SAGE: Sense-Aligned Multimodal Grounding Evaluation with Gloss-Augmented Reasoning

This paper introduces Sense-Aligned Grounding Evaluation (SAGE), a unified 10-candidate image-selection benchmark that reformulates VWSD, VerSe, and WikiDiverse into a shared term-centric protocol covering noun-, verb-, and entity-centered grounding. SAGE includes confusable hard negatives and a context-swapped VerSe diagnostic to probe target-term grounding beyond direct caption--image compatibility. We further propose Gloss-Augmented Reasoning (GAR), a training-free framework combining definition grounding with constraint-guided semantic verification. Experiments show that strong VWSD performance does not transfer uniformly across grounding settings. With Gemma3-12B, definition augmentation improves all three subsets, while constraint-guided reasoning improves VWSD and yields particularly strong gains on VerSe, but is less effective on WikiDiverse. Combining the two signals achieves the best macro-average performance, improving Hits@1 from 65.90 to 71.22. These results show that SAGE supports both unified evaluation and fine-grained analysis of explicit semantic reasoning across grounding settings.