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Add the seti-tools technosignature toolkit, its guide, ledger, results, papers and coverage store

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  2. LEDGER.md +0 -0
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  4. README.md +0 -0
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  6. coverage.db +3 -0
  7. papers/activity_high_energy/activity_high_energy.pdf +0 -0
  8. papers/activity_high_energy/activity_high_energy.tex +479 -0
  9. papers/dark_comet/README.md +43 -0
  10. papers/dark_comet/cfht2007_cutouts.pdf +3 -0
  11. papers/dark_comet/dark_comet.pdf +3 -0
  12. papers/dark_comet/dark_comet.tex +957 -0
  13. papers/dark_comet/data/2016_TA56/blockcov.json +498 -0
  14. papers/dark_comet/data/2016_TA56/census_20070914.json +0 -0
  15. papers/dark_comet/data/2016_TA56/ephemeris_2030.csv +184 -0
  16. papers/dark_comet/data/2016_TA56/field_20070914.json +201 -0
  17. papers/dark_comet/data/2016_TA56/forecast.json +0 -0
  18. papers/dark_comet/data/2016_TA56/frames_20070914.json +242 -0
  19. papers/dark_comet/data/2016_TA56/locus_20070914.json +0 -0
  20. papers/dark_comet/data/2016_TA56/neowise.json +761 -0
  21. papers/dark_comet/data/2016_TA56/neowise_detections.csv +21 -0
  22. papers/dark_comet/data/2016_TA56/obs80.txt +125 -0
  23. papers/dark_comet/data/2016_TA56/precovery_20070914.json +495 -0
  24. papers/dark_comet/data/2016_TA56/refit.json +0 -0
  25. papers/dark_comet/data/2016_TA56/robust.json +0 -0
  26. papers/dark_comet/data/2016_TA56/sbdb.json +286 -0
  27. papers/dark_comet/data/2016_TA56/thermal.json +271 -0
  28. papers/dark_comet/data/2016_TA56/thermal_variants.json +86 -0
  29. papers/dark_comet/data/sbdb_A2.json +0 -0
  30. papers/dark_comet/data/table_S1_screen.csv +612 -0
  31. papers/dark_comet/data/yarkovsky_sign.json +0 -0
  32. papers/dark_comet/make_numbers.py +311 -0
  33. papers/dyson_infrared/data/dark_companion_ds.json +0 -0
  34. papers/dyson_infrared/data/hz_stack.json +2468 -0
  35. papers/dyson_infrared/data/pma_dark.json +0 -0
  36. papers/dyson_infrared/dyson_infrared.pdf +0 -0
  37. papers/dyson_infrared/dyson_infrared.tex +476 -0
  38. papers/dyson_infrared/make_numbers.py +83 -0
  39. papers/hd31435/hd31435.pdf +0 -0
  40. papers/hd31435/hd31435.tex +395 -0
  41. papers/kic2557430/kic2557430.pdf +0 -0
  42. papers/kic2557430/kic2557430.tex +216 -0
  43. papers/ml_signals/README.md +26 -0
  44. papers/ml_signals/data/MLc1.jsonl +28 -0
  45. papers/ml_signals/data/MLc2.jsonl +57 -0
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  49. papers/ml_signals/data/MLc6.jsonl +28 -0
  50. papers/ml_signals/data/MLc7.jsonl +58 -0
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LEDGER.md ADDED
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LICENSE ADDED
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+ Source code in this repository (files ending in .py or .jl) is licensed under the MIT License below. Every other
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+ file, the papers, the documentation and the coverage store coverage.db included, is licensed under the Creative
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+ Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
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+
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+ MIT License
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+
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+ Copyright (c) 2026 Charles C. Norton
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+
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+ Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
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+ of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
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+ in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
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+ to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
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+ copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
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+ furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
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+
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+ The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
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+ copies or substantial portions of the Software.
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+
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+ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
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+ IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
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+ FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
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+ AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
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+ LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
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+ OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
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+ SOFTWARE.
README.md ADDED
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RESULTS.md ADDED
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coverage.db ADDED
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+ version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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+ size 108175360
papers/activity_high_energy/activity_high_energy.pdf ADDED
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+ % !TEX program = pdflatex
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+ \documentclass[11pt]{article}
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+ \setlength{\textwidth}{6.5in}
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+ \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0pt}
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+ \setlength{\evensidemargin}{0pt}
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+ \setlength{\textheight}{9in}
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+ \setlength{\topmargin}{0pt}
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+ \addtolength{\topmargin}{-\headheight}
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+ \addtolength{\topmargin}{-\headsep}
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+ \ifdefined\pdfpagewidth \pdfpagewidth=8.5in \pdfpageheight=11in \fi
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+ \ifdefined\pagewidth \pagewidth=8.5in \pageheight=11in \fi
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+ \usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
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+ \usepackage{array}
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+ \usepackage{booktabs}
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+ \usepackage[tableposition=top]{caption}
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+ \usepackage{longtable}
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+ \usepackage{enumitem}
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+ \usepackage{tikz}
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+ \usepackage{pgfplots}
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+ \pgfplotsset{compat=1.18}
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+ \emergencystretch=3em
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+
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+ % ---- notation ---------------------------------------------------------------
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+ \newcommand{\um}{\,$\mu$m}
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+ \newcommand{\kms}{km\,s$^{-1}$}
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+ \newcommand{\flux}{erg\,cm$^{-2}$\,s$^{-1}$}
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+ \newcommand{\mA}{m\AA}
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+ \newcommand{\sci}[2]{#1\times10^{#2}}
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+ \newcommand{\ion}[2]{#1\,\textsc{#2}}
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+ \newcommand{\nuc}[2]{$^{#1}$#2}
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+ \newcommand{\lxl}{$L_X/L_\mathrm{bol}$}
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+
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+ % ---- front matter -----------------------------------------------------------
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+ \title{Coronae, Pulses and Particles: Archival Tests for Artificial\\ Emission in Stellar Activity and High-Energy Surveys}
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+ \author{Charles C. Norton}
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+ \date{}
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+
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+ \begin{document}
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+ \maketitle
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+
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+ \begin{abstract}
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+ A technology on or near a star could add X-rays a corona cannot make, radio emission a
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+ quiet star should not have, a pulse train, a flare clock, or particles from a direction
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+ no astrophysical source occupies. We put each of these to the archive that measures it.
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+ Of $137{,}896$ eROSITA coronal counterparts, none exceeds a tenth of its star's
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+ luminosity in X-rays, and the $250$ above a hundredth are evolved stars, catalogued
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+ cataclysmic, young or extragalactic sources and M dwarfs whose flares reach that level;
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+ no slow rotator stands far above the rotation-activity relation, and among $63{,}043$
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+ eROSITA point sources none holds its counts in a band where no continuum could put
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+ them. No X-ray light curve of a star within $10$ to $20$\,pc holds a coherent period
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+ beyond the noise. Radio emission from inactive stars, circular polarisation without a
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+ counterpart and NVSS sources polarised beyond the synchrotron ceiling all trace to
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+ background galaxies, active stars, pulsars or the diffuse emission of their fields, and
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+ no GLEAM-X spectrum steps at a sub-band edge. No neutrino source sits at the $271$
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+ systems within $10$\,pc or moves with Jupiter, Saturn, Mars or Venus, and ultra-high-energy
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+ cosmic rays arrive in pairs and triplets as often as chance allows. In photon timing,
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+ flares and pulses, every cluster of ultraviolet photons on a nearby star is a flare, no
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+ flaring star keeps a clock better than a part in a thousand, planet hosts flare as their
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+ matched stars do, and the dispersed pulses of the nearest stars' radio cadences appear
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+ as often off the stars.
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+ \end{abstract}
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+
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+ % =============================================================================
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+ \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
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+ % =============================================================================
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+
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+ Stars are bright in every band, and a technology among them is most easily hidden
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+ in their light. The places where it would show are the places where a star's own
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+ physics sets a limit: a corona saturates at about a thousandth of the star's
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+ luminosity~\cite{Pizzolato2003,Wright2011}; a quiet star's radio emission is faint and
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+ unpolarised; synchrotron radiation polarises at most $72$ per cent; flares come at
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+ random times; and neutrinos and the highest-energy cosmic rays come from cosmic
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+ accelerators, not from nearby stars. A transmitter, a power plant or a beam would cross
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+ one of these limits. Proposals have taken this direction for neutrinos~\cite{Learned2009}
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+ and for structures around pulsars~\cite{Osmanov2016}. This paper tests the limits
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+ against the archives that measure them, with a null drawn from the same data for each.
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+
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+ \subsection{Contributions}
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+ \begin{enumerate}[leftmargin=*,itemsep=1pt]
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+ \item Tests of stellar X-ray emission against the coronal ceiling, the rotation-activity
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+ relation, the band structure of a continuum and coherent periodicity.
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+ \item Tests of radio emission from inactive stars, of circular and linear polarisation
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+ against what stars and synchrotron radiation allow, and of spectral edges and long-period
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+ transients.
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+ \item Tests of TeV neutrinos at nearby systems and moving with the planets, and of
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+ ultra-high-energy cosmic rays arriving in pairs.
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+ \item Tests of photon timing, flares and pulses: ultraviolet photon clusters, flare
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+ clocks, superflare rates of planet hosts, box-shaped flares, dispersed pulses and pulsars
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+ as hosts.
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+ \end{enumerate}
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+
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+ % =============================================================================
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+ \section{X-rays}\label{sec:xray}
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+ % =============================================================================
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+
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+ \emph{The coronal ceiling.} A corona saturates near \lxl$=10^{-3}$, and flares raise it
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+ for hours; a source holding a tenth of a star's luminosity in X-rays is not a corona.
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+ The eRASS1 catalogue~\cite{Merloni2024} matched to Gaia by the HamStar
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+ method~\cite{Schneider2022,Freund2024} gives $137{,}896$ coronal counterparts with a
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+ distance and a colour, whose \lxl\ has percentiles $50$, $90$, $99$ and $99.9$ at
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+ $-3.42$, $-2.85$, $-2.30$ and $-1.90$ dex. Two hundred and fifty exceed $10^{-2}$ and none
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+ exceeds $10^{-1}$. Of the $250$, $153$ sit off Gaia's main sequence, $38$ carry a
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+ cataclysmic, young, emission-line or extragalactic type on the counterpart or on a SIMBAD
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+ object within $20''$, and $59$ are main-sequence M dwarfs of $3000$ to $3550$\,K at $50$
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+ to $630$\,pc, whose flares reach $10^{-2}$ within eRASS1's day-long average. The one K
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+ dwarf of the first pass, 1eRASS~J082623.3$-$703142 at $7.6\times10^{-2}$, is the
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+ cataclysmic variable 1ES~0826$-$70.3, which SIMBAD files $11''$ from its Gaia counterpart.
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+
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+ \emph{Coronae without a dynamo.} A slowly rotating star has a weak corona, so X-rays far
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+ above the rotation-activity relation of a slow rotator would need another source. For
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+ $8287$ coronal counterparts of $3000$ to $6000$\,K with rotation periods from
112
+ TESS~\cite{Fetherolf2023}, Gaia DR3 and ZTF~\cite{Chen2020}, the Rossby number from the
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+ turnover time of the colour's temperature~\cite{CranmerSaar2011} places each against the
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+ relation of Wright et al.~\cite{Wright2011}: the residuals scatter by $0.82$\,dex below a
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+ Rossby number of one, with $0.24$ per cent beyond $1.5$\,dex. Only $26$ stars reach a
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+ Rossby number of one, since the period catalogues hold few slow rotators, and the one
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+ beyond $1.5$\,dex is a ZTF RS~CVn binary at $1$\,kpc.
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+
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+ \emph{Line-only sources.} A continuum spreads its counts over the bands; an X-ray line
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+ source at $0.5$ to $2$\,keV would hold them in one. Of the $63{,}043$ point sources of the
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+ eRASS:3 catalogue with $80$ or more counts in four bands, the largest fraction in one
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+ band has a median of $0.46$ and a $99$th percentile of $0.78$. Holding $85$ per cent in
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+ one band at $3\sigma$ with every other below $5$ per cent are $13$ sources at
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+ $0.2$--$0.5$\,keV, the supersoft class, $2$ at $2$--$5$\,keV, the absorbed class, and none
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+ at $0.5$--$1$ or $1$--$2$\,keV, where no continuum could put them; the same test on the
126
+ released spectra is the step that remains.
127
+
128
+ \emph{Periodicities.} A transmitter pulsing in X-rays at seconds to minutes would show a
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+ coherent period. In $209$ Chandra detections of the $50$ SIMBAD objects within $10$\,pc,
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+ none reaches a false-alarm probability of $10^{-3}$ once the dither, the frame
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+ sidebands and the red noise of flares are filtered; in $180$ XMM-Newton EPIC-pn
132
+ observations of stars within $20$\,pc, periods of $5$ to $600$\,s reach $0.01$ in four
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+ against $3.6$ expected and $10^{-3}$ in none against $0.4$.
134
+
135
+ \emph{Nearby high-energy sources.} Of the $2626$ Gaia sources within $20$\,pc, carried to
136
+ eRASS1's epoch, the five above \lxl$=10^{-2.5}$ are M3 to M6 flare stars, and seven stars
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+ lie inside the error ellipses of unassociated Fermi-LAT sources~\cite{Abdollahi2022}
138
+ against $7.9$ by chance.
139
+
140
+ % =============================================================================
141
+ \section{Radio}\label{sec:radio}
142
+ % =============================================================================
143
+
144
+ \emph{Inactive stars.} A quiet F to early K dwarf with no X-ray source and no activity
145
+ should be radio-silent. Against $605$ stellar radio emitters within $500$\,pc in
146
+ VLASS~\cite{Lacy2020}, $30$ inactive stars show $3$\,GHz emission, fewer than the $38$
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+ chance alignments the shifted positions give; LoTSS-DR2~\cite{Shimwell2022} holds two
148
+ inactive single F to early K dwarfs and RACS-low~\cite{Hale2021} three, as many as chance
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+ gives. The two brightest coincidences are background radio galaxies: $52.6$\,mJy at
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+ $0.34''$ from Gaia DR3 2906691964510880128 by a steady steep spectrum from $0.86$ to
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+ $3$\,GHz that no star gives, and $81$\,mJy at $1.2''$ from Gaia DR3 1283261877869284096,
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+ resolved by LoTSS with a second WISE source beside the star.
153
+
154
+ \emph{Circular polarisation.} Coherent radio emission is circularly polarised, and in
155
+ stars it comes from activity. No RACS source of $10$ per cent circular polarisation at
156
+ signal-to-noise six lacks a counterpart among pulsars, active stars and published brown
157
+ dwarfs. Of the stars of V-LoTSS~\cite{Callingham2023} and the RACS
158
+ survey~\cite{Pritchard2021}, $23$ of the $31$ in eRASS1's half of the sky are detected in
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+ X-rays at \lxl\ of $7.5\times10^{-5}$ to $3.6\times10^{-3}$, the rest are RS~CVn, BY~Dra
160
+ and flare stars by name and type, and none polarised above $30$ per cent has
161
+ \lxl\ below $10^{-5}$ and a period above $20$\,d.
162
+
163
+ \emph{The synchrotron ceiling.} Synchrotron radiation in a uniform field polarises at
164
+ most $72$ per cent, and a source beyond it needs a coherent emitter. Of the $26{,}973$
165
+ NVSS sources~\cite{Condon1998} above $10$\,mJy with polarised flux above $6$\,mJy, the
166
+ Rician-debiased fraction's $3\sigma$ lower bound has a median of $0.058$ and a $99$th
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+ percentile of $0.51$; the $23$ above $0.72$ all have polarised fluxes at or above their
168
+ total fluxes, which no component can have, and lie in Fornax~A's lobes and on the Galactic
169
+ plane in Cygnus, Cassiopeia and Aquila, where the catalogue's polarised flux is the
170
+ field's diffuse emission. None sits at a pulsar.
171
+
172
+ \emph{Spectral edges.} A transmitter's band begins and ends abruptly. GLEAM-X~\cite{HurleyWalker2022}
173
+ gives $27{,}585$ sources with sixteen or more of its twenty $7.68$\,MHz sub-bands from
174
+ $72$ to $231$\,MHz; a step at a sub-band boundary fitted beside a curved power law gains a
175
+ $\chi^2$ whose median is $0.2$ and whose $99.9$th percentile is $71$, the flux-scale errors
176
+ common to all sources. The one source in the top thousandth with a step above $30$ per
177
+ cent, GLEAM-X~J082817.6$-$221400, shares the low-frequency beam with a $1.18$\,Jy source
178
+ $69''$ away, and the sub-band fits merge and split the pair as the beam shrinks.
179
+
180
+ \emph{Long-period transients and millimetre flares.} Of $16$ long-period radio
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+ transients~\cite{Rea2026}, ten are given a natural nature by their papers, as white-dwarf
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+ binaries, X-ray outbursts or rotators, and the other six hold no Gaia star at their
183
+ dispersion-measure distances beyond the rate at control positions. Of the $66$ stars of
184
+ the SPT-3G millimetre flares~\cite{Tandoi2024}, every one has an X-ray source except four
185
+ M5 to M8 emission-line dwarfs at $37$ to $49$\,pc, below eRASS1's limit.
186
+
187
+ % =============================================================================
188
+ \section{Particles}\label{sec:particles}
189
+ % =============================================================================
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+
191
+ \emph{Neutrinos from nearby systems.} A power source or a beam of TeV neutrinos would
192
+ appear as a point source in IceCube's tracks. The unbinned point-source likelihood over
193
+ the ten-year sample~\cite{IceCube2021} at the $271$ systems within $10$\,pc finds none above
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+ chance, and the stack of all has $p=0.26$; the median $90$ per cent limit on an $E^{-2}$
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+ source is $1.6\times10^{29}$\,erg\,s$^{-1}$.
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+
197
+ \emph{Neutrinos moving with the planets.} A source on a planet moves with it. The same
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+ likelihood in each planet's frame, against $1000$ time scrambles that keep the events and
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+ move the planet, gives test statistics of $0.9$ for Jupiter ($p=0.17$), $0.6$ for Saturn
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+ ($0.17$), $0.0$ for Mars ($0.42$) and $0.3$ for Venus ($0.23$), where the scrambles reach
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+ $9$ to $13$; the $90$ per cent limits on $E^{-2}$ luminosity are $7\times10^{9}$\,W at
202
+ Venus, $10^{10}$\,W at Mars, $2\times10^{11}$\,W at Jupiter and $6\times10^{11}$\,W at
203
+ Saturn.
204
+
205
+ \emph{Cosmic-ray doublets.} Particles launched together arrive close in direction and
206
+ time. Among the $2635$ events above $32$\,EeV of the Pierre Auger Observatory's Phase
207
+ One~\cite{Auger2022}, pairs within $2^\circ$ number eight within ten days against a mean of
208
+ $5.7$ with the arrival times permuted ($p=0.21$) and two within a day against $0.56$
209
+ ($p=0.11$), with no triplet within thirty days against $0.34$ expected; one pair's circle
210
+ holds Kapteyn's Star at $3.9$\,pc, its members $1.8$ and $2.1^\circ$ from it, beyond the
211
+ $0.9^\circ$ resolution. In the open data, the $2355$ inclined showers give seven pairs
212
+ against $5.1$ and the $22{,}751$ showers of the $1500$\,m array $569$ against $559$, with
213
+ $349$ triplets within thirty days against $361$.
214
+
215
+ % =============================================================================
216
+ \section{Photons in time}\label{sec:timing}
217
+ % =============================================================================
218
+
219
+ \emph{Ultraviolet photon clusters.} A pulsed ultraviolet source would gather photons in a
220
+ few milliseconds. Of $147$ GALEX near-ultraviolet eclipses of the $51$ stars within
221
+ $10$\,pc~\cite{Martin2005,Million2016}, nine hold a cluster at a false-alarm probability
222
+ below $0.01$ against $4.8$ from $1176$ control apertures; they are five events on Wolf~359,
223
+ Ross~128, Wolf~424, G~272$-$61 and GJ~725~A, all flare stars. GJ~725~A's is an isolated
224
+ $100$\,ms brightening of seven photons against $0.2$, clean of detector and field events and
225
+ fixed to the star in rebuilt detector coordinates; a census of $116$ eclipses finds $98$
226
+ such bursts across the detector, at $1.4\times10^{-6}$ per source-second, the mapped ones at
227
+ the detector's edge, and none on a catalogued star like GJ~725~A's. The far-ultraviolet
228
+ lists of $26$ stars hold no cluster, nor do $720$ control apertures, and HST's
229
+ photon-event lists of $108$ stars hold two below $10^{-3}$ against $3.7$ expected.
230
+
231
+ \emph{Flare clocks.} Flares come at random times, and a flare train at a fixed period
232
+ would be a clock. For $2304$ Kepler stars with ten or more catalogued
233
+ flares~\cite{YangLiu2019}, the H test~\cite{deJager2010} from $0.5$\,d to a third of the
234
+ span, against twenty draws of other stars' flare times in the same quarters, finds $22$
235
+ of the forty highest beating every draw away from rotation: one burst in three cycles,
236
+ two at the spacecraft's quarter or downlink spacing and $19$ locked in phase with
237
+ scatters of $0.004$ to $0.017$ of the period, none below the $10^{-3}$ of a clock. The two
238
+ long clocks on fast rotators are beats of two spot periods: KIC~7838383's $49.91$\,d from
239
+ $1.0472$ and $1.0685$\,d, and KIC~7746984's flare clock at half the $268$\,d beat of
240
+ $0.7398$ and $0.7377$\,d. Of $1426$ TESS stars~\cite{Yang2023}, nine of the forty highest beat
241
+ every draw, eight of them bursts at the $240$\,d spacing of TESS's pointings, and the
242
+ ninth, TIC~457100137 at $1.213$\,d, scatters by $0.0087$ of the period.
243
+
244
+ \emph{Superflares at planet hosts.} A civilization that dims or shields its star's
245
+ largest flares would leave its host short of superflares. Among $60{,}810$ TESS flares,
246
+ the $83$ flaring planet hosts have $28.3$ per cent of their flares above $10^{34}$\,erg
247
+ among those above $10^{33}$, against $35.0\pm6.0$ per cent for each host's ten nearest
248
+ non-hosts in temperature, radius, distance and sectors drawn $2000$ times ($p=0.14$), and
249
+ $48$ per cent of them carry a flare above $10^{34}$\,erg against $48\pm4$ per cent.
250
+
251
+ \emph{Box-shaped brightenings.} A flare rises fast and decays slowly, and a switched
252
+ source rises and falls alike. Among the $1806$ TESS $20$\,s light curves of stars within
253
+ $30$\,pc, $256$ brightenings at $7\sigma$ are fitted better by a box than by a flare,
254
+ against $263$ dips of the same shape: the rate of instrumental steps.
255
+
256
+ \emph{Dispersed pulses.} A pulse from a transmitter at a star is dispersed by the
257
+ interstellar medium in front of it and by nothing behind it. In Breakthrough Listen's
258
+ $349\,\mu$s products of $88$ scans of the nearest stars, broadband pulses at $7\sigma$ that
259
+ peak at a dispersion measure below $-1$, between $-1$ and $1$, and above $1$\,pc\,cm$^{-3}$
260
+ number $25$, $36$ and $9$ in the scans on the stars against $39$, $34$ and $12$ off them, so
261
+ the pulses are interference; folds at the Crab, Vela, B1937+21 and J0437$-$4715 periods
262
+ as each star sees them give $26$ of $176$ below $p=0.05$, but the off-source scans of a
263
+ control cadence fold as low, the red noise of the series.
264
+
265
+ \emph{Pulsars.} A structure around a pulsar would re-radiate its spin-down power in the
266
+ infrared. Of $1978$ pulsars with positions good to $1''$~\cite{Manchester2005}, $143$
267
+ have an AllWISE counterpart~\cite{Wright2010} against $98.6$ by chance, none of them ring-like
268
+ against $0.12$ per shifted copy, at a sensitivity of about $2$\,mJy at $12\,\mu$m for a
269
+ $300$\,K ring re-radiating $10^{32}$\,erg\,s$^{-1}$ at $1$\,kpc. The $45{,}116$ stars near the
270
+ antipodes of the hundred brightest pulsars, where a beacon timed to a pulsar would be
271
+ aimed, hold no result at $p<0.01$ in the coverage store.
272
+
273
+ \begin{table}[t]
274
+ \centering\small
275
+ \caption{The tests, their samples and results.}
276
+ \label{tab:tests}
277
+ \begin{tabular}{>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{0.22\textwidth} >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{0.3\textwidth} >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{0.4\textwidth}}
278
+ \toprule
279
+ Test & Sample & Result \\
280
+ \midrule
281
+ Coronal ceiling & $137{,}896$ eRASS1 stars & none above $10^{-1}$; the $250$ above $10^{-2}$ explained \\
282
+ Coronae without a dynamo & $8287$ stars with periods & one beyond $1.5$\,dex, an RS~CVn binary \\
283
+ Line-only X-ray sources & $63{,}043$ eRASS:3 sources & none at $0.5$--$2$\,keV \\
284
+ X-ray periodicities & $209$ Chandra, $180$ XMM detections & at the chance rate \\
285
+ Radio from inactive stars & VLASS, LoTSS, RACS & at the chance-alignment rate \\
286
+ Circular polarisation & RACS, V-LoTSS & active stars, pulsars, brown dwarfs \\
287
+ Synchrotron ceiling & $26{,}973$ NVSS sources & field emission in all $23$ \\
288
+ Spectral edges & $27{,}585$ GLEAM-X sources & one blend \\
289
+ TeV neutrinos & $271$ systems; four planets & at background \\
290
+ Cosmic-ray doublets & $2635$ events; open data & at the chance rate \\
291
+ Ultraviolet photon clusters & $51$, $26$ and $108$ stars & flares \\
292
+ Flare clocks & $2304$ Kepler, $1426$ TESS stars & beats, bursts and spacecraft periods \\
293
+ Superflares at hosts & $83$ hosts & as the matched stars \\
294
+ Dispersed pulses & $88$ scans & as often off the stars \\
295
+ Pulsars & $1978$ pulsars; $45{,}116$ stars & at the chance rate \\
296
+ \bottomrule
297
+ \end{tabular}
298
+ \end{table}
299
+
300
+ % =============================================================================
301
+ \section{Related work}\label{sec:related}
302
+ % =============================================================================
303
+
304
+ Learned, Pakvasa and Zee~\cite{Learned2009} proposed neutrinos for interstellar
305
+ signalling, and Osmanov~\cite{Osmanov2016} proposed infrared searches for structures around
306
+ pulsars. The tests here rest on the surveys' own work: the eROSITA catalogues and their
307
+ stellar identifications~\cite{Merloni2024,Schneider2022,Freund2024}, the rotation-activity
308
+ relation~\cite{Pizzolato2003,Wright2011}, the radio surveys and their stellar
309
+ samples~\cite{Lacy2020,Shimwell2022,Hale2021,Callingham2023,Pritchard2021,Condon1998,HurleyWalker2022},
310
+ the review of long-period transients~\cite{Rea2026}, the SPT-3G
311
+ flares~\cite{Tandoi2024}, IceCube's and the Pierre Auger Observatory's public
312
+ data~\cite{IceCube2021,Auger2022} and the flare catalogues of Kepler and
313
+ TESS~\cite{YangLiu2019,Yang2023}.
314
+
315
+ % =============================================================================
316
+ \section{Conclusion}\label{sec:conclusion}
317
+ % =============================================================================
318
+
319
+ No test finds emission a star or its surroundings cannot make. The X-ray sources above the
320
+ coronal ceiling are evolved, cataclysmic, young or flaring; the slow rotators sit on the
321
+ rotation-activity relation; no source holds its X-rays in a band no continuum could; no
322
+ nearby star pulses in X-rays. Radio emission from quiet stars arrives at the chance rate of
323
+ background sources, polarised emission belongs to active stars, pulsars or the diffuse
324
+ field, and no low-frequency spectrum steps. Neutrinos show no source at the nearest systems
325
+ or the planets, and cosmic rays pair as chance allows. Ultraviolet photon clusters are
326
+ flares, flare trains are beats and bursts, planet hosts flare as their twins do, box-shaped
327
+ flares are steps, and dispersed pulses are interference.
328
+
329
+ The reach of each test is its sample's. The X-ray tests cover eRASS1's half of the sky
330
+ at its depth and day-long average, so a source that flares beyond the ceiling for minutes
331
+ escapes it; the neutrino limits are $10^{22}$\,W at the nearest systems and $10^{10}$ to
332
+ $10^{12}$\,W at the planets; the polarisation and spectral tests reach the surveys'
333
+ flux limits; and the timing tests reach periods from milliseconds to the spans of the
334
+ photon lists and light curves.
335
+
336
+ \section*{Acknowledgements}
337
+
338
+ This work uses data from eROSITA, the soft X-ray instrument aboard SRG, through the eRASS1
339
+ and eRASS:3 releases; Gaia DR3 (ESA, Gaia DPAC); Chandra and XMM-Newton through their
340
+ archives; Fermi-LAT's 4FGL-DR3; VLASS (NRAO), LoTSS (LOFAR), RACS (ASKAP, CSIRO), NVSS
341
+ and GLEAM-X (MWA) through CIRADA, CASDA and VizieR; SPT-3G; the IceCube ten-year
342
+ point-source sample; the Pierre Auger Observatory's Phase One and open data; GALEX
343
+ through MAST and gPhoton and HST's photon-event lists; the Kepler and TESS flare
344
+ catalogues; Breakthrough Listen's open data; the ATNF Pulsar Catalogue and AllWISE; and
345
+ SIMBAD and VizieR at CDS, Strasbourg.
346
+
347
+ \begin{thebibliography}{99}\small\raggedright
348
+ \setlength{\itemsep}{1pt}
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+
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+ \bibitem{Pizzolato2003}
351
+ N.~Pizzolato, A.~Maggio, G.~Micela, S.~Sciortino and P.~Ventura, The stellar
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+ activity-rotation relationship revisited: dependence of saturated and non-saturated X-ray
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+ emission regimes on stellar mass for late-type dwarfs, \emph{Astron. Astrophys.}
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+ \textbf{397}, 147 (2003).
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+
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+ \bibitem{Wright2011}
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+ N.~J. Wright, J.~J. Drake, E.~E. Mamajek and G.~W. Henry, The stellar-activity-rotation
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+ relationship and the evolution of stellar dynamos, \emph{Astrophys. J.} \textbf{743}, 48
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+ (2011).
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+
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+ \bibitem{Learned2009}
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+ J.~G. Learned, S.~Pakvasa and A.~Zee, Galactic neutrino communication, \emph{Phys. Lett.
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+
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+ \bibitem{Osmanov2016}
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+ Z.~Osmanov, On the search for artificial Dyson-like structures around pulsars,
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+ \emph{Int. J. Astrobiol.} \textbf{15}, 127 (2016).
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+
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+ \bibitem{Merloni2024}
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+ A.~Merloni, G.~Lamer, T.~Liu, et al., The SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey: first X-ray
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+ catalogues and data release of the western Galactic hemisphere, \emph{Astron.
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+ Astrophys.} \textbf{682}, A34 (2024).
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+
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+ \bibitem{Schneider2022}
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+ P.~C. Schneider, S.~Freund, S.~Czesla, et al., The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey
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+ (eFEDS): the stellar counterparts of eROSITA sources identified by machine learning and
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+ Bayesian algorithms, \emph{Astron. Astrophys.} \textbf{661}, A6 (2022).
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+
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+ \bibitem{Freund2024}
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+ S.~Freund, S.~Czesla, P.~Predehl, et al., The SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey: identifying the
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+ coronal content with HamStar, \emph{Astron. Astrophys.} \textbf{684}, A121 (2024).
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+
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+ \bibitem{Fetherolf2023}
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+ the TESS prime mission, \emph{Astrophys. J. Suppl.} \textbf{268}, 4 (2023).
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+
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+ \bibitem{Chen2020}
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+ X.~Chen, S.~Wang, L.~Deng, R.~de~Grijs, M.~Yang and H.~Tian, The Zwicky Transient Facility
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+ catalog of periodic variable stars, \emph{Astrophys. J. Suppl.} \textbf{249}, 18 (2020).
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+
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+ \bibitem{CranmerSaar2011}
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+ S.~R. Cranmer and S.~H. Saar, Testing a predictive theoretical model for the mass loss
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+ rates of cool stars, \emph{Astrophys. J.} \textbf{741}, 54 (2011).
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+
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+ \bibitem{Abdollahi2022}
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+ S.~Abdollahi, F.~Acero, L.~Baldini, et al., Incremental Fermi Large Area Telescope fourth
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+ source catalog, \emph{Astrophys. J. Suppl.} \textbf{260}, 53 (2022).
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+
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+ \bibitem{Lacy2020}
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+ M.~Lacy, S.~A. Baum, C.~J. Chandler, et al., The Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array Sky
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+ Survey (VLASS): science case and survey design, \emph{Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.}
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+ \textbf{132}, 035001 (2020).
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+
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+ \bibitem{Shimwell2022}
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+ T.~W. Shimwell, M.~J. Hardcastle, C.~Tasse, et al., The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey. V.
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+ Second data release, \emph{Astron. Astrophys.} \textbf{659}, A1 (2022).
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+
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+ \bibitem{Hale2021}
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+ C.~L. Hale, D.~McConnell, A.~J.~M. Thomson, et al., The Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey
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+ paper II: first Stokes I source catalogue data release, \emph{Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust.}
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+ \textbf{38}, e058 (2021).
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+
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+ \bibitem{Callingham2023}
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+ J.~R. Callingham, T.~W. Shimwell, H.~K. Vedantham, et al., V-LoTSS: the circularly
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+ polarised LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey, \emph{Astron. Astrophys.} \textbf{670}, A124 (2023).
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+
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+ \bibitem{Pritchard2021}
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+ J.~Pritchard, T.~Murphy, A.~Zic, et al., A circular polarization survey for radio stars
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+ (2021).
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+
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+ \bibitem{Condon1998}
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+ J.~J. Condon, W.~D. Cotton, E.~W. Greisen, et al., The NRAO VLA Sky Survey, \emph{Astron.
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+
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+ \bibitem{HurleyWalker2022}
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+ N.~Hurley-Walker, T.~J. Galvin, S.~W. Duchesne, et al., GaLactic and Extragalactic All-sky
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+ Murchison Widefield Array survey eXtended (GLEAM-X) I: survey description and initial
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+ data release, \emph{Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust.} \textbf{39}, e035 (2022).
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+
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+ \bibitem{Rea2026}
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+ N.~Rea, N.~Hurley-Walker, M.~Caleb, et al., Long period transients (LPTs): a comprehensive
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+ review, arXiv:2601.10393 (2026).
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+
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+ \bibitem{Tandoi2024}
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+ C.~Tandoi, S.~Guns, A.~Foster, et al., Flaring stars in a non-targeted mm-wave survey with
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+ SPT-3G, \emph{Astrophys. J.} \textbf{972}, 6 (2024).
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+
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+ \bibitem{IceCube2021}
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+ IceCube Collaboration, R.~Abbasi, M.~Ackermann, et al., IceCube data for neutrino
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+ point-source searches years 2008--2018, arXiv:2101.09836 (2021).
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+
443
+ \bibitem{Auger2022}
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+ Pierre Auger Collaboration, P.~Abreu, M.~Aglietta, et al., Arrival directions of cosmic
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+ rays above 32 EeV from Phase One of the Pierre Auger Observatory, \emph{Astrophys. J.}
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+ \textbf{935}, 170 (2022).
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+
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+ \bibitem{Martin2005}
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+ D.~C. Martin, J.~Fanson, D.~Schiminovich, et al., The Galaxy Evolution Explorer: a space
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+ ultraviolet survey mission, \emph{Astrophys. J.} \textbf{619}, L1 (2005).
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+ \bibitem{Million2016}
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papers/dark_comet/README.md ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ # (883607) 2016 TA56: a candidate dark comet on a Jupiter-family orbit
2
+
3
+ `dark_comet.tex` and `dark_comet.pdf` are the paper; `cfht2007_cutouts.pdf` is its Figure 2. `make_numbers.py` prints every
4
+ number in the text and tables from the files in `data/`, the pgfplots code of Figures 1 and 3, Table S1 as
5
+ `data/table_S1_screen.csv`, and Figure 2 from the CFHT cutouts.
