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# mypy: allow-untyped-defs
import cProfile
import inspect
import io
import itertools
import os
import warnings
from collections.abc import Sequence
from contextlib import contextmanager
from functools import wraps
from pstats import Stats
from typing import Any, Callable, cast, Optional, TypeVar, Union

import torch
import torch.distributed as dist
from torch.distributed._shard.sharded_tensor import ShardedTensor
from torch.distributed._shard.sharded_tensor.shard import Shard

from .api import (
    _is_wrapped_exception,
    _wrap_exception,
    CheckpointException,
    WRAPPED_EXCEPTION,
)
from .metadata import MetadataIndex, STATE_DICT_TYPE


__all__ = ["find_tensor_shard", "find_state_dict_object"]

T = TypeVar("T")
R = TypeVar("R")


def _get_failure_dict(
    results: list[Union[T, WRAPPED_EXCEPTION]],
) -> dict[int, WRAPPED_EXCEPTION]:
    return cast(
        dict[int, WRAPPED_EXCEPTION],
        {i: err for i, err in enumerate(results) if _is_wrapped_exception(err)},
    )


def _all_gather_keys(
    local_dict: dict[str, Any], group: Optional[dist.ProcessGroup] = None
) -> set[str]:
    """Gathers all keys, and returns them sorted."""
    keys = list(local_dict.keys())
    gathered_keys: list[list[str]] = [None] * dist.get_world_size(group)  # type: ignore[list-item]

    dist.all_gather_object(gathered_keys, keys, group=group)
    return set(itertools.chain.from_iterable(gathered_keys))


def _assert_same_keys(
    state_dict: dict[str, Any], process_group: Optional[dist.ProcessGroup] = None
) -> None:
    """
    Asserts that all ranks have the same keys in their state dict.
    This is a collective call which requires all ranks in ``process_group`` to
    join. It will also induce cross-rank communication and block CPU.
    """

    if dist.get_world_size(process_group) == 1:
        return

    all_keys = _all_gather_keys(state_dict, process_group)
    my_keys = set(state_dict.keys())
    diff = all_keys - my_keys
    if len(diff) > 0:
        raise AssertionError(
            f"Key(s) present in other ranks but not this one, difference: {diff}"
        )


class _DistWrapper:
    """
    This is a wrapper around PG that provides a series of features around object collectives.
    It works without distributed initialized, where most collectives turns into nops.
    All variants that take functions are exception robust, meaning that if one or more
    ranks raise errors, all ranks will observe those.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        group: Optional[dist.ProcessGroup],
        use_dist: bool,
        coordinator_rank: int,
    ):
        self.group = group
        self.use_dist = use_dist
        self.coordinator_rank = coordinator_rank
        if self.use_dist:
            self.global_coordinator_rank = (
                dist.get_global_rank(group, coordinator_rank)
                if group is not None
                else coordinator_rank
            )
            self.rank = dist.get_rank(group)
            self.is_coordinator = self.rank == coordinator_rank
        else:
            self.global_coordinator_rank = 0
            self.rank = 0
            self.is_coordinator = True

    def get_rank(self) -> int:
        return self.rank

    def get_world_size(self) -> int:
        if self.use_dist:
            return dist.get_world_size(self.group)
        return 1

    def broadcast_object(self, object: Optional[T]) -> T:
        """Implement functionality similar to c10d::broadcast_object_list but without distributed enabled."""
        object_list = [object]
        if self.use_dist:
            dist.broadcast_object_list(
                object_list=object_list,
                group=self.group,
                src=self.global_coordinator_rank,
            )
        return cast(T, object_list[0])

    def gather_object(self, object: T) -> Optional[list[T]]:
        """Implement functionality similar to c10d::gather_object but without distributed enabled."""
        if self.use_dist:
            gather_objs = (
                cast(list[T], [None] * dist.get_world_size(self.group))
                if self.is_coordinator
                else None
            )

            dist.gather_object(
                obj=object,
                object_gather_list=gather_objs if self.is_coordinator else None,
                dst=self.global_coordinator_rank,
                group=self.group,
            )
            result = gather_objs
        else:
            result = [object]
        return result

