<slice>` per slice; `pos_share`: where the pole's sign holds; `q50`-`q999`:
+  quantiles of the activation times the pole's sign, from the same counts; `mean`, `std`.
+- `top_doc`, `top_pos`, `top_val`: the 24 top firings; `peak_tokens` and the first 5 `contexts`.
+- `first_max`, `first_tokens`, `first_chat`: the first position (left out above, where the attention
+  sink forms), where activations depend on the token alone: the largest over every kept token, the 3
+  tokens that reach it, and the value on the chat transcript's opening token. Many of Qwen3-8B's L2-L3
+  poles do their work there (§2).
+
+![Activation scale and quiet poles by layer](figures/06_activations.png)
+
+### `<model>-neurons-drivers`: exact token drivers
+
+Every kept token at position 24 of 8 real documents (4 web, 2 code, 2 chat), averaged over them, bf16:
+`drivers` are the 64 tokens with the largest activation at the token itself, `drivers_sum` summed over
+it and the 16 positions after. Values are times the pole's sign. For Qwen3-8B, an fp32 check through L9
+shared 98-99% of a pole's top 20 on average (95-99% for `drivers_sum`; §6).
+
+![Which reads name the exact drivers](figures/11_drivers.png)
+
+### `<model>-neurons-legible`: which reads hold
+
+`write_R` (the write's read promotes the tokens that follow the top firings), `write_S` (it names the
+peak tokens), `read_R`, `read_S` (the read direction's reads name the peak tokens), each with `_z` and
+`_q`; `silent` (no firing, or `act_top` under 0.05), `cur_mode`, `next_mode` (the share of top firings on
+one token, or followed by one), `dark`. Share of each band's poles, Qwen3-8B:
+
+| band | silent | `write_R` | `write_S` | `read_R` | `read_S` | any test | dark |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| L0-8 | 19% | 0% | 11% | 2% | 35% | 36% | 29% |
+| L9-12 | 0% | 1% | 1% | 8% | 3% | 11% | 72% |
+| L13-20 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 4% | 1% | 5% | 82% |
+| L21-27 | 0% | 12% | 2% | 6% | 5% | 19% | 59% |
+| L28-35 | 0% | 29% | 0% | 3% | 1% | 31% | 52% |
+| all | 5% | 9% | 3% | 4% | 10% | 22% | 57% |
+
+![Which reads hold for each pole](figures/12_census.png)
+
+Gemma 4 12B:
+
+| band | silent | `write_R` | `write_S` | `read_R` | `read_S` | any test | dark |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| L0-11 | 0% | 0% | 1% | 0% | 35% | 35% | 23% |
+| L12-23 | 0% | 0% | 4% | 0% | 6% | 7% | 61% |
+| L24-35 | 0% | 8% | 0% | 1% | 4% | 11% | 66% |
+| L36-47 | 0% | 20% | 0% | 0% | 3% | 22% | 60% |
+| all | 0% | 7% | 1% | 0% | 12% | 19% | 52% |
+
+![Gemma 4: which reads hold for each pole](figures/20_gemma_census.png)
+
+### `<model>-neurons-labels`: a label for every pole
+
+Every pole described by Claude Haiku 5.5 from its reads and top contexts (batch API, effort low, adaptive
+thinking; §8): `fires` (where it fires, 12 words or fewer), `writes` (what its write pushes the model
+toward when amplified), each with a confidence 0-1, and `note`. Each model has its own prompt
+(`scripts/prompts/<model>/neurons.md` on GitHub), which says which reads hold at each depth, and its
+cards show only those. Qwen3-8B's labels were made from an earlier build of its tables, whose reads
+kept byte-fallback pieces; Gemma 4's from this release's, from text alone (its cards show no images or
+sounds).
+
+Qwen3-8B, checked blind on 100 poles: firing labels separate held-out top firings from quiet positions at AUROC
+0.82 [0.78, 0.85] (another pole's label: 0.56); a judge picks a pole's write label out of four from
+steered text 61% of the time [0.52, 0.69] (chance 25%). Firing labels at confidence 0.7 or more score
+0.94. They hold best early (83% of L0-L8's firing labels reach AUROC 0.8, 31% of L21-L27's), and write
+labels late (80% picked at L28-L35, 41% at L0-L8). Gemma 4's neuron labels are not checked blind yet.
