Mass-asymmetry-controlled exciton dressing and dissociation in a quantum lattice model

In a polar material, a neutral exciton couples to phonons through the sum of the electron and hole deformation potentials. Because the total source vanishes by charge neutrality, the elastic exciton-phonon vertex is regularized by electron-hole interference. Here we determine the non-perturbative fate of this interference by exact diagonalization of a Holstein-exciton model. By parameterizing the mass asymmetry to decouple it from the small-polaron atomic limit, we map a regime map comprising an internal dressing crossover and a dissociation boundary. We prove analytically and verify numerically that for equal masses, the symmetric exciton ground state is protected from phonon dressing by an exact exchange selection rule, provided the phonon source is odd under electron-hole exchange (the neutral case). As mass asymmetry increases, this selection rule is broken and the exciton acquires a strong local polaronic cloud. We show that the dissociation boundary, conversely, is set by a global energy balance between Coulomb binding and polaronic stabilization, and is nearly independent of the internal dressing. Paradoxically, the very symmetry that protects the exciton from dressing denies it polaronic stabilization, driving it toward dissociation at strong coupling. We discuss these results in the context of lattice exciton-polaron models and their implications for sharp versus broad excitonic lines in mass-symmetric versus mass-asymmetric polar semiconductors.