    def all_gather_object(self, object: T) -> list[T]:
        """Implement functionality similar to c10d::all_gather_object but without distributed enabled."""
        if self.use_dist:
            gather_objs = cast(list[T], [None] * dist.get_world_size(self.group))

            dist.all_gather_object(
                object_list=gather_objs, obj=object, group=self.group
            )
        else:
            gather_objs = [object]
        return gather_objs

    def scatter_object(self, object_list: Optional[list[T]]) -> T:
        """Implement functionality similar to c10d::scatter_object but without distributed enabled."""
        if self.use_dist:
            gather_result = cast(list[T], [None])
            dist.scatter_object_list(
                scatter_object_output_list=gather_result,
                scatter_object_input_list=object_list if self.is_coordinator else None,
                src=self.global_coordinator_rank,
                group=self.group,
            )

            local_reply = gather_result[0]
        else:
            assert object_list is not None
            local_reply = object_list[0]
        return local_reply

    def reduce_scatter(
        self,
        step: str,
        map_fun: Callable[[], T],
        reduce_fun: Callable[[list[T]], list[R]],
    ) -> R:
        """
        Compute a value on each rank, then do centralized reduce on a single rank, followed by a scatter.
        This method operates in the following way:
            Run ``map_fun`` on all ranks
            Gather results on rank 0
            Call ``reduce_fun`` on all those values
            Scatter to each rank part of the result.
        """
        local_data: Union[WRAPPED_EXCEPTION, T]
        try:
            local_data = map_fun()
        except BaseException as e:  # noqa: B036
            local_data = _wrap_exception(e)

        all_data = self.gather_object(local_data)
        all_results: Optional[list[Union[R, CheckpointException]]] = None
        if self.is_coordinator:
            assert all_data is not None
            node_failures = _get_failure_dict(all_data)

            if len(node_failures) == 0:
                try:
                    # N.B. why can't mypy cast List[R] to List[Union[R, WRAPPED_EXCEPTION]]?
                    all_results = cast(
                        list[Union[R, CheckpointException]],
                        reduce_fun(cast(list[T], all_data)),
                    )
                except BaseException as e:  # noqa: B036
                    node_failures[self.rank] = _wrap_exception(e)

            if len(node_failures) > 0:
                all_results = [
                    CheckpointException(step, node_failures)
                ] * self.get_world_size()

        result = self.scatter_object(all_results)
        if isinstance(result, CheckpointException):
            raise result
        return result

    def all_reduce(
        self,
        step: str,
        map_fun: Callable[[], T],
        reduce_fun: Callable[[list[T]], R],
    ) -> R:
        """
        Compute a value on each rank, then do centralized reduce on a single rank, followed by a broadcast.
        This method operates in the following way:
            Run ``map_fun`` on all ranks
            Gather results on rank 0
            Call ``reduce_fun`` on all those values
            Broadcast the reduced value to all ranks.
        """
        local_data: Union[T, WRAPPED_EXCEPTION]
        try:
            local_data = map_fun()
        except BaseException as e:  # noqa: B036
            local_data = _wrap_exception(e)

        all_data = self.gather_object(local_data)
        result: Optional[Union[R, CheckpointException]] = None
        if self.is_coordinator:
            assert all_data is not None
            node_failures = _get_failure_dict(all_data)
            if len(node_failures) == 0:
                try:
                    result = reduce_fun(cast(list[T], all_data))
                except BaseException as e:  # noqa: B036
                    node_failures[self.rank] = _wrap_exception(e)

            if len(node_failures) > 0:
                result = CheckpointException(step, node_failures)

        final_result = self.broadcast_object(result)
        if isinstance(final_result, CheckpointException):
            raise final_result
        return cast(R, final_result)

    def all_gather(
        self,
        step: str,
        map_fun: Callable[[], T],
    ) -> list[T]:
        """
        Compute a value on each rank, then all_gather them.
        This method operates in the following way:
            Run ``map_cp`` on all ranks
            all_gather the values to all ranks
        """
        result: Union[T, WRAPPED_EXCEPTION]
        try:
            result = map_fun()
        except BaseException as e:  # noqa: B036
            result = _wrap_exception(e)

        all_results = self.all_gather_object(result)

        node_failures = _get_failure_dict(all_results)
        if len(node_failures) > 0:
            raise CheckpointException(step, node_failures)
        return cast(list[T], all_results)