+
+![Random poles read blind](figures/14_lens_blind.png)
+
+### `gemma-4-12b-neurons-image`, `gemma-4-12b-neurons-audio`: images and sound
+
+Gemma 4 has no vision or audio encoder network: an image is 64 slots of 48 × 48-pixel patches (384
+pixels a side) and a sound 64 slots of 40 ms at 16 kHz, each entering the residual through a few norms
+and one linear map. One row per pole, beside the text tables:
+
+| columns | what |
+|---|---|
+| `read_S_basis` | the read direction through the modality's S-lens to the MLP input, `c · K^mid_L`: coordinates (fp16) on the S-lens basis |
+| `read_png` (image) | the 48 × 48 patch the direction reads: `read_S_basis` through the patch embedder back to pixels, at ±3 standard deviations around grey |
+| `read_wave` (audio) | the 40 ms waveform it reads, 640 samples at 16 kHz (fp16) |
+| `write_R`, `write_R_z` | the write through the modality's R-lens: what it makes the model say in image or audio contexts |
+| `label`, `label_z`, `label_mean`, `labels_str` | its top labels by the z of its mean activation over each label's documents (labels on 8 or more documents: 1,643 for images, 981 for sound) |
+| `sig`, `stable`, `auroc_heldout` | the top label past the shuffled-label null's 99th percentile for its layer; in the top 5 of both halves of the documents; chosen on even documents, its AUROC on odd ones |
+| `top_docs`, `top_vals` | the 16 documents with its largest mean activation (rows of `media/<modality>_docs.parquet`) |
+| `text_fire_rank`, `text_read_rank`, `text_write_rank` | for a reliable label, its rank among the modality's labels on the text side (1 first, 0.5 chance): firing on the label's words, the text S-lens read, the text R-lens write |
+
+A media read sums over a document's 64 slots, so it is one pattern wherever it sits, not a map of
+where. Read `read_png` as what the pole's input direction looks like in pixels, a projection: added to
+held-out images it raises the pole only at L0-L5 (§14). The exemplars say what fires a pole, and the
+optimised reads below are patterns that drive it.
+
+| modality | band | reliable top label | held-out AUROC (median) | its label holds on all three text tests |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| image | L0-L11 | 34% | 0.96 | 0% of 50,561 scored |
+| image | L12-L23 | 26% | 0.97 | 3% of 57,930 scored |
+| image | L24-L35 | 39% | 0.97 | 2% of 62,387 scored |
+| image | L36-L47 | 32% | 0.97 | 1% of 82,871 scored |
+| audio | L0-L11 | 51% | 0.91 | 0% of 44,902 scored |
+| audio | L12-L23 | 19% | 0.86 | 1% of 33,966 scored |
+| audio | L24-L35 | 28% | 0.83 | 0% of 89,105 scored |
+| audio | L36-L47 | 18% | 0.78 | 0% of 64,278 scored |
+
+![The patch each neuron reads, and the patch that drives it](figures/22_media_gallery.png)
+
+**One concept in three modalities** (§15). 18 poles pass all three text tests for both their
+image and their audio label, of 45,138 scored in both (independent lists would share
+1.8): `L14 n8313 +` mosque indoor / Arabic; `L15 n146 +` coral reef / Maori; `L15 n8093 −` mosque indoor / Arabic; `L15 n10091 −` giant panda / Mandarin Chinese; `L18 n645 +` Arabian camel / Arabic; `L20 n13624 +` mosque outdoor / Arabic; `L21 n12154 +` mosque outdoor / Arabic; `L23 n2831 +` Sarees / Gujarati; `L31 n10862 −` tacos / Spanish; `L31 n12007 −` mosque outdoor / Arabic; `L33 n5249 +` tacos / Spanish; `L33 n6099 +` pagoda / Mandarin Chinese; `L36 n585 −` tacos / Spanish; `L36 n14109 +` totem pole / Maori; `L37 n6087 −` Pembroke / Welsh; `L37 n7165 +` giant panda / Mandarin Chinese; `L37 n7926 +` mosque outdoor / Arabic; `L41 n9498 −` mosque indoor / Arabic.