6
+
7
+ ## Data
8
+
9
+ | File | Contents |
10
+ |------|----------|
11
+ | `data/sbdb_A2.json` | the JPL Small-Body Database query of 2026 October 16: `sbdb_query.api` with `sb-kind=a`, `sb-cdata={"AND":["A2\|DF"]}` (every asteroid whose orbit solution includes A2), `full-prec=true` and the fields of `yarkovsky_FIELDS` in `setitools/solar_system.py` |
12
+ | `data/yarkovsky_sign.json` | the screen: each term against the radiation limit and the DAMIT spin poles |
13
+ | `data/table_S1_screen.csv` | Table S1: all 611 asteroids of the screen |
14
+ | `data/2016_TA56/obs80.txt` | the MPC observations of 2016 TA56 used in the fits, as retrieved on 2026 October 16 |
15
+ | `data/2016_TA56/sbdb.json` | JPL orbit solution 23 with its covariance and physical parameters |
16
+ | `data/2016_TA56/neowise.json` | the NEOWISE single-exposure sources matched to the MPC's WISE positions, with Horizons geometry |
17
+ | `data/2016_TA56/neowise_detections.csv` | Table S2: the twenty NEOWISE detections, their W1 and W2 photometry, quality flags and use in the fit |
18
+ | `data/2016_TA56/thermal.json`, `thermal_variants.json` | the NEATM fits (Table 4) and the fit under other assumptions |
19
+ | `data/2016_TA56/refit.json` | the ASSIST orbit fits (Table 2, Figure 1) and each apparition against the gravity-only orbit of the others |
20
+ | `data/2016_TA56/robust.json` | night jackknife and bootstrap, clipping and weighting variants, and the 2030 prediction ellipses (Table 5) |
21
+ | `data/2016_TA56/blockcov.json` | A2 under the night-level covariance, and the error shared by the 2007 night that would remove it |
22
+ | `data/2016_TA56/precovery_20070914.json`, `frames_20070914.json` | the 2007 CFHT frames measured against Gaia DR3, and each against both orbits (Table 3) |
23
+ | `data/2016_TA56/field_20070914.json` | the known asteroids around the 2007 track from SkyBoT |
24
+ | `data/2016_TA56/locus_20070914.json` | the positions in each 2007 frame that orbits fitted to the later apparitions allow, A2 held at each value |
25
+ | `data/2016_TA56/census_20070914.json` | the moving sources found in the whole 2007 frames, the injected copies recovered, and the flux along the locus (Figure 3) |
26
+ | `data/2016_TA56/forecast.json`, `ephemeris_2030.csv` | the 2030 apparition: the A2 it would measure, and Table S3, daily positions of both orbits with their ellipses |
27
+
28
+ ## Commands
29
+
30
+ Each result comes from `python -I seti.py solar_system <approach> <mode>`; the darkcomet modes take the designation, here
31
+ `"2016 TA56"`.
32
+
33
+ | Result | Command |
34
+ |--------|---------|
35
+ | the screen | `yarkovsky fetch`, `yarkovsky analyse`, `yarkovsky record` |
36
+ | observations, NEOWISE matches, JPL solution | `darkcomet fetch` |
37
+ | NEATM fit, its variants and Table S2 | `darkcomet thermal`, `darkcomet variants` |
38
+ | orbit fits, robustness, covariance | `darkcomet refit`, `darkcomet robust`, `darkcomet blockcov` (ASSIST with the DE440 and sb441-n16 ephemeris files) |
39
+ | archival images of the track | `darkcomet images` (CADC SSOIS) |
40
+ | the 2007 frames | `darkcomet precovery --night 2007-09-14`, `darkcomet frames --night 2007-09-14`, `darkcomet field --night 2007-09-14` |
41
+ | the 2007 locus and census | `darkcomet locus --night 2007-09-14`, then `darkcomet census --night 2007-09-14` with the sixteen frames from the CADC archive in `cfht_20070914/full` |
42
+ | 2030 | `darkcomet forecast` |
43
+ | record in `coverage.db` | `darkcomet record` |
papers/dark_comet/cfht2007_cutouts.pdf ADDED
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papers/dark_comet/dark_comet.tex ADDED
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1
+ % !TEX program = pdflatex
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+ \documentclass[review,12pt,authoryear]{elsarticle}
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+ \usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
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+ \usepackage{array}
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+ \usepackage{booktabs}
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+ \usepackage[tableposition=top]{caption}
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+ \usepackage{enumitem}
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+ \usepackage{tikz}
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+ \usepackage{pgfplots}
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+ \pgfplotsset{compat=1.18}
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+ \usepackage{url}
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+ \urlstyle{same}
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+ \def\UrlBreaks{\do\-\do\_\do\/}
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+ \def\UrlBigBreaks{}
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+ \usepackage{adjustbox}
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+ \usepackage{graphicx}
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+ \usepackage{lineno}
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+ \usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref}
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+ \emergencystretch=3em
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+ % first-page footer: the page number alone
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+ \makeatletter
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+ \def\ps@pprintTitle{\let\@oddhead\@empty\let\@evenhead\@empty
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+ \def\@oddfoot{\hfil\thepage\hfil}\let\@evenfoot\@oddfoot}
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+ \makeatother
25
+
26
+ % ---- notation ---------------------------------------------------------------
27
+ \newcommand{\um}{\,$\mu$m}
28
+ \newcommand{\kms}{km\,s$^{-1}$}
29
+ \newcommand{\flux}{erg\,cm$^{-2}$\,s$^{-1}$}
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+ \newcommand{\mA}{m\AA}
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+ \newcommand{\sci}[2]{#1\times10^{#2}}
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+ \newcommand{\ion}[2]{#1\,\textsc{#2}}
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+ \newcommand{\nuc}[2]{$^{#1}$#2}
34
+ \newcommand{\lxl}{$L_X/L_\mathrm{bol}$}
35
+
36
+ \begin{document}
37
+
38
+ \begin{frontmatter}
39
+
40
+ \title{(883607) 2016 TA56: A candidate dark comet on a Jupiter-family orbit}
41
+
42
+ \author{Charles C. Norton}
43
+
44
+ \begin{abstract}
45
+ Dark comets are near-Earth objects whose orbits require non-gravitational accelerations
46
+ of cometary magnitude although no coma is detected. We compare the $611$ transverse
47
+ non-gravitational terms that JPL has fitted to asteroid orbits with the largest
48
+ acceleration absorbed sunlight can produce and with DAMIT spin poles. All $14$ drifts with
49
+ known poles have the sign expected from the spin. Five accelerations exceed this
50
+ radiation limit at $500$\,kg\,m$^{-3}$ and albedo $0.5$: four belong to published dark
51
+ comets or an active asteroid, and the fifth to (883607) 2016 TA56, on a Jupiter-family
52
+ orbit ($T_J=2.69$) and not previously listed among dark comets. A fit of its $102$
53
+ positions gives $A_2=(-3.45\pm0.37)\times10^{-12}$\,au\,d$^{-2}$, $9\sigma$ weighting each
54
+ night as one position and $13\sigma$ under a night-level covariance fitted to the
55
+ residuals, if a 2007 precovery is the same object; without that night,
56
+ $A_2=(-2.2\pm4.3)\times10^{-12}$\,au\,d$^{-2}$. The 2007 images support the
57
+ identification: among all positions that orbits fitted to the later apparitions allow,
58
+ the precovery source is the only one, nothing lies at the gravity-only position to
59
+ $3.9$\,mag below it, and no other moving source shares its motion. NEOWISE gives a
60
+ diameter of $1.4$ to $3.7$\,km and an albedo of $0.050$ to $0.007$, at which the
61
+ acceleration is $15$ to $39$ times the radiation limit at $1000$\,kg\,m$^{-3}$. A single
62
+ position in 2030 would measure $A_2$ to $\pm0.4\times10^{-12}$\,au\,d$^{-2}$ independently of
63
+ the precovery. The screen recovers, retrospectively, the weakly active comet (875163)
64
+ 1998 SH2 (Farnocchia et al., 2026), whose acceleration relative to the radiation limit is
65
+ a twentieth of that of 2016 TA56.
66
+ \end{abstract}
67
+
68
+ \begin{keyword}
69
+ Comets \sep Near-Earth objects \sep Asteroids \sep Celestial mechanics \sep Orbit determination
70
+ \end{keyword}
71
+
72
+ \end{frontmatter}
73
+
74
+ \linenumbers
75
+
76
+ % =============================================================================
77
+ \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
78
+ % =============================================================================
79
+
80
+ Astrometry can reveal departures from a purely gravitational orbit. The thermal
81
+ re-emission of absorbed sunlight, delayed by the body's rotation, produces the Yarkovsky
82
+ drift, which JPL's orbit solutions model as a transverse acceleration $A_2$ scaling as
83
+ $r^{-2}$ \citep{Farnocchia2013}, and outgassing from an active comet produces larger
84
+ accelerations \citep{Marsden1973}. Some near-Earth objects show accelerations too large for
85
+ radiation forces but no detectable coma. These dark comets \citep{Seligman2023} divide into
86
+ an inner population of small bodies on near-circular orbits and an outer population of
87
+ larger bodies on eccentric, Jupiter-family-like orbits \citep{Seligman2024}, and their
88
+ accelerations imply outgassing at rates too low for the associated dust to be detected;
89
+ \citet{Seligman2024} list fourteen such objects. \citet{Farnocchia2026} found
90
+ that the 1998--2025 astrometry of the near-Earth object (875163) 1998 SH2 shows
91
+ perturbations consistent with outgassing, detected a weak tail of low surface brightness
92
+ during its 2025 close approach that archival images had not revealed, and proposed that
93
+ non-gravitational perturbations over long astrometric arcs can identify further comets
94
+ among near-Earth objects classified as asteroids.
95
+
96
+ We present such a search: a screen of every transverse term in the JPL Small-Body
97
+ Database for accelerations larger than absorbed sunlight can produce (the radiation
98
+ limit), and for drifts of the wrong sign for the body's known spin. Of the thirteen
99
+ published dark comets with a transverse term, the screen recovers the six whose terms
100
+ exceed the radiation limit, and it identifies one further object, 2016 TA56; under typical
101
+ assumptions for density and albedo it also flags 1998 SH2, recovering retrospectively a
102
+ weakly active comet from its non-gravitational acceleration alone. Such a search was
103
+ proposed by \citet{Farnocchia2026}; this work contributes the screen and
104
+ the candidate it identifies.
105
+
106
+ Section~\ref{sec:method} describes the data and methods. Section~\ref{sec:results} presents
107
+ the screen, an independent orbit determination for 2016 TA56, the tests of its 2007
108
+ precovery in the archival images, its size and albedo from NEOWISE, the minimum outgassing
109
+ rate, the 2030 apparition, an overview of the tests, and the same analysis of the two
110
+ further objects that the screen identifies, 1998 SH2 and 2006 VC.
111
+ Section~\ref{sec:related} relates the results to previous work, and
112
+ Section~\ref{sec:conclusion} summarises the conclusions.
113
+
114
+ % =============================================================================
115
+ \section{Data and methods}\label{sec:method}
116
+ % =============================================================================
117
+
118
+ \emph{The screen.} The Small-Body Database query API returns every asteroid with a
119
+ transverse term $A_2$ (au\,d$^{-2}$ at $1$\,au) and its uncertainty, with $H$, any
120
+ measured diameter and the orbital elements; we queried it on 2026 October 16 for every
121
+ asteroid whose orbit solution includes $A_2$, and the query and its raw result are
122
+ available in the repository given under Data availability. Each term is compared with an
123
+ upper bound on the transverse acceleration that sunlight can impart. A sphere of
124
+ diameter $D$ at $1$\,au intercepts the power $S\pi D^2/4$, with $S=1361$\,W\,m$^{-2}$.
125
+ Absorbed photons arrive from the Sun and exert a purely radial force, so a transverse force
126
+ can come only from light that leaves the body, reflected or re-emitted; its momentum flux
127
+ is at most the intercepted power divided by $c$, a value reached only if all of it leaves
128
+ in one direction along the orbit. Dividing by the mass $\rho\pi D^3/6$ of a body of
129
+ uniform bulk density $\rho$ gives
130
+ \begin{equation}
131
+ a_{\max}=\frac{S\pi D^2/4}{c\,\rho\pi D^3/6}=\frac{3}{2}\,\frac{S/c}{\rho D},
132
+ \label{eq:amax}
133
+ \end{equation}
134
+ which we call the radiation limit, with $S/c=4.54\times10^{-6}$\,N\,m$^{-2}$. An
135
+ efficiency $\xi=|A_2|/a_{\max}$ greater than one therefore requires a force other than
136
+ radiation. The limit is a ceiling: thermal recoil re-emits most of the absorbed energy in
137
+ directions that cancel, and a ratio below one does not show that radiation can supply an
138
+ acceleration. We evaluate $\xi$ at the smallest diameter allowed by $H$ (albedo $0.5$,
139
+ unless a diameter has been measured) with $\rho=500$\,kg\,m$^{-3}$, and again at
140
+ $2000$\,kg\,m$^{-3}$ and albedo $0.14$. The diurnal component of thermal recoil drives a
141
+ prograde rotator outward and a retrograde rotator inward, while the seasonal component,
142
+ largest at $90^\circ$ obliquity, drives any rotator inward \citep{Vokrouhlicky2015}. A
143
+ retrograde rotator therefore cannot drift outward whatever its thermal properties, whereas
144
+ a prograde rotator near $90^\circ$ obliquity can drift inward. Each drift significant at
145
+ $3\sigma$ is compared with the obliquity of every pole solution in
146
+ DAMIT \citep{Durech2010}, with the orbit normal from the osculating inclination and node.
147
+
148
+ \emph{Astrometry.} The Minor Planet Center lists $102$ optical positions of 2016 TA56,
149
+ from a precovery on 2007 September 14 to 2026 June 10, in six apparitions: $12$
150
+ positions on one night in 2007, $79$ from its discovery by Pan-STARRS on 2016 October 10
151
+ to 2017 June, and $2$, $4$, $3$ and $2$ in 2020 November, 2022 August, 2025 October and
152
+ 2026 June. Twenty-three of them are NEOWISE positions from twenty exposures, each with the
153
+ spacecraft's geocentric position on the second line of the record.
154
+
155
+ \emph{Orbit fits.} We integrate orbits with ASSIST \citep{Holman2023}, which is built on
156
+ REBOUND \citep{Rein2012} and its IAS15 integrator \citep{Rein2015}, using the DE440
157
+ planetary ephemeris \citep{Park2021}, the sixteen most massive asteroids, the oblateness of
158
+ the Sun and the Earth, and general relativity. The transverse acceleration is
159
+ $A_2\,g(r)$ with $g(r)=r^{-2}$, as in JPL's solution. A ground site's position is computed
160
+ from its MPC parallax constants and transformed into the GCRS with
161
+ astropy \citep{Astropy2022}; a NEOWISE position uses the reported spacecraft position. Each
162
+ model position is corrected for light time but not for aberration, which affects the
163
+ reference stars of the reduction equally. The fit adjusts the barycentric state at TDB
164
+ $2457746.5$ (2016 December 24) and, where included, $A_2$, by Gauss--Newton iteration
165
+ with forward-difference partial derivatives. Each site is weighted by its rms residual
166
+ over its retained positions where it has five or more, with a floor of $0.15''$, and by
167
+ $0.5''$ otherwise; a position whose two-coordinate $\chi^2$ exceeds $8$ is excluded at
168
+ each iteration and readmitted if it falls below that value. Positions from the same night
169
+ share the reference catalogue, the observer's clock and the seeing, so their errors are
170
+ correlated, and we therefore repeat each fit under two further weightings: that of
171
+ \citet{Veres2017}, used in JPL's solutions, which inflates the
172
+ uncertainties of more than four positions from one station on one night by $\sqrt{N/4}$,
173
+ and one that inflates every position of a night by $\sqrt{N}$ across all stations, so
174
+ that each night carries the weight of a single position. We fit gravity only, $A_2$, the
175
+ radial term $A_1$ together with $A_2$, and $A_2$ with each apparition omitted in turn, and
176
+ compare each apparition with the gravity-only orbit fitted to the others, decomposing its
177
+ residuals along and across the apparent motion. We also estimate the correlation within a
178
+ night from the residuals, with a covariance in which each position's site variance is
179
+ scaled by $s^2$ and any two positions of one night share a variance $\tau^2$ in each
180
+ coordinate, $s$ and $\tau$ set by restricted maximum likelihood. For the precovery night,
181
+ the positions that the other apparitions allow are those of the orbit fitted without that
182
+ night with $A_2$ held at each value from $-16$ to $+12\times10^{-12}$\,au\,d$^{-2}$, the
183
+ state at its conditional mean given $A_2$ under that fit's covariance; with $A_1$ also free,
184
+ the covariance of the predicted position shows how far a radial term can move it.
185
+
186
+ \emph{Precovery images.} We remeasured all sixteen CFHT MegaCam exposures of the
187
+ precovery night (300 and 420\,s), independently of the published reports. Each CCD is registered to Gaia DR3 stars
188
+ with proper motions propagated to 2007, by a quadratic map from detector pixels to the
189
+ pixels of the archive's world coordinate system. Cosmic rays are replaced by the median of
190
+ their neighbourhood, and sources are found in each CCD with a Gaussian filter for point
191
+ sources and with a filter trailed by the object's motion during the exposure. A source above
192
+ $5\sigma$ is classed as static when three other frames contain a source above $3\sigma$
193
+ within $1.2''$ of it; the remaining sources are linked into straight tracks that require
194
+ detections in six or more frames within $0.6''$ of the track, an rms residual of at most
195
+ $0.3''$, and a source within $0.6''$ of the track in at least 60 per cent of the frames
196
+ whose CCDs cover it. Repeating the linking with the frame times permuted, which destroys
197
+ real tracks, gives the rate of spurious tracks, and synthetic copies of the object,
198
+ trailed and scaled to its flux in each band, injected along $300$ random tracks
199
+ within $10''$ per hour and $20^\circ$ of its motion and from $0.5$\,mag brighter to
200
+ $2$\,mag fainter, give the completeness. To test each position at which an orbit could place the object, we sample the
201
+ trailed filter's S/N there in every frame, divide it by the median S/N of the detection in
202
+ that band, and take the median over the frames: the result is the flux, in units of the
203
+ detection's, of any source moving with the object through that position, and a static
204
+ source that crosses one or two frames does not change it. A frame's measurement is left
205
+ out within $4''+3''(18-G)$ of a Gaia star brighter than $G=18$, within $2.5''$ of a static
206
+ source above S/N $20$, and within $10''$ of the edge of its CCD, and a position requires
207
+ measurements in at least eight frames.
208
+
209
+ \emph{Thermal fit.} For each NEOWISE position the single-exposure source table gives the
210
+ W1 ($3.4\,\mu$m) and W2 ($4.6\,\mu$m) profile-fit magnitudes \citep{Wright2010,Mainzer2014},
211
+ and Horizons gives the distances from the Sun and from WISE and the phase angle. We fit
212
+ the fluxes for the diameter $D$ and the beaming parameter $\eta$ with the near-Earth
213
+ asteroid thermal model \citep{Harris1998}, with emissivity $0.9$ and no night-side
214
+ emission, plus reflected sunlight from the $H$--$G$ phase law \citep{Bowell1989}
215
+ ($G=0.15$), a $5778$\,K solar spectrum and an infrared albedo $1.6$ times the
216
+ visible \citep{Mainzer2011}; the visible albedo follows from $H$. Each flux carries its
217
+ photometric uncertainty plus a $10$ per cent floor for the colour corrections and the
218
+ calibration.
219
+
220
+ % =============================================================================
221
+ \section{Results}\label{sec:results}
222
+ % =============================================================================
223
+
224
+ \subsection{The screen}
225
+
226
+ Of the $611$ asteroids with a transverse term in the database on 2026 October 16, $567$
227
+ have it at $3\sigma$ or more, and $14$ of these have DAMIT pole solutions; Table~S1 of
228
+ the supplementary material lists all $611$ with their terms, diameters, efficiencies,
229
+ pole solutions and spin-sign checks. All $14$ drifts have the sign expected from the
230
+ spin: no retrograde rotator drifts outward and no prograde rotator inward, and for the
231
+ four objects with two pole solutions both solutions give the same sense of rotation. The
232
+ eleven retrograde rotators, with obliquities of $118$ to $179^\circ$, all drift inward,
233
+ which tests the signs of their terms directly; the three prograde rotators, at $10$ to
234
+ $48^\circ$, all drift outward, and only (1580) Betulia, at $118^\circ$, lies within
235
+ $30^\circ$ of $90^\circ$. Under the typical assumptions the $567$ significant terms have a
236
+ median efficiency of $0.075$, and $95$ per cent of them lie below $0.17$. Five
237
+ accelerations exceed the radiation limit at $500$\,kg\,m$^{-3}$ and albedo $0.5$
238
+ (Table~\ref{tab:screen}): those of the active asteroid 362P/(2008 GO98), of the dark
239
+ comets 2012 UR158, 2005 UY6 and (523599) 2003 RM \citep{Seligman2023,Seligman2024}, and of
240
+ 2016 TA56. At $2000$\,kg\,m$^{-3}$ and albedo $0.14$, ten exceed it, including the dark
241
+ comets 1998 FR11, 2001 ME1 and 2006 RH120 and two objects absent from the dark-comet
242
+ lists, 1998 SH2 and 2006 VC, with efficiencies of $1.6$ and $1.3$; Section~\ref{sec:others}
243
+ analyses both, and 1998 SH2 is a comet \citep{Farnocchia2026}. Only 2016 TA56 exceeds the
244
+ limit under the conservative assumptions without appearing in a published list of dark comets
245
+ or active asteroids. Thirteen of
246
+ the fourteen published dark comets have a transverse term in the database, and the
247
+ screen flags six of them. The other seven are the inner dark comets of $4$ to $21$\,m,
248
+ whose transverse terms are $0.01$ to $0.09$ of the radiation limit for bodies of their
249
+ size and whose published accelerations are based on the radial and normal terms (five of
250
+ the seven have $A_3$ at $3.6$ to $10.7\sigma$) and on thermal models of the bodies, which
251
+ a transverse screen cannot test. The screen is therefore sensitive to large dark comets
252
+ of the outer population, while the inner population is identified through the radial
253
+ terms. The screen evaluates terms that JPL has already fitted, and JPL fits $A_2$ only
254
+ where the astrometry requires or can constrain it: the $611$ include $609$ of the
255
+ $42{,}772$ near-Earth asteroids in the database, and two other objects. It finds dark
256
+ comets only among bodies whose transverse accelerations are already measured, it says
257
+ nothing about the other near-Earth objects, and the number it finds is not an estimate of
258
+ how common dark comets are.
259
+
260
+ \begin{table}[t]
261
+ \centering\small
262
+ \caption{Transverse accelerations above the radiation limit at $500$\,kg\,m$^{-3}$ and
263
+ albedo $0.5$ (or at a measured diameter). $D_{\min}$ is the diameter used, $\xi$ the ratio
264
+ of the acceleration to $a_{\max}$ at that diameter, and $\xi_{\rm typ}$ the same ratio at
265
+ $2000$\,kg\,m$^{-3}$ and albedo $0.14$.}
266
+ \label{tab:screen}
267
+ \begin{adjustbox}{max width=\textwidth}
268
+ \begin{tabular}{lrrrrrl}
269
+ \toprule
270
+ Object & $A_2$ ($10^{-12}$\,au\,d$^{-2}$) & S/N & $D_{\min}$ (m) & $\xi$ & $\xi_{\rm typ}$ & $T_J$, status \\
271
+ \midrule
272
+ 362P/(2008 GO98) & $-1150$ & $11.2$ & $4921$ & $8333$ & $62990$ & 2.93, active \\
273
+ 2012 UR158 & $-7.20$ & $119$ & $629$ & $6.67$ & $26.7$ & 3.00, dark comet \\
274
+ (883607) 2016 TA56 & $-3.19$ & $8.9$ & $445$ & $2.08$ & $15.8$ & 2.69, this work \\
275
+ (452639) 2005 UY6 & $-0.54$ & $11.3$ & $2249$ & $1.78$ & $7.12$ & 2.94, dark comet \\
276
+ (523599) 2003 RM & $+3.29$ & $110$ & $223$ & $1.08$ & $8.15$ & 2.95, dark comet \\
277
+ \bottomrule
278
+ \end{tabular}
279
+ \end{adjustbox}
280
+ \end{table}
281
+
282
+ \subsection{The orbit of 2016 TA56}
283
+
284
+ JPL's solution 23 (2026 June 17) uses $94$ of the positions and gives
285
+ $A_2=(-3.19\pm0.36)\times10^{-12}$\,au\,d$^{-2}$, an $8.9\sigma$ detection, with
286
+ $a=2.69$\,au, $e=0.782$, $q=0.588$\,au, aphelion $4.80$\,au, $i=32.3^\circ$, a minimum
287
+ orbit intersection distance with Jupiter of $0.185$\,au and the most recent perihelion on
288
+ 2026 January 13. Our fits (Table~\ref{tab:fits}) reproduce the term. With site weights,
289
+ the fit with $A_2$ retains $97$ of the $102$ positions at an rms of $0.33''$ and gives
290
+ $A_2=(-3.54\pm0.17)\times10^{-12}$\,au\,d$^{-2}$; this uncertainty treats the twelve
291
+ precovery positions as independent. With the same-night deweighting used in JPL's fits,
292
+ which inflates the eight positions from site T14 by $\sqrt{2}$, the result is
293
+ $(-3.56\pm0.19)\times10^{-12}$; with the whole night weighted as a single position, the
294
+ limit in which the two reports share all their errors, it is
295
+ $(-3.45\pm0.37)\times10^{-12}$, a $9\sigma$ detection consistent with JPL's uncertainty.
296
+ The value is the same under all three weightings, and we adopt the last. The deweighted
297
+ fits have $\chi^2$/dof well below one because inflating the uncertainties of a night's
298
+ positions gives them the weight of one, so their $\chi^2$ reflects the weighting rather
299
+ than the size of the errors, and the site-weighted fit's $0.65$ reflects the $0.15''$
300
+ floor on sites whose scatter is smaller. A fourth treatment estimates the correlation from
301
+ the residuals: each position's site variance is scaled by $s^2$, and any two positions of
302
+ the same night share a variance $\tau^2$ in each coordinate. Restricted maximum likelihood
303
+ over the $97$ positions kept on $28$ nights gives $s=0.68$ and $\tau=0.17''$ ($95$ per cent
304
+ interval $0.11$ to $0.23''$), and with this covariance
305
+ $A_2=(-3.85\pm0.30)\times10^{-12}$, a $13\sigma$ term, or
306
+ $(-3.88\pm0.37)\times10^{-12}$ with $\tau$ at its upper bound. Weighting each night as one
307
+ position is therefore the more conservative treatment. These uncertainties belong to fits
308
+ that include the 2007 night; the dependence on that night, and the possibility that its
309
+ source is a different object, are examined in Section~\ref{sec:precovery}. Omitting one night at a time, the
310
+ one-position-per-night fit gives $A_2$ between $-3.96$ and $-3.39\times10^{-12}$ for every
311
+ night after 2007, a jackknife uncertainty of $0.53\times10^{-12}$ that corresponds to
312
+ $6.5\sigma$; resampling those nights with replacement, with the 2007 night always included,
313
+ gives a $95$ per cent interval of $-4.9$ to $-3.2\times10^{-12}$ over $200$ samples.
314
+ Clipping thresholds of $6$, $12$ and none, error floors of $0.10$ and $0.25''$, and
315
+ default uncertainties of $0.3$ and $0.8''$ change the term by at most
316
+ $0.14\times10^{-12}$, with significances between $7.4$ and $10.6\sigma$. A radial term
317
+ fitted simultaneously is $A_1=(+3.7\pm1.9)\times10^{-10}$\,au\,d$^{-2}$, $2\sigma$ from
318
+ zero, with $A_2=(-3.32\pm0.21)\times10^{-12}$: the radial term, which the geometry of a
319
+ single precovery night constrains poorly, does not absorb the transverse one. The
320
+ gravity-only fit retains $83$ positions, rejecting all twelve from 2007 and all three
321
+ from 2025 October.
322
+
323
+ \begin{table}[t]
324
+ \centering\small
325
+ \caption{Orbit fits of 2016 TA56 to the $102$ MPC positions. The first three fits differ
326
+ in the weighting of positions from the same night (Section~\ref{sec:method}).}
327
+ \label{tab:fits}
328
+ \begin{adjustbox}{max width=\textwidth}
329
+ \begin{tabular}{lrrrl}
330
+ \toprule
331
+ Fit & Positions & Kept & $\chi^2$/dof & $A_2$ ($10^{-12}$\,au\,d$^{-2}$) \\
332
+ \midrule
333
+ with $A_2$, site weights & 102 & 97 & 121.2/187 & $-3.54\pm0.17$ \\
334
+ with $A_2$, nights deweighted by $\sqrt{N/4}$ & 102 & 97 & 105.8/187 & $-3.56\pm0.19$ \\
335
+ with $A_2$, one position a night & 102 & 101 & 58.2/195 & $-3.45\pm0.37$ \\
336
+ with $A_1$ and $A_2$ & 102 & 97 & 117.3/186 & $-3.32\pm0.21$, $A_1=+367\pm187$ \\
337
+ gravity only & 102 & 83 & 112.8/160 & --- \\
338
+ without 2007 September & 90 & 85 & 118.2/163 & $-2.24\pm4.34$ \\
339
+ without 2016--2017 & 23 & 21 & 2.5/35 & $-4.80\pm3.20$ \\
340
+ without 2020 November & 100 & 95 & 120.4/183 & $-3.55\pm0.17$ \\
341
+ without 2022 August & 98 & 93 & 120.8/179 & $-3.54\pm0.18$ \\
342
+ without 2025 October & 99 & 95 & 116.1/183 & $-3.79\pm0.57$ \\
343
+ without 2026 June & 100 & 95 & 120.8/183 & $-3.54\pm0.17$ \\
344
+ \bottomrule
345
+ \end{tabular}
346
+ \end{adjustbox}
347
+ \end{table}
348
+
349
+ \subsection{Dependence on the 2007 precovery}\label{sec:precovery}
350
+
351
+ Omitting the 2007 precovery gives $A_2=(-2.2\pm4.3)\times10^{-12}$\,au\,d$^{-2}$, of the
352
+ same sign but no longer significant; omitting any other apparition except the discovery
353
+ apparition leaves it above $6\sigma$. Resampling all $28$ nights with replacement gives a
354
+ term beyond $3\sigma$ in $57$ per cent of $200$ samples, close to the $64$ per cent of
355
+ samples that include the 2007 night, so nearly every significant resample contains it.
356
+ The detection is therefore conditional on the precovery: with that night the term is
357
+ measured at $9$ to $13\sigma$, according to the treatment of same-night errors, and
358
+ without it the later apparitions do not measure it. Under the night-level covariance, the
359
+ twelve 2007 positions would have to share a further error of $0.68''$ in each coordinate
360
+ to bring $A_2$ down to $5\sigma$, and of $1.20''$ to bring it to $3\sigma$. The twelve precovery positions come from two reports
361
+ from Mauna Kea (sites 568 and T14) for 2007 September 14, with four and eight positions
362
+ interleaved over $78$ minutes and consecutive frames of each report at least $7.0$ (568)
363
+ and $5.8$ minutes (T14) apart, in the D1 field of the CFHT Legacy Survey, where the
364
+ predicted motion was $34.5''$ per hour toward position angle $210^\circ$. Both reports are
365
+ re-measurements of the same CFHT frames against Gaia DR2, so they share the frame timing
366
+ and the reference catalogue: they are two reductions of one night, not two independent
367
+ nights. The gravity-only orbit fitted to the later apparitions predicts the positions for
368
+ that night with uncertainties of $0.08''$ along the apparent motion and $0.20''$ across
369
+ it, from its covariance; the precovery positions lie $3.45''$ from that prediction,
370
+ $1.8''$ along the motion and $3.0''$ across it, with a scatter of $0.07''$
371
+ (Figure~\ref{fig:oc}a).
372
+
373
+ A timing error displaces a position only along the apparent motion. It could therefore
374
+ account for the along-track offset, which corresponds to three minutes, but not for the
375
+ cross-track offset, which is fifteen times the prediction uncertainty whether or not the
376
+ two reports share a clock. Both reports use Gaia DR2 as the reference catalogue, which
377
+ rules out a catalogue offset of this size. We measured the CFHT frames independently
378
+ (Table~\ref{tab:cfht}, Figure~\ref{fig:cutouts}), registering each to Gaia DR3 stars with
379
+ proper motions propagated to 2007, with a median rms of $0.02''$. The object is detected
380
+ in twelve frames, each time trailed by its motion during the exposure ($4.06''$ in the
381
+ $420$\,s $r$ frames and $2.90''$ in the $300$\,s $g$ frames), along a straight track
382
+ from which both reports deviate by $0.10''$ rms across the motion. In eleven frames our
383
+ centroid lies within $0.42''$ of the accelerated orbit and $3.2$ to $3.4''$ east of the
384
+ gravity-only orbit; in frame 942303, where the object is faint, it lies $1.7''$ away, and
385
+ in frame 942308, where the object is next to a star, it is not detected. The offset is
386
+ therefore present in the images rather than introduced by either reduction, and removing
387
+ the transverse term would require a common error of $3.0''$ across the motion in every
388
+ position, $150$ times the scatter of the registration. With $A_2$ the precovery positions
389
+ are fitted to within $0.07''$ (Figure~\ref{fig:oc}c).
390
+
391
+ The later positions support the same conclusion. A gravity-only orbit fitted to the
392
+ precovery and the apparitions through 2022 fits the precovery but misses the three
393
+ positions of 2025 October by $10.5''$ ($6.7''$ along and $8.0''$ across the motion),
394
+ against a prediction uncertainty of $0.4''$, and the two of 2026 June by $2.3''$, which
395
+ the fit then rejects (Figure~\ref{fig:oc}b). No gravity-only orbit fits the precovery and
396
+ the last two apparitions together, while the orbit with the transverse term fits all of
397
+ them. The term is therefore robust unless the precovery is a different object. A
398
+ misidentification would leave a body whose 2016--2026 arc constrains $A_2$ only to
399
+ $\pm4.3\times10^{-12}$\,au\,d$^{-2}$, and strong non-gravitational accelerations can
400
+ themselves complicate the linking of observations \citep{Taylor2024b}. The three
401
+ reductions of that night agree to $0.2''$, and the measured motion, $34.7''$ per hour
402
+ toward position angle $209^\circ$, is the rate and direction predicted by the orbit.
403
+
404
+ The 2007 frames test the identification directly, because 2016 TA56 must appear in them
405
+ whatever its acceleration. Every orbit fitted to the later apparitions places it on one
406
+ line through the gravity-only position, $0.93''$ further west for each $10^{-12}$\,au\,d$^{-2}$
407
+ of $A_2$, and a radial term fitted as well moves it only along the same line ($1\sigma$
408
+ ellipse $4.05''\times0.17''$). Its absolute magnitude predicts $V=23.1$ that night, and the
409
+ measured source has $r=22.8$.
410
+ Along this line the frames show a single source (Figure~\ref{fig:locus}): the median flux
411
+ reaches $0.96$ of the detection's at $A_2=-3.75\times10^{-12}$\,au\,d$^{-2}$ and is nowhere
412
+ else above $0.05$, and within $24''$ of the gravity-only position in any direction
413
+ nothing but the detection exceeds $0.13$. At the
414
+ gravity-only position it is $-0.04$, while lines displaced across the field give a robust
415
+ scatter of $0.022$ at the same point, so any object there is at least $3.9$\,mag
416
+ fainter than the detection ($3\sigma$). Of the $954$ displaced lines, none reach half the
417
+ detection's flux anywhere along their length. The precovery source is therefore
418
+ 2016 TA56 unless that object was about $40$ times fainter than its absolute magnitude
419
+ implies while an unrelated object moving as predicted lay on the line.