    def broadcast(
        self,
        step: str,
        map_fun: Callable[[], T],
    ) -> T:
        """
        Compute a value on rank 0 and broadcast it.
        This method operates in the following way:
            Run ``map_cp`` on rank 0
            broadcast the value
        """
        result: Optional[Union[T, CheckpointException]] = None
        if self.is_coordinator:
            try:
                result = map_fun()
            except BaseException as e:  # noqa: B036
                result = CheckpointException(step, {self.rank: _wrap_exception(e)})
        final_result = self.broadcast_object(result)
        if isinstance(final_result, CheckpointException):
            raise final_result
        return cast(T, final_result)

    def barrier(self) -> None:
        """
        Add a synchronization point across all processes when using distributed.
        If torch.distributed is initialized, this function will invoke a barrier across the global process group.
        If torch.distributed is not initialized, this function is a no-op.
        """
        if not self.use_dist:
            return
        dist.barrier(group=self.group)


def _find_shard(tensor: ShardedTensor, index: MetadataIndex) -> Shard:
    if index.offset is None:
        raise ValueError(
            f"Cannot lookup {index.fqn} since its a ShardedTensor and no offset was provided"
        )

    shards = tensor.local_shards()
    # index fast path
    if index.index is not None:
        if (
            len(shards) > index.index
            and torch.Size(shards[index.index].metadata.shard_offsets) == index.offset
        ):
            return shards[index.index]

    for shard in shards:
        if torch.Size(shard.metadata.shard_offsets) == index.offset:
            return shard
    raise ValueError(f"Could not find shard at '{index.offset}' for FQN: '{index.fqn}'")


def find_tensor_shard(tensor: torch.Tensor, index: MetadataIndex) -> torch.Tensor:
    if hasattr(tensor, "__get_tensor_shard__"):
        # DTensor implements _Checkpointable
        return tensor.__get_tensor_shard__(index)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
    if isinstance(tensor, ShardedTensor):
        return _find_shard(tensor, index).tensor
    if index.offset is not None:
        # special case looking up a tensor by origin
        if index.offset == torch.Size([0] * len(tensor.size())):
            return tensor
        raise ValueError(
            f"FQN: '{index.fqn}' is not a ShardedTensor, can't find by offset: '{index.offset}'"
        )
    return tensor


def find_state_dict_object(state_dict: STATE_DICT_TYPE, index: MetadataIndex) -> Any:
    if index.fqn not in state_dict:
        raise ValueError(f"Could not find FQN: '{index.fqn}'")
    obj = state_dict[index.fqn]

    if isinstance(obj, torch.Tensor):
        return find_tensor_shard(obj, index)
    elif index.offset is not None:
        raise ValueError(
            f"FQN: '{index.fqn}' is not a ShardedTensor, can't find by offset: '{index.offset}'"
        )
    return obj


def _element_wise_add(a: Sequence[int], b: Sequence[int]) -> list[int]:
    return [i_a + i_b for i_a, i_b in zip(a, b)]


def _element_wise_sub(a: Sequence[int], b: Sequence[int]) -> list[int]:
    return [i_a - i_b for i_a, i_b in zip(a, b)]


class _ReaderView(io.IOBase):
    def __init__(self, base_stream: io.IOBase, offset: int, len: int):
        super().__init__()
        self.offset = offset
        self.len = len
        self.base_stream = base_stream
        self.seek(0)

    def seek(self, offset: int, whence: int = os.SEEK_SET, /) -> int:
        if whence == os.SEEK_SET:
            offset = self.offset + offset
        elif whence == os.SEEK_END:
            whence = os.SEEK_SET
            offset = (self.offset + self.len) - offset
        return self.base_stream.seek(offset, whence)

    def tell(self) -> int:
        return self.base_stream.tell() - self.offset

    def readable(self) -> bool:
        return self.base_stream.readable()

    def seekable(self) -> bool:
        return self.base_stream.seekable()

    def readinto(self, b):
        max_size = self.len - self.tell()
        if max_size == 0:
            return 0
        if len(b) > max_size:
            b = memoryview(b)[:max_size]
        return self.base_stream.readinto(b)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]

    def read(self, size=-1):
        max_size = self.len - self.tell()
        if size == -1 or size > max_size:
            size = max_size
        return self.base_stream.read(size)


def _create_file_view(file: io.IOBase, offset: int, length: int) -> io.IOBase:
    # FIXME (kumpera) torch.load fails if we wrap with io.BufferedReader
    return _ReaderView(file, offset, length)


def _normalize_device_info(device_type: str, device_id: int) -> str:
    """Device info normalization."""
    if device_type == "cpu":
        return "cpu"
    return f"{device_type}:{device_id}"


