Steady-State Phase Transition States and Large-Time Asymptotics for the Cauchy Problem of Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations with van der Waals Equation of State

We study the Cauchy problem for the one-dimensional isothermal compressible Navier--Stokes system with the van der Waals equation of state, and analyze the well-posedness and asymptotic stability of steady-state phase-transition solutions at subcritical temperatures. Working in Lagrangian coordinates, we use variational techniques to construct piecewise smooth steady-state solutions corresponding to two-phase equilibrium states under finite-mass perturbations. Introducing artificial-viscosity regularization, we first establish existence of the global minimizer of the regularized variational problem, unique within each fixed symmetry class; passing to the vanishing artificial-viscosity limit then yields a physically admissible steady-state solution with two phase interfaces. For initial perturbations that are small with respect to energy, piecewise-gradient, total-variation, and integral norms but may exhibit large pointwise jumps across phase boundaries, we derive uniform a priori bounds for weak solutions near the two-phase equilibrium profile. We further prove that these global weak solutions converge to the steady-state two-phase equilibrium in L^infty(R) as ttoinfty, thereby characterizing their large-time asymptotic behavior. Physically, finite mass perturbations break the uniqueness of the uniform steady state and generate infinitely many piecewise constant two-phase equilibria satisfying the Maxwell equal-area rule. Artificial viscosity acts as a selection principle that singles out the physically relevant two-interface steady-state configuration, and this two-phase equilibrium is asymptotically stable under small integral perturbations that allow large-amplitude discontinuities at phase interfaces.