420
+
421
+ A census of the moving sources in all sixteen frames measures the density of such objects
422
+ in these images, rather than among known asteroids. It finds $68$ moving sources besides
423
+ 2016 TA56 over the $0.86$\,deg$^2$ of the mosaic, $79$ per square degree, among them
424
+ $21$ of the $22$ known asteroids with good positions that
425
+ SkyBoT \citep{Berthier2006} places on the frames. They move at $22\pm13''$ per hour; none
426
+ comes within $5''$ per hour and $10^\circ$ of the object's motion, and three within
427
+ $10''$ per hour and $20^\circ$. Injected copies of the object are recovered on $109$ of
428
+ the $115$ tracks placed within $0.5$\,mag of its brightness, and no track forms with
429
+ the frame times shuffled. With normal distributions fitted to the rates and directions of
430
+ the census, the expected number of unrelated objects within $30''$ of the predicted
431
+ position and within $0.5''$ per hour and $1^\circ$ of the measured motion is $8\times10^{-6}$.
432
+
433
+ The 2007 night is the only epoch before the discovery that constrains the orbit. The
434
+ other images of the predicted track listed by the CADC SSOIS index recorded the object at
435
+ $V=23.2$ or fainter, beyond the depth of their exposures: forced photometry at the
436
+ predicted position gives S/N $0.9$ and $2.2$ in the deepest, two DECam exposures of
437
+ 2013 September 29 at $V=23.9$, and $1.4$ in a stack of eight Pan-STARRS1 exposures of
438
+ 2013 August, and the accelerated and gravity-only orbits are only $0.5''$ apart in 2013.
439
+
440
+ \begin{figure}[tp]
441
+ \centering
442
+ \begin{tikzpicture}
443
+ \begin{axis}[name=p0,width=0.95\textwidth,height=0.27\textwidth,xmin=2006.5,xmax=2027,ymin=-12,ymax=12,
444
+ xlabel={},ylabel={offset (arcsec)},title={(a) gravity only, fitted without 2007 September},title style={font=\footnotesize},tick label style={font=\footnotesize},
445
+ label style={font=\small},x tick label style={/pgf/number format/1000 sep={}},legend style={font=\scriptsize,at={(0.03,0.97)},anchor=north west,draw=none,fill=white,fill opacity=0.8,text opacity=1},legend columns=1]
446
+ \addplot[only marks,mark=*,mark size=1.3pt,black] coordinates {(2007.701,3.13) (2007.702,2.95) (2007.702,2.97) (2007.702,2.97) (2007.702,3.01) (2007.702,2.96) (2007.702,3.17) (2007.702,3.00) (2007.702,2.99) (2007.702,2.97) (2007.702,2.95) (2007.702,2.96) (2016.767,0.17) (2016.767,0.13) (2016.775,0.19) (2016.775,0.15) (2016.775,0.11) (2016.775,0.16) (2016.777,-0.35) (2016.777,0.03) (2016.777,-0.67) (2016.783,-0.41) (2016.783,-0.05) (2016.783,-0.29) (2016.818,0.02) (2016.818,0.05) (2016.826,1.13) (2016.826,0.27) (2016.826,0.70) (2016.856,-0.15) (2016.856,0.16) (2016.856,-0.25) (2016.900,-0.06) (2016.900,-0.10) (2016.900,-0.20) (2016.930,-0.14) (2016.930,0.05) (2016.930,-0.12) (2016.961,0.82) (2016.961,0.07) (2016.962,0.50) (2016.962,0.04) (2016.963,-3.18) (2016.963,1.29) (2016.963,0.01) (2016.964,-0.21) (2016.964,0.75) (2016.964,-0.12) (2016.977,0.12) (2016.977,-0.42) (2016.977,-0.10) (2016.977,-0.05) (2017.023,0.33) (2017.023,0.64) (2017.023,0.04) (2017.042,0.29) (2017.042,-0.03) (2017.042,-0.09) (2017.075,0.70) (2017.075,0.12) (2017.075,-0.16) (2017.143,0.69) (2017.143,0.37) (2017.298,0.32) (2017.298,-0.44) (2017.298,-1.36) (2017.328,0.09) (2017.328,0.19) (2017.328,0.72) (2017.363,0.08) (2017.363,0.70) (2017.363,0.23) (2017.420,-0.63) (2017.420,-0.58) (2017.421,0.60) (2017.421,-0.02) (2017.421,0.59) (2017.421,-0.50) (2017.421,-0.13) (2017.422,-0.16) (2017.422,-0.04) (2017.422,-0.08) (2017.422,1.98) (2017.423,-0.38) (2017.423,-0.02) (2017.429,0.02) (2017.429,-0.09) (2017.429,-0.11) (2017.451,0.07) (2017.451,-0.04) (2017.451,-0.08) (2020.889,0.12) (2020.889,-0.21) (2022.631,0.07) (2022.631,-0.12) (2022.631,-0.08) (2022.631,0.01) (2025.793,0.17) (2025.793,-0.38) (2025.793,-0.18) (2026.439,0.07) (2026.439,0.07)};
447
+ \addlegendentry{across the motion}
448
+ \addplot[only marks,mark=o,mark size=1.3pt,black!60] coordinates {(2007.701,-1.59) (2007.702,-1.80) (2007.702,-1.65) (2007.702,-1.76) (2007.702,-1.62) (2007.702,-1.71) (2007.702,-1.73) (2007.702,-1.76) (2007.702,-1.65) (2007.702,-1.71) (2007.702,-1.71) (2007.702,-1.79) (2016.767,-0.13) (2016.767,-0.17) (2016.775,-0.04) (2016.775,-0.02) (2016.775,0.05) (2016.775,-0.02) (2016.777,0.06) (2016.777,0.42) (2016.777,-0.52) (2016.783,0.03) (2016.783,-0.30) (2016.783,0.04) (2016.818,-0.25) (2016.818,0.55) (2016.826,1.18) (2016.826,0.82) (2016.826,0.40) (2016.856,-0.12) (2016.856,-0.03) (2016.856,0.14) (2016.900,0.30) (2016.900,0.10) (2016.900,0.27) (2016.930,-0.09) (2016.930,0.27) (2016.930,0.06) (2016.961,0.23) (2016.961,0.71) (2016.962,1.04) (2016.962,-0.22) (2016.963,-1.81) (2016.963,0.08) (2016.963,-0.25) (2016.964,-0.23) (2016.964,0.04) (2016.964,-1.02) (2016.977,-0.08) (2016.977,-0.07) (2016.977,-0.26) (2016.977,-0.21) (2017.023,0.44) (2017.023,0.37) (2017.023,0.60) (2017.042,0.08) (2017.042,0.14) (2017.042,0.07) (2017.075,0.28) (2017.075,-0.09) (2017.075,-0.04) (2017.143,0.88) (2017.143,0.09) (2017.298,-0.10) (2017.298,0.09) (2017.298,2.33) (2017.328,0.92) (2017.328,0.15) (2017.328,-0.09) (2017.363,-0.19) (2017.363,-0.31) (2017.363,-0.27) (2017.420,-0.53) (2017.420,-0.24) (2017.421,0.03) (2017.421,0.44) (2017.421,-0.06) (2017.421,0.08) (2017.421,0.19) (2017.422,0.82) (2017.422,0.53) (2017.422,-0.21) (2017.422,3.30) (2017.423,0.28) (2017.423,0.16) (2017.429,-0.18) (2017.429,-0.13) (2017.429,-0.11) (2017.451,0.06) (2017.451,-0.02) (2017.451,0.14) (2020.889,0.01) (2020.889,-0.19) (2022.631,0.24) (2022.631,-0.12) (2022.631,0.17) (2022.631,0.07) (2025.793,-0.35) (2025.793,0.50) (2025.793,-1.55) (2026.439,-0.35) (2026.439,-0.33)};
449
+ \addlegendentry{along the motion}
450
+ \addplot[black!40,densely dotted,forget plot] coordinates {(2006.5,0) (2027,0)};
451
+ \end{axis}
452
+ \begin{axis}[name=p1,at={(p0.south)},anchor=north,yshift=-1.7cm,width=0.95\textwidth,height=0.27\textwidth,xmin=2006.5,xmax=2027,ymin=-12,ymax=12,
453
+ xlabel={},ylabel={offset (arcsec)},title={(b) gravity only, fitted without 2025 October},title style={font=\footnotesize},tick label style={font=\footnotesize},
454
+ label style={font=\small},x tick label style={/pgf/number format/1000 sep={}},legend style={font=\scriptsize,at={(0.03,0.97)},anchor=north west,draw=none,fill=white,fill opacity=0.8,text opacity=1},legend columns=1]
455
+ \addplot[only marks,mark=*,mark size=1.3pt,black] coordinates {(2007.701,0.17) (2007.702,-0.02) (2007.702,0.01) (2007.702,0.00) (2007.702,0.05) (2007.702,-0.01) (2007.702,0.21) (2007.702,0.04) (2007.702,0.02) (2007.702,0.00) (2007.702,-0.02) (2007.702,-0.01) (2016.767,0.14) (2016.767,0.10) (2016.775,0.16) (2016.775,0.11) (2016.775,0.08) (2016.775,0.13) (2016.777,-0.39) (2016.777,-0.01) (2016.777,-0.70) (2016.783,-0.45) (2016.783,-0.08) (2016.783,-0.33) (2016.818,-0.01) (2016.818,0.02) (2016.826,1.10) (2016.826,0.24) (2016.826,0.67) (2016.856,-0.17) (2016.856,0.14) (2016.856,-0.27) (2016.900,-0.07) (2016.900,-0.11) (2016.900,-0.21) (2016.930,-0.14) (2016.930,0.05) (2016.930,-0.12) (2016.961,0.84) (2016.961,0.09) (2016.962,0.51) (2016.962,0.06) (2016.963,-3.17) (2016.963,1.31) (2016.963,0.03) (2016.964,-0.20) (2016.964,0.76) (2016.964,-0.10) (2016.977,0.14) (2016.977,-0.40) (2016.977,-0.08) (2016.977,-0.03) (2017.023,0.36) (2017.023,0.67) (2017.023,0.08) (2017.042,0.32) (2017.042,-0.00) (2017.042,-0.06) (2017.075,0.72) (2017.075,0.14) (2017.075,-0.14) (2017.143,0.74) (2017.143,0.42) (2017.298,0.41) (2017.298,-0.35) (2017.298,-1.28) (2017.328,0.15) (2017.328,0.25) (2017.328,0.79) (2017.363,0.13) (2017.363,0.74) (2017.363,0.28) (2017.420,-0.62) (2017.420,-0.58) (2017.421,0.60) (2017.421,-0.02) (2017.421,0.59) (2017.421,-0.49) (2017.421,-0.12) (2017.422,-0.16) (2017.422,-0.04) (2017.422,-0.08) (2017.422,1.99) (2017.423,-0.37) (2017.423,-0.01) (2017.429,0.02) (2017.429,-0.10) (2017.429,-0.11) (2017.451,0.06) (2017.451,-0.05) (2017.451,-0.09) (2020.889,0.47) (2020.889,0.14) (2022.631,0.47) (2022.631,0.28) (2022.631,0.31) (2022.631,0.41) (2025.793,8.20) (2025.793,7.66) (2025.793,7.86) (2026.439,0.29) (2026.439,0.29)};
456
+ \addlegendentry{across the motion}
457
+ \addplot[only marks,mark=o,mark size=1.3pt,black!60] coordinates {(2007.701,0.14) (2007.702,-0.07) (2007.702,0.09) (2007.702,-0.03) (2007.702,0.11) (2007.702,0.02) (2007.702,0.00) (2007.702,-0.03) (2007.702,0.08) (2007.702,0.02) (2007.702,0.03) (2007.702,-0.06) (2016.767,-0.15) (2016.767,-0.19) (2016.775,-0.06) (2016.775,-0.03) (2016.775,0.03) (2016.775,-0.04) (2016.777,0.04) (2016.777,0.41) (2016.777,-0.53) (2016.783,0.02) (2016.783,-0.31) (2016.783,0.02) (2016.818,-0.25) (2016.818,0.55) (2016.826,1.19) (2016.826,0.83) (2016.826,0.41) (2016.856,-0.10) (2016.856,-0.01) (2016.856,0.16) (2016.900,0.34) (2016.900,0.13) (2016.900,0.30) (2016.930,-0.05) (2016.930,0.31) (2016.930,0.09) (2016.961,0.27) (2016.961,0.74) (2016.962,1.07) (2016.962,-0.19) (2016.963,-1.78) (2016.963,0.12) (2016.963,-0.22) (2016.964,-0.20) (2016.964,0.08) (2016.964,-0.99) (2016.977,-0.05) (2016.977,-0.05) (2016.977,-0.23) (2016.977,-0.18) (2017.023,0.43) (2017.023,0.36) (2017.023,0.59) (2017.042,0.06) (2017.042,0.12) (2017.042,0.04) (2017.075,0.25) (2017.075,-0.12) (2017.075,-0.08) (2017.143,0.83) (2017.143,0.04) (2017.298,-0.06) (2017.298,0.13) (2017.298,2.38) (2017.328,0.94) (2017.328,0.17) (2017.328,-0.08) (2017.363,-0.17) (2017.363,-0.29) (2017.363,-0.25) (2017.420,-0.50) (2017.420,-0.21) (2017.421,0.06) (2017.421,0.47) (2017.421,-0.03) (2017.421,0.11) (2017.421,0.22) (2017.422,0.85) (2017.422,0.56) (2017.422,-0.18) (2017.422,3.33) (2017.423,0.31) (2017.423,0.19) (2017.429,-0.15) (2017.429,-0.10) (2017.429,-0.08) (2017.451,0.09) (2017.451,0.01) (2017.451,0.16) (2020.889,-0.38) (2020.889,-0.59) (2022.631,-0.22) (2022.631,-0.58) (2022.631,-0.29) (2022.631,-0.39) (2025.793,7.00) (2025.793,7.86) (2025.793,5.80) (2026.439,-2.32) (2026.439,-2.30)};
458
+ \addlegendentry{along the motion}
459
+ \addplot[black!40,densely dotted,forget plot] coordinates {(2006.5,0) (2027,0)};
460
+ \end{axis}
461
+ \begin{axis}[name=p2,at={(p1.south)},anchor=north,yshift=-1.7cm,width=0.95\textwidth,height=0.27\textwidth,xmin=2006.5,xmax=2027,ymin=-1.5,ymax=1.5,
462
+ xlabel={year},ylabel={offset (arcsec)},title={(c) with $A_2$},title style={font=\footnotesize},tick label style={font=\footnotesize},
463
+ label style={font=\small},x tick label style={/pgf/number format/1000 sep={}},legend style={font=\scriptsize,at={(0.03,0.97)},anchor=north west,draw=none,fill=white,fill opacity=0.8,text opacity=1},legend columns=1]
464
+ \addplot[only marks,mark=*,mark size=1.3pt,black] coordinates {(2007.701,0.18) (2007.702,-0.01) (2007.702,0.02) (2007.702,0.01) (2007.702,0.06) (2007.702,0.00) (2007.702,0.22) (2007.702,0.04) (2007.702,0.03) (2007.702,0.01) (2007.702,-0.01) (2007.702,0.00) (2016.767,0.15) (2016.767,0.11) (2016.775,0.17) (2016.775,0.12) (2016.775,0.09) (2016.775,0.14) (2016.777,-0.38) (2016.777,-0.00) (2016.777,-0.69) (2016.783,-0.44) (2016.783,-0.08) (2016.783,-0.32) (2016.818,-0.01) (2016.818,0.02) (2016.826,0.24) (2016.826,0.67) (2016.856,-0.18) (2016.856,0.13) (2016.856,-0.28) (2016.900,-0.08) (2016.900,-0.12) (2016.900,-0.22) (2016.930,-0.15) (2016.930,0.03) (2016.930,-0.13) (2016.961,0.82) (2016.961,0.07) (2016.962,0.50) (2016.962,0.04) (2016.963,1.30) (2016.963,0.01) (2016.964,-0.21) (2016.964,0.75) (2016.964,-0.11) (2016.977,0.13) (2016.977,-0.42) (2016.977,-0.09) (2016.977,-0.04) (2017.023,0.35) (2017.023,0.66) (2017.023,0.07) (2017.042,0.31) (2017.042,-0.01) (2017.042,-0.07) (2017.075,0.72) (2017.075,0.14) (2017.075,-0.15) (2017.143,0.74) (2017.143,0.42) (2017.298,0.42) (2017.298,-0.33) (2017.328,0.15) (2017.328,0.25) (2017.328,0.79) (2017.363,0.12) (2017.363,0.73) (2017.363,0.27) (2017.420,-0.63) (2017.420,-0.59) (2017.421,0.59) (2017.421,-0.03) (2017.421,0.58) (2017.421,-0.50) (2017.421,-0.13) (2017.422,-0.16) (2017.422,-0.04) (2017.422,-0.09) (2017.423,-0.38) (2017.423,-0.02) (2017.429,0.01) (2017.429,-0.10) (2017.429,-0.12) (2017.451,0.06) (2017.451,-0.06) (2017.451,-0.09) (2020.889,0.17) (2020.889,-0.16) (2022.631,0.08) (2022.631,-0.11) (2022.631,-0.07) (2022.631,0.02) (2025.793,0.21) (2025.793,-0.33) (2026.439,0.08) (2026.439,0.08)};
465
+ \addlegendentry{across the motion}
466
+ \addplot[only marks,mark=*,mark size=1.3pt,black,opacity=0.35,forget plot] coordinates {(2016.826,1.10) (2016.963,-1.50) (2017.298,-1.26) (2017.422,1.50) (2025.793,-0.14)};
467
+ \addplot[only marks,mark=o,mark size=1.3pt,black!60] coordinates {(2007.701,0.17) (2007.702,-0.04) (2007.702,0.11) (2007.702,-0.00) (2007.702,0.14) (2007.702,0.05) (2007.702,0.03) (2007.702,-0.00) (2007.702,0.11) (2007.702,0.05) (2007.702,0.05) (2007.702,-0.03) (2016.767,-0.18) (2016.767,-0.22) (2016.775,-0.09) (2016.775,-0.07) (2016.775,-0.00) (2016.775,-0.07) (2016.777,0.01) (2016.777,0.37) (2016.777,-0.57) (2016.783,-0.01) (2016.783,-0.35) (2016.783,-0.01) (2016.818,-0.28) (2016.818,0.51) (2016.826,0.79) (2016.826,0.37) (2016.856,-0.13) (2016.856,-0.04) (2016.856,0.12) (2016.900,0.31) (2016.900,0.10) (2016.900,0.27) (2016.930,-0.07) (2016.930,0.29) (2016.930,0.07) (2016.961,0.25) (2016.961,0.73) (2016.962,1.06) (2016.962,-0.20) (2016.963,0.10) (2016.963,-0.23) (2016.964,-0.21) (2016.964,0.06) (2016.964,-1.00) (2016.977,-0.06) (2016.977,-0.06) (2016.977,-0.24) (2016.977,-0.19) (2017.023,0.43) (2017.023,0.36) (2017.023,0.59) (2017.042,0.06) (2017.042,0.12) (2017.042,0.04) (2017.075,0.24) (2017.075,-0.13) (2017.075,-0.08) (2017.143,0.81) (2017.143,0.02) (2017.298,-0.08) (2017.298,0.11) (2017.328,0.92) (2017.328,0.14) (2017.328,-0.10) (2017.363,-0.19) (2017.363,-0.31) (2017.363,-0.27) (2017.420,-0.52) (2017.420,-0.24) (2017.421,0.03) (2017.421,0.44) (2017.421,-0.05) (2017.421,0.09) (2017.421,0.20) (2017.422,0.83) (2017.422,0.53) (2017.422,-0.21) (2017.423,0.29) (2017.423,0.16) (2017.429,-0.17) (2017.429,-0.13) (2017.429,-0.11) (2017.451,0.06) (2017.451,-0.02) (2017.451,0.13) (2020.889,-0.13) (2020.889,-0.34) (2022.631,0.12) (2022.631,-0.24) (2022.631,0.05) (2022.631,-0.06) (2025.793,-0.38) (2025.793,0.47) (2026.439,-0.20) (2026.439,-0.18)};
468
+ \addlegendentry{along the motion}
469
+ \addplot[only marks,mark=o,mark size=1.3pt,black!60,opacity=0.35,forget plot] coordinates {(2016.826,1.15) (2016.963,-1.50) (2017.298,1.50) (2017.422,1.50) (2025.793,-1.50)};
470
+ \addplot[black!40,densely dotted,forget plot] coordinates {(2006.5,0) (2027,0)};
471
+ \end{axis}
472
+ \end{tikzpicture}
473
+ \caption{Residuals of each position from three orbits, across and along the apparent motion, as a function of time: (a)~the gravity-only orbit fitted to the 2016--2026 apparitions, which is offset from the 2007 precovery by $3.0''$ across the motion; (b)~the gravity-only orbit fitted to the precovery and the apparitions through 2022 (the 2026 positions rejected), which is offset from the 2025 October positions by $8''$ across and $7''$ along the motion; (c)~the orbit with $A_2$, with all residuals within $1.5''$ and rejected positions shown faint. Positions from the same night overlap at this scale.}
474
+ \label{fig:oc}
475
+ \end{figure}
476
+
477
+ \begin{table}[tbp]
478
+ \centering\small
479
+ \caption{Our measurements of 2016 TA56 in the CFHT MegaCam frames of 2007 September 14:
480
+ frame, mid-exposure time (UTC), band, exposure, peak S/N, trail length, position, and its
481
+ offsets east and north from the orbit with $A_2$ and from the gravity-only orbit fitted
482
+ without 2007, seen from site 568.}
483
+ \label{tab:cfht}
484
+ \begin{adjustbox}{max width=\textwidth}
485
+ \begin{tabular}{lrcrrrrrll}
486
+ \toprule
487
+ Frame & UTC & Band & $t$ (s) & S/N & Trail ($''$) & RA (deg) & Dec (deg) & From $A_2$ orbit ($''$) & From gravity only ($''$) \\
488
+ \midrule
489
+ 942300p & 10:59:00 & $r$ & 420 & 7.3 & 4.06 & 36.350460 & $-4.498394$ & $-0.03$, $-0.11$ & $+3.40$, $+0.05$ \\
490
+ 942301p & 11:06:48 & $r$ & 420 & 6.0 & 4.06 & 36.349822 & $-4.499511$ & $-0.12$, $-0.21$ & $+3.31$, $-0.05$ \\
491
+ 942302p & 11:14:42 & $r$ & 420 & 7.6 & 4.06 & 36.349208 & $-4.500609$ & $-0.10$, $-0.19$ & $+3.34$, $-0.03$ \\
492
+ 942303p & 11:22:30 & $r$ & 420 & 4.4 & 4.06 & 36.348850 & $-4.501241$ & $+0.83$, $+1.46$ & $+4.26$, $+1.62$ \\
493
+ 942304p & 11:30:18 & $r$ & 420 & 4.4 & 3.94 & 36.347959 & $-4.502816$ & $-0.16$, $-0.28$ & $+3.27$, $-0.13$ \\
494
+ 942305p & 11:38:07 & $r$ & 420 & 6.8 & 4.06 & 36.347336 & $-4.503888$ & $-0.18$, $-0.21$ & $+3.26$, $-0.06$ \\
495
+ 942306p & 11:45:55 & $r$ & 420 & 4.5 & 4.06 & 36.346710 & $-4.505005$ & $-0.21$, $-0.31$ & $+3.22$, $-0.15$ \\
496
+ 942307p & 12:01:19 & $g$ & 300 & 4.8 & 2.90 & 36.345512 & $-4.507136$ & $-0.13$, $-0.23$ & $+3.30$, $-0.08$ \\
497
+ 942309p & 12:12:55 & $g$ & 300 & 9.7 & 2.90 & 36.344603 & $-4.508734$ & $-0.09$, $-0.15$ & $+3.35$, $+0.01$ \\
498
+ 942311p & 12:24:31 & $g$ & 300 & 5.8 & 2.90 & 36.343682 & $-4.510371$ & $-0.08$, $-0.20$ & $+3.35$, $-0.05$ \\
499
+ 942312p & 12:30:19 & $g$ & 300 & 5.9 & 2.81 & 36.343181 & $-4.511221$ & $-0.22$, $-0.35$ & $+3.21$, $-0.19$ \\
500
+ 942313p & 12:36:08 & $g$ & 300 & 6.1 & 2.90 & 36.342755 & $-4.511974$ & $-0.10$, $-0.14$ & $+3.34$, $+0.02$ \\
501
+ \bottomrule
502
+ \end{tabular}
503
+ \end{adjustbox}
504
+ \end{table}
505
+
506
+ \begin{figure}[tbp]
507
+ \centering
508
+ \includegraphics[width=0.92\textwidth]{cfht2007_cutouts.pdf}
509
+ \caption{2016 TA56 in the twelve CFHT MegaCam frames of 2007 September 14 in which it is
510
+ detected, $16''$ across, north up and east left: our centroid (cross), the position
511
+ predicted by the orbit with $A_2$ (circle) and the position predicted by the gravity-only
512
+ orbit fitted to the later apparitions (square). The object is trailed toward the
513
+ southwest by its motion during each exposure.}
514
+ \label{fig:cutouts}
515
+ \end{figure}
516
+
517
+ \begin{figure}[tbp]
518
+ \centering
519
+ \begin{tikzpicture}
520
+ \begin{axis}[width=0.95\textwidth,height=0.36\textwidth,xmin=-16,xmax=12,ymin=-0.2,ymax=1.1,xlabel={$A_2$ ($10^{-12}$\,au\,d$^{-2}$)},ylabel={relative flux},tick label style={font=\footnotesize},label style={font=\small}]
521
+ \addplot[black,thick] coordinates {(-16.00,-0.047) (-15.75,-0.050) (-15.50,-0.061) (-15.25,-0.058) (-15.00,-0.074) (-14.75,-0.081) (-14.50,-0.070) (-14.25,-0.059) (-14.00,-0.057) (-13.75,-0.044) (-13.50,-0.041) (-13.25,-0.044) (-13.00,-0.068) (-12.75,-0.069) (-12.50,-0.085) (-12.25,-0.077) (-12.00,-0.063) (-11.75,-0.044) (-11.50,-0.038) (-11.25,-0.024) (-11.00,-0.017) (-10.75,-0.014) (-10.50,0.001) (-10.25,-0.008) (-10.00,-0.013) (-9.75,-0.013) (-9.50,-0.044) (-9.25,-0.043) (-9.00,-0.030) (-8.75,-0.031) (-8.50,-0.025) (-8.25,-0.014) (-8.00,-0.004) (-7.75,0.003) (-7.50,-0.014) (-7.25,-0.009) (-7.00,0.002) (-6.75,0.001) (-6.50,-0.005) (-6.25,-0.017) (-6.00,-0.014) (-5.75,-0.004) (-5.50,0.006) (-5.25,0.033) (-5.00,0.115) (-4.75,0.253) (-4.50,0.437) (-4.25,0.645) (-4.00,0.848) (-3.75,0.962) (-3.50,0.914) (-3.25,0.745) (-3.00,0.532) (-2.75,0.318) (-2.50,0.165) (-2.25,0.061) (-2.00,0.004) (-1.75,-0.011) (-1.50,-0.011) (-1.25,-0.019) (-1.00,-0.029) (-0.75,-0.031) (-0.50,-0.038) (-0.25,-0.042) (0.00,-0.039) (0.25,-0.027) (0.50,-0.031) (0.75,-0.033) (1.00,-0.032) (1.25,-0.030) (1.50,-0.031) (1.75,-0.051) (2.00,-0.047) (2.25,-0.047) (2.50,-0.044) (2.75,-0.026) (3.00,-0.030) (3.25,-0.024) (3.50,-0.022) (3.75,-0.024) (4.00,-0.023) (4.25,-0.018) (4.50,-0.029) (4.75,-0.043) (5.00,-0.050) (5.25,-0.052) (5.50,-0.039) (5.75,-0.024) (6.00,0.001) (6.25,0.030) (6.50,0.048) (6.75,0.049) (7.00,0.029) (7.25,0.011) (7.50,-0.006) (7.75,-0.030) (8.00,-0.038) (8.25,-0.042) (8.50,-0.047) (8.75,-0.044) (9.00,-0.043) (9.25,-0.042) (9.50,-0.037) (9.75,-0.032) (10.00,-0.025) (10.25,-0.015) (10.50,-0.019) (10.75,-0.035) (11.00,-0.043) (11.25,-0.052) (11.50,-0.058) (11.75,-0.053) (12.00,-0.055)};
522
+ \addplot[black!50,densely dotted] coordinates {(-16,0.066) (12,0.066)};
523
+ \addplot[black!50,densely dotted] coordinates {(-16,-0.066) (12,-0.066)};
524
+ \addplot[black!50,dashed] coordinates {(0,-0.2) (0,1.1)};
525
+ \end{axis}
526
+ \end{tikzpicture}
527
+ \caption{Median flux over the 2007 frames that measure each position, in units of the
528
+ detection's, of a source moving with 2016 TA56 at each position that orbits fitted to the
529
+ later apparitions allow,
530
+ labelled by the value of $A_2$ that places the object there. The dashed line marks the
531
+ gravity-only orbit ($A_2=0$) and the dotted lines $\pm3$ times the scatter at a fixed point
532
+ along lines displaced across the field.}
533
+ \label{fig:locus}
534
+ \end{figure}
535
+
536
+ \subsection{Size, albedo and the radiation bound}
537
+
538
+ NEOWISE detected 2016 TA56 twenty times: eight times in 2016 December at $1.61$ to
539
+ $1.62$\,au from the Sun and twelve times in 2017 June at $1.39$ to $1.40$\,au, at phase
540
+ angles of $37$ to $47^\circ$. Sixteen W2 fluxes reach S/N $4$ after the rejection of one
541
+ that differs by a magnitude from the rest of its apparition. At $\eta=1.4$ the fit gives
542
+ $D=2.44\pm0.06$\,km and $p_V=0.017$, with $\chi^2=28.4$ for $16$ fluxes, an uncertainty
543
+ conditional on that value of $\eta$; $\eta$ from $0.9$ to $1.9$ gives $D=1.41$ to
544
+ $3.72$\,km and $p_V=0.050$ to $0.007$ with nearly equal $\chi^2$, because W2 alone does not
545
+ constrain $\eta$ (Table~\ref{tab:thermal}), and this range is the uncertainty of the
546
+ diameter. Of the other assumptions, an emissivity of
547
+ $0.95$ increases $D$ by $5$ per cent, while the phase slope ($G=0.05$ or $0.25$), the ratio
548
+ of infrared to visible albedo ($1.0$ or $2.0$) and the flux floor ($5$ or $20$ per cent)
549
+ change it by less than $1$ per cent. The ten W1 measurements that reach S/N $4$ lie $0.6$
550
+ to $4.5$\,mag above the model and scatter by two magnitudes within an apparition, and one
551
+ of them coincides with a W2 measurement at S/N $2$, as expected for faint single-exposure
552
+ detections and blends with stars; they are not used. Table~S2 of the supplementary
553
+ material lists all twenty detections with their W1 and W2 magnitudes, uncertainties and
554
+ quality flags, and the use made of each. The JPL database,
555
+ which includes the NEOWISE diameters from the Planetary Data System, gives none for
556
+ 2016 TA56; for the dark comet 2005 UY6, which has the same $H$, it gives $2.25$\,km and an
557
+ albedo of $0.018$ \citep{Masiero2017}, and for 2012 UR158 $0.63$\,km and $0.023$. Albedos
558
+ near $0.02$ are typical of cometary nuclei.
559
+
560
+ \begin{table}[t]
561
+ \centering\small
562
+ \caption{NEATM fits to the $16$ W2 fluxes of 2016 TA56 at fixed beaming parameters, with
563
+ the efficiency $\xi$ of the refitted $A_2$ relative to the radiation limit at
564
+ $1000$\,kg\,m$^{-3}$.}
565
+ \label{tab:thermal}
566
+ \begin{adjustbox}{max width=\textwidth}
567
+ \begin{tabular}{rrrrr}
568
+ \toprule
569
+ $\eta$ & $D$ (km) & $p_V$ & $\chi^2$ & $\xi$ \\
570
+ \midrule
571
+ 0.9 & 1.41 & 0.050 & 31.0 & 14.7 \\
572
+ 1.0 & 1.60 & 0.039 & 30.2 & 16.7 \\
573
+ 1.2 & 2.00 & 0.025 & 29.1 & 20.8 \\
574
+ 1.4 & 2.44 & 0.017 & 28.4 & 25.4 \\
575
+ 1.6 & 2.92 & 0.012 & 28.0 & 30.4 \\
576
+ 1.9 & 3.72 & 0.007 & 27.8 & 38.7 \\
577
+ \bottomrule
578
+ \end{tabular}
579
+ \end{adjustbox}
580
+ \end{table}
581
+
582
+ At the fitted diameter the refitted acceleration is $\xi=12.7$, $25.4$ and $50.8$ times
583
+ the radiation limit at $500$, $1000$ and $2000$\,kg\,m$^{-3}$; across the range of $\eta$
584
+ it is $7$ to $19$ times the limit at $500$\,kg\,m$^{-3}$. No bulk density between $500$
585
+ and $2000$\,kg\,m$^{-3}$ brings the acceleration within the radiation limit for any
586
+ beaming parameter from $0.9$ to $1.9$.
587
+
588
+ \subsection{Minimum outgassing rate}
589
+
590
+ Gas leaving the surface at about $0.5$\,km\,s$^{-1}$ imparts the largest transverse
591
+ momentum when all of it is emitted along track, so the acceleration sets a lower limit on
592
+ the production rate, $\dot M \ge M A_2\,g(r)/v$. At $D=2.44$\,km and $1000$\,kg\,m$^{-3}$
593
+ the mass is $7.6\times10^{12}$\,kg and the limit is $1.1$\,kg\,s$^{-1}$ of water
594
+ ($3.6\times10^{25}$\,molecules\,s$^{-1}$) at $1$\,au and $3.1$\,kg\,s$^{-1}$ at the
595
+ perihelion distance of $0.59$\,au; at $500$\,kg\,m$^{-3}$ it is half as large. Gas
596
+ leaving at an angle $\theta$ to the track supplies only $\cos\theta$ of its momentum along
597
+ it, and the required rate rises by $1/\cos\theta$. These are production rates of weakly
598
+ active comets. The acceleration sets a lower limit rather than
599
+ the actual rate, and no coma has been reported for 2016 TA56; the activity of 1998 SH2
600
+ was not visible in archival images and was detected only with large-aperture
601
+ imaging \citep{Farnocchia2026}.
602
+
603
+ \subsection{The 2030 apparition}
604
+
605
+ The accelerated orbit and the gravity-only orbit fitted without the precovery agree to
606
+ within $0.2''$ until 2026 August, when the object fades below $V=22.4$. At the next
607
+ apparition they diverge: by $6.7''$ on 2030 July 30 at $V=20.2$ and solar elongation
608
+ $60^\circ$, by $4.0''$ on 2030 September 8 at $V=21.2$, and by $2.1''$ on 2030 October 18
609
+ at $V=22.4$. Propagating the fit covariances, the predicted position of each orbit is
610
+ uncertain almost entirely along the direction of separation, by $1.18''$ for the orbit
611
+ with $A_2$ and $0.71''$ for the gravity-only orbit on July 30 with one position per night,
612
+ and by less than $0.1''$ across it (Table~\ref{tab:pred}). A single position accurate to
613
+ $0.2''$ at any time from July 30 to September 28 therefore distinguishes the two orbits at
614
+ $4.6$ to $4.7\sigma$ with one position per night and at $6.9$ to $7.5\sigma$ with site
615
+ weights. These significances assume that both orbits are correct up to their fit
616
+ covariances. The apparition also measures the acceleration without the precovery: added to
617
+ the 2016 to 2026 positions without the 2007 night, a single position accurate to $0.2''$
618
+ on 2030 July 30 gives $\sigma(A_2)=0.39\times10^{-12}$\,au\,d$^{-2}$ with one position per
619
+ night, against $6.8\times10^{-12}$ from those positions alone, and three or six positions
620
+ spread over the apparition give $0.38$ and $0.37\times10^{-12}$, the uncertainty of the
621
+ state then dominating. Observations in 2030 can therefore confirm or exclude a term of the
622
+ fitted size at about $9\sigma$ whether or not the 2007 source is 2016 TA56. Table~S3 of the
623
+ supplementary material gives daily positions of both orbits from 2030 June to November
624
+ with their $1\sigma$ ellipses. Deep imaging at the same apparition, with the object $1.0$
625
+ to $1.6$\,au from the Sun, could detect the coma implied by the acceleration, as
626
+ large-aperture imaging did for 1998 SH2 \citep{Farnocchia2026}.