# TODO: integrate with distributed logging flag
ENABLE_PROFILE = False


@contextmanager
def _profile():
    # Only log the profiling when it is enable and is on rank0  or dist is not
    # available.
    if ENABLE_PROFILE and (not dist.is_available() or dist.get_rank() == 0):
        profiler = cProfile.Profile()
        profiler.enable()
        try:
            yield
        finally:
            profiler.disable()
            stats = Stats(profiler)
            stats.sort_stats("time").print_stats(10)
    else:
        yield


def _api_bc_check(func):
    @wraps(func)
    def inner_func(*args, **kwargs) -> Any:
        if len(args) == 2:
            warnings.warn(
                f"The argument order of {func.__name__} has been changed. "
                "Please check the document to avoid future breakages."
            )
            sig = inspect.signature(func)
            kwonlyargs = [
                p.name for p in sig.parameters.values() if p.kind == p.KEYWORD_ONLY
            ]
            if "storage_writer" in kwonlyargs:
                assert "storage_writer" not in kwargs, (args, kwargs)
                kwargs["storage_writer"] = args[1]
            elif "storage_reader" in kwonlyargs:
                assert "storage_reader" not in kwargs, (args, kwargs)
                kwargs["storage_reader"] = args[1]
            else:
                raise RuntimeError(f"Unexpected kwonlyargs = {kwonlyargs}")
            return func(args[0], **kwargs)
        else:
            return func(*args, **kwargs)

    return inner_func

	# mypy: allow-untyped-defs
	import cProfile
	import inspect
	import io
	import itertools
	import os
	import warnings
	from collections.abc import Sequence
	from contextlib import contextmanager
	from functools import wraps
	from pstats import Stats
	from typing import Any, Callable, cast, Optional, TypeVar, Union

	import torch
	import torch.distributed as dist
	from torch.distributed._shard.sharded_tensor import ShardedTensor
	from torch.distributed._shard.sharded_tensor.shard import Shard

	from .api import (
	_is_wrapped_exception,
	_wrap_exception,
	CheckpointException,
	WRAPPED_EXCEPTION,
	)
	from .metadata import MetadataIndex, STATE_DICT_TYPE


	__all__ = ["find_tensor_shard", "find_state_dict_object"]

	T = TypeVar("T")
	R = TypeVar("R")


	def _get_failure_dict(
	results: list[Union[T, WRAPPED_EXCEPTION]],
	) -> dict[int, WRAPPED_EXCEPTION]:
	return cast(
	dict[int, WRAPPED_EXCEPTION],
	{i: err for i, err in enumerate(results) if _is_wrapped_exception(err)},
	)


	def _all_gather_keys(
	local_dict: dict[str, Any], group: Optional[dist.ProcessGroup] = None
	) -> set[str]:
	"""Gathers all keys, and returns them sorted."""
	keys = list(local_dict.keys())
	gathered_keys: list[list[str]] = [None] * dist.get_world_size(group) # type: ignore[list-item]

	dist.all_gather_object(gathered_keys, keys, group=group)
	return set(itertools.chain.from_iterable(gathered_keys))


	def _assert_same_keys(
	state_dict: dict[str, Any], process_group: Optional[dist.ProcessGroup] = None
	) -> None:
	"""
	Asserts that all ranks have the same keys in their state dict.
	This is a collective call which requires all ranks in ``process_group`` to
	join. It will also induce cross-rank communication and block CPU.
	"""

	if dist.get_world_size(process_group) == 1:
	return

	all_keys = _all_gather_keys(state_dict, process_group)
	my_keys = set(state_dict.keys())
	diff = all_keys - my_keys
	if len(diff) > 0:
	raise AssertionError(
	f"Key(s) present in other ranks but not this one, difference: {diff}"
	)


	class _DistWrapper:
	"""
	This is a wrapper around PG that provides a series of features around object collectives.

