Complete three-model dense coverage: Kimi prose dense finished under charitable limits; reliability reported as quantified cost; framed bottom-right legends on charts 1 and 6; updated card and report
Browse files- README.md +7 -5
- RESULTS.md +32 -22
- charts/1_modality_gradient.png +2 -2
- charts/4_economy_vs_fidelity.png +2 -2
- charts/6_economy_bars.png +2 -2
README.md
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@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ and consistent answer to the questions this benchmark was built to settle.
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The full report is in `RESULTS.md`.
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- Token economy depends on content layout, not just length. Rendering
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content as a dense image saved
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prose, but on short page-scale prompts it cost 1.
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the text, and on long pretty-printed machine text (JSON configuration,
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tool schemas, source code) it cost 1.3 to 2.5 times more, because
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line-oriented layout renders into mostly empty pages. The content that
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content left constraint-following and multi-step reasoning essentially
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intact. Reading exact figures for arithmetic is the exception, because a
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misread digit corrupts an otherwise correct calculation. Reasoning models
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carry an extra reliability
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- Injection resistance held for all three current models even when the
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adversarial text was imaged, although an older model tested during
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development was susceptible under the combined-image condition.
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The full report is in `RESULTS.md`.
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- Token economy depends on content layout, not just length. Rendering
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content as a dense image saved 16 to 47 per cent of input tokens on long
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prose, but on short page-scale prompts it cost 1.8 to 2.5 times more than
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the text, and on long pretty-printed machine text (JSON configuration,
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tool schemas, source code) it cost 1.3 to 2.5 times more, because
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line-oriented layout renders into mostly empty pages. The content that
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content left constraint-following and multi-step reasoning essentially
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intact. Reading exact figures for arithmetic is the exception, because a
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misread digit corrupts an otherwise correct calculation. Reasoning models
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carry an extra reliability cost, since one model needed a median of 87
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seconds per call on long dense documents against 9 and 15 for the other
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two, with a worst case of sixty-four minutes for a single call, and it
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completed the slice only after its timeout and output budget were raised
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well beyond ordinary settings.
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- Injection resistance held for all three current models even when the
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adversarial text was imaged, although an older model tested during
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development was susceptible under the combined-image condition.
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RESULTS.md
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@@ -41,20 +41,20 @@ independent models is the main reason for confidence in the conclusions.
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Whether image delivery saves tokens depends entirely on how much text is
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packed into each image. On short, page-scale documents at the regular density
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the image is wasteful, because a single page carries little text yet still
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incurs a fixed vision-token cost. Across the three models the
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text condition.
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The saving appears only when documents are long, the rendering is dense, and
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the content is prose. On the long prose slice at the dense profile the
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picture reverses, and the image becomes the cheaper channel
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reasons described under question four.
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| model | text tokens | image tokens | image saving |
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| GPT 5.5 | 4189 | 3020 | 28 per cent |
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| Gemini 3.5 Flash | 4819 | 2554 | 47 per cent |
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On structured machine text the saving does not merely shrink, it inverts.
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The same dense profile applied to long JSON configuration, tool schemas and
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that model the image result is confounded by a limitation that has nothing to
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do with the modality.
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There is also a reliability finding specific to reasoning models
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and five
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## A note on safety
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stay as text, where it is both cheaper and safer. Anything that must be
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recovered verbatim from prose should never cross the image channel densely
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rendered, and reasoning models add a further reliability caveat, since a
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## Caveats
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far smaller, twenty-eight paired prose instances and one hundred paired
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structured instances per model, so their percentages are directional and
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the economy figures in particular should be reproduced at the full per-cell
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count of the released dataset before being quoted as precise.
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Cross-provider comparisons conflate the model with each provider's opaque
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image preprocessing and with its token accounting, which differ visibly in
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the economy tables, so the cleanest readings are the within-model deltas
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Whether image delivery saves tokens depends entirely on how much text is
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packed into each image. On short, page-scale documents at the regular density
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the image is wasteful, because a single page carries little text yet still
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incurs a fixed vision-token cost. Across the three models on the page-scale
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tiers of the core subset, the content-as-image condition used between 1.8
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and 2.5 times as many input tokens as the plain text condition.
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The saving appears only when documents are long, the rendering is dense, and
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the content is prose. On the long prose slice at the dense profile the
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picture reverses, and the image becomes the cheaper channel, although how
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much cheaper varies threefold with each provider's image token accounting.
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| model | text tokens | image tokens | image saving |
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| GPT 5.5 | 4189 | 3020 | 28 per cent |
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| Gemini 3.5 Flash | 4819 | 2554 | 47 per cent |
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| Kimi K2.6 | 3935 | 3288 | 16 per cent |
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On structured machine text the saving does not merely shrink, it inverts.
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The same dense profile applied to long JSON configuration, tool schemas and
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that model the image result is confounded by a limitation that has nothing to
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do with the modality.
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There is also a reliability finding specific to reasoning models, and it is
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best stated as a cost rather than an inability. Under ordinary settings, a
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five-minute timeout and a twelve-thousand-token output budget, Kimi K2.6
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could not finish the long dense documents. Eight calls exhausted the output
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budget and five calls, spread across the instruction, calculation and
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transcription families and including two with plain text and no image at
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all, returned nothing through eight retries each. Given charitable settings
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instead, an hour per call and a thirty-two-thousand-token budget, the same
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model completed all fifty-six calls without a single error. What the
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charity revealed is the price. Its median latency on this slice was 87
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seconds against 9 for GPT 5.5 and 15 for Gemini 3.5 Flash, one in ten calls
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needed over eight minutes, the slowest needed sixty-four minutes, and one
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answer consumed thirty thousand output tokens. The same model completed the
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structured dense slice, two hundred calls, at ordinary settings without
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error, so the trigger is the long document rather than the image as such,
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although the image condition lengthens the rumination further. A
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hard-to-read page does not merely lower a reasoning model's accuracy, it
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can multiply its thinking time and output spend by an order of magnitude,
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and any production deployment of dense rendering in front of a reasoning
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model should budget for that, in money, in latency and in timeout policy.
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## A note on safety
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stay as text, where it is both cheaper and safer. Anything that must be
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recovered verbatim from prose should never cross the image channel densely
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rendered, and reasoning models add a further reliability caveat, since a
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long dense page can multiply their thinking time and output spend by an
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order of magnitude.
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## Caveats
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far smaller, twenty-eight paired prose instances and one hundred paired
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structured instances per model, so their percentages are directional and
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the economy figures in particular should be reproduced at the full per-cell
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count of the released dataset before being quoted as precise. Eight of Kimi
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K2.6's earlier prose dense answers were truncated at a twelve-thousand-token
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output budget before the limits were raised, and those stand in its scores
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as recorded, so its prose dense accuracy should be read as a floor.
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Cross-provider comparisons conflate the model with each provider's opaque
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image preprocessing and with its token accounting, which differ visibly in
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the economy tables, so the cleanest readings are the within-model deltas
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charts/1_modality_gradient.png
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Git LFS Details
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Git LFS Details
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charts/4_economy_vs_fidelity.png
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Git LFS Details
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Git LFS Details
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charts/6_economy_bars.png
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Git LFS Details
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Git LFS Details
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