+
+![One concept in text, images and sound](figures/23_crossmodal.png)
+
+### `gemma-4-12b-neurons-image-optimised`, `gemma-4-12b-neurons-audio-optimised`
+
+For the 48 poles a layer (L0-L35) with the strongest reliable label: one slot pattern, the same in all
+64 slots, started from the S-lens read and optimised by gradient ascent through the model (24 Adam steps
+over 128 images or clips; at most 0.08 of the pixel range, or 0.3 of each frame's RMS). `opt_png` or
+`opt_wave` (in units of a frame's RMS), `gain` (the pole's mean activation over the slots of 8 held-out
+documents with the pattern added, minus without), `gain_lens` (the same for its S-lens read),
+`act_base`. Gains are in the pole's activation units:
+
+| modality | band | poles | held-out gain, median (its S-lens read) | raises the pole | beats its S-lens read |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| image | L0-L11 | 576 | 0.195 (-0.0015) | 95% | 96% |
+| image | L12-L23 | 576 | 0.00593 (-0.00066) | 70% | 73% |
+| image | L24-L35 | 576 | 0.00102 (-5.4e-05) | 56% | 56% |
+| audio | L0-L11 | 576 | 0.361 (0.0061) | 99% | 99% |
+| audio | L12-L23 | 576 | 0.017 (0.00017) | 86% | 90% |
+| audio | L24-L35 | 576 | 5.57e-05 (-3.4e-05) | 51% | 52% |
+
+The audio test clips are among the audio S-lens's fitting clips (all of ESC-50), though not the
+optimisation's.
+
+## Heads
+
+A head reads token `v` as its S-lens footprint at layer `L − 1`'s output (the embedding at L0) and writes
+into layer `L`'s MLP input. Its OV circuit maps what it reads to what it writes, and its QK circuit
+decides where it reads, both over the whole vocabulary (§11).
+
+### `<model>-heads-reads`: weight-only reads, per token
+
+| columns | read |
+|---|---|
+| `ov_R`, `ov_R_neg` | each token's z in its own column of the OV map read through the R-lens: where `v` ranks in what the head makes the model say when it reads `v`. The tokens it copies most, and suppresses most |
+| `ov_S`, `ov_S_neg` | the same through the S-lens: whether the write makes the residual look as if `v` were there (the record through L8) |
+| `qk_S`, `qk_S_neg` | each key token's z over the vocabulary under the head's mean query: what it attends to and avoids, whatever the query |
+| `qk_self_S` | each token's z in its own row of the QK map: where its own token ranks among the keys it favours as a query |
+| `ov_R_copy`, `ov_S_copy` | Elhage et al.'s copying score Σλ/Σ\|λ\| of each OV map: +1 copies what it reads, −1 suppresses it |
+| `qk_self` | the median `qk_self_S` z over tokens: duplicate-token heads score high |
+| `qk_ctx_rho` | Spearman over tokens between `qk_S` and the attention each token receives in context |
+| `qk_ov_rho` | Spearman over tokens between `qk_S` and `ov_R`: does the head attend to what it copies? |
+
+The QK map is `q̃ᵀ R̄ k̃`, with the q/k norms' true derivative averaged over real positions and RoPE
+averaged over the head's own attention offsets, footprints at unit length: it reads which tokens a head
+favours, not position-only behaviour such as previous-token or induction attention.
+
+For Qwen3-8B, `qk_self` finds duplicate-token heads at AUROC 0.96. `qk_S` agrees with the attention tokens receive in context (`qk_ctx_rho` past +0.2) for 36% of L0-L8's heads (another head's read: 14%) and 29% of L28-L35's (4%); 12% of L28-L35's heads attend to what they copy (`qk_ov_rho` past +0.2; another head's OV read: 1%). For Gemma 4, at AUROC 0.95.