627
+
628
+ \begin{table}[t]
629
+ \centering\small
630
+ \caption{The orbit with $A_2$ and the gravity-only orbit fitted without 2007 at the 2030
631
+ apparition, seen from the geocentre: their separation, the $1\sigma$ uncertainty of each
632
+ along the separation from its fit covariance, and the significance with which a single
633
+ position accurate to $0.2''$ distinguishes them, with one position per night and with
634
+ site weights.}
635
+ \label{tab:pred}
636
+ \begin{adjustbox}{max width=\textwidth}
637
+ \begin{tabular}{lrrrrrrrr}
638
+ \toprule
639
+ & \multicolumn{4}{c}{One position a night} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Site weights} \\
640
+ \cmidrule(lr){2-5}\cmidrule(lr){6-9}
641
+ Date & Sep.\ ($''$) & $\sigma_{A_2}$ ($''$) & $\sigma_{\rm grav}$ ($''$) & $\sigma$ & Sep.\ ($''$) & $\sigma_{A_2}$ ($''$) & $\sigma_{\rm grav}$ ($''$) & $\sigma$ \\
642
+ \midrule
643
+ 2030 July 30 & 6.55 & 1.18 & 0.71 & 4.7 & 6.72 & 0.72 & 0.49 & 7.5 \\
644
+ 2030 August 19 & 5.36 & 0.95 & 0.58 & 4.7 & 5.49 & 0.59 & 0.40 & 7.5 \\
645
+ 2030 September 8 & 3.89 & 0.68 & 0.42 & 4.7 & 4.00 & 0.42 & 0.29 & 7.3 \\
646
+ 2030 September 28 & 2.76 & 0.48 & 0.30 & 4.6 & 2.84 & 0.29 & 0.20 & 6.9 \\
647
+ \bottomrule
648
+ \end{tabular}
649
+ \end{adjustbox}
650
+ \end{table}
651
+
652
+ \subsection{Overview of the tests}\label{sec:summary}
653
+
654
+ Table~\ref{tab:tests} lists the main tests of the acceleration of 2016 TA56 and the
655
+ alternative explanation each addresses. The first six measure the significance of the term
656
+ and whether measurement errors could produce it, all on the assumption that the 2007
657
+ source is 2016 TA56; the significance of the fit does not test that assumption. The search
658
+ of the allowed positions and the census of moving sources test the identification itself,
659
+ in the 2007 images. The radiation limit concerns the cause of the measured term, and the
660
+ 2030 apparition will test the result independently of the precovery.
661
+
662
+ \begin{table}[tbp]
663
+ \centering\small\linespread{1.0}\selectfont
664
+ \caption{Tests of the transverse acceleration of 2016 TA56, the alternative each addresses
665
+ and its result.}
666
+ \label{tab:tests}
667
+ \begin{adjustbox}{max width=\textwidth}
668
+ \begin{tabular}{>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{0.27\textwidth}>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{0.29\textwidth}>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{0.36\textwidth}}
669
+ \toprule
670
+ Test & Alternative addressed & Result \\
671
+ \midrule
672
+ Fit of all $102$ positions & A statistical fluctuation & $9\sigma$ with each night as one
673
+ position, $13\sigma$ under the night-level covariance, $6.5\sigma$ from the night jackknife \\
674
+ Error shared by the 2007 positions & Correlated errors within the precovery night & $1.2''$
675
+ needed to bring $A_2$ below $3\sigma$ \\
676
+ 2007 offset across the motion & A clock error in the precovery reports & $3.0''$ across
677
+ the motion, $15$ times the prediction uncertainty \\
678
+ Independent measurement of the CFHT frames & An error in either report's reduction or catalogue &
679
+ The offset is in the images; both reports lie $0.10''$ rms from our track \\
680
+ Radial term fitted with $A_2$ & A radial force mimicking a transverse one & $A_1$
681
+ at $2\sigma$; $A_2$ unchanged \\
682
+ Gravity-only orbit through 2007 to 2022 & A gravity-only orbit that fits the precovery &
683
+ It misses the 2025 positions by $10.5''$ \\
684
+ Positions allowed by the later apparitions & The precovery is another object & One source
685
+ among them; nothing at the gravity-only position to $3.9$\,mag below it \\
686
+ Census of moving sources in the 2007 frames & An unrelated object moving as predicted &
687
+ None within $5''$ per hour and $10^\circ$ of the motion; $8\times10^{-6}$ expected within
688
+ $30''$ \\
689
+ NEOWISE diameter and the radiation limit & Thermal recoil or radiation pressure & $15$ to
690
+ $39$ times the limit; significant drifts have a median of $0.075$ of it \\
691
+ The 2030 apparition & All of the above & One position gives
692
+ $\sigma(A_2)=0.39\times10^{-12}$\,au\,d$^{-2}$ without the precovery \\
693
+ \bottomrule
694
+ \end{tabular}
695
+ \end{adjustbox}
696
+ \end{table}
697
+
698
+ \subsection{1998 SH2 and 2006 VC}\label{sec:others}
699
+
700
+ Applying the same fits and thermal model to the two further objects identified by the
701
+ screen at $2000$\,kg\,m$^{-3}$ and albedo $0.14$ (Table~\ref{tab:others}) confirms an
702
+ acceleration for one of them but not for the other.
703
+
704
+ (875163) 1998 SH2 ($a=2.74$\,au, $e=0.71$, $q=0.79$\,au, $i=2.4^\circ$, $T_J=2.91$) has
705
+ $404$ positions in three apparitions: $48$ at its discovery in 1998 September, $104$ from
706
+ 2016 February to October and $252$ from 2025 August to October. With site weights, the fit
707
+ with $A_2$ retains $379$ positions at an rms of $0.30''$ and gives
708
+ $A_2=(-6.11\pm0.24)\times10^{-13}$\,au\,d$^{-2}$; with one position per night it gives
709
+ $(-6.45\pm0.54)\times10^{-13}$, a $12\sigma$ detection, and with a radial term ($0.4\sigma$)
710
+ included it gives $(-6.18\pm0.30)\times10^{-13}$, compared with JPL's
711
+ $(-6.96\pm0.49)\times10^{-13}$. The gravity-only fit retains $354$ positions at
712
+ $\chi^2$/dof $0.90$, against $0.67$ with $A_2$. As for 2016 TA56, the earliest apparition
713
+ deviates most from a gravity-only orbit: the gravity-only orbit fitted to 2016 and 2025,
714
+ which predicts the 1998 September positions to $0.52''$ along and $0.21''$ across the
715
+ apparent motion, is offset from the discovery positions by $13.0''$ along and $5.3''$
716
+ across the motion, and a timing error cannot produce the cross-track offset. Fits omitting
717
+ one apparition give $A_2=-4.3\pm1.2$, $-1.8\pm0.6$ and
718
+ $-1.9\pm2.1\times10^{-12}$\,au\,d$^{-2}$, all of the same sign but two of them $2$ to
719
+ $3\sigma$ larger than the full-arc value, so the magnitude of the term is less certain
720
+ than its formal uncertainty. NEOWISE detected the object six times in W2 at $1.14$\,au
721
+ from the Sun and phase angles of $58$ to $59^\circ$: at $\eta=1.4$ the fit gives
722
+ $D=0.64$\,km and $p_V=0.019$, and $\eta$ from $0.9$ to $1.9$ gives $0.39$ to $0.93$\,km
723
+ and $0.051$ to $0.009$; the NEOWISE catalogue gives $0.38\pm0.06$\,km and
724
+ $0.058\pm0.024$ \citep{Masiero2017}, matching our fit at $\eta=0.9$. The acceleration is
725
+ then $0.7$ to $1.7$ times the radiation limit at $1000$\,kg\,m$^{-3}$ across this range,
726
+ and $0.7$ times at the catalogue diameter. It lies within the limit for the smaller sizes,
727
+ but only if more than half of the re-emitted momentum were directed along track, whereas
728
+ the thermal lag of the Yarkovsky effect directs at most about a
729
+ tenth \citep{Vokrouhlicky2015}. A dark body of $0.4$ to $0.9$\,km on a Jupiter-family
730
+ orbit, with an acceleration that radiation forces cannot plausibly produce, matches the
731
+ outer dark comets; at the catalogue diameter and $1000$\,kg\,m$^{-3}$ the minimum
732
+ outgassing rate is $8\times10^{-4}$\,kg\,s$^{-1}$ of water at $1$\,au. \citet{Farnocchia2026} showed that it is a comet: they found these perturbations in
733
+ its 1998--2025 astrometry and, in large-aperture images taken during its 2025 August
734
+ close approach, a weak tail of low surface brightness not seen in archival images. The
735
+ screen, with the generic thresholds of Section~\ref{sec:method}, and the orbit analysis
736
+ applied to 2016 TA56 therefore recover an independently confirmed, weakly active comet
737
+ from its acceleration alone; relative to the radiation limit at the same beaming
738
+ parameter, the acceleration of 2016 TA56 is twenty times larger. The recovery is
739
+ retrospective, since the activity of 1998 SH2 was reported before the screen was run, so
740
+ it shows that the screen is sensitive to weakly active comets but is not a blind
741
+ prediction, and it does not by itself establish that 2016 TA56 is one.
742
+
743
+ (428209) 2006 VC ($a=1.94$\,au, $e=0.49$, $q=0.99$\,au, $T_J=3.72$), not detected by
744
+ NEOWISE, has $216$ positions in four apparitions from 2006 to 2026. The fit with $A_2$
745
+ gives $(+5.5\pm0.9)\times10^{-13}$\,au\,d$^{-2}$, and $(+6.7\pm1.5)\times10^{-13}$ with one
746
+ position per night, but the gravity-only fit is equally good ($\chi^2$/dof $0.96$ against
747
+ $0.95$, with two fewer positions retained), and omitting the apparition of 2025 October to
748
+ 2026 May gives $(+5.7\pm8.7)\times10^{-13}$. The term therefore comes from that apparition
749
+ alone, and the present arc does not require an acceleration. The two orbits diverge from
750
+ 2033 September, by up to $25''$ in 2034 February at $V=19.8$.
751
+
752
+ \begin{table}[t]
753
+ \centering\small
754
+ \caption{Orbit fits of 1998 SH2 and 2006 VC to the MPC positions, as in
755
+ Table~\ref{tab:fits}.}
756
+ \label{tab:others}
757
+ \begin{adjustbox}{max width=\textwidth}
758
+ \begin{tabular}{llrrrl}
759
+ \toprule
760
+ Object & Fit & Positions & Kept & $\chi^2$/dof & $A_2$ ($10^{-13}$\,au\,d$^{-2}$) \\
761
+ \midrule
762
+ 1998 SH2 & with $A_2$, site weights & 404 & 379 & 504.4/751 & $-6.11\pm0.24$ \\
763
+ & with $A_2$, one position a night & 404 & 401 & 130.7/795 & $-6.45\pm0.54$ \\
764
+ & with $A_1$ and $A_2$ & 404 & 379 & 504.3/750 & $-6.18\pm0.30$ \\
765
+ & gravity only & 404 & 354 & 634.8/702 & --- \\
766
+ & without 1998 September & 356 & 342 & 442.4/677 & $-42.7\pm12.3$ \\
767
+ & without 2016 & 300 & 284 & 328.3/561 & $-18.0\pm5.7$ \\
768
+ & without 2025 & 152 & 135 & 210.4/263 & $-19.0\pm21.1$ \\
769
+ 2006 VC & with $A_2$, site weights & 216 & 185 & 345.0/363 & $+5.54\pm0.94$ \\
770
+ & with $A_2$, one position a night & 216 & 213 & 143.2/419 & $+6.66\pm1.47$ \\
771
+ & gravity only & 216 & 183 & 343.9/360 & --- \\
772
+ & without 2025--2026 & 193 & 163 & 316.6/319 & $+5.65\pm8.65$ \\
773
+ \bottomrule
774
+ \end{tabular}
775
+ \end{adjustbox}
776
+ \end{table}
777
+
778
+ % =============================================================================
779
+ \section{Relation to previous work}\label{sec:related}
780
+ % =============================================================================
781
+
782
+ \citet{Farnocchia2013} established the systematic detection of
783
+ Yarkovsky drifts in near-Earth asteroid astrometry and the comparison of these drifts with
784
+ the radiation force. \citet{Seligman2023} identified the first dark comets
785
+ among bodies whose accelerations exceed that force, and their later
786
+ sample \citep{Seligman2024} separated the inner and outer populations. \citet{Taylor2024a} traced the dynamical origins of the dark comets and proposed an
787
+ evolutionary track through rotational fragmentation, and \citet{Taylor2024b}
788
+ examined how strong non-gravitational accelerations affect the linking of observations.
789
+ \citet{Farnocchia2026} attributed the non-gravitational perturbations of
790
+ 1998 SH2 to cometary activity by imaging its weak tail, suggested that more near-Earth
791
+ objects classified as asteroids could be comets with undetected outgassing, and called
792
+ for systematic searches; the screen presented here is such a search over every
793
+ transverse term in JPL's database. We are not aware of any earlier report of a
794
+ non-gravitational acceleration of 2016 TA56 beyond JPL's orbit solution.
795
+
796
+ % =============================================================================
797
+ \section{Conclusion}\label{sec:conclusion}
798
+ % =============================================================================
799
+
800
+ Among the transverse accelerations in JPL's database, that of 2016 TA56 exceeds the
801
+ radiation limit by a factor that no plausible density or albedo removes, while the
802
+ significant drifts of the database have a median efficiency of $0.075$. The object is on a
803
+ Jupiter-family orbit like those of the outer dark comets and has not previously been
804
+ listed among them. Its acceleration is measured conditionally on the 2007 precovery. With
805
+ that night the fit gives $9\sigma$ when each night counts as one position and $13\sigma$
806
+ under a night-level covariance estimated from the residuals; the uncertainty from refits
807
+ that each omit one later night corresponds to $6.5\sigma$; and the twelve precovery
808
+ positions would have to share an error of $1.2''$ to bring the term below $3\sigma$.
809
+ Without that night the later apparitions do not measure it. The 2007 images identify the
810
+ precovery source with 2016 TA56: among all positions that orbits fitted to the later
811
+ apparitions allow, it is the only source, nothing lies at the gravity-only position to
812
+ $3.9$\,mag below it, and no other moving source in the frames shares its motion. NEOWISE
813
+ indicates a dark body about $2.4$\,km across, similar to the dark comet 2005 UY6. All
814
+ drifts with known spin poles have the sign expected from the spin. The same screen and
815
+ orbit analysis recover, retrospectively, the weakly active comet 1998 SH2 from an
816
+ acceleration $0.7$ to $1.7$ times the radiation limit at $1000$\,kg\,m$^{-3}$; over the
817
+ same range of beaming parameters the acceleration of 2016 TA56 is $15$ to $39$ times the
818
+ limit. The orbit fit measures a transverse term and the thermal fit shows that radiation
819
+ forces cannot produce it, but no coma has been reported, and outgassing is an inference
820
+ from the size of the term; 2016 TA56 is a candidate dark comet, not a confirmed comet. The
821
+ 2030 apparition tests the result independently of the precovery: the two orbits then
822
+ diverge by $4$ to $7''$ at $V\approx20$ to $21$, a single position accurate to $0.2''$
823
+ would measure $A_2$ to $\pm0.4\times10^{-12}$\,au\,d$^{-2}$ without the 2007 night, and
824
+ deep imaging could detect the faint coma that outgassing at this rate implies. For the
825
+ third object, 2006 VC, the term depends on its latest apparition alone. The screen covers
826
+ only the $611$ asteroids for which JPL has fitted a transverse term, $609$ of the
827
+ $42{,}772$ known near-Earth asteroids among them; it finds candidates among measured
828
+ accelerations and does not measure the abundance of dark comets.
829
+
830
+ \section*{Acknowledgements}
831
+
832
+ This work uses observations from the Minor Planet Center; orbit solutions and ephemerides
833
+ from JPL's Solar System Dynamics group through the Small-Body Database and Horizons; the
834
+ NEOWISE single-exposure source table from the NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive; the
835
+ DAMIT database; and the software ASSIST, REBOUND, astropy, NumPy and SciPy.
836
+
837
+ \section*{Data availability}
838
+
839
+ The analysis software and the derived results are available at
840
+ \begin{center}
841
+ \href{https://github.com/CharlesCNorton/seti-tools/tree/main/papers/dark_comet}{\nolinkurl{https://github.com/CharlesCNorton/seti-tools}}
842
+ \end{center}
843
+ \noindent in the directory \texttt{papers/dark\_comet}, where a README lists each data file
844
+ behind the tables and figures and the command that produces it. Tables S1 to S3 are in the supplementary material. The observations,
845
+ orbit solutions, NEOWISE detections, CFHT images and spin models are publicly available
846
+ from the archives cited in the text.
847
+
848
+ \begin{thebibliography}{99}
849
+ \expandafter\ifx\csname natexlab\endcsname\relax\def\natexlab#1{#1}\fi
850
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851
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+ \end{document}
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+ 2030-06-13,110.671658,18.848943,110.670560,18.848118,4.78,51.6,0.855,0.035,52.2,0.520,0.042,51.9,19.45,0.5949,1.2502,28.1,53.5
15
+ 2030-06-14,112.177192,19.346163,112.176079,19.345315,4.86,51.1,0.870,0.035,51.7,0.529,0.043,51.4,19.45,0.5924,1.2366,28.4,54.6
16
+ 2030-06-15,113.698847,19.847729,113.697719,19.846858,4.94,50.6,0.885,0.035,51.3,0.538,0.043,50.9,19.45,0.5906,1.2231,28.7,55.7
17
+ 2030-06-16,115.236401,20.353031,115.235258,20.352136,5.02,50.1,0.900,0.035,50.8,0.546,0.042,50.5,19.45,0.5894,1.2097,29.1,56.9
18
+ 2030-06-17,116.789655,20.861383,116.788497,20.860466,5.11,49.7,0.915,0.035,50.3,0.555,0.042,50.0,19.46,0.5888,1.1965,29.5,58.0
19
+ 2030-06-18,118.358439,21.372026,118.357266,21.371087,5.18,49.3,0.929,0.035,49.9,0.564,0.042,49.6,19.47,0.5890,1.1834,29.8,59.1
20
+ 2030-06-19,119.942612,21.884129,119.941424,21.883168,5.26,48.9,0.944,0.035,49.5,0.572,0.042,49.2,19.48,0.5898,1.1705,30.3,60.2
21
+ 2030-06-20,121.542065,22.396790,121.540863,22.395809,5.34,48.6,0.957,0.035,49.2,0.580,0.042,48.9,19.49,0.5913,1.1578,30.7,61.3
22
+ 2030-06-21,123.156725,22.909044,123.155508,22.908042,5.41,48.2,0.971,0.035,48.8,0.588,0.043,48.6,19.51,0.5934,1.1454,31.1,62.3
23
+ 2030-06-22,124.786550,23.419861,124.785316,23.418840,5.49,48.0,0.985,0.035,48.6,0.596,0.043,48.3,19.53,0.5961,1.1332,31.6,63.3
24
+ 2030-06-23,126.431527,23.928157,126.430277,23.927119,5.56,47.7,0.998,0.035,48.3,0.603,0.043,48.1,19.54,0.5995,1.1212,32.1,64.3
25
+ 2030-06-24,128.091674,24.432797,128.090407,24.431742,5.63,47.5,1.010,0.035,48.1,0.611,0.043,47.9,19.56,0.6036,1.1095,32.6,65.2
26
+ 2030-06-25,129.767028,24.932600,129.765744,24.931529,5.70,47.4,1.023,0.036,48.0,0.618,0.043,47.7,19.58,0.6082,1.0981,33.1,66.0
27
+ 2030-06-26,131.457644,25.426344,131.456341,25.425259,5.76,47.3,1.035,0.036,47.9,0.625,0.043,47.7,19.61,0.6134,1.0870,33.7,66.8
28
+ 2030-06-27,133.163580,25.912777,133.162258,25.911678,5.83,47.3,1.047,0.036,47.8,0.632,0.043,47.6,19.63,0.6191,1.0762,34.3,67.6
29
+ 2030-06-28,134.884890,26.390619,134.883547,26.389509,5.89,47.3,1.059,0.037,47.8,0.639,0.043,47.7,19.65,0.6254,1.0657,34.9,68.3
30
+ 2030-06-29,136.621611,26.858571,136.620247,26.857451,5.95,47.4,1.070,0.037,47.9,0.646,0.044,47.7,19.67,0.6322,1.0556,35.5,68.9
31
+ 2030-06-30,138.373752,27.315323,138.372365,27.314194,6.01,47.5,1.081,0.038,48.0,0.652,0.044,47.9,19.70,0.6395,1.0458,36.1,69.5
32
+ 2030-07-01,140.141278,27.759557,140.139868,27.758421,6.07,47.7,1.092,0.039,48.2,0.659,0.044,48.1,19.72,0.6473,1.0363,36.7,70.0
33
+ 2030-07-02,141.924099,28.189958,141.922665,28.188817,6.13,47.9,1.102,0.039,48.5,0.665,0.045,48.3,19.74,0.6555,1.0272,37.4,70.4
34
+ 2030-07-03,143.722055,28.605220,143.720596,28.604077,6.18,48.3,1.113,0.040,48.8,0.670,0.045,48.6,19.76,0.6641,1.0185,38.1,70.8
35
+ 2030-07-04,145.534906,29.004053,145.533420,29.002908,6.24,48.6,1.122,0.041,49.1,0.676,0.045,49.0,19.78,0.6731,1.0102,38.8,71.1
36
+ 2030-07-05,147.362315,29.385190,147.360802,29.384045,6.29,49.0,1.131,0.041,49.5,0.681,0.046,49.4,19.81,0.6824,1.0023,39.5,71.4
37
+ 2030-07-06,149.203844,29.747393,149.202302,29.746250,6.33,49.5,1.140,0.042,50.0,0.686,0.046,49.9,19.83,0.6921,0.9948,40.2,71.6
38
+ 2030-07-07,151.058938,30.089463,151.057368,30.088325,6.38,50.0,1.148,0.043,50.5,0.691,0.047,50.4,19.85,0.7021,0.9877,41.0,71.7
39
+ 2030-07-08,152.926922,30.410248,152.925324,30.409116,6.42,50.6,1.157,0.044,51.1,0.696,0.048,50.9,19.87,0.7125,0.9809,41.7,71.8
40
+ 2030-07-09,154.806997,30.708644,154.805369,30.707520,6.46,51.2,1.164,0.045,51.7,0.700,0.048,51.6,19.89,0.7230,0.9746,42.5,71.8
41
+ 2030-07-10,156.698232,30.983612,156.696574,30.982498,6.50,51.9,1.171,0.046,52.3,0.704,0.049,52.2,19.90,0.7339,0.9687,43.3,71.8
42
+ 2030-07-11,158.599566,31.234177,158.597879,31.233075,6.54,52.6,1.177,0.047,53.0,0.708,0.050,52.9,19.92,0.7450,0.9633,44.1,71.8
43
+ 2030-07-12,160.509812,31.459440,160.508096,31.458352,6.57,53.4,1.184,0.048,53.8,0.712,0.050,53.7,19.94,0.7563,0.9582,44.9,71.6
44
+ 2030-07-13,162.427660,31.658584,162.425914,31.657511,6.60,54.2,1.189,0.049,54.5,0.715,0.051,54.4,19.96,0.7678,0.9536,45.7,71.5
45
+ 2030-07-14,164.351682,31.830881,164.349908,31.829825,6.62,55.0,1.193,0.050,55.3,0.717,0.052,55.3,19.97,0.7795,0.9494,46.6,71.3
46
+ 2030-07-15,166.280346,31.975699,166.278545,31.974662,6.65,55.8,1.197,0.051,56.2,0.720,0.053,56.1,19.99,0.7913,0.9457,47.4,71.0
47
+ 2030-07-16,168.212021,32.092513,168.210194,32.091497,6.67,56.7,1.202,0.052,57.0,0.722,0.054,57.0,20.00,0.8033,0.9423,48.2,70.7
48
+ 2030-07-17,170.144992,32.180905,170.143140,32.179911,6.68,57.6,1.205,0.053,57.9,0.724,0.055,57.8,20.02,0.8155,0.9394,49.1,70.4
49
+ 2030-07-18,172.077474,32.240576,172.075599,32.239606,6.69,58.5,1.207,0.055,58.8,0.725,0.056,58.7,20.03,0.8277,0.9370,49.9,70.0
50
+ 2030-07-19,174.007622,32.271345,174.005726,32.270399,6.70,59.5,1.208,0.056,59.7,0.725,0.057,59.7,20.05,0.8401,0.9349,50.8,69.6
51
+ 2030-07-20,175.933554,32.273153,175.931638,32.272233,6.71,60.4,1.209,0.057,60.6,0.726,0.058,60.6,20.06,0.8526,0.9333,51.7,69.2
52
+ 2030-07-21,177.853363,32.246065,177.851429,32.245173,6.71,61.4,1.209,0.058,61.6,0.726,0.059,61.5,20.08,0.8652,0.9322,52.5,68.7
53
+ 2030-07-22,179.765138,32.190268,179.763188,32.189403,6.71,62.4,1.208,0.060,62.5,0.726,0.060,62.5,20.09,0.8779,0.9314,53.4,68.3
54
+ 2030-07-23,181.666984,32.106065,181.665021,32.105230,6.70,63.3,1.207,0.061,63.4,0.725,0.061,63.5,20.11,0.8906,0.9311,54.2,67.8
55
+ 2030-07-24,183.557037,31.993880,183.555063,31.993074,6.69,64.3,1.205,0.062,64.4,0.724,0.062,64.4,20.12,0.9034,0.9312,55.1,67.2
56
+ 2030-07-25,185.433485,31.854245,185.431502,31.853469,6.68,65.3,1.203,0.063,65.3,0.722,0.063,65.3,20.14,0.9163,0.9318,55.9,66.7
57
+ 2030-07-26,187.294582,31.687796,187.292592,31.687050,6.66,66.2,1.198,0.065,66.3,0.720,0.065,66.3,20.15,0.9292,0.9327,56.8,66.1
58
+ 2030-07-27,189.138664,31.495269,189.136670,31.494555,6.64,67.2,1.194,0.066,67.2,0.718,0.066,67.2,20.17,0.9422,0.9341,57.6,65.5
59
+ 2030-07-28,190.964161,31.277492,190.962166,31.276808,6.61,68.1,1.190,0.067,68.1,0.715,0.067,68.2,20.18,0.9552,0.9359,58.4,65.0
60
+ 2030-07-29,192.769608,31.035372,192.767615,31.034719,6.58,69.1,1.185,0.068,69.0,0.712,0.068,69.1,20.20,0.9682,0.9381,59.3,64.3
61
+ 2030-07-30,194.553656,30.769890,194.551665,30.769268,6.55,70.0,1.178,0.069,69.9,0.708,0.070,70.0,20.22,0.9813,0.9407,60.1,63.7
62
+ 2030-07-31,196.315072,30.482092,196.313087,30.481500,6.52,70.9,1.172,0.071,70.8,0.704,0.071,70.9,20.23,0.9944,0.9438,60.9,63.1
63
+ 2030-08-01,198.052751,30.173076,198.050773,30.172514,6.48,71.8,1.164,0.072,71.6,0.700,0.072,71.7,20.25,1.0075,0.9472,61.7,62.5
64
+ 2030-08-02,199.765711,29.843984,199.763744,29.843451,6.43,72.7,1.157,0.073,72.4,0.695,0.074,72.6,20.27,1.0206,0.9510,62.4,61.8
65
+ 2030-08-03,201.453102,29.495990,201.451147,29.495487,6.39,73.5,1.147,0.074,73.3,0.690,0.075,73.4,20.29,1.0337,0.9552,63.2,61.2
66
+ 2030-08-04,203.114196,29.130293,203.112255,29.129818,6.34,74.3,1.138,0.075,74.0,0.685,0.076,74.2,20.31,1.0468,0.9599,64.0,60.6
67
+ 2030-08-05,204.748393,28.748104,204.746467,28.747657,6.29,75.2,1.129,0.076,74.8,0.679,0.078,75.0,20.33,1.0600,0.9649,64.7,59.9
68
+ 2030-08-06,206.355210,28.350640,206.353300,28.350219,6.24,75.9,1.119,0.077,75.5,0.673,0.079,75.7,20.34,1.0731,0.9703,65.4,59.3
69
+ 2030-08-07,207.934282,27.939110,207.932392,27.938715,6.18,76.7,1.108,0.078,76.3,0.667,0.080,76.5,20.37,1.0862,0.9760,66.1,58.6
70
+ 2030-08-08,209.485358,27.514714,209.483487,27.514344,6.12,77.4,1.097,0.079,77.0,0.661,0.081,77.2,20.39,1.0993,0.9822,66.8,58.0
71
+ 2030-08-09,211.008288,27.078632,211.006438,27.078287,6.06,78.1,1.085,0.080,77.6,0.654,0.083,77.9,20.41,1.1124,0.9887,67.5,57.3
72
+ 2030-08-10,212.503025,26.632018,212.501198,26.631696,6.00,78.8,1.073,0.081,78.3,0.647,0.084,78.6,20.43,1.1255,0.9955,68.1,56.7
73
+ 2030-08-11,213.969616,26.175996,213.967811,26.175696,5.93,79.5,1.061,0.082,78.9,0.639,0.085,79.2,20.45,1.1385,1.0027,68.8,56.1
74
+ 2030-08-12,215.408192,25.711655,215.406411,25.711376,5.86,80.1,1.048,0.083,79.5,0.632,0.086,79.8,20.47,1.1516,1.0103,69.4,55.4
75
+ 2030-08-13,216.818965,25.240046,216.817209,25.239788,5.79,80.7,1.036,0.084,80.0,0.625,0.087,80.4,20.50,1.1646,1.0182,70.0,54.8
76
+ 2030-08-14,218.202221,24.762184,218.200489,24.761945,5.72,81.3,1.023,0.084,80.6,0.617,0.088,81.0,20.52,1.1776,1.0265,70.5,54.2
77
+ 2030-08-15,219.558305,24.279040,219.556600,24.278819,5.65,81.9,1.009,0.085,81.1,0.609,0.090,81.5,20.55,1.1906,1.0351,71.1,53.6
78
+ 2030-08-16,220.887622,23.791545,220.885942,23.791341,5.58,82.4,0.996,0.086,81.6,0.601,0.091,82.0,20.57,1.2036,1.0440,71.6,53.0