	It works without distributed initialized, where most collectives turns into nops.

	All variants that take functions are exception robust, meaning that if one or more
	ranks raise errors, all ranks will observe those.
	"""

	def __init__(
	self,
	group: Optional[dist.ProcessGroup],
	use_dist: bool,
	coordinator_rank: int,
	):
	self.group = group
	self.use_dist = use_dist
	self.coordinator_rank = coordinator_rank
	if self.use_dist:
	self.global_coordinator_rank = (
	dist.get_global_rank(group, coordinator_rank)
	if group is not None
	else coordinator_rank
	)
	self.rank = dist.get_rank(group)
	self.is_coordinator = self.rank == coordinator_rank
	else:
	self.global_coordinator_rank = 0
	self.rank = 0
	self.is_coordinator = True

	def get_rank(self) -> int:
	return self.rank

	def get_world_size(self) -> int:
	if self.use_dist:
	return dist.get_world_size(self.group)
	return 1

	def broadcast_object(self, object: Optional[T]) -> T:
	"""Implement functionality similar to c10d::broadcast_object_list but without distributed enabled."""
	object_list = [object]
	if self.use_dist:
	dist.broadcast_object_list(
	object_list=object_list,
	group=self.group,
	src=self.global_coordinator_rank,
	)
	return cast(T, object_list[0])

	def gather_object(self, object: T) -> Optional[list[T]]:
	"""Implement functionality similar to c10d::gather_object but without distributed enabled."""
	if self.use_dist:
	gather_objs = (
	cast(list[T], [None] * dist.get_world_size(self.group))
	if self.is_coordinator
	else None
	)

	dist.gather_object(
	obj=object,
	object_gather_list=gather_objs if self.is_coordinator else None,
	dst=self.global_coordinator_rank,
	group=self.group,
	)
	result = gather_objs
	else:
	result = [object]
	return result

	def all_gather_object(self, object: T) -> list[T]:
	"""Implement functionality similar to c10d::all_gather_object but without distributed enabled."""
	if self.use_dist:
	gather_objs = cast(list[T], [None] * dist.get_world_size(self.group))

	dist.all_gather_object(
	object_list=gather_objs, obj=object, group=self.group
	)
	else:
	gather_objs = [object]
	return gather_objs

	def scatter_object(self, object_list: Optional[list[T]]) -> T:
	"""Implement functionality similar to c10d::scatter_object but without distributed enabled."""
	if self.use_dist:
	gather_result = cast(list[T], [None])
	dist.scatter_object_list(
	scatter_object_output_list=gather_result,
	scatter_object_input_list=object_list if self.is_coordinator else None,
	src=self.global_coordinator_rank,
	group=self.group,
	)

	local_reply = gather_result[0]
	else:
	assert object_list is not None
	local_reply = object_list[0]
	return local_reply

	def reduce_scatter(
	self,
	step: str,
	map_fun: Callable[[], T],
	reduce_fun: Callable[[list[T]], list[R]],
	) -> R:
	"""
	Compute a value on each rank, then do centralized reduce on a single rank, followed by a scatter.

	This method operates in the following way:
	Run ``map_fun`` on all ranks
	Gather results on rank 0
	Call ``reduce_fun`` on all those values
	Scatter to each rank part of the result.
	"""
	local_data: Union[WRAPPED_EXCEPTION, T]
	try:
	local_data = map_fun()
	except BaseException as e: # noqa: B036
	local_data = _wrap_exception(e)

	all_data = self.gather_object(local_data)
	all_results: Optional[list[Union[R, CheckpointException]]] = None
	if self.is_coordinator:
	assert all_data is not None
	node_failures = _get_failure_dict(all_data)

	if len(node_failures) == 0:
	try:
	# N.B. why can't mypy cast List[R] to List[Union[R, WRAPPED_EXCEPTION]]?
	all_results = cast(
	list[Union[R, CheckpointException]],
	reduce_fun(cast(list[T], all_data)),
	)
	except BaseException as e: # noqa: B036
	node_failures[self.rank] = _wrap_exception(e)

	if len(node_failures) > 0:
	all_results = [
	CheckpointException(step, node_failures)
	] * self.get_world_size()

	result = self.scatter_object(all_results)
	if isinstance(result, CheckpointException):
	raise result
	return result

	def all_reduce(
	self,
	step: str,
	map_fun: Callable[[], T],
	reduce_fun: Callable[[list[T]], R],
	) -> R:
	"""
	Compute a value on each rank, then do centralized reduce on a single rank, followed by a broadcast.