+
+### `<model>-heads-acts`: firings and attention patterns
+
+Over the same documents, from position 16 (a head with few keys attends sharply):
+
+- `out_top`, `out_max`, `rate`, `rate_<slice>`, `q50`-`q999`, `mean`, `std`: as for neurons, of the norm
+  of the head's output as it reaches the residual (`‖W_O^h z‖`; for Gemma 4, after its post-attention norm);
+- `top_doc`, `top_pos`, `top_val`, `src_pos` (the position each firing attends to most, past the first),
+  `peak_tokens` (query tokens), `src_tokens` (attended tokens), `contexts`;
+- `sink`, `prev`, `self`: the mean attention from queries at 16+ to the first position, to the token
+  before and to itself; `induction`, `duplicate`: over 64 sequences of 64 random tokens said twice,
+  attention from the second copy to the token after the first occurrence, and to the occurrence;
+- `out_R_z`: the firings' outputs read through the R-lens from the MLP input, each token's logit
+  z-scored across the layer's firings, averaged over the head's.
+
+### `<model>-heads-drivers`: exact token drivers
+
+In the same pass as the neurons': `drivers`, the 64 tokens with the largest output norm at their own
+position (the token as the query), and `keys`, the 64 that receive the most attention from the 16
+positions after them (the token as the key).
+
+### `<model>-heads-legible`: which reads hold
+
+At each top firing, with the attended token: `ov_R` (its OV column promotes the token after the query),
+`ov_copy` (its own `ov_R` z: the head promotes what it reads), `ov_S` (its own `ov_S` z), `qk_S` (its
+`qk_S` z: the QK read predicts what the head attends to), each with `_z` and `_q` (Benjamini-Hochberg over
+all heads); `cur_mode`, `src_mode`; `pattern` (`prev` or `self` past 0.5, `induction` or `duplicate` past
+0.3); `dark`: no test, no mode past a third, no pattern. Share of each band's heads, Qwen3-8B:
+
+| band | `ov_R` | `ov_copy` | `ov_S` | `qk_S` | pattern | any test | dark |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| L0-8 | 1% | 1% | 0% | 0% | 10% | 2% | 41% |
+| L9-12 | 0% | 1% | 0% | 0% | 8% | 1% | 78% |
+| L13-20 | 1% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 8% | 2% | 74% |
+| L21-27 | 5% | 1% | 0% | 0% | 6% | 5% | 61% |
+| L28-35 | 27% | 10% | 0% | 0% | 4% | 27% | 38% |
+| all | 7% | 3% | 0% | 0% | 7% | 8% | 56% |
+
+The S-side tests pass for almost no head. S→S copying and the mean query's favourite keys are shared by a
+layer's heads, so at a head's own firings they don't tell it from its neighbours; they remain reads of
+what each head does (§12).
+
+![Which reads hold for each head](figures/17_head_census.png)
+
+Gemma 4 has 16 heads a layer, so a head's mismatched control has 240 pairs, no p-value falls below
+1/241, and BH over its 768 heads passes none. Its table adds `<test>_p`, the uncorrected p-value. Share
+of each band's heads at p ≤ 0.05 (5% by chance):
+
+| band | `ov_R` | `ov_copy` | `ov_S` | `qk_S` | pattern | dark |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| L0-11 | 4% | 7% | 4% | 9% | 15% | 19% |
+| L12-23 | 4% | 10% | 3% | 6% | 9% | 70% |
+| L24-35 | 8% | 9% | 4% | 6% | 6% | 70% |
+| L36-47 | 21% | 17% | 4% | 14% | 8% | 42% |
+| all | 9% | 11% | 4% | 9% | 10% | 50% |
+
+### `<model>-heads-labels`: a label for every head
+
+Qwen3-8B:
+
+Every head described by Claude Haiku 5.5 from its card (batch API, effort low, adaptive thinking):
+`fires` (where its output is large), `attends` (what it attends to there) and `writes` (what its
+output promotes), each with a confidence 0-1, and `note`. The cards show the head's pattern scores,
+output scale, OV and QK reads, drivers and first 5 top contexts; nothing about its other top firings.
+The prompt is `scripts/prompts/qwen3-8b/heads.md` on GitHub.
+
+**Checked blind** on 100 random heads, 20 a band, by Claude Sonnet 5.5:
+
+- **Firing:** given a head's `fires` and `attends` labels and 8 contexts, 4 of its held-out top firings (ranks 6-24) and 4 of another head of its band, the scorer separates them at AUROC 0.71 [0.65, 0.77]; a third head's labels on the same contexts score 0.51.
