| --- |
| title: "Bugis" |
| author: "Allison Shao" |
| bibliography: bug.bib |
| output: html_document |
| --- |
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| Last Updated: 2020-07-16 |
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| **Language family**: Austronesian / Malayo-Polynesian / Western Malayo-Polynesian / Sulawesi / South Sulawesi / Bugis |
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| * The Bugis language is also known as Buginese and is spoken throughout Sulawesi, Indonesia. |
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| * Not all sources agree on the phonemic inventory of Bugis. I have chosen to include the phonemes that the majority of the sources agreed on. The differences, however, are listed below: |
| - @jaya2018 additionally includes /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ but omits /c/, /ɟ/, and /ɲ/. |
| - @talaohu2019 additionally includes /f/ and /ɸ/. |
| - @wolff2010 omits /ʔ/ and /j/. |
| - @valls2014 additionally includes /ʃ/ and /ʒ/. |
| - @pedroscaballero2014 lists /ɾ/ instead of /r/ and omits /ʔ/. |
| * Additionally, @pedroscaballero2014 states that the phonemes presented as /c/ and /ɟ/ may actually be /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ (p. 10). This may explain why @jaya2018 includes /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ instead of /c/ and /ɟ/. |
| * According to @valls2014, /h/ is only found in Indonesian loanwords (p. 8). However, due to the significant influence, it is recognized as a phoneme of Bugis. |
| * Geminate consonants /pp/, /bb/, /tt/, /dd/, /kk/, /ss/, /mm/, /nn/, /ll/, /cc/, and /ɟɟ/ are constrastive [@valls2014, p. 9; @pedroscaballero2014, p. 8]. |
| * @talaohu2019 argues that instead of two phonemes /k/ and /ɡ/, [ɡ] is actually an allophone of /k/ (pp. 31-32). However, @pedroscaballero2014 presents minimal pairs for these phonemes, so I will treat them as distinct (p. 11). |
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| ```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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| library(dplyr) |
| library(knitr) |
| library(kableExtra) |
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| consonants <- read.table(textConnection(' |
| "Manner of Articulation" Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal |
| Stops "p b" "t d" "c ɟ" "k ɡ" "ʔ" |
| Fricatives "" "s" "" "" "h" |
| Nasals "m" "n" "ɲ" "ŋ" "" |
| Trills "" "r" "" "" "" |
| Approximants "w" "l" "j" "" "" |
| '), TRUE) |
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| kable(consonants, col.names = c("Manner of Articulation", "Labial", "Alveolar", "Palatal", "Velar", "Glottal"), align = 'c') %>% |
| kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
| add_header_above(c("", "Place of Articulation" = 5)) %>% |
| column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) %>% |
| footnote(general = "Note: Where two phonemes share a cell, those on the left are voiceless and those on the right are voiced.", general_title = "") |
| ``` |
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| * Vowels /i/, /e/, /a/, /o/, and /u/ also have long counterparts, which are indicated by duplicate graphemes [@valls2014, p. 8]. However, vowel length is not actually contrastive in Bugis, so I have chosen to treat this feature as allophonic and transcribe such instances of long vowels as short in the rules. |
| * Though sequences of consecutive vowels occur in Bugis, they are not always realized as complex phonemes [@pedroscaballero2014, p. 6]. Therefore, I have not accounted for them as diphthongs in the rules. |
| * The status of schwa as a phoneme in Bugis is somewhat unclear. All sources recognize /ə/ as a distinct phoneme. However, according to @pedroscaballero2014, [ə] may be a possible allophone of both /a/ and /e/ in unstressed syllables (p. 7). It is important to note that it is not uncommon for a phoneme of a language to also be an allophone, so this lenition of /a/ and /e/ is most likely coincidence rather than evidence against schwa being a phoneme. There do however appear to be words in which /ə/ appears in stressed syllables [@pedroscaballero2014, p. 7], which would serve as evidence against the language having a truly reduced phonemic vowel. Furthermore, @valls2014 describes this mid central vowel as "rounded," which suggests it could actually be /ɵ/ or /ɞ/ (p. 12). Based on this, I have chosen to represent this mid central vowel as /ɵ/ rather than /ə/. |
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| ```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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| vowels <- read.table(textConnection(' |
| Front Central Back |
| High "i" "" "u" |
| Mid "e" "ɵ" "o" |
| Low "" "a" "" |
| '), TRUE) |
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| kable(vowels, align = 'c') %>% |
| kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
| column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) |
| ``` |
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| * /f/ and /v/ can be found in loanwords, and are most often realized as [p] [@jaya2018, p. 62]. |
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| ```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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| alphabet <- read.table(textConnection(' |
| Grapheme Phoneme |
| "a" "/a/" |
| "b" "/b/" |
| "c" "/c/" |
| "d" "/d/" |
| "e" "/e/" |
| "è" "/ɵ/" |
| "g" "/ɡ/" |
| "h" "/h/" |
| "i" "/i/" |
| "j" "/ɟ/" |
| "k" "/k/" |
| "l" "/l/" |
| "m" "/m/" |
| "n" "/n/" |
| "o" "/o/" |
| "p" "/p/" |
| "r" "/r/" |
| "s" "/s/" |
| "t" "/t/" |
| "u" "/u/" |
| "w" "/w/" |
| "y" "/j/" |
| "\'" "/ʔ/" |
| **Digraph** "" |
| "ng" "/ŋ/" |
| "ny" "/ɲ/" |
| '), TRUE) |
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| kable(alphabet, align = 'c') %>% |
| kable_styling("bordered") |
| ``` |
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| * Syllables in Bugis are of the type (C)(C)V(C) [@pedroscaballero2014, p. 13]. |
| - In syllables with a CC onset, the second consonant is often glide /j/. |
| - The coda is predominantly either a nasal or /ʔ/. |
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| * Stops tend to vary freely with their fricative (or flap) counterparts [@valls2014, pp. 11-12]: |
| - /b/ varies freely with [β] intervocalically and in onset position |
| - /p/ varies freely with [f] and [ɸ] |
| - /d/ varies freely with [ɾ] and [ð] intervocalically |
| - /ɡ/ varies freely with [ɣ] intervocalically |
| * According to @jaya2018, /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, and /h/ are generally realized as [ʔ] word-finally (pp. 57-58). |
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| * /ŋ/ assimilates to the place of the following consonant [@valls2014, p. 12]. |
| * All vowels have nasal allophones that surface when in proximity to nasals (ibid.). |
| * Nasals /m/, /n/, and most likely /ɲ/ are often realized as [ŋ] word-finally (@jaya2018, p. 59). |
| * /s/ may be realized as [θ] [@pedroscaballero2014, p. 10]. |
| * /w/ may be realized as [β] [@pedroscaballero2014, p. 11]. |
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