	This method operates in the following way:
	Run ``map_fun`` on all ranks
	Gather results on rank 0
	Call ``reduce_fun`` on all those values
	Broadcast the reduced value to all ranks.
	"""
	local_data: Union[T, WRAPPED_EXCEPTION]
	try:
	local_data = map_fun()
	except BaseException as e: # noqa: B036
	local_data = _wrap_exception(e)

	all_data = self.gather_object(local_data)
	result: Optional[Union[R, CheckpointException]] = None
	if self.is_coordinator:
	assert all_data is not None
	node_failures = _get_failure_dict(all_data)
	if len(node_failures) == 0:
	try:
	result = reduce_fun(cast(list[T], all_data))
	except BaseException as e: # noqa: B036
	node_failures[self.rank] = _wrap_exception(e)

	if len(node_failures) > 0:
	result = CheckpointException(step, node_failures)

	final_result = self.broadcast_object(result)
	if isinstance(final_result, CheckpointException):
	raise final_result
	return cast(R, final_result)

	def all_gather(
	self,
	step: str,
	map_fun: Callable[[], T],
	) -> list[T]:
	"""
	Compute a value on each rank, then all_gather them.

	This method operates in the following way:
	Run ``map_cp`` on all ranks
	all_gather the values to all ranks
	"""
	result: Union[T, WRAPPED_EXCEPTION]
	try:
	result = map_fun()
	except BaseException as e: # noqa: B036
	result = _wrap_exception(e)

	all_results = self.all_gather_object(result)

	node_failures = _get_failure_dict(all_results)
	if len(node_failures) > 0:
	raise CheckpointException(step, node_failures)
	return cast(list[T], all_results)

	def broadcast(
	self,
	step: str,
	map_fun: Callable[[], T],
	) -> T:
	"""
	Compute a value on rank 0 and broadcast it.

	This method operates in the following way:
	Run ``map_cp`` on rank 0
	broadcast the value
	"""
	result: Optional[Union[T, CheckpointException]] = None
	if self.is_coordinator:
	try:
	result = map_fun()
	except BaseException as e: # noqa: B036
	result = CheckpointException(step, {self.rank: _wrap_exception(e)})
	final_result = self.broadcast_object(result)
	if isinstance(final_result, CheckpointException):
	raise final_result
	return cast(T, final_result)

	def barrier(self) -> None:
	"""
	Add a synchronization point across all processes when using distributed.
	If torch.distributed is initialized, this function will invoke a barrier across the global process group.
	If torch.distributed is not initialized, this function is a no-op.
	"""
	if not self.use_dist:
	return
	dist.barrier(group=self.group)


	def _find_shard(tensor: ShardedTensor, index: MetadataIndex) -> Shard:
	if index.offset is None:
	raise ValueError(
	f"Cannot lookup {index.fqn} since its a ShardedTensor and no offset was provided"
	)

	shards = tensor.local_shards()
	# index fast path
	if index.index is not None:
	if (
	len(shards) > index.index
	and torch.Size(shards[index.index].metadata.shard_offsets) == index.offset
	):
	return shards[index.index]

	for shard in shards:
	if torch.Size(shard.metadata.shard_offsets) == index.offset:
	return shard
	raise ValueError(f"Could not find shard at '{index.offset}' for FQN: '{index.fqn}'")


	def find_tensor_shard(tensor: torch.Tensor, index: MetadataIndex) -> torch.Tensor:
	if hasattr(tensor, "__get_tensor_shard__"):
	# DTensor implements _Checkpointable
	return tensor.__get_tensor_shard__(index) # type: ignore[attr-defined]
	if isinstance(tensor, ShardedTensor):
	return _find_shard(tensor, index).tensor
	if index.offset is not None:
	# special case looking up a tensor by origin
	if index.offset == torch.Size([0] * len(tensor.size())):
	return tensor
	raise ValueError(
	f"FQN: '{index.fqn}' is not a ShardedTensor, can't find by offset: '{index.offset}'"
	)
	return tensor