79
+ 2030-08-17,222.190621,23.300587,222.188968,23.300399,5.51,83.0,0.982,0.086,82.1,0.593,0.092,82.5,20.60,1.2165,1.0533,72.1,52.4
80
+ 2030-08-18,223.467792,22.807011,223.466166,22.806839,5.43,83.5,0.968,0.087,82.5,0.585,0.093,83.0,20.62,1.2294,1.0628,72.6,51.8
81
+ 2030-08-19,224.719658,22.311618,224.718059,22.311461,5.36,83.9,0.955,0.088,82.9,0.577,0.093,83.4,20.65,1.2423,1.0727,73.1,51.2
82
+ 2030-08-20,225.946767,21.815166,225.945194,21.815023,5.28,84.4,0.940,0.088,83.3,0.569,0.094,83.9,20.68,1.2551,1.0829,73.5,50.6
83
+ 2030-08-21,227.149688,21.318369,227.148142,21.318239,5.21,84.8,0.927,0.089,83.7,0.561,0.095,84.3,20.70,1.2679,1.0934,74.0,50.1
84
+ 2030-08-22,228.329007,20.821896,228.327487,20.821777,5.13,85.2,0.912,0.089,84.1,0.552,0.096,84.7,20.73,1.2807,1.1042,74.4,49.5
85
+ 2030-08-23,229.485318,20.326373,229.483825,20.326266,5.06,85.6,0.898,0.090,84.4,0.544,0.097,85.0,20.76,1.2935,1.1153,74.7,49.0
86
+ 2030-08-24,230.619228,19.832387,230.617761,19.832290,4.98,86.0,0.885,0.090,84.7,0.536,0.098,85.4,20.79,1.3062,1.1266,75.1,48.4
87
+ 2030-08-25,231.731343,19.340479,231.729902,19.340393,4.90,86.4,0.870,0.090,85.0,0.528,0.098,85.7,20.81,1.3189,1.1383,75.4,47.9
88
+ 2030-08-26,232.822273,18.851156,232.820858,18.851079,4.83,86.7,0.856,0.091,85.3,0.519,0.099,86.0,20.84,1.3315,1.1502,75.8,47.4
89
+ 2030-08-27,233.892623,18.364884,233.891234,18.364816,4.75,87.0,0.843,0.091,85.6,0.511,0.100,86.3,20.87,1.3441,1.1623,76.1,46.9
90
+ 2030-08-28,234.942994,17.882093,234.941631,17.882032,4.68,87.3,0.829,0.091,85.8,0.503,0.100,86.6,20.90,1.3567,1.1748,76.4,46.4
91
+ 2030-08-29,235.973981,17.403178,235.972642,17.403125,4.60,87.6,0.815,0.091,86.1,0.495,0.101,86.9,20.93,1.3692,1.1875,76.6,45.9
92
+ 2030-08-30,236.986166,16.928500,236.984852,16.928454,4.53,87.9,0.801,0.092,86.3,0.487,0.101,87.2,20.96,1.3818,1.2004,76.9,45.4
93
+ 2030-08-31,237.980120,16.458390,237.978830,16.458351,4.46,88.2,0.788,0.092,86.5,0.479,0.102,87.4,20.99,1.3942,1.2136,77.1,44.9
94
+ 2030-09-01,238.956401,15.993146,238.955135,15.993112,4.38,88.4,0.774,0.092,86.7,0.471,0.102,87.6,21.02,1.4066,1.2270,77.3,44.4
95
+ 2030-09-02,239.915552,15.533034,239.914310,15.533006,4.31,88.6,0.761,0.092,86.9,0.463,0.103,87.8,21.05,1.4190,1.2407,77.5,44.0
96
+ 2030-09-03,240.858102,15.078294,240.856883,15.078271,4.24,88.9,0.748,0.092,87.0,0.456,0.103,88.0,21.08,1.4314,1.2545,77.6,43.5
97
+ 2030-09-04,241.784567,14.629137,241.783371,14.629118,4.17,89.1,0.735,0.092,87.2,0.448,0.103,88.2,21.11,1.4437,1.2686,77.8,43.1
98
+ 2030-09-05,242.695447,14.185746,242.694273,14.185732,4.10,89.3,0.723,0.092,87.3,0.440,0.104,88.4,21.14,1.4560,1.2829,77.9,42.6
99
+ 2030-09-06,243.591229,13.748281,243.590077,13.748270,4.03,89.4,0.710,0.092,87.4,0.433,0.104,88.6,21.17,1.4682,1.2975,78.0,42.2
100
+ 2030-09-07,244.472389,13.316878,244.471258,13.316870,3.96,89.6,0.697,0.092,87.5,0.426,0.104,88.7,21.20,1.4804,1.3122,78.1,41.8
101
+ 2030-09-08,245.339391,12.891649,245.338281,12.891645,3.89,89.8,0.685,0.092,87.6,0.419,0.105,88.9,21.23,1.4926,1.3271,78.2,41.4
102
+ 2030-09-09,246.192687,12.472691,246.191598,12.472690,3.83,89.9,0.673,0.092,87.7,0.411,0.105,89.0,21.26,1.5047,1.3422,78.2,40.9
103
+ 2030-09-10,247.032720,12.060078,247.031651,12.060080,3.76,90.1,0.661,0.092,87.8,0.404,0.105,89.1,21.30,1.5168,1.3576,78.3,40.5
104
+ 2030-09-11,247.859921,11.653873,247.858872,11.653877,3.70,90.2,0.650,0.092,87.9,0.398,0.105,89.3,21.33,1.5288,1.3731,78.3,40.2
105
+ 2030-09-12,248.674712,11.254122,248.673682,11.254129,3.64,90.3,0.638,0.092,87.9,0.391,0.105,89.3,21.36,1.5408,1.3887,78.3,39.8
106
+ 2030-09-13,249.477505,10.860860,249.476494,10.860868,3.57,90.5,0.627,0.092,88.0,0.384,0.105,89.5,21.39,1.5528,1.4046,78.3,39.4
107
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+ 2030-09-16,251.817831,9.720194,251.816875,9.720207,3.39,90.8,0.594,0.092,88.1,0.365,0.106,89.7,21.48,1.5884,1.4532,78.2,38.3
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+ 2030-09-17,252.576511,9.353033,252.575572,9.353047,3.34,90.9,0.584,0.091,88.1,0.359,0.106,89.8,21.51,1.6002,1.4697,78.1,37.9
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+ 2030-09-18,253.325074,8.992391,253.324152,8.992407,3.28,91.0,0.573,0.091,88.2,0.353,0.106,89.8,21.54,1.6119,1.4864,78.0,37.6
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+ 2030-09-19,254.063859,8.638255,254.062954,8.638271,3.22,91.0,0.563,0.091,88.2,0.347,0.106,89.9,21.57,1.6237,1.5033,77.9,37.2
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+ 2030-09-20,254.793194,8.290601,254.792305,8.290618,3.17,91.1,0.554,0.091,88.2,0.341,0.106,90.0,21.60,1.6353,1.5203,77.8,36.9
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+ 2030-09-21,255.513394,7.949403,255.512520,7.949421,3.11,91.2,0.544,0.091,88.2,0.335,0.106,90.0,21.63,1.6470,1.5374,77.7,36.6
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+ 2030-09-22,256.224762,7.614629,256.223905,7.614648,3.06,91.2,0.534,0.090,88.1,0.329,0.106,90.0,21.66,1.6586,1.5547,77.5,36.2
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+ 2030-09-23,256.927592,7.286243,256.926750,7.286262,3.01,91.3,0.525,0.090,88.1,0.324,0.106,90.1,21.69,1.6701,1.5721,77.4,35.9
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+ 2030-09-24,257.622164,6.964204,257.621337,6.964223,2.96,91.4,0.516,0.090,88.1,0.318,0.105,90.1,21.72,1.6817,1.5896,77.2,35.6
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+ 2030-09-25,258.308748,6.648469,258.307935,6.648489,2.91,91.4,0.507,0.090,88.1,0.313,0.105,90.2,21.75,1.6931,1.6073,77.0,35.3
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+ 2030-09-26,258.987603,6.338992,258.986804,6.339012,2.86,91.4,0.498,0.090,88.1,0.308,0.105,90.2,21.78,1.7046,1.6250,76.9,35.0
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+ 2030-09-27,259.658973,6.035725,259.658188,6.035745,2.81,91.5,0.489,0.089,88.0,0.303,0.105,90.2,21.81,1.7160,1.6430,76.7,34.6
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+ 2030-09-28,260.323094,5.738614,260.322323,5.738635,2.76,91.5,0.481,0.089,88.0,0.298,0.105,90.2,21.84,1.7274,1.6610,76.5,34.3
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+ 2030-09-29,260.980188,5.447606,260.979430,5.447627,2.72,91.6,0.472,0.089,87.9,0.293,0.105,90.2,21.87,1.7387,1.6791,76.2,34.0
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+ 2030-09-30,261.630466,5.162644,261.629721,5.162664,2.67,91.6,0.464,0.088,87.9,0.288,0.105,90.2,21.90,1.7500,1.6973,76.0,33.7
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+ 2030-10-01,262.274126,4.883665,262.273394,4.883686,2.63,91.6,0.456,0.088,87.9,0.284,0.105,90.3,21.93,1.7612,1.7157,75.8,33.4
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+ 2030-10-02,262.911359,4.610607,262.910639,4.610627,2.59,91.6,0.448,0.088,87.8,0.279,0.105,90.2,21.96,1.7724,1.7341,75.5,33.2
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+ 2030-10-03,263.542346,4.343402,263.541638,4.343422,2.54,91.7,0.441,0.088,87.7,0.274,0.104,90.2,21.99,1.7836,1.7527,75.3,32.9
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+ 2030-10-04,264.167259,4.081979,264.166563,4.082000,2.50,91.7,0.433,0.087,87.7,0.270,0.104,90.2,22.02,1.7947,1.7713,75.0,32.6
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+ 2030-10-05,264.786266,3.826267,264.785581,3.826288,2.46,91.7,0.426,0.087,87.6,0.266,0.104,90.3,22.04,1.8058,1.7900,74.7,32.3
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+ 2030-10-06,265.399530,3.576192,265.398857,3.576212,2.42,91.7,0.419,0.087,87.5,0.261,0.104,90.2,22.07,1.8169,1.8088,74.4,32.0
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+ 2030-10-07,266.007208,3.331677,266.006546,3.331697,2.38,91.7,0.412,0.087,87.5,0.257,0.104,90.3,22.10,1.8279,1.8277,74.1,31.7
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+ 2030-10-08,266.609455,3.092647,266.608804,3.092666,2.34,91.7,0.405,0.086,87.4,0.253,0.103,90.2,22.13,1.8389,1.8467,73.8,31.5
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+ 2030-10-09,267.206421,2.859024,267.205780,2.859044,2.30,91.7,0.398,0.086,87.3,0.249,0.103,90.2,22.15,1.8498,1.8657,73.5,31.2
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+ 2030-10-10,267.798252,2.630734,267.797622,2.630753,2.27,91.8,0.392,0.086,87.2,0.245,0.103,90.1,22.18,1.8607,1.8848,73.2,30.9
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+ 2030-10-12,268.967083,2.189847,268.966473,2.189865,2.20,91.8,0.379,0.085,87.1,0.238,0.103,90.2,22.23,1.8824,1.9232,72.5,30.4
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+ 2030-10-13,269.544359,1.977101,269.543759,1.977119,2.16,91.8,0.373,0.085,87.0,0.234,0.102,90.1,22.26,1.8932,1.9425,72.2,30.1
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+ 2030-10-14,270.117054,1.769390,270.116463,1.769408,2.13,91.8,0.367,0.085,86.9,0.231,0.102,90.2,22.29,1.9040,1.9619,71.9,29.9
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+ 2030-10-15,270.685296,1.566642,270.684714,1.566660,2.09,91.8,0.361,0.084,86.8,0.227,0.102,90.0,22.31,1.9147,1.9813,71.5,29.6
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+ 2030-10-16,271.249209,1.368788,271.248636,1.368806,2.06,91.8,0.355,0.084,86.7,0.224,0.102,90.1,22.34,1.9254,2.0008,71.1,29.3
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+ 2030-10-17,271.808913,1.175758,271.808350,1.175775,2.03,91.8,0.349,0.084,86.6,0.220,0.102,90.0,22.37,1.9360,2.0203,70.8,29.1
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+ 2030-10-18,272.364525,0.987484,272.363970,0.987501,2.00,91.8,0.344,0.083,86.5,0.217,0.101,90.0,22.39,1.9466,2.0399,70.4,28.8
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+ 2030-10-19,272.916156,0.803901,272.915610,0.803918,1.97,91.7,0.338,0.083,86.4,0.214,0.101,90.0,22.42,1.9572,2.0595,70.0,28.6
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+ "neowise": {
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+ "ra": "323.8183919",
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+ "dec": "36.7850983",
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+ "mjd": "57908.29312617",
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+ "w1mpro": "15.744",
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+ "w1sigmpro": "0.169",
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+ "w2mpro": "12.823",
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+ }
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papers/dark_comet/data/2016_TA56/neowise_detections.csv ADDED
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1
+ mjd,ra_deg,dec_deg,r_au,delta_au,phase_deg,w1mpro,w1sigmpro,w1snr,w2mpro,w2sigmpro,w2snr,qual_frame,cc_flags,ph_qual,nb,w2_in_fit,w2_note,w1_model_mag_eta1.4
2
+ 57739.571517,28.3567502,-35.1775815,1.6235,1.1270,36.6,16.629,,0.9,14.016,0.149,7.3,10,0000,UB,1,yes,used,
3
+ 57739.702548,28.3108106,-35.1736614,1.6219,1.1269,36.7,15.790,0.162,6.7,15.077,0.537,2.0,5,0000,BC,1,no,S/N below 4,17.69
4
+ 57740.030062,28.2080599,-35.1647017,1.6181,1.1266,36.8,17.049,,-0.3,13.889,0.164,6.6,10,0000,UB,1,yes,used,
5
+ 57740.161093,28.1665996,-35.1599122,1.6166,1.1264,36.9,17.199,,-1.3,14.074,0.228,4.8,10,0000,UB,1,yes,used,
6
+ 57740.226545,28.1448028,-35.1590570,1.6158,1.1263,36.9,16.448,,1.7,14.291,0.220,4.9,10,0000,UB,1,yes,used,
7
+ 57740.292124,28.1240003,-35.1566671,1.6150,1.1263,36.9,15.705,0.183,5.9,14.054,0.157,6.9,10,0000,BB,1,yes,used,17.67
8
+ 57740.423028,28.0822751,-35.1523655,1.6135,1.1261,37.0,16.752,0.386,2.8,13.947,0.159,6.8,10,0000,CB,1,yes,used,
9
+ 57740.554059,28.0409852,-35.1480524,1.6119,1.1260,37.0,16.332,,1.6,13.736,0.118,9.2,10,0000,UB,1,yes,used,
10
+ 57907.180193,324.1750709,36.7238945,1.3891,0.9603,46.9,14.700,0.144,7.5,14.890,0.350,3.1,5,0000,BB,1,no,S/N below 4,16.52
11
+ 57907.311096,324.1349267,36.7292406,1.3907,0.9607,46.8,15.569,0.155,7.0,12.857,0.061,17.7,5,0000,BA,2,yes,used,16.52
12
+ 57907.441999,324.0931253,36.7367403,1.3924,0.9611,46.8,15.970,0.230,4.7,12.646,0.112,9.7,5,0000,BB,1,yes,used,16.53
13
+ 57907.507451,324.0715406,36.7437620,1.3932,0.9613,46.7,15.896,0.336,3.2,15.282,,-0.6,5,0000,BU,1,no,S/N below 4,
14
+ 57907.572902,324.0513816,36.7444327,1.3940,0.9615,46.7,15.923,0.212,5.1,12.757,0.082,13.2,10,0000,BA,1,yes,used,16.54
15
+ 57907.638482,324.0303252,36.7485087,1.3948,0.9617,46.7,16.543,0.427,2.5,13.007,0.066,16.5,10,0000,CA,1,yes,used,
16
+ 57907.769385,323.9881002,36.7560800,1.3965,0.9621,46.6,16.359,0.318,3.4,13.177,0.093,11.6,5,0000,BA,1,yes,used,
17
+ 57907.834837,323.9670901,36.7597603,1.3973,0.9623,46.6,15.359,0.139,7.8,12.796,0.060,18.2,5,0000,BA,1,yes,used,16.55
18
+ 57907.900289,323.9488434,36.7620103,1.3981,0.9625,46.5,14.133,0.057,18.9,13.851,0.129,8.4,5,0000,AB,1,no,set aside: differs from its apparition's median by more than 3 robust sd,16.56
19
+ 57907.965740,323.9234718,36.7643963,1.3989,0.9627,46.5,12.093,0.023,47.9,12.318,0.057,19.1,5,0000,AA,2,yes,used,16.56
20
+ 57908.162223,323.8611027,36.7781060,1.4014,0.9633,46.4,16.433,0.336,3.2,12.967,0.089,12.2,5,0000,BA,1,yes,used,
21
+ 57908.293126,323.8183919,36.7850983,1.4030,0.9637,46.3,15.744,0.169,6.4,12.823,0.068,15.9,10,0000,BA,1,yes,used,16.58
papers/dark_comet/data/2016_TA56/obs80.txt ADDED
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10
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11
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12
+ ~16Zj 3C2007 09 14.52538202 25 22.261-04 30 43.15 22.16GV~9pjoT14
13
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14
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15
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16
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21
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22
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68
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12
+ "chi2": 28.419260443993753,
13
+ "D_range": [
14
+ 1.4055076657978476,
15
+ 3.719809484729916
16
+ ],
17
+ "change": -0.0008215175607619862
18
+ },
19
+ {
20
+ "variant": "G 0.25",
21
+ "D_km": 2.4443632093929124,
22
+ "pv": 0.016546970208948606,
23
+ "chi2": 28.442498432484694,
24
+ "D_range": [
25
+ 1.414949040810585,
26
+ 3.7199021257658247
27
+ ],
28
+ "change": 0.0008184024745003793
29
+ },
30
+ {
31
+ "variant": "p_IR/p_V 1.0",
32
+ "D_km": 2.445868669793,
33
+ "pv": 0.016526606775495698,
34
+ "chi2": 28.389598977428403,
35
+ "D_range": [
36
+ 1.4122351128659025,
37
+ 3.725195671689691
38
+ ],
39
+ "change": 0.001434797152187528
40
+ },
41
+ {
42
+ "variant": "p_IR/p_V 2.0",
43
+ "D_km": 2.440025380189892,
44
+ "pv": 0.016605856263064978,
45
+ "chi2": 28.459007851587614,
46
+ "D_range": [
47
+ 1.408920103141284,
48
+ 3.7162933861373086
49
+ ],
50
+ "change": -0.0009576753507966052
51
+ },
52
+ {
53
+ "variant": "emissivity 0.95",
54
+ "D_km": 2.555900871200142,
55
+ "pv": 0.01513428645585668,
56
+ "chi2": 28.237205728922742,
57
+ "D_range": [
58
+ 1.4641095046726895,
59
+ 3.915067146011252
60
+ ],
61
+ "change": 0.04648630652276031
62
+ },
63
+ {
64
+ "variant": "floor 0.05",
65
+ "D_km": 2.4605457009621237,
66
+ "pv": 0.01633003404852991,
67
+ "chi2": 57.270615265287226,
68
+ "D_range": [
69
+ 1.425193727149747,
70
+ 3.7387128438120953
71
+ ],
72
+ "change": 0.007444150766783508
73
+ },
74
+ {
75
+ "variant": "floor 0.20",
76
+ "D_km": 2.423066294948767,
77
+ "pv": 0.016839119104183967,
78
+ "chi2": 10.305211046381775,
79
+ "D_range": [
80
+ 1.3937753139892426,
81
+ 3.7015190492225893
82
+ ],
83
+ "change": -0.007901391625542376
84
+ }
85
+ ]
86
+ }
papers/dark_comet/data/sbdb_A2.json ADDED
The diff for this file is too large to render. See raw diff
 
papers/dark_comet/data/table_S1_screen.csv ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,612 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ designation,A2_au_d2,A2_snr,A1_snr,A3_snr,H,D_used_m,D_source,xi_500kgm3_albedo0.5,xi_2000kgm3_albedo0.14,T_J,q_au,orbit_class,n_obs,arc_days,damit_cos_obliquity,spin_sign,published_status
2
+ 457175 (2008 GO98),-1.1508e-09,-11.16,11.54,-1.83,12.91,4921,H at albedo 0.5,8333,6.299e+04,2.927,2.8643,OMB,1742,8774,,,active comet 362P
3
+ 2012 UR158,-7.2024e-12,-118.85,,,20.67,629,measured,6.666,26.66,3.003,0.3174,APO,148,5034,,,dark comet
4
+ 883607 (2016 TA56),-3.1858e-12,-8.89,,,18.13,445,H at albedo 0.5,2.085,15.76,2.690,0.5884,APO,94,6844,,,dark-comet candidate (this paper)
5
+ 452639 (2005 UY6),-5.3814e-13,-11.27,,,18.14,2249,measured,1.781,7.123,2.941,0.2860,APO,219,7587,,,dark comet
6
+ 523599 (2003 RM),3.2869e-12,110.19,,,19.63,223,H at albedo 0.5,1.078,8.148,2.953,1.1307,AMO,374,7402,,,dark comet
7
+ 875163 (1998 SH2),-6.9607e-13,-14.21,,,20.88,383,measured,0.3923,1.569,2.913,0.7850,APO,394,9900,,,"active comet, a weak tail imaged in 2025 (Farnocchia et al. 2026)"
8
+ 152667 (1998 FR11),2.6000e-13,4.48,,,16.41,982,H at albedo 0.5,0.3756,2.839,2.885,0.8202,APO,393,25630,,,dark comet
9
+ 139359 (2001 ME1),-2.3754e-13,-12.22,,,16.52,933,H at albedo 0.5,0.3262,2.466,2.673,0.3434,APO,740,8772,,,dark comet
10
+ 428209 (2006 VC),6.4465e-13,3.69,,,20.09,180,H at albedo 0.5,0.171,1.293,3.719,0.9860,APO,177,7139,,,
11
+ 2006 RH120,-4.6164e-11,-6.69,17.82,-3.44,29.50,2,H at albedo 0.5,0.1607,1.215,5.926,1.0079,APO,136,284,,,dark comet
12
+ 434632 (2005 WE),-4.4031e-14,-3.07,,,19.85,1150,measured,0.07451,0.298,5.409,0.8617,APO,260,7427,,,
13
+ 2000 AA6,1.4831e-13,7.60,,,22.44,316,measured,0.06896,0.2758,4.894,0.6183,APO,151,6943,,,
14
+ 613995 (2008 NP3),-2.2541e-13,-31.61,,,22.85,193,measured,0.06401,0.2561,6.005,0.6693,APO,165,6139,,,
15
+ 4179 Toutatis (1989 AC),-7.6546e-15,-7.84,-3.39,,15.29,5400,measured,0.06082,0.2433,3.138,0.9546,APO,7141,33698,,,
16
+ 424392 (2007 YJ),-1.6457e-13,-6.73,,,22.11,239,measured,0.05787,0.2315,5.599,0.7947,APO,189,5459,,,
17
+ 3200 Phaethon (1983 TB),-6.2113e-15,-17.45,,,14.38,6250,measured,0.05712,0.2285,4.509,0.1403,APO,8682,15692,-0.883,agrees,
18
+ 410777 (2009 FD),8.1849e-14,7.90,,,22.18,472,measured,0.05685,0.2274,5.291,0.5902,APO,516,5523,,,
19
+ 65679 (1989 UQ),-3.9604e-14,-4.71,,,19.62,918,measured,0.0535,0.214,6.496,0.6728,ATE,1164,25910,,,
20
+ 1996 GQ,-1.7442e-13,-4.14,,,23.19,208,measured,0.05338,0.2135,3.690,1.0051,APO,97,10114,,,
21
+ 90416 (2003 YK118),-3.2753e-14,-5.89,,,18.83,968,measured,0.04665,0.1866,4.053,0.8608,APO,932,12084,,,
22
+ 2011 CL50,4.3816e-12,14.94,,,27.30,7,H at albedo 0.5,0.04202,0.3176,6.724,0.7504,ATE,131,3628,,,
23
+ 337248 (2000 RH60),-3.3540e-14,-7.51,,,20.08,846,measured,0.04175,0.167,6.926,0.3705,ATE,628,8813,,,
24
+ 7350 (1993 VA),-1.4685e-14,-5.98,,,17.16,1921,measured,0.04151,0.166,4.769,0.8257,APO,2218,23008,,,
25
+ 2002 BF25,1.6631e-13,48.78,,,22.62,152,measured,0.0372,0.1488,5.722,0.8366,APO,147,7315,,,
26
+ 163348 (2002 NN4),3.3057e-14,8.30,,,20.05,735,measured,0.03575,0.143,6.676,0.4952,ATE,790,8435,,,
27
+ 86666 (2000 FL10),-2.0759e-14,-4.98,,,16.88,1165,measured,0.03558,0.1423,4.395,0.8384,APO,2114,9223,,,
28
+ 511684 (2015 BN509),7.6711e-14,5.96,,,20.77,315,measured,0.03556,0.1422,5.889,0.4345,APO,592,7342,,,
29
+ 4688 (1980 WF),-3.7756e-14,-4.71,,,19.60,600,measured,0.03333,0.1333,3.444,1.0768,AMO,332,14739,,,
30
+ 393569 (2003 JC13),-4.1040e-14,-5.38,,,20.30,551,measured,0.03327,0.1331,5.729,0.7302,APO,522,8408,,,
31
+ 162173 Ryugu (1999 JU3),-2.4873e-14,-4.96,,,19.55,896,measured,0.03279,0.1312,5.303,0.9634,APO,5124,14345,,,
32
+ 99907 (1989 VA),1.5430e-14,16.70,,,17.96,1400,measured,0.03179,0.1271,7.670,0.2952,ATE,1591,13198,,,
33
+ 162080 (1998 DG16),-2.5594e-14,-5.11,,,19.91,777,measured,0.02926,0.117,6.546,0.5755,ATE,723,16470,,,
34
+ 325102 (2008 EY5),-5.4970e-14,-3.93,,,20.17,361,measured,0.0292,0.1168,8.847,0.2337,ATE,175,4347,,,
35
+ 2101 Adonis (1936 CA),-3.2679e-14,-6.20,,,18.69,600,measured,0.02885,0.1154,3.551,0.4420,APO,155,32656,,,
36
+ 441823 (2009 QO5),-2.7232e-13,-4.07,,,22.11,71,H at albedo 0.5,0.0285,0.2154,4.324,1.2157,AMO,105,5794,,,
37
+ 387746 (2003 MH4),-5.1622e-14,-3.76,,,20.13,366,measured,0.0278,0.1112,3.703,0.9554,APO,581,8250,,,
38
+ 294739 (2008 CM),-2.4472e-14,-3.44,,,17.04,740,measured,0.02665,0.1066,4.133,0.9270,APO,1912,6471,,,
39
+ 11398 (1998 YP11),-1.3588e-14,-4.60,,,16.36,1316,measured,0.02631,0.1052,4.046,1.0514,AMO,5443,15978,,,
40
+ 136564 (1977 VA),-4.4050e-14,-4.62,,,19.28,400,measured,0.02593,0.1037,3.888,1.1301,AMO,302,17420,,,
41
+ 161989 Cacus (1978 CA),-9.2365e-15,-6.09,,,17.31,1900,measured,0.02582,0.1033,5.449,0.8826,APO,1798,16425,-1.000,agrees,
42
+ 613714 (2007 DL41),-1.3595e-13,-4.34,,,20.82,129,H at albedo 0.5,0.02577,0.1948,4.497,0.7629,APO,141,5390,,,
43
+ 836356 (2012 OQ),2.2094e-13,4.06,,,21.88,79,H at albedo 0.5,0.02571,0.1943,5.244,0.7201,APO,467,4752,,,
44
+ 612199 (2000 WL63),-8.8099e-14,-13.08,,,19.90,197,H at albedo 0.5,0.02551,0.1929,4.584,1.0041,APO,558,8972,,,
45
+ 1580 Betulia (1950 KA),-2.9422e-15,-5.98,,,14.54,5800,measured,0.02511,0.1004,3.066,1.1245,AMO,2259,26991,-0.462,agrees,
46
+ 138947 (2001 BA40),-3.6473e-14,-4.11,,,18.83,447,measured,0.02399,0.09596,5.525,0.8349,APO,538,9363,,,
47
+ 85990 (1999 JV6),-3.5635e-14,-13.38,,,20.27,451,measured,0.02365,0.09459,5.989,0.6947,APO,1203,9026,-0.939;-0.994,agrees,
48
+ 2015 EX,1.4458e-12,4.08,,,26.16,11,H at albedo 0.5,0.02344,0.1772,4.047,0.8907,APO,124,4025,,,
49
+ 283457 (2001 MQ3),-5.5606e-14,-6.65,,,19.10,284,H at albedo 0.5,0.02328,0.1759,3.490,1.2163,AMO,502,25573,,,
50
+ 2003 LN6,7.4446e-13,48.03,,,24.74,21,H at albedo 0.5,0.02321,0.1754,6.872,0.6753,ATE,151,8413,,,
51
+ 4034 Vishnu (1986 PA),-3.7524e-14,-9.67,,,18.50,420,measured,0.02319,0.09276,5.704,0.5890,APO,1333,14574,,,
52
+ 1627 Ivar (1929 SH),1.7047e-15,4.54,,,12.79,9120,measured,0.02288,0.09151,3.879,1.1228,AMO,14572,35448,0.663;0.667,agrees,
53
+ 8014 (1990 MF),-2.2209e-14,-5.19,,,18.88,700,measured,0.02287,0.0915,4.008,0.9499,APO,1297,13005,,,
54
+ 398188 Agni (2010 LE15),-3.3598e-14,-7.77,,,19.33,462,measured,0.02284,0.09136,6.781,0.6282,ATE,1214,9193,,,
55
+ 2005 YU128,-9.1707e-13,-3.05,,,25.26,17,H at albedo 0.5,0.0225,0.1701,7.465,0.5232,ATE,39,6962,,,
56
+ 2015 KJ19,2.5753e-13,8.41,,,22.51,59,H at albedo 0.5,0.02242,0.1695,3.342,0.5306,APO,242,3299,,,
57
+ 363505 (2003 UC20),-8.0679e-15,-19.81,,,18.48,1876,measured,0.02227,0.08908,7.387,0.5181,ATE,1075,26234,,,
58
+ 53789 (2000 ED104),-1.7744e-14,-3.08,,,17.35,843,measured,0.02201,0.08804,4.544,1.0017,APO,1354,26105,,,
59
+ 152671 (1998 HL3),-4.9470e-14,-7.02,,,20.24,298,measured,0.02169,0.08677,5.474,0.7158,APO,538,9399,,,
60
+ 2018 KC2,2.9527e-13,6.58,,,22.89,50,H at albedo 0.5,0.02158,0.1631,5.395,0.8917,APO,100,3663,,,
61
+ 175706 (1996 FG3),-1.2255e-14,-7.95,,,18.31,1196,measured,0.02157,0.08627,5.775,0.6855,APO,3126,14691,,,
62
+ 412983 (1996 FO3),-8.1372e-14,-8.99,,,20.16,175,H at albedo 0.5,0.02091,0.158,4.610,1.0238,AMO,389,11160,,,
63
+ 142040 (2002 QE15),-1.1519e-14,-3.17,,,16.25,1232,measured,0.02088,0.08353,4.057,1.0930,AMO,2565,11697,,,
64
+ 323300 (2003 UD22),-6.3606e-14,-3.13,,,19.63,223,H at albedo 0.5,0.02086,0.1577,5.337,0.7966,APO,345,7022,,,
65
+ 2003 YL118,-1.7497e-13,-16.41,,,21.83,81,H at albedo 0.5,0.02083,0.1575,5.407,0.5809,APO,122,8114,,,
66
+ 2021 QH2,7.6844e-13,3.29,,,25.05,18,H at albedo 0.5,0.02077,0.157,6.008,0.7181,APO,38,1087,,,
67
+ 4947 Ninkasi (1988 TJ1),-3.0738e-14,-4.49,,,18.07,457,H at albedo 0.5,0.02068,0.1563,4.772,1.1393,AMO,996,17621,,,
68
+ 2001 QM142,-2.4047e-13,-7.35,,,22.54,58,H at albedo 0.5,0.02065,0.1561,5.089,0.7060,APO,40,8027,,,
69
+ 745311 (2010 XC15),-1.4744e-13,-3.75,,,21.48,95,H at albedo 0.5,0.02062,0.1559,7.777,0.4249,ATE,279,4406,,,
70
+ 267337 (2001 VK5),-3.1621e-14,-3.95,,,18.05,439,measured,0.02043,0.0817,4.898,0.6166,APO,1117,8540,,,
71
+ 2016 GC135,-3.7951e-13,-5.11,,,23.57,36,H at albedo 0.5,0.02028,0.1533,4.930,1.1338,AMO,59,3310,,,
72
+ 2008 WT62,-3.0644e-13,-5.04,,,23.11,45,H at albedo 0.5,0.02024,0.153,6.617,0.5713,ATE,43,3645,,,
73
+ 1994 WR12,-2.2180e-13,-18.48,,,22.41,62,H at albedo 0.5,0.02022,0.1528,7.571,0.4558,ATE,153,11345,,,
74
+ 2001 BB16,3.1803e-13,12.28,,,23.20,43,H at albedo 0.5,0.02015,0.1523,6.880,0.7080,ATE,57,6967,,,
75
+ 2008 DB,-1.0406e-12,-7.32,,,25.80,13,H at albedo 0.5,0.01991,0.1505,5.811,0.8081,APO,74,4769,,,
76
+ 2002 GD10,-2.4845e-13,-4.95,,,22.71,54,H at albedo 0.5,0.01973,0.1491,5.181,1.0580,AMO,97,8610,,,
77
+ 526826 (2007 CA27),-1.2800e-13,-3.56,,,21.28,104,H at albedo 0.5,0.01963,0.1484,6.673,0.5682,ATE,115,6213,,,
78
+ 468468 (2004 KH17),-6.6731e-14,-16.43,,,22.01,197,measured,0.01934,0.07737,7.900,0.3574,ATE,248,7673,,,