+- **Writes:** given what the head's firings actually promote in context (`out_R_z`, not on the card), a judge picks its `writes` label out of four from its band 49% of the time [39, 60] (chance 25%).
+
+| band | firing AUROC | control | writes picked |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| L0-L8 | 0.74 | 0.50 | 33% |
+| L9-L12 | 0.70 | 0.61 | 56% |
+| L13-L20 | 0.79 | 0.36 | 25% |
+| L21-L27 | 0.60 | 0.56 | 55% |
+| L28-L35 | 0.73 | 0.51 | 79% |
+
+Gemma 4 12B: its write labels are at chance, so read them as guesses.
+
+Every head described by Claude Haiku 5.5 from its card (batch API, effort low, adaptive thinking):
+`fires` (where its output is large), `attends` (what it attends to there) and `writes` (what its
+output promotes), each with a confidence 0-1, and `note`. The cards show the head's pattern scores,
+output scale, OV and QK reads, drivers and first 5 top contexts; nothing about its other top firings.
+The prompt is `scripts/prompts/gemma-4-12b/heads.md` on GitHub.
+
+**Checked blind** on 80 random heads, 20 a band, by Claude Sonnet 5.5:
+
+- **Firing:** given a head's `fires` and `attends` labels and 8 contexts, 4 of its held-out top firings (ranks 6-24) and 4 of another head of its band, the scorer separates them at AUROC 0.71 [0.64, 0.79]; a third head's labels on the same contexts score 0.47.
+- **Writes:** given what the head's firings actually promote in context (`out_R_z`, not on the card), a judge picks its `writes` label out of four from its band 22% of the time [13, 30] (chance 25%).
+
+| band | firing AUROC | control | writes picked |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| L0-L4 | 0.62 | 0.44 | 25% |
+| L5-L13 | 0.80 | 0.49 | 15% |
+| L14-L32 | 0.75 | 0.52 | 32% |
+| L33-L47 | 0.69 | 0.41 | 15% |
+
+### `gemma-4-12b-heads-media`: heads in image and audio contexts
+
+64 labelled images (mini-ImageNet) and 64 sounds (ESC-50, the classes in turn), each in the media prompt
+and followed by ` a <label>`, its own and another class's (§16). Per head and modality: `read`,
+`read_ratio` (attention from the text after the media to its slots, and that over an even spread),
+`sink`, `self`, `within`, `nbr` (attention from a slot to itself, the other slots, and its grid
+neighbours or the frame before); `abl_right`, `abl_wrong`, `content`, `content_z` (each head zeroed: the
+change in the label's loss, right and wrong, and their difference); `write_mid`, `write_logit` and their
+`_q` (the head's output at the article read through the R-lens and the logit lens: the right class's
+mean percentile among the classes, against 200 label shuffles); `top1_mid`, `top1_logit`.
+
+- **image** (64 documents, 64 classes): the right label's loss is below a wrong one's for 97% (3.64 against 10.29 nats). Most read from the text: L24h13, L44h7, L31h3, L23h8; largest extra loss when zeroed (nats): L8h15 (0.75), L7h13 (0.65), L44h7 (0.43), L38h6 (0.42); top label writers: L37h10, L44h7, L40h6, L46h4.
+- **audio** (64 documents, 49 classes): the right label's loss is below a wrong one's for 55% (6.48 against 6.56 nats). Most read from the text: L8h5, L7h9, L3h6, L4h0; largest extra loss when zeroed (nats): L9h4 (0.06), L4h8 (0.06), L11h1 (0.06), L10h15 (0.06); top label writers: L47h4, L45h11, L32h4, L30h13.
+
+Share of each band's heads that cost the right label more than a wrong one at z > 3, and that write the right class at q ≤ 0.05, images: L0-11 4%, 4%; L12-23 12%, 43%; L24-35 29%, 41%; L36-47 8%, 36%. For sound, no head passes either.
+
+![Heads in image and audio contexts](figures/24_heads_media.png)
+
+## Plain files
+
+Per model folder (`qwen3-8b/`, `gemma-4-12b/`):
+
+- `docs.parquet`: each activation document's `slice`, its `line` in the slice's file and its length.