	def find_state_dict_object(state_dict: STATE_DICT_TYPE, index: MetadataIndex) -> Any:
	if index.fqn not in state_dict:
	raise ValueError(f"Could not find FQN: '{index.fqn}'")
	obj = state_dict[index.fqn]

	if isinstance(obj, torch.Tensor):
	return find_tensor_shard(obj, index)
	elif index.offset is not None:
	raise ValueError(
	f"FQN: '{index.fqn}' is not a ShardedTensor, can't find by offset: '{index.offset}'"
	)
	return obj


	def _element_wise_add(a: Sequence[int], b: Sequence[int]) -> list[int]:
	return [i_a + i_b for i_a, i_b in zip(a, b)]


	def _element_wise_sub(a: Sequence[int], b: Sequence[int]) -> list[int]:
	return [i_a - i_b for i_a, i_b in zip(a, b)]


	class _ReaderView(io.IOBase):
	def __init__(self, base_stream: io.IOBase, offset: int, len: int):
	super().__init__()
	self.offset = offset
	self.len = len
	self.base_stream = base_stream
	self.seek(0)

	def seek(self, offset: int, whence: int = os.SEEK_SET, /) -> int:
	if whence == os.SEEK_SET:
	offset = self.offset + offset
	elif whence == os.SEEK_END:
	whence = os.SEEK_SET
	offset = (self.offset + self.len) - offset
	return self.base_stream.seek(offset, whence)

	def tell(self) -> int:
	return self.base_stream.tell() - self.offset

	def readable(self) -> bool:
	return self.base_stream.readable()

	def seekable(self) -> bool:
	return self.base_stream.seekable()

	def readinto(self, b):
	max_size = self.len - self.tell()
	if max_size == 0:
	return 0
	if len(b) > max_size:
	b = memoryview(b)[:max_size]
	return self.base_stream.readinto(b) # type: ignore[attr-defined]

	def read(self, size=-1):
	max_size = self.len - self.tell()
	if size == -1 or size > max_size:
	size = max_size
	return self.base_stream.read(size)


	def _create_file_view(file: io.IOBase, offset: int, length: int) -> io.IOBase:
	# FIXME (kumpera) torch.load fails if we wrap with io.BufferedReader
	return _ReaderView(file, offset, length)


	def _normalize_device_info(device_type: str, device_id: int) -> str:
	"""Device info normalization."""
	if device_type == "cpu":
	return "cpu"
	return f"{device_type}:{device_id}"


	# TODO: integrate with distributed logging flag
	ENABLE_PROFILE = False


	@contextmanager
	def _profile():
	# Only log the profiling when it is enable and is on rank0 or dist is not
	# available.
	if ENABLE_PROFILE and (not dist.is_available() or dist.get_rank() == 0):
	profiler = cProfile.Profile()
	profiler.enable()
	try:
	yield
	finally:
	profiler.disable()
	stats = Stats(profiler)
	stats.sort_stats("time").print_stats(10)
	else:
	yield


	def _api_bc_check(func):
	@wraps(func)
	def inner_func(args, *kwargs) -> Any:
	if len(args) == 2:
	warnings.warn(
	f"The argument order of {func.__name__} has been changed. "
	"Please check the document to avoid future breakages."
	)
	sig = inspect.signature(func)
	kwonlyargs = [
	p.name for p in sig.parameters.values() if p.kind == p.KEYWORD_ONLY
	]
	if "storage_writer" in kwonlyargs:
	assert "storage_writer" not in kwargs, (args, kwargs)
	kwargs["storage_writer"] = args[1]
	elif "storage_reader" in kwonlyargs:
	assert "storage_reader" not in kwargs, (args, kwargs)
	kwargs["storage_reader"] = args[1]
	else:
	raise RuntimeError(f"Unexpected kwonlyargs = {kwonlyargs}")
	return func(args[0], **kwargs)
	else:
	return func(args, *kwargs)

	return inner_func