79
+ 483423 (2000 DO1),-8.8849e-14,-3.11,,,20.53,147,H at albedo 0.5,0.01925,0.1455,4.404,0.4544,APO,281,8337,,,
80
+ 341843 (2008 EV5),-3.2530e-14,-4.10,,,20.05,400,measured,0.01915,0.07658,6.270,0.8802,ATE,1486,6624,,,
81
+ 138175 (2000 EE104),-8.5948e-14,-19.98,,,20.49,150,H at albedo 0.5,0.01897,0.1434,6.020,0.7092,APO,1621,9442,,,
82
+ 2015 NJ24,-1.2956e-13,-4.99,,,21.39,99,H at albedo 0.5,0.01889,0.1428,5.477,0.8201,APO,99,4420,,,
83
+ 11500 Tomaiyowit (1989 UR),-1.7339e-14,-6.67,,,18.38,738,measured,0.01883,0.07531,5.656,0.6956,APO,1457,13503,,,
84
+ 52387 Huitzilopochtli (1993 OM7),1.4318e-14,20.91,,,17.75,890,measured,0.01875,0.075,4.947,1.0389,AMO,1761,11930,,,
85
+ 2004 JN1,-3.7871e-13,-13.50,,,23.74,34,H at albedo 0.5,0.01871,0.1414,5.693,0.8947,APO,111,6244,,,
86
+ 2015 TT238,-5.6432e-13,-21.38,,,24.62,22,H at albedo 0.5,0.01859,0.1405,6.661,0.6637,ATE,48,3643,,,
87
+ 163023 (2001 XU1),5.3389e-14,7.32,,,19.52,234,H at albedo 0.5,0.01842,0.1392,7.108,0.3616,ATE,383,8428,,,
88
+ 390725 (2003 HB),-4.2662e-14,-5.30,,,19.69,293,measured,0.01839,0.07357,6.833,0.5265,ATE,499,8067,,,
89
+ 412976 (1987 WC),6.3548e-14,5.07,,,19.91,196,H at albedo 0.5,0.01832,0.1385,4.777,1.0437,AMO,318,13938,,,
90
+ 2016 GE1,-1.4388e-12,-3.29,,,26.70,9,H at albedo 0.5,0.01819,0.1375,3.579,0.9910,APO,127,1098,,,
91
+ 525484 (2005 GL),-1.1850e-13,-3.90,,,21.30,103,H at albedo 0.5,0.01801,0.1361,5.750,0.7327,APO,145,5727,,,
92
+ 4769 Castalia (1989 PB),-8.6282e-15,-8.76,,,17.38,1400,measured,0.01777,0.0711,5.676,0.5494,APO,746,13488,,,
93
+ 796120 (2009 EM1),-2.5487e-13,-8.32,,,23.00,47,H at albedo 0.5,0.01771,0.1338,3.161,1.1266,AMO,125,5851,,,
94
+ 612472 (2002 SQ),5.8883e-14,4.14,,,19.85,201,H at albedo 0.5,0.01745,0.1319,4.586,0.8774,APO,380,8253,,,
95
+ 2100 Ra-Shalom (1978 RA),-5.1354e-15,-9.09,,,16.24,2300,measured,0.01738,0.06952,6.945,0.4689,ATE,4245,18599,-0.971,agrees,
96
+ 303450 (2005 BY2),6.2493e-14,9.02,,,20.51,187,measured,0.0172,0.06878,5.024,0.8496,APO,301,7584,,,
97
+ 388188 (2006 DP14),-3.9399e-14,-5.97,,,19.01,297,H at albedo 0.5,0.01719,0.1299,4.445,0.3055,APO,531,7377,,,
98
+ 443880 (2001 UZ16),-5.1207e-14,-4.98,,,19.38,228,measured,0.01718,0.06872,3.983,1.0089,APO,451,7717,,,
99
+ 2062 Aten (1976 AA),-1.0608e-14,-9.25,,,17.11,1100,measured,0.01717,0.06868,6.182,0.7901,ATE,1024,23339,,,
100
+ 276770 (2004 HC),-6.0353e-14,-6.26,,,19.94,193,H at albedo 0.5,0.01716,0.1297,7.138,0.3167,ATE,220,7680,,,
101
+ 510529 (2012 EY11),-1.2829e-13,-6.53,,,21.58,91,H at albedo 0.5,0.01714,0.1296,5.448,0.9753,APO,154,8054,,,
102
+ 331876 (2004 CL),7.9455e-14,3.82,,,20.56,145,H at albedo 0.5,0.01698,0.1283,4.867,0.5958,APO,180,7829,,,
103
+ 385186 (1994 AW1),1.4191e-14,7.34,,,17.64,811,measured,0.01693,0.06774,5.547,1.0215,AMO,2792,13614,,,
104
+ 15817 Lucianotesi (1994 QC),-3.0066e-14,-8.62,,,18.47,380,H at albedo 0.5,0.01682,0.1272,4.901,1.1680,AMO,2483,11732,,,
105
+ 2007 TF68,-2.0250e-13,-14.17,,,22.62,56,H at albedo 0.5,0.01676,0.1267,4.598,1.0330,AMO,167,7329,,,
106
+ 142561 (2002 TX68),-2.6365e-14,-3.76,,,18.20,431,H at albedo 0.5,0.0167,0.1263,4.147,1.1826,AMO,1454,8772,,,
107
+ 2018 HG2,-4.2880e-13,-6.43,,,24.26,26,H at albedo 0.5,0.01667,0.126,5.231,0.8012,APO,59,7497,,,
108
+ 886859 (2021 UN7),-2.8434e-13,-16.59,,,23.37,40,H at albedo 0.5,0.01666,0.1259,5.963,0.6062,ATE,125,4030,,,
109
+ 523828 (1992 BC),-5.8957e-14,-8.64,,,19.96,191,H at albedo 0.5,0.01661,0.1255,4.608,0.9209,APO,213,12654,,,
110
+ 17511 (1992 QN),1.7457e-14,7.10,,,17.32,646,H at albedo 0.5,0.01659,0.1254,5.253,0.7630,APO,2898,12462,,,
111
+ 506590 (2005 XB1),1.1374e-13,7.94,,,21.97,99,measured,0.01657,0.06627,5.435,0.6576,APO,132,6577,,,
112
+ 2017 AZ13,-1.4762e-13,-6.52,,,21.97,76,H at albedo 0.5,0.01648,0.1246,6.377,0.6816,ATE,116,6583,,,
113
+ 2006 HJ18,-1.4161e-13,-3.25,,,21.88,79,H at albedo 0.5,0.01648,0.1245,5.651,0.7400,APO,75,6618,,,
114
+ 162215 (1999 TL12),4.0556e-14,6.26,,,19.17,275,H at albedo 0.5,0.01644,0.1243,5.593,0.6095,APO,429,10208,,,
115
+ 162783 (2000 YJ11),-9.0029e-14,-3.71,,,20.91,124,H at albedo 0.5,0.01637,0.1238,4.930,1.0086,APO,139,8740,,,
116
+ 747011 (2012 PG6),6.5970e-14,10.97,,,20.24,168,H at albedo 0.5,0.01634,0.1235,6.842,0.3215,ATE,480,8424,,,
117
+ 3908 Nyx (1980 PA),1.1056e-14,4.74,,,17.45,1000,measured,0.01627,0.06507,3.779,1.0430,AMO,1985,16395,0.938;0.920,agrees,
118
+ 164121 (2003 YT1),-6.4197e-15,-64.40,,,16.15,1717,measured,0.01622,0.06488,5.322,0.7857,APO,2597,15580,,,
119
+ 474179 (1999 VS6),-3.7885e-14,-3.33,,,19.08,287,H at albedo 0.5,0.016,0.121,5.171,0.9304,APO,632,9113,,,
120
+ 613471 (2006 RJ1),-1.6375e-13,-4.76,,,22.27,66,H at albedo 0.5,0.01592,0.1203,6.289,0.6649,ATE,248,5213,,,
121
+ 388945 (2008 TZ3),7.0399e-14,4.64,,,20.44,153,H at albedo 0.5,0.0159,0.1202,4.272,0.9686,APO,2416,6578,,,
122
+ 612970 (2005 HN3),-9.7154e-14,-5.99,,,21.15,111,H at albedo 0.5,0.01582,0.1196,6.838,0.5683,ATE,245,6990,,,
123
+ 450237 (2002 XY38),-1.1188e-13,-14.41,,,23.18,96,measured,0.0158,0.06322,6.525,0.7129,ATE,145,7342,,,
124
+ 470975 (2009 SC15),-1.1027e-13,-5.23,,,21.43,97,H at albedo 0.5,0.01578,0.1193,5.076,1.0384,AMO,339,8707,,,
125
+ 242191 (2003 NZ6),2.8869e-14,7.92,,,19.02,370,measured,0.01572,0.06287,7.203,0.4028,ATE,647,7996,,,
126
+ 875272 (2002 LX),1.0125e-13,6.14,,,21.27,105,H at albedo 0.5,0.0156,0.1179,3.100,0.8342,APO,189,8636,,,
127
+ 399308 (1993 GD),7.4685e-14,13.24,,,20.62,141,H at albedo 0.5,0.01552,0.1174,5.581,0.8400,APO,163,10884,,,
128
+ 467460 (2006 JF42),3.6234e-14,6.23,,,19.05,291,H at albedo 0.5,0.01552,0.1173,8.329,0.2808,ATE,368,6903,,,
129
+ 1995 FO,8.0182e-14,7.02,,,20.78,131,H at albedo 0.5,0.01548,0.117,4.472,0.9459,APO,237,10607,,,
130
+ 762379 (2011 CG2),-1.0712e-13,-4.61,,,21.41,98,H at albedo 0.5,0.01548,0.117,5.356,0.9909,APO,450,5155,,,
131
+ 337252 (2000 SD8),-8.1575e-14,-12.20,,,20.82,129,H at albedo 0.5,0.01546,0.1169,5.488,0.7746,APO,232,8794,,,
132
+ 2000 EB14,-2.7103e-13,-33.20,,,23.43,39,H at albedo 0.5,0.01545,0.1168,6.515,0.4517,ATE,80,8041,,,
133
+ 164222 (2004 RN9),-8.2315e-14,-3.45,,,20.85,127,H at albedo 0.5,0.01539,0.1163,4.921,0.9821,APO,258,7902,,,
134
+ 877717 (2010 WT8),-1.4179e-13,-3.41,,,22.04,73,H at albedo 0.5,0.01533,0.1158,5.418,0.8245,APO,120,5798,,,
135
+ 65717 (1993 BX3),8.1696e-14,14.68,,,20.87,126,H at albedo 0.5,0.01513,0.1144,4.722,1.0032,APO,5611,12271,,,
136
+ 2017 SN17,-1.9409e-13,-8.14,,,22.77,52,H at albedo 0.5,0.01499,0.1133,5.453,1.0672,AMO,70,4406,,,
137
+ 2023 YO1,8.3159e-13,7.46,,,25.93,12,H at albedo 0.5,0.01499,0.1133,6.030,0.9574,APO,61,930,,,
138
+ 2025 XA6,-1.2635e-13,-3.56,,,21.84,81,H at albedo 0.5,0.01497,0.1132,4.571,1.1395,AMO,59,9247,,,
139
+ 307070 (2002 AV31),-3.5844e-14,-5.53,,,20.65,282,measured,0.01487,0.05949,4.913,0.9830,APO,612,8804,,,
140
+ 162004 (1991 VE),2.4253e-14,7.71,,,18.28,415,H at albedo 0.5,0.01481,0.112,6.454,0.2987,ATE,1890,25965,,,
141
+ 337084 (1998 SE36),-4.7921e-14,-4.84,,,19.76,210,H at albedo 0.5,0.0148,0.1119,4.868,1.2084,AMO,434,10242,,,
142
+ 152754 (1999 GS6),-2.4278e-14,-5.49,,,19.22,414,measured,0.01479,0.05916,5.198,0.5985,APO,553,9532,,,
143
+ 446789 (1998 FN9),8.1063e-14,3.26,,,20.91,124,H at albedo 0.5,0.01474,0.1115,4.699,1.0676,AMO,147,10272,,,
144
+ 2015 SD,-3.8415e-13,-48.78,,,24.30,26,H at albedo 0.5,0.01466,0.1109,6.776,0.6326,ATE,102,4397,,,
145
+ 883081 (2016 JE),-1.2942e-13,-6.11,,,21.94,77,H at albedo 0.5,0.01465,0.1107,7.001,0.4339,ATE,130,4423,,,
146
+ 311554 (2006 BQ147),-2.5986e-14,-4.77,,,18.72,382,measured,0.01461,0.05843,7.001,0.4736,ATE,622,12481,,,
147
+ 2016 WU1,3.0955e-13,5.30,,,23.85,32,H at albedo 0.5,0.01454,0.1099,4.167,0.8366,APO,46,2924,,,
148
+ 99942 Apophis (2004 MN4),-2.9018e-14,-156.09,1.02,,19.09,340,measured,0.01452,0.05807,6.466,0.7461,ATE,7370,6599,,,
149
+ 462959 (2011 DU),8.6096e-14,8.16,,,21.08,114,H at albedo 0.5,0.01448,0.1095,5.339,0.7991,APO,650,5394,,,
150
+ 162181 (1999 LF6),-1.3472e-14,-3.95,,,18.20,729,measured,0.01445,0.0578,4.636,1.0141,APO,1914,16459,,,
151
+ 216985 (2000 QK130),9.6630e-14,6.36,,,21.34,101,H at albedo 0.5,0.01442,0.109,5.323,0.8714,APO,251,8148,,,
152
+ 265482 (2005 EE),9.0896e-14,9.58,,,21.21,108,H at albedo 0.5,0.0144,0.1088,5.485,0.7588,APO,474,6907,,,
153
+ 2000 PN8,1.3255e-13,17.22,,,22.04,73,H at albedo 0.5,0.01433,0.1083,5.039,0.9807,APO,180,7680,,,
154
+ 2000 TU28,-8.3919e-14,-13.08,,,21.05,116,H at albedo 0.5,0.01431,0.1082,5.710,0.8765,APO,276,7915,,,
155
+ 628250 (2014 QL390),-1.4552e-13,-4.30,,,22.25,67,H at albedo 0.5,0.01428,0.1079,3.652,1.2441,AMO,131,7642,,,
156
+ 33342 (1998 WT24),-2.2453e-14,-65.71,,,18.02,432,measured,0.01427,0.05709,7.909,0.4185,ATE,1983,9571,,,
157
+ 2015 XC352,-7.5217e-13,-5.92,,,25.82,13,H at albedo 0.5,0.01426,0.1078,5.996,0.8674,APO,87,1307,,,
158
+ 177016 (2003 BM47),-5.0324e-14,-3.45,,,19.95,192,H at albedo 0.5,0.01424,0.1077,5.230,0.4847,APO,156,8006,,,
159
+ 267759 (2003 MC7),-3.1072e-14,-5.43,,,18.91,310,H at albedo 0.5,0.0142,0.1073,4.729,1.1204,AMO,613,26155,,,
160
+ 523590 (2001 QC96),-8.5750e-14,-3.56,,,21.12,112,H at albedo 0.5,0.01416,0.107,4.773,0.8287,APO,609,7546,,,
161
+ 2014 YD,-3.6813e-13,-4.45,,,24.29,26,H at albedo 0.5,0.01412,0.1067,5.763,0.9789,APO,167,3879,,,
162
+ 2007 EG,-4.1792e-13,-19.11,,,24.58,23,H at albedo 0.5,0.01402,0.106,7.598,0.4769,ATE,148,6945,,,
163
+ 11066 Sigurd (1992 CC1),-4.5248e-15,-4.69,,,15.17,2104,measured,0.01401,0.05603,4.505,0.8693,APO,2680,18013,,,
164
+ 2016 CO246,-7.3215e-13,-4.24,,,25.80,13,H at albedo 0.5,0.01401,0.1059,6.093,0.8691,ATE,46,1464,,,
165
+ 674590 (2015 RH2),-1.2674e-13,-3.33,,,22.00,75,H at albedo 0.5,0.01395,0.1055,5.200,0.8933,APO,401,3146,,,
166
+ 2012 UU136,9.8315e-14,6.66,,,21.45,96,H at albedo 0.5,0.01394,0.1054,5.235,0.9143,APO,91,7313,,,
167
+ 612103 (1999 SK10),-4.6800e-14,-3.49,,,19.84,202,H at albedo 0.5,0.01393,0.1053,3.986,0.9849,APO,517,7860,,,
168
+ 488803 (2005 GB120),-4.5291e-14,-5.57,,,20.48,209,measured,0.01393,0.05571,7.284,0.4789,ATE,239,6988,,,
169
+ 1996 AE2,5.5973e-14,8.02,,,20.23,169,H at albedo 0.5,0.01392,0.1053,4.592,1.0166,APO,311,8785,,,
170
+ 363027 (1998 ST27),1.6336e-14,101.97,,,19.58,578,measured,0.01389,0.05557,6.974,0.3855,ATE,1054,10208,,,
171
+ 2000 EM26,-1.5954e-13,-8.49,,,22.51,59,H at albedo 0.5,0.01389,0.105,7.066,0.4357,ATE,93,7358,,,
172
+ 25143 Itokawa (1998 SF36),-2.8550e-14,-3.97,,,19.26,330,measured,0.01386,0.05545,4.897,0.9531,APO,1025,9588,,,
173
+ 2004 KG1,-3.1030e-13,-14.72,,,23.96,30,H at albedo 0.5,0.01385,0.1047,6.996,0.4921,ATE,113,8111,,,
174
+ 2016 AG193,-2.5088e-13,-3.95,,,23.50,38,H at albedo 0.5,0.01384,0.1046,4.833,1.0524,AMO,50,3275,,,
175
+ 10302 (1989 ML),3.9373e-14,13.35,,,19.48,239,H at albedo 0.5,0.01384,0.1046,5.065,1.0986,AMO,1419,13393,,,
176
+ 1999 UQ,-1.1834e-13,-10.03,,,21.87,79,H at albedo 0.5,0.01383,0.1046,5.588,1.0770,AMO,120,8738,,,
177
+ 66400 (1999 LT7),-2.2850e-14,-8.48,,,19.27,411,measured,0.01382,0.05527,6.739,0.3657,ATE,835,13942,,,
178
+ 1620 Geographos (1951 RA),-3.6668e-15,-15.39,,,15.27,2560,measured,0.01381,0.05525,5.073,0.8278,APO,10218,27424,-0.884,agrees,
179
+ 2008 UW91,-1.3411e-13,-3.64,,,22.15,70,H at albedo 0.5,0.01378,0.1042,5.300,0.4914,APO,104,5870,,,
180
+ 86667 (2000 FO10),1.2548e-14,6.26,,,17.54,745,measured,0.01376,0.05502,6.687,0.3484,ATE,2444,13186,,,
181
+ 2018 YH,-1.1655e-13,-3.37,,,21.85,80,H at albedo 0.5,0.01375,0.1039,5.523,0.8241,APO,106,4761,,,
182
+ 2008 LG2,-5.7971e-13,-4.86,,,25.34,16,H at albedo 0.5,0.01371,0.1036,6.900,0.6556,ATE,119,5490,,,
183
+ 376848 (2001 RY47),4.1296e-14,7.56,,,19.61,225,H at albedo 0.5,0.01367,0.1033,6.471,0.5503,ATE,616,9160,,,
184
+ 164207 Cardea (2004 GU9),-5.6615e-14,-7.73,,,21.19,163,measured,0.01358,0.05431,6.041,0.8650,APO,363,9082,,,
185
+ 847431 (1994 CJ1),-9.8369e-14,-16.67,,,21.51,94,H at albedo 0.5,0.01357,0.1026,4.502,1.0054,APO,222,11555,,,
186
+ 491007 (2011 GL62),-3.9460e-14,-4.59,,,19.53,233,H at albedo 0.5,0.01355,0.1024,5.202,0.3340,APO,232,9542,,,
187
+ 2017 DN109,1.1306e-13,3.10,,,21.82,81,H at albedo 0.5,0.01352,0.1022,4.886,0.2071,APO,70,4741,,,
188
+ 2010 XX72,-1.2624e-13,-4.38,,,22.06,73,H at albedo 0.5,0.01352,0.1022,6.557,0.6470,ATE,139,4394,,,
189
+ 612197 (2000 WP19),1.8753e-13,13.47,,,22.93,49,H at albedo 0.5,0.01345,0.1017,6.858,0.6080,ATE,80,6974,,,
190
+ 203471 (2002 AU4),-3.7757e-14,-4.20,,,19.45,242,H at albedo 0.5,0.01345,0.1017,6.801,0.5358,ATE,472,11377,,,
191
+ 85989 (1999 JD6),-6.2475e-15,-3.26,,,17.07,1462,measured,0.01344,0.05376,6.501,0.3242,ATE,3852,12805,-0.941,agrees,
192
+ 2016 CA138,-2.2222e-13,-4.90,,,23.31,41,H at albedo 0.5,0.01338,0.1012,5.988,0.9483,ATE,272,3647,,,
193
+ 613569 (2006 TU7),1.1878e-13,16.43,,,21.95,77,H at albedo 0.5,0.01338,0.1012,6.825,0.4509,ATE,196,8055,,,
194
+ 2000 AH205,-1.6017e-13,-3.35,,,22.60,57,H at albedo 0.5,0.01338,0.1011,5.390,0.6806,APO,81,7459,,,
195
+ 422686 (2000 AC6),5.0983e-14,18.96,,,21.60,176,measured,0.0132,0.05281,6.868,0.6091,ATE,464,9513,,,
196
+ 363599 (2004 FG11),-5.8998e-14,-13.85,,,21.04,152,measured,0.0132,0.05278,4.041,0.4376,APO,528,8052,,,
197
+ 163899 (2003 SD220),-1.1302e-14,-10.73,,,17.56,791,measured,0.01315,0.05262,7.056,0.6545,ATE,1935,9153,,,
198
+ 351545 (2005 TE15),-4.3365e-14,-4.68,,,19.81,205,H at albedo 0.5,0.01309,0.09895,5.200,0.7906,APO,481,7379,,,
199
+ 2003 MK4,-7.0291e-14,-3.71,,,20.86,126,H at albedo 0.5,0.01308,0.09889,5.644,0.8847,APO,276,7155,,,
200
+ 2340 Hathor (1976 UA),-2.9601e-14,-46.72,,,20.41,300,measured,0.01307,0.05227,6.882,0.4641,ATE,572,16477,,,
201
+ 11054 (1991 FA),-1.2201e-14,-4.54,,,17.07,725,H at albedo 0.5,0.01301,0.09832,3.731,1.0957,AMO,1792,32461,,,
202
+ 2014 NV63,-2.0796e-13,-4.76,,,23.23,42,H at albedo 0.5,0.01299,0.09823,5.141,0.6413,APO,48,4383,,,
203
+ 297418 (2000 SP43),-2.1645e-14,-10.22,,,18.51,407,measured,0.01296,0.05185,7.098,0.4326,ATE,1260,9199,,,
204
+ 333889 (1998 SV4),9.5859e-15,4.96,,,18.24,919,measured,0.01296,0.05185,6.735,0.2923,ATE,1299,10249,,,
205
+ 441987 (2010 NY65),-3.8408e-14,-26.07,,-1.95,21.35,228,measured,0.01289,0.05154,5.983,0.6321,APO,999,5134,,,
206
+ 2015 CL,-5.9014e-13,-31.75,,,25.52,15,H at albedo 0.5,0.01285,0.0971,7.721,0.3190,ATE,74,3657,,,
207
+ 136582 (1992 BA),-4.3539e-14,-5.70,,,19.86,200,H at albedo 0.5,0.01284,0.09708,4.874,1.2507,AMO,517,12427,,,
208
+ 837610 (2013 RE6),9.1925e-14,10.13,,,21.49,95,H at albedo 0.5,0.0128,0.09676,5.777,0.8482,APO,180,9064,,,
209
+ 433953 (1997 XR2),3.3505e-14,15.73,,,20.91,259,measured,0.01277,0.05108,5.717,0.8602,APO,548,10332,,,
210
+ 480883 (2001 YE4),-6.9496e-14,-75.89,,,20.90,124,H at albedo 0.5,0.0127,0.09599,8.291,0.3111,ATE,456,8762,,,
211
+ 469445 (2002 LT24),-5.9855e-14,-46.87,,,22.14,143,measured,0.01259,0.05038,7.871,0.3631,ATE,287,8065,,,
212
+ 524522 Zoozve (2002 VE68),-5.8268e-14,-51.93,,,20.54,147,H at albedo 0.5,0.01257,0.09499,7.862,0.4268,ATE,610,7622,,,
213
+ 2016 RT17,-2.2984e-13,-4.66,,,23.53,37,H at albedo 0.5,0.01251,0.09455,4.673,1.1495,AMO,54,3628,,,
214
+ 612346 (2002 GQ5),-6.9269e-14,-4.21,,,20.93,122,H at albedo 0.5,0.01248,0.09436,5.330,0.6022,APO,77,8900,,,
215
+ 2020 GE,-1.9398e-12,-88.82,14.02,,28.17,4,H at albedo 0.5,0.01246,0.09419,6.139,0.9384,ATE,58,1699,,,
216
+ 422638 (1994 CB),-4.3823e-14,-10.08,,,21.16,193,measured,0.01245,0.04978,5.409,0.9827,APO,205,11704,,,
217
+ 234341 (2001 FZ57),-2.4571e-14,-3.74,,,18.93,344,measured,0.01244,0.04975,6.145,0.3737,ATE,545,12369,,,
218
+ 2002 JR100,-3.0047e-13,-29.34,,,24.36,28,measured,0.01238,0.04952,6.437,0.6473,ATE,165,8776,,,
219
+ 527715 (2007 YQ56),4.3712e-14,4.21,,,19.95,192,H at albedo 0.5,0.01237,0.09351,5.364,0.8122,APO,407,6452,,,
220
+ 369984 (1998 QR52),-2.7636e-14,-5.99,,,18.96,303,H at albedo 0.5,0.01234,0.09327,5.803,0.7433,APO,495,7648,,,
221
+ 827103 (2000 CR101),-5.0856e-14,-3.12,,,20.29,164,H at albedo 0.5,0.01231,0.09303,4.176,1.2780,AMO,245,9355,,,
222
+ 484403 (2007 XF25),-8.5433e-14,-4.77,,,21.42,98,H at albedo 0.5,0.01229,0.09287,5.258,1.0266,AMO,106,6609,,,
223
+ 2063 Bacchus (1977 HB),-8.1466e-15,-10.35,,,17.21,1024,measured,0.01227,0.0491,5.670,0.7012,APO,1561,17584,,,
224
+ 368184 (2000 RN77),-2.1885e-14,-3.45,,,19.36,381,measured,0.01227,0.04908,6.248,0.6486,ATE,517,9519,,,
225
+ 185851 (2000 DP107),9.6425e-15,15.52,,,18.31,863,measured,0.01224,0.04898,4.749,0.8508,APO,2094,9096,,,
226
+ 612358 (2002 JE9),-8.4288e-14,-5.52,,,21.40,99,H at albedo 0.5,0.01223,0.09248,5.694,0.6219,APO,252,8029,,,
227
+ 2003 HM,-1.1677e-13,-61.17,,,22.11,71,H at albedo 0.5,0.01222,0.09238,7.076,0.5944,ATE,147,8053,,,
228
+ 2003 TG2,-8.2620e-14,-4.98,,,21.36,100,H at albedo 0.5,0.01221,0.09233,6.447,0.6210,ATE,79,7323,,,
229
+ 1685 Toro (1948 OA),-2.4264e-15,-10.39,,,14.26,3400,measured,0.01214,0.04856,4.714,0.7715,APO,5560,28569,-0.944,agrees,
230
+ 1998 SD9,-2.8725e-13,-109.39,,,24.09,29,H at albedo 0.5,0.01208,0.09131,8.040,0.3482,ATE,150,7302,,,
231
+ 152978 (2000 GJ147),1.5450e-14,3.73,,,19.57,531,measured,0.01207,0.04829,5.308,0.8872,APO,864,9400,,,
232
+ 2011 JW10,-1.8619e-13,-5.08,,,23.15,44,H at albedo 0.5,0.01207,0.09125,4.882,1.0282,AMO,58,5458,,,
233
+ 413260 (2003 TL4),-3.5798e-14,-5.31,,,19.57,229,H at albedo 0.5,0.01207,0.09123,7.396,0.4805,ATE,463,8028,,,
234
+ 416151 (2002 RQ25),5.9329e-14,6.48,,,20.67,138,H at albedo 0.5,0.01205,0.0911,5.557,0.7712,APO,318,7392,,,
235
+ 2018 BY6,2.1331e-13,6.02,,,23.45,38,H at albedo 0.5,0.01204,0.09105,5.219,0.8710,APO,44,5879,,,
236
+ 523971 (1999 AJ39),7.5782e-14,4.11,,,21.21,108,H at albedo 0.5,0.012,0.09075,5.385,0.8373,APO,89,9472,,,
237
+ 2014 EH45,-1.6048e-13,-4.59,,,22.84,51,H at albedo 0.5,0.012,0.09071,5.251,0.9534,APO,61,8066,,,
238
+ 2015 EQ7,-2.2696e-13,-3.42,,,23.60,36,H at albedo 0.5,0.01196,0.09041,5.494,1.0731,AMO,72,4225,,,
239
+ 2007 US12,-1.1516e-13,-3.27,,,22.13,70,H at albedo 0.5,0.01194,0.09027,6.449,0.4398,ATE,98,5148,,,
240
+ 2009 OS5,-3.2603e-13,-9.10,,,24.40,25,H at albedo 0.5,0.01189,0.08985,5.466,1.0340,AMO,113,4071,,,
241
+ 887773 (2007 DB61),-2.4596e-13,-58.84,,,23.79,33,H at albedo 0.5,0.01188,0.08977,7.150,0.5148,ATE,165,9850,,,
242
+ 2001 CQ36,-1.5155e-13,-17.07,,,22.74,53,H at albedo 0.5,0.01187,0.08971,6.385,0.7713,ATE,159,7751,,,
243
+ 66391 Moshup (1999 KW4),-6.1113e-15,-55.01,,,16.64,1317,measured,0.01184,0.04737,8.496,0.2002,ATE,3871,10188,,,
244
+ 152828 (1999 VT25),7.6399e-14,8.43,,,21.26,105,H at albedo 0.5,0.01183,0.0894,5.279,0.5542,APO,171,9441,,,
245
+ 524471 (2002 JW15),5.0420e-14,7.42,,,20.36,159,H at albedo 0.5,0.01181,0.0893,6.572,0.6595,ATE,666,10634,,,
246
+ 2018 GY,-3.9497e-13,-6.25,,,24.83,20,H at albedo 0.5,0.01181,0.0893,7.479,0.4553,ATE,34,1471,,,
247
+ 137126 (1999 CF9),-1.7639e-14,-4.86,,,18.08,455,H at albedo 0.5,0.01181,0.08928,3.867,0.7067,APO,1228,9840,,,
248
+ 664078 (2008 DL5),-1.1283e-13,-8.13,,,22.11,71,H at albedo 0.5,0.01181,0.08927,5.514,0.5769,APO,140,5858,,,
249
+ 876653 (2008 UX),-6.4093e-14,-4.97,,,20.89,125,H at albedo 0.5,0.01176,0.08893,6.904,0.2606,ATE,186,6239,,,
250
+ 87024 (2000 JS66),2.3566e-14,10.18,,,18.72,339,H at albedo 0.5,0.01175,0.08883,5.260,0.9694,APO,3887,17201,,,
251
+ 162142 (1998 VR),1.7283e-14,6.86,,,18.78,462,measured,0.01175,0.047,6.666,0.5971,ATE,773,9902,,,
252
+ 153201 (2000 WO107),-1.5643e-14,-4.82,,,19.30,510,measured,0.01174,0.04696,6.228,0.1997,ATE,1137,8479,,,
253
+ 613862 (2007 UY1),-1.7694e-13,-8.15,,,23.10,45,H at albedo 0.5,0.01174,0.08873,6.321,0.7822,ATE,312,5222,,,
254
+ 251732 (1998 HG49),-9.5450e-14,-5.09,,,21.76,84,H at albedo 0.5,0.01174,0.08872,5.286,1.0656,AMO,156,9145,,,
255
+ 10115 (1992 SK),-8.4790e-15,-7.65,,,17.14,938,measured,0.0117,0.04681,5.061,0.8429,APO,2903,26641,-0.947,agrees,
256
+ 326354 (2000 SJ344),-1.5136e-13,-12.56,,,22.78,52,H at albedo 0.5,0.01164,0.08795,5.479,0.9412,APO,70,8260,,,
257
+ 334412 (2002 EZ2),-4.8670e-14,-9.57,,,20.32,162,H at albedo 0.5,0.01162,0.08781,5.119,1.1917,AMO,653,8985,,,
258
+ 2003 YS17,-8.7752e-14,-3.67,,,21.60,90,H at albedo 0.5,0.01162,0.0878,6.393,0.6391,ATE,209,6228,,,
259
+ 2015 FS,-2.6863e-13,-4.16,,,24.03,29,H at albedo 0.5,0.01161,0.08778,4.696,1.0906,AMO,53,3611,,,
260
+ 2013 MD6,-9.5006e-14,-8.66,,,21.79,82,H at albedo 0.5,0.01152,0.0871,6.738,0.4833,ATE,79,8038,,,
261
+ 326683 (2002 WP),1.5103e-14,3.23,,,18.48,518,measured,0.01151,0.04605,4.562,1.1370,AMO,1337,8617,,,
262
+ 612600 (2003 SM84),-1.6714e-13,-11.22,,,23.02,47,H at albedo 0.5,0.0115,0.08696,5.549,1.0331,AMO,112,6663,,,
263
+ 2002 AY1,6.1732e-14,58.85,,,20.86,126,H at albedo 0.5,0.01149,0.08685,7.280,0.4386,ATE,270,8801,,,
264
+ 350523 (2000 EA14),7.2031e-14,19.27,,,21.20,108,H at albedo 0.5,0.01146,0.08665,5.562,0.8910,APO,333,9557,,,
265
+ 310442 (2000 CH59),3.8143e-14,10.71,,,19.82,204,H at albedo 0.5,0.01146,0.08663,6.771,0.4974,ATE,573,9133,,,
266
+ 397326 (2006 TC1),2.7229e-14,5.37,,,19.09,286,H at albedo 0.5,0.01145,0.08656,4.087,1.0751,AMO,266,26854,,,
267
+ 2016 PC2,-1.6426e-13,-18.82,,,23.00,47,H at albedo 0.5,0.01141,0.08626,7.167,0.4321,ATE,126,3653,,,
268
+ 2022 OS,-9.2947e-14,-3.80,,,21.77,83,H at albedo 0.5,0.01138,0.086,6.729,0.4973,ATE,108,4403,,,
269
+ 2017 HX,-2.9105e-13,-18.02,,,24.25,27,H at albedo 0.5,0.01137,0.08595,7.324,0.4196,ATE,55,6581,,,
270
+ 2007 WQ3,-7.0083e-14,-3.56,,,21.16,110,H at albedo 0.5,0.01136,0.08588,4.760,1.1240,AMO,163,5891,,,
271
+ 2007 PB8,-7.6716e-14,-6.52,,,21.36,100,H at albedo 0.5,0.01134,0.08573,6.615,0.4886,ATE,100,8787,,,
272
+ 2012 HL31,-1.2555e-13,-6.42,,,22.43,61,H at albedo 0.5,0.01134,0.08572,6.582,0.5557,ATE,92,3652,,,
273
+ 2012 BB124,6.7979e-14,9.66,,,21.10,113,H at albedo 0.5,0.01133,0.08563,5.392,0.9109,APO,219,16893,,,
274
+ 490354 (2009 FF19),-7.8268e-14,-3.17,,,21.41,98,H at albedo 0.5,0.01131,0.08548,5.171,0.7164,APO,162,7581,,,
275
+ 2005 NJ63,6.5655e-14,4.44,,,21.03,117,H at albedo 0.5,0.0113,0.08541,6.648,0.5021,ATE,106,7692,,,
276
+ 256004 (2006 UP),-1.6355e-13,-4.06,,,23.02,47,H at albedo 0.5,0.01126,0.08509,4.337,1.1084,AMO,176,8059,,,
277
+ 756476 (2019 NC1),-7.7499e-14,-3.01,,,21.40,99,H at albedo 0.5,0.01125,0.08503,6.106,0.8651,ATE,1211,4018,,,
278
+ 595116 (2001 QE96),-1.4564e-13,-12.12,,,22.77,52,H at albedo 0.5,0.01125,0.08502,4.964,1.2738,AMO,95,8779,,,
279
+ 2018 CW2,-5.5005e-13,-14.28,,,25.66,14,H at albedo 0.5,0.01122,0.08485,7.537,0.4387,ATE,161,1471,,,
280
+ 2010 XA68,-8.9561e-14,-4.38,,,21.72,85,H at albedo 0.5,0.01122,0.0848,4.955,0.8087,APO,93,5476,,,
281
+ 2012 TB53,-1.7087e-13,-8.06,,,23.13,44,H at albedo 0.5,0.01118,0.08451,5.089,1.0523,AMO,49,5106,,,
282
+ 887324 (2004 MO3),-1.1023e-13,-6.45,,,22.18,69,H at albedo 0.5,0.01117,0.08444,5.141,0.8182,APO,207,7880,,,
283
+ 2001 EC16,-1.2049e-13,-6.02,,,22.38,63,H at albedo 0.5,0.01114,0.08418,4.811,0.8557,APO,220,9160,,,
284
+ 2003 AF23,-6.3958e-14,-20.12,,,21.01,118,H at albedo 0.5,0.01111,0.08398,6.631,0.5020,ATE,463,8407,,,
285
+ 2007 DG8,-4.1858e-13,-14.32,,,25.09,18,H at albedo 0.5,0.01111,0.08395,4.779,0.8503,APO,74,6948,,,
286
+ 85953 (1999 FK21),-1.2771e-14,-19.62,,,18.09,590,measured,0.01109,0.04435,7.564,0.2194,ATE,2132,20138,,,
287
+ 416002 (2002 BN),-5.0130e-14,-5.55,,,20.49,150,H at albedo 0.5,0.01106,0.08363,6.554,0.3969,ATE,138,8388,,,
288
+ 523801 (1993 TQ2),4.0295e-14,4.66,,,20.02,186,H at albedo 0.5,0.01104,0.08347,3.736,1.1533,AMO,805,10399,,,
289
+ 417217 (2005 YS),3.1933e-14,3.05,,,19.52,234,H at albedo 0.5,0.01102,0.08327,7.898,0.3198,ATE,357,6598,,,
290
+ 401885 (2001 RV17),-4.8271e-14,-10.76,,,20.42,155,H at albedo 0.5,0.011,0.08317,6.469,0.6016,ATE,421,7728,,,
291
+ 90403 (2003 YE45),-1.3055e-14,-5.64,,,17.77,572,measured,0.01099,0.04395,5.099,0.8888,APO,2228,13535,,,
292
+ 163249 (2002 GT),2.1825e-14,3.35,,,18.70,342,H at albedo 0.5,0.01098,0.08303,4.821,0.8943,APO,1636,8367,,,
293
+ 474163 (1999 SO5),-5.7665e-14,-14.07,,,20.81,129,H at albedo 0.5,0.01098,0.08302,5.681,1.0152,APO,351,9504,,,
294
+ 22753 (1998 WT),-1.3597e-14,-3.12,,,17.68,547,H at albedo 0.5,0.01095,0.08274,5.062,0.5243,APO,1466,25672,,,
295
+ 162882 (2001 FD58),-2.2659e-14,-5.64,,,18.79,328,H at albedo 0.5,0.01094,0.0827,5.506,0.4642,APO,956,9500,,,
296
+ 313276 (2002 AX1),3.6476e-14,8.29,,,19.83,203,H at albedo 0.5,0.01091,0.08246,6.493,0.4031,ATE,341,8816,,,
297
+ 2005 EY169,-1.1273e-13,-4.00,,,22.29,65,H at albedo 0.5,0.01086,0.08209,4.893,1.0028,APO,168,6733,,,
298
+ 3103 Eger (1982 BB),-4.9067e-15,-6.35,,,15.30,1500,measured,0.01083,0.04332,4.613,0.9068,APO,8989,16332,-1.000;-0.999,agrees,
299