+  The slices' sources, revisions and row ids are in `data/corpus/act-<slice>.provenance.json` on GitHub:
+  the corpus is not re-hosted here.
+- `token_counts.pt`: `counts[v]`, how often token `v` occurs in the activation corpora (`by_slice` per
+  slice).
+- `causal/causal.pt`: the causal sample (§3, §13). `picks`: 1,194 Qwen3-8B neurons
+  `(layer, neuron)`, 32 random per layer plus named ones, or 1,152 of Gemma 4's, 24 random
+  per layer. Per neuron and pole: `steer` `[neuron, pole, dose, vocab]`, the mean change in log-probs
+  over positions 16-63 of 16 64-token DCLM contexts (`contexts`) when the write is added there at 1× and
+  4× `alpha` (the pole's typical high activation); `ablate_pos` and `ablate_win`, clean − ablated
+  log-probs with the neuron zeroed at its peak in 8 top documents, at that position and summed over the
+  next 8; `dlogp_next`, the next token's change per document; `fired`, the activation there. bf16.
+- `gemma-4-12b/media/{image,audio}_docs.parquet`: each image or sound document's `source`, `labels`,
+  `caption`, `ref` (JSON: the dataset, config, split and revision, the row's own identifiers, the media
+  file's path and its bytes' SHA-1) and `link`. The images and sounds are not re-hosted;
+  `data/corpus/media-<modality>.provenance.json` on GitHub lists every source with its license.
+
+## Loading
+
+```python
+import pandas as pd
+
+base = "hf://datasets/stdlogits/neuron-lens/qwen3-8b"
+reads = pd.read_parquet(f"{base}/neurons/reads/L08.parquet")
+reads.query("neuron == 344 and pole == 1")[["write_R_str", "read_R_str", "read_S_str"]]
+heads = pd.read_parquet(f"{base}/heads/reads.parquet").merge(pd.read_parquet(f"{base}/heads/acts.parquet"))
+heads.query("layer == 20 and head == 17")[["ov_R_str", "qk_S_str", "duplicate", "contexts"]]
+
+base = "hf://datasets/stdlogits/neuron-lens/gemma-4-12b"
+image = pd.read_parquet(f"{base}/neurons/image/L33.parquet").query("neuron == 6099 and pole == 1").iloc[0]
+docs = pd.read_parquet(f"{base}/media/image_docs.parquet")
+image[["label", "labels_str", "text_fire_rank"]], docs.loc[image["top_docs"][:4], ["labels", "link"]]
+```
+
+## Limits
+
+- Two models; the text lenses are fitted on English-heavy web text, Gemma 4's media lenses on COCO
+  photos and ESC-50 sounds.
+- Activation statistics come from bf16 passes over documents of up to 256 tokens; top firings are one
+  per document.
+- The tests are token-level, over at most 24 firings per unit. A dark unit may still be describable from
+  its contexts (§7).
+- Heads are read through their circuits one token at a time: a head whose role depends on the query's
+  context, or on position alone, is read only through `acts`.
+- Media labels name what a whole image or sound is about, not each patch or frame; media reads lose
+  fidelity with depth (§14).
+
+## License
+
+[CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The catalog is derived from
+[`Qwen/Qwen3-8B`](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3-8B) and
+[`google/gemma-4-12B`](https://huggingface.co/google/gemma-4-12B) (both Apache 2.0). Its `contexts` quote
+short excerpts of the activation corpora, which keep their own terms:
+[DCLM](https://huggingface.co/datasets/HuggingFaceFW/dclm_100BT-shuffled) (CC BY 4.0),
+[FineWeb-2](https://huggingface.co/datasets/HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-2) (ODC-By 1.0),
+[codeparrot-clean](https://huggingface.co/datasets/codeparrot/codeparrot-clean) (code from public GitHub
+repositories, under their licenses) and
+[UltraChat-200k](https://huggingface.co/datasets/HuggingFaceH4/ultrachat_200k) (MIT). The media
+documents' labels and captions come from their source datasets, under those datasets' terms (some
+non-commercial); the images and sounds themselves are only linked. By [@_a9lim](https://x.com/_a9lim)
+and [@treetowntree](https://x.com/treetowntree) with Claude (Anthropic), 2026-10-30.

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