+ 452807 (2006 KV89),-7.8848e-14,-8.41,,,21.52,93,H at albedo 0.5,0.01083,0.08186,5.427,0.8363,APO,176,7439,,,
300
+ 2011 AA37,-1.4861e-13,-11.33,,,22.90,49,H at albedo 0.5,0.01081,0.08172,5.664,1.0773,AMO,182,5701,,,
301
+ 230111 (2001 BE10),-2.7915e-14,-6.19,,,19.27,263,H at albedo 0.5,0.0108,0.08168,7.026,0.5191,ATE,834,8830,,,
302
+ 2022 QX4,-3.4020e-13,-3.82,,,24.70,22,H at albedo 0.5,0.0108,0.08166,8.267,0.3372,ATE,200,3321,,,
303
+ 893065 (2016 CL136),5.9647e-14,13.16,,,21.30,123,measured,0.0108,0.04318,7.676,0.2756,ATE,291,3662,,,
304
+ 2019 ER1,-1.8578e-13,-3.69,,,23.39,39,H at albedo 0.5,0.01078,0.08152,5.252,1.0505,AMO,108,2999,,,
305
+ 152563 (1992 BF),-2.6945e-14,-38.90,,,19.71,272,measured,0.01078,0.04314,6.528,0.6612,ATE,638,25988,,,
306
+ 152742 (1998 XE12),1.7724e-14,3.81,,,19.10,413,measured,0.01077,0.04308,6.463,0.2290,ATE,565,10285,,,
307
+ 141531 (2002 GB),2.4129e-14,6.30,,,19.15,303,measured,0.01076,0.04303,5.929,0.4674,ATE,900,8435,,,
308
+ 2019 UH14,-2.0273e-13,-3.02,,,23.59,36,H at albedo 0.5,0.01073,0.08113,5.360,0.8890,APO,202,3839,,,
309
+ 348306 (2005 AY28),-7.7546e-14,-20.42,,,21.51,94,H at albedo 0.5,0.0107,0.08088,6.631,0.3750,ATE,271,7638,,,
310
+ 2020 QJ1,-3.6674e-13,-16.50,,,24.89,20,H at albedo 0.5,0.01067,0.08065,5.254,1.1291,AMO,40,4425,,,
311
+ 1221 Amor (1932 EA1),-7.2345e-15,-3.41,,,17.37,1000,measured,0.01065,0.04258,3.781,1.0852,AMO,734,34548,,,
312
+ 413577 (2005 UL5),-4.4878e-14,-9.92,,,20.34,161,H at albedo 0.5,0.01061,0.08022,6.233,0.4028,ATE,420,7279,,,
313
+ 533638 (2014 KT86),-4.5819e-14,-4.78,,,20.39,157,H at albedo 0.5,0.01059,0.08004,5.252,0.9882,APO,322,8256,,,
314
+ 2021 XF4,-2.8337e-13,-3.27,,,24.35,25,H at albedo 0.5,0.01057,0.07991,5.252,1.1099,AMO,50,2966,,,
315
+ 483459 (2002 EM6),4.4005e-14,4.77,,,20.31,163,H at albedo 0.5,0.01055,0.07976,5.280,0.9959,APO,369,7489,,,
316
+ 613286 (2005 YQ96),-5.0748e-14,-7.50,,,20.63,141,H at albedo 0.5,0.0105,0.07937,7.659,0.4953,ATE,99,6559,,,
317
+ 494710 (2005 MO13),-5.3583e-14,-10.05,,,20.75,133,H at albedo 0.5,0.01049,0.0793,6.764,0.5088,ATE,449,8787,,,
318
+ 310842 (2003 AK18),-3.4401e-14,-13.39,,,19.79,207,H at albedo 0.5,0.01048,0.07922,6.684,0.5400,ATE,886,8448,,,
319
+ 2020 UL3,-1.6686e-13,-4.64,,,23.22,43,H at albedo 0.5,0.01047,0.07918,5.207,0.8177,APO,244,3190,,,
320
+ 2010 FX9,-2.3479e-13,-10.78,,,24.06,30,measured,0.01036,0.04146,5.464,0.7163,APO,107,6014,,,
321
+ 2009 JR2,-1.4565e-13,-4.30,,,22.95,48,H at albedo 0.5,0.01035,0.07827,5.070,1.0261,AMO,70,5297,,,
322
+ 455184 (2000 ED14),6.5798e-14,9.25,,,21.23,107,H at albedo 0.5,0.01033,0.07807,6.872,0.3618,ATE,168,9055,,,
323
+ 2003 MS2,-6.5062e-14,-3.29,,,21.21,108,H at albedo 0.5,0.01031,0.07791,5.826,0.9105,APO,282,6896,,,
324
+ 253062 (2002 TC70),-6.1633e-14,-9.68,,,21.10,113,H at albedo 0.5,0.01027,0.07764,4.807,1.0995,AMO,470,8774,,,
325
+ 396593 (2001 HC),2.4073e-14,3.06,,,19.06,290,H at albedo 0.5,0.01026,0.07759,6.599,0.4379,ATE,357,8430,,,
326
+ 1997 AC11,-5.1021e-14,-3.54,,,20.70,136,H at albedo 0.5,0.01022,0.07727,6.360,0.5772,ATE,171,10204,,,
327
+ 2016 RP40,-3.3820e-13,-6.61,,,24.81,21,H at albedo 0.5,0.01021,0.07717,5.373,0.7837,APO,63,3661,,,
328
+ 613398 (2006 FK),6.5560e-14,4.04,,,21.25,106,H at albedo 0.5,0.0102,0.07707,6.404,0.6059,ATE,109,5860,,,
329
+ 344074 (1997 UH9),2.3170e-14,4.98,,,19.00,298,H at albedo 0.5,0.01016,0.07677,6.903,0.4360,ATE,803,10290,,,
330
+ 357622 (2005 EY95),-4.2543e-14,-6.16,,,20.32,162,H at albedo 0.5,0.01015,0.07675,5.569,0.5004,APO,319,7632,,,
331
+ 474158 (1999 FA),-5.0813e-14,-7.45,,,20.71,136,H at albedo 0.5,0.01013,0.0766,5.708,0.9352,APO,499,17525,,,
332
+ 264308 (1999 NA5),4.4620e-14,3.18,,,20.43,154,H at albedo 0.5,0.01012,0.07652,4.637,1.0796,AMO,185,9648,,,
333
+ 2004 BM11,9.0226e-14,3.40,,,21.96,76,H at albedo 0.5,0.01012,0.07649,4.491,0.6886,APO,51,7172,,,
334
+ 526798 (2007 AA9),-1.1998e-13,-5.71,,,22.58,57,H at albedo 0.5,0.01011,0.07645,6.795,0.4974,ATE,77,5880,,,
335
+ 876393 (2008 BP16),-8.3794e-14,-3.61,,,21.81,82,H at albedo 0.5,0.01007,0.07612,6.808,0.2903,ATE,107,6554,,,
336
+ 2021 JK2,3.2579e-13,12.04,,,24.76,21,H at albedo 0.5,0.01006,0.07607,6.666,0.6219,ATE,40,5495,,,
337
+ 329275 (1999 VP6),-3.7908e-14,-4.76,,,20.09,180,H at albedo 0.5,0.01006,0.07603,4.731,0.9586,APO,244,9746,,,
338
+ 338292 (2002 UA31),-2.4114e-14,-3.32,,,19.11,283,H at albedo 0.5,0.01005,0.07595,7.102,0.4097,ATE,548,8342,,,
339
+ 69230 Hermes (1937 UB),-1.2452e-14,-7.27,,,17.68,547,H at albedo 0.5,0.01002,0.07577,4.020,0.6224,APO,2716,32466,,,
340
+ 29075 (1950 DA),-5.2356e-15,-5.03,,,17.28,1300,measured,0.01001,0.04006,4.026,0.8364,APO,1184,27983,,,
341
+ 247517 (2002 QY6),-2.5229e-14,-6.67,,,19.59,269,measured,0.009986,0.03994,6.920,0.2459,ATE,666,8459,,,
342
+ 2007 RY19,-1.2803e-13,-4.48,,,22.75,53,H at albedo 0.5,0.009979,0.07543,5.569,0.8267,APO,67,5111,,,
343
+ 2015 XF261,-4.0485e-13,-9.10,,,25.25,17,H at albedo 0.5,0.009979,0.07543,6.082,0.6740,ATE,73,2991,,,
344
+ 2023 KR1,-1.6927e-13,-4.89,,,23.36,40,H at albedo 0.5,0.009962,0.07531,4.945,1.1512,AMO,48,4369,,,
345
+ 2023 KH4,8.7415e-13,3.43,,,26.93,8,H at albedo 0.5,0.00994,0.07514,7.062,0.5557,ATE,33,1100,,,
346
+ 2015 JJ,-9.4159e-14,-4.64,,,22.10,71,H at albedo 0.5,0.0099,0.07484,5.758,0.8910,APO,300,8552,,,
347
+ 1999 SG10,-4.9902e-14,-3.82,,,20.73,134,H at albedo 0.5,0.009861,0.07454,4.344,0.5621,APO,108,9723,,,
348
+ 455415 (2003 GA),6.9498e-14,3.31,,,21.45,96,H at albedo 0.5,0.009857,0.07451,5.032,1.0365,AMO,362,8323,,,
349
+ 468540 (2006 MD12),-2.7642e-14,-4.59,,,19.45,242,H at albedo 0.5,0.009848,0.07444,6.772,0.3311,ATE,342,7359,,,
350
+ 455176 (1999 VF22),-4.9353e-14,-8.76,,,20.71,136,H at albedo 0.5,0.009842,0.0744,4.639,0.3432,APO,524,9237,,,
351
+ 2001 OT,7.7410e-14,4.12,,,21.70,86,H at albedo 0.5,0.009785,0.07397,6.355,0.6325,ATE,98,6616,,,
352
+ 350751 (2002 AW),-5.1561e-14,-9.40,,,20.82,129,H at albedo 0.5,0.009775,0.07389,5.732,0.7965,APO,710,8035,,,
353
+ 2018 QQ,-4.6162e-13,-3.51,,,25.58,14,H at albedo 0.5,0.009774,0.07388,4.957,1.0257,AMO,55,2149,,,
354
+ 456946 (2008 AF32),6.4594e-14,4.01,,,21.31,103,H at albedo 0.5,0.009772,0.07387,5.151,1.0764,AMO,161,6018,,,
355
+ 137799 (1999 YB),1.9873e-14,3.12,,,18.76,333,H at albedo 0.5,0.009728,0.07354,4.936,1.2226,AMO,1181,12902,,,
356
+ 2009 MW,-5.2004e-14,-3.70,,,20.86,126,H at albedo 0.5,0.009679,0.07316,6.446,0.6396,ATE,146,5140,,,
357
+ 522684 (2016 JP),-5.9080e-14,-3.53,,,21.14,111,H at albedo 0.5,0.009665,0.07306,6.019,0.6129,ATE,763,3700,,,
358
+ 6489 Golevka (1991 JX),-1.2185e-14,-8.40,,,19.22,530,measured,0.009503,0.03801,3.185,0.9425,APO,1017,8968,,,
359
+ 457662 (2009 DZ),-8.6170e-14,-4.60,,,22.00,75,H at albedo 0.5,0.009487,0.07172,4.557,1.0142,APO,193,5152,,,
360
+ 875496 (2004 PS42),5.9852e-14,3.65,,,21.21,108,H at albedo 0.5,0.009481,0.07167,5.073,1.0343,AMO,162,7808,,,
361
+ 217837 (2001 LC),2.4413e-14,3.83,,,19.27,263,H at albedo 0.5,0.009449,0.07143,5.567,0.3401,APO,298,9146,,,
362
+ 2020 CJ1,-2.0465e-13,-4.44,,,23.89,31,H at albedo 0.5,0.009436,0.07133,4.712,1.0476,AMO,70,3714,,,
363
+ 137052 Tjelvar (1998 VO33),8.7269e-15,5.11,,,17.04,735,H at albedo 0.5,0.009433,0.0713,4.725,0.2376,APO,1615,10195,,,
364
+ 480808 (1994 XL1),-4.5743e-14,-27.26,,,20.64,140,H at albedo 0.5,0.009421,0.07122,8.293,0.3179,ATE,298,10594,,,
365
+ 523950 (1998 SZ27),-3.6575e-14,-3.37,,,20.17,174,H at albedo 0.5,0.009353,0.0707,6.407,0.4464,ATE,150,9175,,,
366
+ 204131 (2003 YL),-3.2858e-14,-4.92,,,19.94,193,H at albedo 0.5,0.009342,0.07062,5.261,0.4213,APO,376,8721,,,
367
+ 2012 BV26,8.9070e-14,5.17,,,22.11,71,H at albedo 0.5,0.009322,0.07047,5.454,0.9640,APO,115,4376,,,
368
+ 85774 (1998 UT18),-6.7313e-15,-5.15,,,19.09,939,measured,0.0093,0.0372,4.662,0.9415,APO,903,13589,,,
369
+ 450300 (2004 QD14),-4.5948e-14,-6.93,,,20.68,137,H at albedo 0.5,0.009291,0.07023,6.320,0.6236,ATE,193,8076,,,
370
+ 154590 (2003 MA3),-7.3378e-14,-7.15,,,21.70,86,measured,0.009285,0.03714,5.551,0.6607,APO,123,9980,,,
371
+ 2002 TB70,-7.6490e-14,-3.03,,,21.79,82,H at albedo 0.5,0.009277,0.07012,5.474,0.9836,APO,97,8735,,,
372
+ 136818 Selqet (1997 MW1),2.0769e-14,8.30,,,18.96,303,H at albedo 0.5,0.009273,0.07009,6.326,0.6128,ATE,781,10627,,,
373
+ 2003 GQ22,6.2110e-14,5.10,,,21.34,101,H at albedo 0.5,0.009267,0.07005,6.734,0.7141,ATE,318,8058,,,
374
+ 2000 YS134,-2.1326e-13,-5.67,,,24.02,30,H at albedo 0.5,0.009262,0.07001,6.864,0.6641,ATE,58,8435,,,
375
+ 499998 (2011 PT),-2.1212e-13,-7.04,,,24.01,30,H at albedo 0.5,0.009255,0.06996,4.935,1.0309,AMO,205,2300,,,
376
+ 875759 (2005 XT77),6.4324e-14,4.63,,,21.42,98,H at albedo 0.5,0.00925,0.06992,6.925,0.6171,ATE,125,7267,,,
377
+ 162421 (2000 ET70),-1.3953e-14,-5.60,,,18.11,449,H at albedo 0.5,0.009214,0.06965,6.279,0.8294,ATE,743,17851,,,
378
+ 163000 (2001 SW169),-2.3689e-14,-7.20,,,19.26,264,H at albedo 0.5,0.009211,0.06963,5.144,1.1840,AMO,1885,10388,,,
379
+ 2016 UW80,-2.0153e-13,-3.26,,,23.91,31,H at albedo 0.5,0.009207,0.0696,5.376,0.9674,APO,121,3642,,,
380
+ 380818 (2005 YV128),4.5197e-14,5.09,,,20.67,138,H at albedo 0.5,0.009181,0.0694,6.338,0.4500,ATE,232,6646,,,
381
+ 322756 (2001 CK32),-2.3257e-14,-3.67,,,19.23,268,H at albedo 0.5,0.009169,0.06931,7.867,0.4470,ATE,1294,7723,,,
382
+ 513312 (2007 DM41),8.5207e-14,15.68,,,22.06,73,H at albedo 0.5,0.009125,0.06898,5.214,0.5579,APO,221,6579,,,
383
+ 2015 MC,-2.1884e-13,-4.26,,,24.11,28,H at albedo 0.5,0.009118,0.06893,5.751,0.7867,APO,121,4642,,,
384
+ 410622 (2008 QF),-7.2456e-14,-5.14,,,21.72,85,H at albedo 0.5,0.009075,0.0686,3.672,1.2931,AMO,282,8843,,,
385
+ 425755 (2011 CP4),5.4815e-14,8.14,,,21.12,112,H at albedo 0.5,0.009051,0.06842,6.113,0.1182,ATE,187,8449,,,
386
+ 85770 (1998 UP1),-4.5562e-14,-4.64,,,20.72,135,H at albedo 0.5,0.009045,0.06837,5.903,0.6533,ATE,468,12791,,,
387
+ 474231 (2001 HZ7),-3.2440e-14,-3.41,,,20.02,186,H at albedo 0.5,0.008889,0.0672,4.458,0.7371,APO,323,9164,,,
388
+ 427684 (2004 DH2),3.5471e-14,6.46,,,20.22,170,H at albedo 0.5,0.008864,0.06701,6.228,0.5663,ATE,378,8083,,,
389
+ 2007 AM,-7.4024e-14,-4.32,,,21.82,81,H at albedo 0.5,0.008854,0.06693,7.192,0.4257,ATE,98,5501,,,
390
+ 2018 PK10,-1.3807e-13,-4.36,,,23.18,43,H at albedo 0.5,0.008829,0.06674,4.030,1.2322,AMO,45,5131,,,
391
+ 37655 Illapa (1994 PM),-1.1816e-14,-3.64,,,17.85,506,H at albedo 0.5,0.008795,0.06648,4.188,0.3659,APO,658,10923,,,
392
+ 85236 (1993 KH),-1.7798e-14,-4.79,,,18.75,334,H at albedo 0.5,0.008753,0.06616,5.119,0.8499,APO,1178,11938,,,
393
+ 3361 Orpheus (1982 HR),1.9802e-14,9.98,,,19.50,300,measured,0.008741,0.03496,5.213,0.8191,APO,3216,16130,,,
394
+ 162361 (2000 AF6),3.5159e-14,6.57,,,20.24,168,H at albedo 0.5,0.008706,0.06581,6.693,0.5154,ATE,506,11715,,,
395
+ 2021 UT1,-3.2204e-13,-7.76,,,25.05,18,H at albedo 0.5,0.008703,0.06579,5.154,1.0465,AMO,54,2943,,,
396
+ 829223 (2006 CT),-8.9924e-14,-18.39,,,22.28,66,H at albedo 0.5,0.008703,0.06579,5.637,0.8437,APO,137,11315,,,
397
+ 408982 (2002 SP),4.5033e-14,7.37,,,20.78,131,H at albedo 0.5,0.008696,0.06573,6.375,0.3614,ATE,140,8784,,,
398
+ 2007 EC,-8.7678e-14,-4.51,,,22.23,67,H at albedo 0.5,0.008683,0.06564,6.426,0.7466,ATE,258,6212,,,
399
+ 678964 (2018 CC14),9.4055e-14,3.15,,,22.40,62,H at albedo 0.5,0.008613,0.06511,3.555,0.9450,APO,97,4517,,,
400
+ 2020 XA5,-2.2457e-13,-4.54,,,24.29,26,H at albedo 0.5,0.008613,0.06511,7.070,0.5059,ATE,53,2245,,,
401
+ 488453 (1994 XD),2.1934e-14,9.50,,,19.24,267,H at albedo 0.5,0.008608,0.06507,3.129,0.6245,APO,658,10641,,,
402
+ 481965 (2009 EB1),-4.2638e-14,-3.92,,,20.69,137,H at albedo 0.5,0.008582,0.06487,5.504,0.6038,APO,190,8304,,,
403
+ 2005 NE21,5.4746e-14,11.56,,,21.24,106,H at albedo 0.5,0.008553,0.06466,7.257,0.3973,ATE,189,7707,,,
404
+ 827991 (2002 XQ40),-9.3173e-14,-15.84,,,22.40,62,H at albedo 0.5,0.008532,0.0645,5.690,0.6976,APO,210,7020,,,
405
+ 345705 (2006 VB14),-1.4271e-14,-8.93,,,18.58,406,measured,0.008526,0.0341,7.380,0.4440,ATE,1416,6651,,,
406
+ 2005 MF5,6.8297e-14,3.46,,,21.73,85,H at albedo 0.5,0.008515,0.06437,7.105,0.4969,ATE,95,6586,,,
407
+ 876912 (2009 BE58),6.7476e-14,3.54,,,21.71,86,H at albedo 0.5,0.00849,0.06418,6.254,0.4128,ATE,159,6175,,,
408
+ 614134 (2008 TC4),6.4994e-14,4.09,,,21.65,88,H at albedo 0.5,0.008407,0.06355,7.300,0.3477,ATE,180,4726,,,
409
+ 437841 (1998 HD14),-4.8024e-14,-4.74,,,21.00,119,H at albedo 0.5,0.00838,0.06335,6.211,0.6622,ATE,210,7735,,,
410
+ 219071 (1997 US9),-8.6677e-15,-3.25,,,17.20,657,measured,0.008379,0.03352,5.753,0.7559,APO,3354,10579,,,
411
+ 2017 EE23,7.2800e-14,5.64,,,21.93,77,H at albedo 0.5,0.008278,0.06257,6.671,0.5420,ATE,88,6595,,,
412
+ 2007 TQ24,7.7193e-14,8.79,,,22.06,73,H at albedo 0.5,0.008267,0.06249,7.205,0.3654,ATE,177,6252,,,
413
+ 2011 EP51,-3.2641e-13,-17.01,,,25.20,17,H at albedo 0.5,0.008233,0.06223,7.033,0.5742,ATE,318,3240,,,
414
+ 612227 (2001 QC34),-3.1984e-14,-7.98,,,20.16,175,H at albedo 0.5,0.008217,0.06211,5.518,0.9169,APO,1165,9125,,,
415
+ 2018 HB,-8.2565e-14,-4.66,,,22.22,68,H at albedo 0.5,0.008214,0.06209,7.013,0.3335,ATE,60,5841,,,
416
+ 216523 (2001 HY7),4.0995e-14,9.38,,,20.70,136,H at albedo 0.5,0.008213,0.06209,6.454,0.5372,ATE,353,8111,,,
417
+ 89136 (2001 US16),3.3622e-14,5.45,,,20.27,166,H at albedo 0.5,0.008211,0.06207,4.824,1.0132,APO,1355,8874,,,
418
+ 481442 (2006 WO3),-6.1413e-14,-8.81,,,21.58,91,H at albedo 0.5,0.008204,0.06202,7.159,0.4419,ATE,311,7331,,,
419
+ 891458 (2015 AJ44),8.8725e-14,3.16,,,22.38,63,H at albedo 0.5,0.0082,0.06199,6.588,0.4644,ATE,99,4079,,,
420
+ 2007 SW2,5.8051e-14,4.86,,,21.46,96,H at albedo 0.5,0.008196,0.06195,6.439,0.4874,ATE,116,6901,,,
421
+ 2003 BM4,2.8921e-13,4.98,,,24.95,19,H at albedo 0.5,0.008185,0.06187,5.229,0.7944,APO,98,7677,,,
422
+ 1862 Apollo (1932 HA),-3.6569e-15,-18.33,,,16.09,1500,measured,0.008071,0.03229,4.413,0.6468,APO,3701,34822,-0.953,agrees,
423
+ 7341 (1991 VK),-5.5804e-15,-3.17,,,16.96,982,measured,0.008063,0.03225,3.847,0.9094,APO,2864,12815,,,
424
+ 364136 (2006 CJ),-3.1631e-14,-22.95,,,20.18,173,H at albedo 0.5,0.008052,0.06087,8.155,0.1658,ATE,637,7339,,,
425
+ 326386 (2001 OA14),1.5130e-14,3.10,,,18.58,361,H at albedo 0.5,0.008047,0.06083,5.502,0.6299,APO,565,9227,,,
426
+ 54071 (2000 GQ146),8.8655e-15,3.10,,,17.42,617,H at albedo 0.5,0.008044,0.06081,4.823,1.0669,AMO,2058,13828,,,
427
+ 2000 CK59,-1.9154e-13,-6.78,,,24.10,28,H at albedo 0.5,0.008018,0.06061,4.531,1.0166,APO,70,6523,,,
428
+ 2016 TH94,-2.3710e-13,-11.80,,,24.58,23,H at albedo 0.5,0.007956,0.06014,6.972,0.5186,ATE,130,3301,,,
429
+ 2009 WB105,1.4407e-13,23.97,,,23.50,38,H at albedo 0.5,0.00795,0.06009,6.906,0.6171,ATE,196,5480,,,
430
+ 2008 CO,-9.4151e-14,-5.02,,,22.59,57,H at albedo 0.5,0.0079,0.05972,5.365,1.1624,AMO,137,6801,,,
431
+ 2016 NB1,-1.7145e-13,-30.74,,,23.90,31,H at albedo 0.5,0.007869,0.05948,7.508,0.4307,ATE,117,6595,,,
432
+ 138911 (2001 AE2),-2.2033e-14,-3.47,,,19.45,242,H at albedo 0.5,0.00785,0.05934,4.870,1.2395,AMO,1023,15162,,,
433
+ 741081 (2005 LW3),-6.1224e-14,-4.28,,,21.67,87,H at albedo 0.5,0.007847,0.05932,4.543,0.7716,APO,133,6426,,,
434
+ 264357 (2000 AZ93),-4.7041e-14,-7.82,,,21.17,113,measured,0.007822,0.03129,7.665,0.4780,ATE,160,8000,,,
435
+ 679648 (2019 XS),-1.6654e-13,-10.19,,,23.85,32,H at albedo 0.5,0.007822,0.05913,6.000,0.6776,APO,137,8648,,,
436
+ 162117 (1998 SD15),-1.8150e-14,-11.15,,,19.04,292,H at albedo 0.5,0.00781,0.05904,6.288,0.6111,ATE,837,10246,,,
437
+ 1998 SU4,-5.3371e-14,-4.24,,,21.41,98,H at albedo 0.5,0.007711,0.05829,5.236,0.4816,APO,96,9915,,,
438
+ 138852 (2000 WN10),3.1864e-14,7.29,,,20.29,164,H at albedo 0.5,0.007711,0.05829,5.973,0.7033,APO,1479,9187,0.984,agrees,
439
+ 1999 AO10,-2.0369e-13,-8.40,,,24.32,26,H at albedo 0.5,0.007704,0.05824,6.536,0.8109,ATE,230,9927,,,
440
+ 2007 CT26,-1.4174e-13,-3.75,,,23.55,37,H at albedo 0.5,0.007643,0.05778,6.831,0.5243,ATE,118,6963,,,
441
+ 467351 (2003 KO2),3.2736e-14,8.52,,,20.37,159,H at albedo 0.5,0.007635,0.05771,7.739,0.3560,ATE,484,8414,,,
442
+ 2002 EW8,1.6140e-13,4.40,,,23.84,32,H at albedo 0.5,0.007615,0.05757,3.854,0.9974,APO,112,5518,,,
443
+ 2009 BD,-1.1464e-12,-13.70,6.59,,28.10,5,H at albedo 0.5,0.007605,0.05749,5.801,1.0070,APO,180,885,,,
444
+ 141495 (2002 EZ11),-1.3332e-14,-3.87,,,18.46,382,H at albedo 0.5,0.007493,0.05664,5.222,0.2205,APO,1285,8852,,,
445
+ 2011 WA,-5.8659e-14,-6.78,,,21.68,87,H at albedo 0.5,0.007484,0.05657,6.826,0.6033,ATE,279,5116,,,
446
+ 443837 (2000 TJ1),-2.0089e-14,-3.88,,,19.68,253,measured,0.007479,0.02991,5.209,1.0667,AMO,684,9156,,,
447
+ 22099 (2000 EX106),9.6457e-15,3.01,,,18.09,524,measured,0.007437,0.02975,5.582,0.7993,APO,2345,11016,,,
448
+ 267940 (2004 EM20),-3.2773e-14,-3.74,,,20.43,154,H at albedo 0.5,0.007435,0.05621,5.468,0.5260,APO,282,8032,,,
449
+ 516435 (2004 FJ29),-5.1182e-14,-7.52,,,21.40,99,H at albedo 0.5,0.007428,0.05615,6.352,0.5944,ATE,170,7702,,,
450
+ 2010 XN,-1.8303e-13,-10.55,,,24.17,28,H at albedo 0.5,0.007418,0.05608,5.488,0.7366,APO,85,4970,,,
451
+ 5381 Sekhmet (1991 JY),5.3760e-15,4.82,,,16.75,935,measured,0.007396,0.02958,6.026,0.6666,ATE,1473,12875,,,
452
+ 2001 BX15,5.9648e-14,4.67,,,21.75,84,H at albedo 0.5,0.007368,0.0557,3.663,0.7860,APO,132,8769,,,
453
+ 2002 VU114,-1.0365e-13,-7.92,,,22.95,48,H at albedo 0.5,0.007368,0.0557,5.318,0.8434,APO,66,8586,,,
454
+ 192559 (1998 VO),-3.2461e-14,-4.55,,,20.43,154,H at albedo 0.5,0.007365,0.05567,5.712,0.8312,APO,575,7308,,,
455
+ 2003 BN4,-1.8860e-13,-18.15,,,24.26,26,H at albedo 0.5,0.007334,0.05544,5.065,1.0523,AMO,114,7356,,,
456
+ 2021 SF4,-2.1115e-13,-3.77,,,24.51,24,H at albedo 0.5,0.007318,0.05532,4.932,1.0259,AMO,49,2183,,,
457
+ 2022 OB5,-1.6572e-12,-25.52,,,28.99,3,H at albedo 0.5,0.007297,0.05516,5.956,0.9699,APO,49,1268,,,
458
+ 2005 RZ2,-1.2006e-13,-7.80,,,23.30,41,H at albedo 0.5,0.007264,0.05491,5.596,0.9920,APO,69,7650,,,
459
+ 2007 TF15,-2.2751e-13,-10.90,,,24.69,22,H at albedo 0.5,0.007257,0.05486,5.613,1.0592,AMO,76,5112,,,
460
+ 2011 KE3,-1.6363e-13,-4.48,,,23.98,30,H at albedo 0.5,0.007239,0.05472,4.332,1.1286,AMO,79,5129,,,
461
+ 350462 (1998 KG3),-6.8388e-14,-11.65,,,22.10,71,H at albedo 0.5,0.007191,0.05436,5.422,1.0234,AMO,312,9131,,,
462
+ 10563 Izhdubar (1993 WD),-6.3130e-15,-6.26,,,16.94,769,H at albedo 0.5,0.007145,0.05401,5.546,0.7388,APO,659,11187,,,
463
+ 446924 (2002 VV17),-2.7812e-14,-8.58,,,20.16,175,H at albedo 0.5,0.007145,0.05401,6.924,0.4718,ATE,515,12123,,,
464
+ 2014 TG17,-7.9389e-14,-3.05,,,22.45,61,H at albedo 0.5,0.007105,0.05371,3.155,1.0561,AMO,138,5841,,,
465
+ 363116 (2001 GQ2),-2.9628e-14,-3.18,,,20.32,162,H at albedo 0.5,0.007071,0.05345,5.059,0.6034,APO,406,8770,,,
466
+ 4581 Asclepius (1989 FC),-3.5772e-14,-5.97,,,20.74,134,H at albedo 0.5,0.007036,0.05319,5.919,0.6573,APO,424,11706,,,
467
+ 2012 HN13,-9.9049e-14,-4.60,,,22.96,48,H at albedo 0.5,0.007009,0.05298,4.681,0.9744,APO,180,3810,,,
468
+ 895359 (2020 FW6),-1.1260e-13,-6.14,,,23.25,42,H at albedo 0.5,0.006971,0.0527,4.832,0.9194,APO,94,5474,,,
469
+ 2017 BP32,-1.1865e-13,-3.56,,,23.37,40,H at albedo 0.5,0.006951,0.05254,4.861,1.0372,AMO,242,3297,,,
470
+ 377097 (2002 WQ4),-2.1944e-14,-4.85,,,19.71,215,H at albedo 0.5,0.006936,0.05243,3.676,0.8683,APO,417,27253,,,
471
+ 152664 (1998 FW4),2.1809e-14,5.49,,,19.70,216,H at albedo 0.5,0.006925,0.05235,3.038,0.7208,APO,997,11529,,,
472
+ 523605 (2004 RX10),-4.9653e-14,-4.13,,,21.49,95,H at albedo 0.5,0.006914,0.05226,6.439,0.5967,ATE,209,7975,,,
473
+ 2013 JL22,-4.2442e-14,-3.40,,,21.16,110,H at albedo 0.5,0.00688,0.05201,5.150,0.4815,APO,111,8688,,,
474
+ 354182 (2002 DU3),3.5342e-14,4.29,,,20.77,132,H at albedo 0.5,0.006856,0.05183,5.443,0.8726,APO,286,8333,,,
475
+ 2011 DP,8.6355e-14,4.07,,,22.71,54,H at albedo 0.5,0.006856,0.05183,7.097,0.3315,ATE,43,5483,,,
476
+ 2019 QU2,-6.8409e-14,-10.18,,,22.21,68,H at albedo 0.5,0.006837,0.05169,6.869,0.2432,ATE,66,7688,,,
477
+ 592968 (2015 FV118),5.2622e-14,4.86,,,21.66,88,H at albedo 0.5,0.006776,0.05122,6.719,0.3570,ATE,168,8383,,,
478
+ 2010 VQ,-8.5426e-13,-15.36,,,27.72,5,H at albedo 0.5,0.006751,0.05103,6.840,0.6911,ATE,61,4411,,,
479
+ 483656 (2005 ES70),-1.3842e-13,-48.09,,,23.77,33,H at albedo 0.5,0.006745,0.05099,7.476,0.4685,ATE,227,7312,,,
480
+ 330659 (2008 GG2),9.7663e-14,14.07,,,23.02,47,H at albedo 0.5,0.006722,0.05081,4.313,1.1465,AMO,341,8090,,,
481
+ 437844 (1999 MN),3.7788e-14,23.14,,,21.01,118,H at albedo 0.5,0.006563,0.04961,8.255,0.2256,ATE,298,9860,,,
482
+ 477465 (2009 XZ1),5.1741e-14,3.84,,,21.70,86,H at albedo 0.5,0.006541,0.04944,6.758,0.3990,ATE,191,8409,,,
483
+ 2003 UY12,-1.0566e-13,-24.16,,,23.27,42,H at albedo 0.5,0.006482,0.049,7.987,0.2843,ATE,93,7323,,,
484
+ 525268 (2004 XL14),-4.5241e-14,-3.42,,,21.43,97,H at albedo 0.5,0.006476,0.04895,7.498,0.4479,ATE,280,5109,,,
485
+ 469737 (2005 NW44),2.8004e-14,4.39,,,20.39,157,H at albedo 0.5,0.006471,0.04892,7.350,0.4026,ATE,377,7331,,,
486
+ 6239 Minos (1989 QF),1.2144e-14,11.65,,,18.59,360,H at albedo 0.5,0.006429,0.0486,5.375,0.6763,APO,2120,15939,,,
487
+ 875181 (1999 VR6),-3.7613e-14,-5.34,,,21.05,116,H at albedo 0.5,0.006414,0.04848,3.212,0.5216,APO,160,9490,,,
488
+ 665390 (2009 HD82),-5.0299e-14,-3.73,,,21.69,86,H at albedo 0.5,0.006388,0.04829,5.008,0.6562,APO,204,5139,,,
489
+ 2014 QH33,-1.7829e-13,-3.82,,,24.44,24,H at albedo 0.5,0.006381,0.04824,5.694,0.8842,APO,124,6207,,,
490
+ 2011 PU1,-3.0304e-13,-6.07,,,25.60,14,H at albedo 0.5,0.006357,0.04806,4.958,0.9833,APO,110,2090,,,
491
+ 329437 (2002 OA22),1.7517e-14,4.41,,,19.41,247,H at albedo 0.5,0.006357,0.04805,6.377,0.7081,ATE,921,7729,,,
492
+ 2017 TW4,-2.3039e-13,-13.39,,,25.01,19,H at albedo 0.5,0.006342,0.04794,3.788,1.0405,AMO,73,5843,,,
493
+ 302169 (2001 TD45),-2.2894e-14,-8.77,,,20.00,188,H at albedo 0.5,0.006331,0.04786,6.975,0.1772,ATE,298,8428,,,
494
+ 2008 KV2,-4.0674e-14,-4.95,,,21.25,106,H at albedo 0.5,0.006326,0.04782,6.854,0.4998,ATE,337,6582,,,
495
+ 2015 LA2,-9.1162e-14,-15.10,,,23.01,47,H at albedo 0.5,0.006304,0.04765,6.677,0.6350,ATE,122,5536,,,
496
+ 13651 (1997 BR),-7.5674e-15,-4.80,,,17.86,562,measured,0.006258,0.02503,4.817,0.9275,APO,1174,16820,,,
497
+ 417210 (2005 XV77),-2.9103e-14,-3.32,,,20.55,146,H at albedo 0.5,0.006248,0.04723,7.310,0.4594,ATE,655,6605,,,
498
+ 2010 GD35,1.8964e-13,14.84,,,24.62,22,H at albedo 0.5,0.006248,0.04723,7.470,0.3968,ATE,70,4380,,,
499
+ 2005 TG50,-2.0865e-13,-4.18,,,24.83,20,H at albedo 0.5,0.00624,0.04717,6.472,0.7980,ATE,77,5849,,,
500
+ 2022 SU6,-1.3759e-13,-3.94,,,23.95,30,H at albedo 0.5,0.006171,0.04665,3.233,1.1556,AMO,66,5857,,,
501
+ 2009 HG,-1.6385e-13,-3.58,,,24.34,25,H at albedo 0.5,0.006141,0.04642,4.808,1.0614,AMO,101,5819,,,
502
+ 475534 (2006 TS7),3.8917e-14,5.63,,,21.25,106,H at albedo 0.5,0.006052,0.04575,6.186,0.3974,ATE,224,7254,,,
503
+ 465824 (2010 FR),-4.7578e-14,-4.93,,,21.69,86,H at albedo 0.5,0.006042,0.04567,5.439,0.7180,APO,265,6017,,,
504
+ 2022 OR6,-2.1397e-13,-9.30,,,24.97,19,H at albedo 0.5,0.006,0.04535,4.690,0.9810,APO,52,3683,,,
505
+ 387733 (2003 GS),-1.1829e-14,-4.25,,,18.93,344,measured,0.005987,0.02395,6.618,0.6976,ATE,933,8101,,,
506
+ 2015 BM510,-2.1984e-13,-4.32,,,25.04,18,H at albedo 0.5,0.005969,0.04512,6.337,0.8328,ATE,68,8403,,,
507
+ 376879 (2001 WW1),-6.2899e-14,-4.43,,,22.35,64,H at albedo 0.5,0.005894,0.04456,5.190,1.0627,AMO,106,7295,,,
508
+ 1995 CR,-4.7907e-14,-26.48,,,21.76,84,H at albedo 0.5,0.005891,0.04453,6.149,0.1193,ATE,264,11333,,,
509
+ 2012 VM6,-2.4545e-13,-15.12,,,25.31,16,H at albedo 0.5,0.005885,0.04449,5.527,0.9405,APO,68,6593,,,
510
+ 894048 (2017 BM123),-1.2300e-13,-6.91,,,23.81,33,H at albedo 0.5,0.005884,0.04448,4.914,0.9222,APO,389,3317,,,
511
+ 450649 (2006 UY64),1.6073e-14,5.03,,,19.42,245,H at albedo 0.5,0.005806,0.04389,6.335,0.7850,ATE,777,6994,,,
512
+ 2003 FY6,-6.9728e-14,-18.72,,,22.61,56,H at albedo 0.5,0.005797,0.04382,7.732,0.3051,ATE,204,7332,,,
513
+ 2019 SV6,-1.2014e-13,-11.81,,,23.80,33,H at albedo 0.5,0.005774,0.04365,7.246,0.3932,ATE,46,5087,,,
514
+ 226514 (2003 UX34),2.1631e-14,6.74,,,20.16,175,H at albedo 0.5,0.005557,0.04201,5.472,0.4209,APO,484,10977,,,
515
+ 2006 CW,6.4693e-14,5.31,,,22.55,58,H at albedo 0.5,0.005529,0.04179,3.468,1.1372,AMO,161,7416,,,
516
+ 1566 Icarus (1949 MA),-3.7526e-15,-13.25,,,16.53,1000,measured,0.005522,0.02209,5.298,0.1865,APO,1796,28192,,,
517
+ 137924 (2000 BD19),-3.8147e-15,-8.62,,,17.49,970,measured,0.005445,0.02178,6.266,0.0921,ATE,1296,10591,,,
518
+ 483422 (2000 CE59),-2.4843e-14,-3.25,,,20.53,147,H at albedo 0.5,0.005382,0.04069,5.475,0.9478,APO,395,8395,,,
519
+ 277810 (2006 FV35),4.3026e-14,4.36,,,21.73,85,H at albedo 0.5,0.005364,0.04055,6.002,0.6234,APO,296,11328,,,
520
+ 2016 GW221,-1.7021e-13,-9.65,0.53,5.23,24.75,21,H at albedo 0.5,0.005281,0.03992,7.050,0.6071,ATE,209,3300,,,dark comet
521
+ 2009 UG,9.4193e-14,26.71,,,23.50,38,H at albedo 0.5,0.005198,0.03929,7.321,0.4922,ATE,279,5114,,,
522
+ 369986 (1998 SO),2.2991e-14,6.83,,,20.44,153,H at albedo 0.5,0.005192,0.03925,7.576,0.2204,ATE,302,9844,,,
523
+ 2008 GU20,7.9136e-14,4.86,,,23.16,44,H at albedo 0.5,0.005107,0.0386,3.806,1.1316,AMO,84,8778,,,
524
+ 469219 Kamo`oalewa (2016 HO3),-1.3412e-13,-7.57,,,24.31,26,H at albedo 0.5,0.005096,0.03853,6.063,0.8985,APO,335,7660,,,
525
+ 467336 (2002 LT38),2.4230e-14,6.06,,,20.61,142,H at albedo 0.5,0.00506,0.03825,6.916,0.5802,ATE,839,7698,,,
526
+ 2018 PD22,1.0158e-13,4.20,,,23.81,33,H at albedo 0.5,0.004859,0.03673,7.206,0.3626,ATE,40,4386,,,
527
+ 276033 (2002 AJ129),9.9160e-15,6.87,,,18.76,333,H at albedo 0.5,0.004854,0.03669,4.195,0.1166,APO,725,8828,,,
528
+ 480820 (1998 VF32),2.7369e-14,8.08,,,20.97,120,H at albedo 0.5,0.004842,0.0366,6.778,0.4732,ATE,160,9074,,,
529
+ 339714 (2005 ST1),-2.0099e-14,-5.79,,,20.35,160,H at albedo 0.5,0.004731,0.03576,4.505,0.9129,APO,544,12796,,,
530
+ 1999 SH10,-6.0051e-14,-5.59,,,22.75,53,H at albedo 0.5,0.004681,0.03538,5.634,0.9549,APO,99,8388,,,
531
+ 2006 WB,-7.3065e-14,-14.96,,,23.18,43,H at albedo 0.5,0.004672,0.03532,6.886,0.7033,ATE,330,6600,,,
532
+ 2016 FT14,1.4421e-13,9.48,,,24.69,22,H at albedo 0.5,0.0046,0.03477,6.838,0.6367,ATE,69,2970,,,
533
+ 612094 (1999 NW2),-7.4706e-14,-12.37,,,23.29,41,H at albedo 0.5,0.004541,0.03433,5.572,0.9947,APO,185,9692,,,
534
+ 452334 (2001 LB),-2.6523e-14,-5.28,,,21.07,115,H at albedo 0.5,0.004481,0.03387,5.104,1.0024,APO,176,8039,,,
535
+ 2008 CE119,-2.0332e-13,-4.05,,,25.55,15,H at albedo 0.5,0.004365,0.03299,5.247,0.9952,APO,62,6027,,,
536
+ 2003 FF5,-7.1459e-14,-3.12,,,23.30,41,H at albedo 0.5,0.004324,0.03268,4.770,0.9532,APO,158,5978,,,
537
+ 2015 EG,-2.0284e-13,-10.10,,,25.61,14,H at albedo 0.5,0.004236,0.03202,6.786,0.5561,ATE,151,2899,,,
538
+ 2017 OU18,9.5048e-14,9.08,,,23.98,30,H at albedo 0.5,0.004205,0.03178,6.937,0.5140,ATE,33,4379,,,
539
+ 434196 (2003 HG2),-3.0156e-14,-3.37,,,21.54,92,H at albedo 0.5,0.004103,0.03102,5.739,0.9195,APO,259,8464,,,
540
+ 2014 RQ17,-4.2422e-14,-11.47,,,22.30,65,H at albedo 0.5,0.004068,0.03075,3.987,0.9851,APO,150,24907,,,
541
+ 497113 (2004 EK1),-4.1909e-14,-8.61,,,22.29,65,H at albedo 0.5,0.004037,0.03052,5.093,0.9362,APO,262,7713,,,
542
+ 2013 RB6,-3.3583e-14,-3.09,,,21.83,81,H at albedo 0.5,0.003999,0.03023,5.100,1.2105,AMO,144,8062,,,
543
+ 22771 (1999 CU3),-3.5374e-15,-3.71,,,16.96,762,H at albedo 0.5,0.003967,0.02999,4.220,0.7503,APO,2777,9843,,,
544
+ 477719 (2010 SG15),-1.5920e-13,-10.84,,,25.26,17,H at albedo 0.5,0.003906,0.02953,3.615,1.0884,AMO,131,5446,,,
545
+ 523586 (1999 LK1),-3.7124e-14,-7.88,,,22.11,71,H at albedo 0.5,0.003885,0.02937,6.508,0.6052,ATE,115,9522,,,
546
+ 1997 YM9,1.0394e-13,7.63,,,24.36,25,H at albedo 0.5,0.00386,0.02918,5.651,0.9820,APO,71,8656,,,
547
+ 882844 (2016 ED157),-1.1969e-13,-5.54,,,24.68,22,H at albedo 0.5,0.003836,0.029,4.958,1.1098,AMO,122,3341,,,
548
+ 2001 QJ142,-8.4570e-14,-27.40,,,23.97,30,H at albedo 0.5,0.003758,0.02841,5.793,0.9707,APO,154,8462,,,
549
+ 1998 KY26,-2.1964e-13,-4.51,0.95,1.50,25.91,11,measured,0.003555,0.01422,5.186,0.9830,APO,85,9472,,,dark comet
550
+ 2015 MB54,-7.7740e-14,-3.27,,,23.99,30,H at albedo 0.5,0.003423,0.02588,4.943,0.9949,APO,134,3199,,,
551
+ 523809 (2007 TV18),-6.9906e-14,-3.95,,,23.79,33,H at albedo 0.5,0.003375,0.02551,5.115,0.8073,APO,117,6381,,,
552
+ 363305 (2002 NV16),-2.3362e-14,-5.41,,,21.42,98,H at albedo 0.5,0.00336,0.0254,5.149,0.9655,APO,629,8226,,,
553
+ 326290 Akhenaten (1998 HE3),-2.7828e-14,-24.50,,,21.81,82,H at albedo 0.5,0.003344,0.02528,6.654,0.4923,ATE,561,12086,,,
554
+ 2012 TC4,-2.6556e-13,-4.06,3.00,,26.71,9,H at albedo 0.5,0.003341,0.02526,4.232,0.9661,APO,805,1897,,,
555
+ 162120 (1998 SH36),-1.5481e-14,-3.47,,,20.64,140,H at albedo 0.5,0.003188,0.0241,5.533,0.4667,APO,280,10132,,,
556
+ 2018 KR,-2.0932e-13,-10.75,,,26.39,10,H at albedo 0.5,0.003052,0.02307,6.673,0.7011,ATE,56,3702,,,
557
+ 2006 GB1,-7.1679e-14,-3.19,,,24.10,28,H at albedo 0.5,0.003,0.02268,5.485,0.8063,APO,76,6808,,,
558
+ 306383 (1993 VD),-2.1140e-14,-5.98,,,21.52,93,H at albedo 0.5,0.002903,0.02195,6.625,0.3928,ATE,208,11719,,,
559
+ 1999 SF10,-7.4112e-14,-23.24,,,24.36,25,H at albedo 0.5,0.002752,0.0208,5.032,0.9548,APO,124,9632,,,
560
+ 2013 GZ7,-6.2169e-14,-7.79,,,24.00,30,H at albedo 0.5,0.002725,0.0206,4.717,1.1363,AMO,89,7353,,,
561
+ 2020 PP1,-2.0928e-13,-7.47,,,26.68,9,H at albedo 0.5,0.00267,0.02018,6.041,0.9360,APO,59,2508,,,
562
+ 2004 FH,1.6912e-13,4.11,,,26.41,10,H at albedo 0.5,0.002443,0.01847,7.110,0.5826,ATE,273,6184,,,
563
+ 2025 PN7,-1.5028e-13,-11.28,,,26.41,10,H at albedo 0.5,0.002171,0.01641,6.067,0.8930,APO,41,4651,,,
564
+ 2007 XB23,-2.0000e-13,-3.29,,,27.10,7,H at albedo 0.5,0.002103,0.0159,5.941,0.9848,APO,22,6208,,,
565
+ 2012 UK171,-5.5278e-14,-19.99,,,24.46,24,H at albedo 0.5,0.00196,0.01482,6.851,0.6672,ATE,286,4446,,,
566
+ 867840 (2016 AO131),-5.0766e-14,-3.29,,,24.30,26,H at albedo 0.5,0.001938,0.01465,4.943,0.9805,APO,152,4533,,,
567
+ 478784 (2012 UV136),-7.5633e-14,-4.59,,,25.60,14,H at albedo 0.5,0.001587,0.01199,6.029,0.8679,APO,148,3146,,,
568
+ 2004 XG,-3.5390e-14,-3.74,,,24.16,28,H at albedo 0.5,0.001441,0.01089,6.984,0.5866,ATE,96,7373,,,
569
+ 'Oumuamua (A/2017 U1),1.4413e-08,0.59,7.81,0.70,22.08,72,H at albedo 0.5,1529,1.156e+04,,0.2559,HYA,207,80,,,
570
+ 7335 (1989 JA),-2.1106e-14,-1.81,,,17.70,1800,measured,0.0559,0.2236,3.921,0.9134,APO,2578,13444,,,
571
+ 159402 (1999 AP10),-2.2927e-14,-2.43,,,16.61,895,H at albedo 0.5,0.03021,0.2283,3.286,1.0192,AMO,2112,9979,,,
572
+ 2006 UE17,-1.8583e-13,-2.88,,,21.93,77,H at albedo 0.5,0.02113,0.1597,5.300,0.7850,APO,105,7147,,,
573
+ 38086 Beowulf (1999 JB),-2.1979e-14,-2.96,,,17.36,643,measured,0.02079,0.08318,4.452,0.6159,APO,1293,12507,,,
574
+ 7822 (1991 CS),-8.4794e-15,-2.08,,,17.34,1602,measured,0.01999,0.07995,5.365,0.9379,APO,3809,11845,,,
575
+ 2015 TC25,-5.2736e-12,-1.90,7.49,,29.34,3,H at albedo 0.5,0.01976,0.1494,5.940,0.9088,APO,48,562,,,
576
+ 349507 (2008 QY),3.2854e-14,2.22,,,18.50,375,H at albedo 0.5,0.01813,0.137,5.204,0.4886,APO,1035,12491,,,
577
+ 2012 LA,1.8981e-12,0.24,5.66,,27.60,6,H at albedo 0.5,0.01585,0.1198,5.893,1.0180,AMO,103,179,,,
578
+ 68950 (2002 QF15),-6.4849e-15,-2.75,,,16.39,1650,measured,0.01574,0.06298,5.688,0.6931,APO,2954,25963,,,
579
+ 808862 (2018 UY),-7.8482e-14,-2.92,,,20.76,132,H at albedo 0.5,0.01529,0.1156,4.995,0.5853,APO,258,6631,,,
580
+ 465617 (2009 EK1),-9.3891e-14,-3.00,,,21.36,100,H at albedo 0.5,0.01388,0.1049,5.131,0.9567,APO,86,7813,,,
581
+ 2002 LY1,-1.3894e-13,-2.05,,,22.48,60,H at albedo 0.5,0.01226,0.0927,6.237,0.5937,ATE,188,5124,,,
582
+ 2019 JV1,1.7188e-13,3.00,,,22.97,48,H at albedo 0.5,0.01211,0.09152,6.942,0.5116,ATE,171,3259,,,
583
+ 2016 NJ33,-5.4861e-13,-2.87,3.24,5.23,25.53,15,H at albedo 0.5,0.01189,0.08985,4.934,1.0385,AMO,90,2261,,,dark comet
584
+ 2005 VL1,-8.3206e-13,-1.48,-1.09,-6.12,26.45,10,H at albedo 0.5,0.0118,0.08921,6.645,0.6910,ATE,79,5874,,,dark comet
585
+ 2013 XY20,5.6567e-13,1.67,-2.36,-10.01,25.64,14,H at albedo 0.5,0.01165,0.08807,5.514,1.0102,APO,72,2250,,,dark comet
586
+ 612901 (2004 XP14),-3.6430e-14,-1.61,,,19.79,207,H at albedo 0.5,0.0111,0.08389,5.691,0.8850,APO,1382,5785,,,
587
+ 620082 (2014 QL433),3.7629e-14,1.05,,,19.88,199,H at albedo 0.5,0.011,0.08314,3.369,0.5946,APO,366,4398,,,
588
+ 1997 QK1,-3.9261e-14,-1.69,,,20.26,167,H at albedo 0.5,0.009633,0.07282,2.984,0.9845,APO,720,10305,,,
589
+ 525229 (2004 UU1),-5.9645e-14,-2.26,,,21.17,110,H at albedo 0.5,0.009624,0.07275,5.053,0.8910,APO,227,6962,,,
590
+ 2006 BE55,-8.2966e-14,-2.14,,,21.98,76,H at albedo 0.5,0.009219,0.06969,5.222,0.6878,APO,213,6243,,,
591
+ 612781 (2004 MW2),-2.4823e-14,-2.98,,,19.37,251,H at albedo 0.5,0.009176,0.06936,5.133,0.4142,APO,183,8048,,,
592
+ 794904 (2007 SQ6),9.1875e-14,1.29,,,22.30,65,H at albedo 0.5,0.00881,0.0666,5.856,0.8915,APO,376,6490,,,
593
+ 2013 BA74,3.6457e-13,0.80,0.13,3.61,25.40,16,H at albedo 0.5,0.008386,0.06339,4.001,0.9743,APO,99,2559,,,dark comet
594
+ 2010 VK139,-9.8154e-14,-2.58,,,23.71,55,measured,0.007943,0.03177,7.333,0.5599,ATE,96,4022,,,
595
+ 162162 (1999 DB7),2.8432e-14,2.92,,,19.99,189,H at albedo 0.5,0.007899,0.05971,5.243,0.9707,APO,299,9047,,,
596
+ 2012 BA35,-1.4916e-13,-2.11,,,23.75,33,H at albedo 0.5,0.007335,0.05545,5.756,0.9466,APO,131,3932,,,
597
+ 7753 (1988 XB),-1.0539e-14,-2.82,,,18.01,470,H at albedo 0.5,0.007287,0.05509,4.475,0.7608,APO,1335,13289,,,
598
+ 1865 Cerberus (1971 UA),-4.1265e-15,-2.19,,,16.77,1200,measured,0.007286,0.02914,5.592,0.5758,APO,2643,20062,-0.997,,
599
+ 54509 YORP (2000 PH5),-8.7205e-14,-2.83,,,22.66,55,H at albedo 0.5,0.007085,0.05356,6.028,0.7746,APO,550,1826,,,
600
+ 4660 Nereus (1982 DB),1.3558e-14,2.06,,,18.75,330,measured,0.006584,0.02633,4.500,0.9523,APO,5002,16336,,,
601
+ 620071 (2011 WN15),2.0101e-14,2.33,,,19.64,222,H at albedo 0.5,0.006561,0.0496,4.690,0.1726,APO,288,2981,,,
602
+ 98943 Torifune (2001 CC21),1.3089e-14,2.31,,,18.71,340,H at albedo 0.5,0.006557,0.04956,5.907,0.8060,APO,2398,15801,,,
603
+ 2017 JF3,-5.0868e-14,-2.87,,,21.74,84,H at albedo 0.5,0.006313,0.04772,6.517,0.5900,ATE,126,4858,,,
604
+ 5604 (1992 FE),-6.8122e-15,-0.94,,,17.32,550,measured,0.005513,0.02205,6.364,0.5519,ATE,1572,15082,,,
605
+ 526742 (2006 WR127),2.4404e-14,2.65,,,20.46,152,H at albedo 0.5,0.005461,0.04128,6.477,0.5660,ATE,267,11736,,,
606
+ 2005 QQ87,-6.8040e-14,-2.73,,,22.84,51,H at albedo 0.5,0.005088,0.03846,5.888,0.6996,APO,89,6204,,,
607
+ 154244 (2002 KL6),-5.5236e-15,-0.84,,,17.57,575,H at albedo 0.5,0.004677,0.03536,3.367,1.0367,AMO,3943,11159,,,
608
+ 2011 MD,-6.2796e-13,-0.17,2.99,,27.98,5,H at albedo 0.5,0.004403,0.03328,5.822,1.0173,AMO,532,967,,,
609
+ 876954 (2009 FF),-3.7256e-14,-2.47,,,21.97,76,H at albedo 0.5,0.004159,0.03144,4.471,0.7835,APO,598,15195,,,
610
+ 1998 WB2,-1.6794e-14,-2.53,,,21.85,150,measured,0.003707,0.01483,3.634,0.8152,APO,320,9147,,,
611
+ 35107 (1991 VH),2.6208e-15,2.80,,,16.86,929,measured,0.003582,0.01433,5.475,0.9732,APO,6255,12673,,,
612
+ 2010 RF12,-2.1216e-13,-1.00,0.59,-10.65,28.42,4,H at albedo 0.5,0.001215,0.009182,5.789,0.8616,APO,339,4375,,,dark comet
papers/dark_comet/data/yarkovsky_sign.json ADDED
The diff for this file is too large to render. See raw diff
 
papers/dark_comet/make_numbers.py ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ """Numbers, tables and figures of the 2016 TA56 paper from the darkcomet refit, thermal, robustness, covariance, precovery, field, locus, census and forecast results and the Yarkovsky screen; Table S1 as CSV and the precovery cutouts as PDF beside this file."""
2
+ import csv
3
+ import json
4
+ import os
5
+ import sys
6
+
7
+ HERE = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
8
+ ROOT = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(HERE))
9
+ sys.path.insert(0, ROOT)
10
+ sys.argv = sys.argv[:1]
11
+ from setitools import core # noqa: E402
12
+ from setitools import solar_system as ss # noqa: E402
13
+
14
+ DESIG = "2016 TA56"
15
+ NIGHT = "20070914"
16
+
17
+
18
+ def results(name):
19
+ """Result file from data/, else the results directory."""
20
+ p = os.path.join(HERE, "data", name)
21
+ return p if os.path.exists(p) else core.results(name)
22
+
23
+
24
+ def darkcomet(name):
25
+ """darkcomet result file from data/, else the darkcomet directory."""
26
+ p = os.path.join(HERE, "data", DESIG.replace(" ", "_"), name)
27
+ return json.load(open(p if os.path.exists(p) else os.path.join(ss.darkcomet_dir(DESIG), name)))
28
+
29
+
30
+ def load():
31
+ d = os.path.join(HERE, "data", DESIG.replace(" ", "_"))
32
+ if not os.path.exists(os.path.join(d, "refit.json")):
33
+ d = ss.darkcomet_dir(DESIG)
34
+ return json.load(open(os.path.join(d, "refit.json"))), json.load(open(os.path.join(d, "thermal.json")))
35
+
36
+
37
+ def year(jd):
38
+ return 2000.0 + (jd - 2451545.0) / 365.25
39
+
40
+
41
+ def fits():
42
+ rf, th = load()
43
+ print("== fits")
44
+ for name, f in rf["fits"].items():
45
+ print("%-32s %3d obs %3d kept chi2 %6.1f/%3d rms %.2f%s%s" % (
46
+ name, f["n_obs"], f["n_kept"], f["chi2"], f["dof"], f["rms"],
47
+ " A2 %+.3e +- %.2e (%.1f sigma)" % (f["A2"], f["A2_sigma"], f["A2"] / f["A2_sigma"]) if f["A2"] else "",
48
+ " A1 %+.3e +- %.2e (%.1f sigma)" % (f["A1"], f["A1_sigma"], f["A1"] / f["A1_sigma"]) if f.get("A1") else ""))
49
+ for app, x in rf["left_out"].items():
50
+ print("%s left out: %d positions, along %+.2f +- %.2f, cross %+.2f +- %.2f arcsec (prediction %.2f, %.2f); %.2f arcsec/min"
51
+ % (app, x["n"], x["along"], x["along_sd"], x["cross"], x["cross_sd"], x["pred_along"], x["pred_cross"], x["rate"]))
52
+ print("NEATM: D %.2f +- %.2f km, pV %.3f, eta %.1f, chi2 %.1f for %d fluxes; eta scan %s" % (
53
+ th["D_km"], th["D_err"], th["pv"], th["eta"], th["chi2"], th["n_w2"],
54
+ ", ".join("%.1f: D %.2f pV %.3f chi2 %.1f" % (s["eta"], s["D_km"], s["pv"], s["chi2"]) for s in th["scan"])))
55
+
56
+
57
+ def screen():
58
+ """Published dark comets in the screen and how many the transverse screen flags."""
59
+ d = json.load(open(results("yarkovsky_sign.json")))
60
+ known = [x for x in d if x.get("known") == "dark comet"]
61
+ gen = [x for x in known if x["xi"] and x["xi"] > 1]
62
+ typ = [x for x in known if x["xi_typ"] and x["xi_typ"] > 1]
63
+ print("== screen: %d published dark comets carry a transverse term; %d exceed sunlight at 500 kg/m^3 and albedo 0.5 (%s), "
64
+ "%d at 2000 kg/m^3 and albedo 0.14 (%s); the others: %s" % (
65
+ len(known), len(gen), ", ".join(x["name"] for x in gen), len(typ), ", ".join(x["name"] for x in typ),
66
+ "; ".join("%s xi_typ %.3f, D>=%.0f m, A1 %s sigma, A3 %s sigma" % (
67
+ x["name"], x["xi_typ"], x["d_min_m"], "%.1f" % x["A1_snr"] if x["A1_snr"] is not None else "-",
68
+ "%.1f" % x["A3_snr"] if x["A3_snr"] is not None else "-") for x in known if x not in typ)))
69
+
70
+
71
+ def spins():
72
+ """Obliquities of the significant drifts with DAMIT poles, and the efficiencies of all significant drifts at typical assumptions."""
73
+ import math
74
+ d = json.load(open(results("yarkovsky_sign.json")))
75
+ sig = [x for x in d if x["A2_snr"] is not None and abs(x["A2_snr"]) >= 3]
76
+ print("== spins")
77
+ for x in sig:
78
+ if x["cos_obl"]:
79
+ print("%-28s A2 %+.2e (%.1f sigma) obliquities %s, %s" % (x["name"], x["A2"], x["A2_snr"],
80
+ ", ".join("%.0f" % math.degrees(math.acos(max(-1.0, min(1.0, c)))) for c in x["cos_obl"]), x["verdict"]))
81
+ xt = sorted(x["xi_typ"] for x in sig if x["xi_typ"] is not None)
82
+ q = [xt[int(round(p * (len(xt) - 1)))] for p in (0.16, 0.5, 0.84, 0.95)]
83
+ print("%d significant terms: xi at 2000 kg/m^3 and albedo 0.14, 16/50/84/95 per cent %.3f %.3f %.3f %.3f; %d above one" % (
84
+ len(xt), *q, sum(v > 1 for v in xt)))
85
+
86
+
87
+ def covariance():
88
+ """A2 under the night-level covariance, and the error the precovery night would have to share to lose it."""
89
+ b = darkcomet("blockcov.json")
90
+ print("== block covariance: %d positions on %d nights, s %.2f, tau %.3f (%.3f-%.3f)" % (b["n_kept"], b["n_nights"], b["s_hat"], b["tau_hat"], *b["tau_95"]))
91
+ for k in ("site_fit", "at_estimate", "at_upper_tau", "without_decisive"):
92
+ print(" %-18s A2 %+.3e +- %.2e (%.1f sigma)" % (k, b[k]["A2"], b[k]["A2_sigma"], abs(b[k]["A2"]) / b[k]["A2_sigma"]))
93
+ print(" shared error of the precovery night for 5 and 3 sigma: %.2f, %.2f arcsec" % (b["shared_error_for_5_sigma"], b["shared_error_for_3_sigma"]))
94
+
95
+
96
+ def locus():
97
+ """The positions the later apparitions allow in 2007, what the frames show there, and the figure of the flux along them."""
98
+ lo = darkcomet("locus_%s.json" % NIGHT)
99
+ c = darkcomet("census_%s.json" % NIGHT)
100
+ L = c["locus"]
101
+ print("== locus: without 2007 A2 %+.2e +- %.2e; with A1, A1 %+.2e +- %.2e; per 1e-12 of A2 E %+.2f N %+.2f arcsec; A1 ellipse %.2f x %.2f at PA %.0f"
102
+ % (lo["rest_A2"]["A2"], lo["rest_A2"]["A2_sigma"], lo["rest_A1A2"]["A1"], lo["rest_A1A2"]["A1_sigma"], *lo["arcsec_per_1e-12"],
103
+ lo["a1a2_ellipse"]["major"], lo["a1a2_ellipse"]["minor"], lo["a1a2_ellipse"]["pa"]))
104
+ print(" " + json.dumps({k: v for k, v in L.items() if k not in ("grid", "flux", "n_frames", "map", "frames")}))
105
+ print(r"\begin{tikzpicture}")
106
+ print(r"\begin{axis}[width=0.95\textwidth,height=0.36\textwidth,xmin=-16,xmax=12,ymin=-0.2,ymax=1.1,xlabel={$A_2$ ($10^{-12}$\,au\,d$^{-2}$)},"
107
+ r"ylabel={relative flux},tick label style={font=\footnotesize},label style={font=\small}]")
108
+ print(r"\addplot[black,thick] coordinates {%s};" % " ".join("(%.2f,%.3f)" % (g * 1e12, f) for g, f in zip(L["grid"], L["flux"]) if f is not None))
109
+ s3 = 3 * L["null_sd"]
110
+ print(r"\addplot[black!50,densely dotted] coordinates {(-16,%.3f) (12,%.3f)};" % (s3, s3))
111
+ print(r"\addplot[black!50,densely dotted] coordinates {(-16,%.3f) (12,%.3f)};" % (-s3, -s3))
112
+ print(r"\addplot[black!50,dashed] coordinates {(0,-0.2) (0,1.1)};")
113
+ print(r"\end{axis}")
114
+ print(r"\end{tikzpicture}")
115
+
116
+
117
+ def census():
118
+ """Moving sources in the whole 2007 frames, the injected copies recovered, and the chance tracks."""
119
+ c = darkcomet("census_%s.json" % NIGHT)
120
+ m = c["movers"]
121
+ print("== census: %d CCD images, %d registered, WCS rms %.3f, FWHM %.2f; the object r %.2f" % (
122
+ c["n_ccd"], c["n_registered"], c["wcs_rms_median"], c["fwhm_median"], c["object_mag"].get("r", float("nan"))))
123
+ for k in ("filter_A", "filter_B"):
124
+ print(" %s %s" % (k, json.dumps(c[k])))
125
+ print(" object recovered %s; injections %s" % (json.dumps(c["object_recovered"]), json.dumps(c["injection"])))
126
+ print(" movers %d over %.3f deg^2 (%.0f per deg^2), %d known of %d known on the frames; rates %.1f +- %.1f, PA offset %+.0f +- %.0f; "
127
+ "within 5/10: %d, 10/20: %d; expected within 30 arcsec %s" % (
128
+ m["n"], m["area_deg2"], m["density_per_deg2"], m["n_known"], m["n_known_covered"], m["rate_mean"], m["rate_sd"], m["pa_offset_mean"],
129
+ m["pa_offset_sd"], m["within_5_10"], m["within_10_20"], m["expected_30arcsec"]))
130
+ for t in sorted(m["tracks"], key=lambda t: t["rate"]):
131
+ print(" %5.1f arcsec/h PA %3.0f, %2d detections, support %d/%d, r %s%s" % (
132
+ t["rate"], t["pa"], t["n"], t["support"], t["coverage"], "%.1f" % t["mag"] if t["mag"] else "-",
133
+ ", %s" % t["known"]["name"] if t.get("known") else ""))
134
+
135
+
136
+ def forecast():
137
+ """A2 from the 2030 apparition with and without the precovery."""
138
+ f = darkcomet("forecast.json")
139
+ print("== forecast: A2 %+.3e +- %.2e; without the precovery now +- %.2e; visible %s" % (f["A2"], f["A2_sigma"], f["A2_sigma_without_now"], f["visible"]))
140
+ for k, s in f["scenarios"].items():
141
+ print(" %-28s %s: +- %.2e without (%.1f sigma), +- %.2e with" % (k, ",".join(s["dates"]), s["A2_sigma_without"], s["z_without"], s["A2_sigma_with"]))
142
+
143
+
144
+ def thermal_variants():
145
+ t = darkcomet("thermal_variants.json")
146
+ print("== NEATM variants: reference D %.2f km" % t["reference"]["D_km"])
147
+ for v in t["variants"]:
148
+ print(" %-16s D %.2f km (%+.1f per cent)" % (v["variant"], v["D_km"], 100 * v["change"]))
149
+
150
+
151
+ def figure():
152
+ """pgfplots code: cross- and along-track offsets against time for the orbits without 2007, without 2025, and with A2."""
153
+ rf, _ = load()
154
+ panels = [("(a) gravity only, fitted without 2007 September", rf["left_out"]["2007-09"]["resid"]),
155
+ ("(b) gravity only, fitted without 2025 October", rf["left_out"]["2025-10"]["resid"]),
156
+ ("(c) with $A_2$", rf["fits"]["with A2"]["resid"])]
157
+ print("== figure")
158
+ print(r"\begin{tikzpicture}")
159
+ for k, (title, res) in enumerate(panels):
160
+ at = "" if k == 0 else "at={(p%d.south)},anchor=north,yshift=-0.9cm," % (k - 1)
161
+ ymin, ymax = (-12, 12) if k < 2 else (-1.5, 1.5)
162
+ print(r"\begin{axis}[name=p%d,%swidth=0.95\textwidth,height=0.3\textwidth,xmin=2006.5,xmax=2027,ymin=%g,ymax=%g," % (k, at, ymin, ymax))
163
+ print(r" xlabel={%s},ylabel={offset (arcsec)},title={%s},title style={font=\small},tick label style={font=\footnotesize},"
164
+ % ("year" if k == 2 else "", title))
165
+ print(r" label style={font=\small},x tick label style={/pgf/number format/1000 sep={}},legend style={font=\scriptsize,"
166
+ r"at={(0.03,0.97)},anchor=north west,draw=none,fill=white,fill opacity=0.8,text opacity=1},legend columns=2]")
167
+ for key, mark, col, lab in (("cross", "*", "black", "across the motion"), ("along", "o", "black!60", "along the motion")):
168
+ kept = [r for r in res if r.get("kept", True)]
169
+ print(r"\addplot[only marks,mark=%s,mark size=1.3pt,%s] coordinates {%s};"
170
+ % (mark, col, " ".join("(%.3f,%.2f)" % (year(r["jd"]), r[key]) for r in kept)))
171
+ print(r"\addlegendentry{%s}" % lab)
172
+ if k == 2 and any(not r.get("kept", True) for r in res):
173
+ print(r"\addplot[only marks,mark=%s,mark size=1.3pt,%s,opacity=0.35,forget plot] coordinates {%s};"
174
+ % (mark, col, " ".join("(%.3f,%.2f)" % (year(r["jd"]), max(min(r[key], ymax), ymin)) for r in res if not r.get("kept", True))))
175
+ print(r"\addplot[black!40,densely dotted,forget plot] coordinates {(2006.5,0) (2027,0)};")
176
+ print(r"\end{axis}")
177
+ print(r"\end{tikzpicture}")
178
+
179
+
180
+ def robust():
181
+ """Night jackknife and bootstrap, weighting variants and the prediction table."""
182
+ r = darkcomet("robust.json")
183
+ print("== robustness")
184
+ for k in ("jackknife_none", "jackknife_night", "bootstrap_free", "bootstrap_held"):
185
+ print(k, json.dumps(r[k]))
186
+ for k in sorted(t for t in r["fits"] if t.startswith(("clip", "floor", "default"))):
187
+ f = r["fits"][k]
188
+ print("%-22s A2 %+.3e +- %.2e (%.1f sigma), chi2/dof %.2f" % (k, f["A2"], f["A2_sigma"], abs(f["A2"] / f["A2_sigma"]), f["chi2"] / f["dof"]))
189
+ night = {x["date"]: x for x in r["prediction"]["night"]}
190
+ site = {x["date"]: x for x in r["prediction"]["none"]}
191
+ for dt in ("2030-07-30", "2030-08-19", "2030-09-08", "2030-09-28"):
192
+ n, s = night[dt], site[dt]
193
+ print("%s & %.2f & %.2f & %.2f & %.1f & %.2f & %.2f & %.2f & %.1f \\\\ %% across %.2f %.2f"
194
+ % (dt, n["sep"], n["sigma_accel"], n["sigma_grav"], n["z_0p2"], s["sep"], s["sigma_accel"], s["sigma_grav"], s["z_0p2"],
195
+ n["across_accel"], n["across_grav"]))
196
+
197
+
198
+ def precovery():
199
+ """The re-measured 2007 frames against both orbits, as table rows, and the known asteroids around the track."""
200
+ from astropy.time import Time
201
+ print("== precovery frames")
202
+ for f in darkcomet("frames_%s.json" % NIGHT):
203
+ print("%s & %s & %s & %.0f & %.1f & %.2f & %.6f & $%+.6f$ & $%+.2f$, $%+.2f$ & $%+.2f$, $%+.2f$ \\\\" % (
204
+ f["image"], Time(f["mjd_mid"], format="mjd").iso[11:19], f["filter"][:1], f["exptime"], f["snr"], f["trail_arcsec"],
205
+ f["ra"], f["dec"], f["accel"]["dE"], f["accel"]["dN"], f["grav"]["dE"], f["grav"]["dN"]))
206
+ fl = darkcomet("field_%s.json" % NIGHT)
207
+ print("field:", json.dumps({k: v for k, v in fl.items() if k != "objects"}))
208
+
209
+
210
+ def table_s1():
211
+ """Table S1: every asteroid of the screen, significant drifts first, with the published status the store records."""
212
+ rows = json.load(open(results("yarkovsky_sign.json")))
213
+ cols = ["designation", "A2_au_d2", "A2_snr", "A1_snr", "A3_snr", "H", "D_used_m", "D_source", "xi_500kgm3_albedo0.5",
214
+ "xi_2000kgm3_albedo0.14", "T_J", "q_au", "orbit_class", "n_obs", "arc_days", "damit_cos_obliquity", "spin_sign", "published_status"]
215
+
216
+ def f(x, fmt):
217
+ return "" if x is None else fmt % x
218
+ out = os.path.join(HERE, "data", "table_S1_screen.csv")
219
+ with open(out, "w", newline="", encoding="utf-8") as fh:
220
+ w = csv.writer(fh)
221
+ w.writerow(cols)
222
+ for x in sorted(rows, key=lambda r: (abs(r["A2_snr"] or 0) < 3, -(r["xi"] or 0))):
223
+ known = next((v for k, v in ss.yarkovsky_KNOWN.items() if "(%s)" % k in x["name"] or x["pdes"] == k), None)
224
+ if x["pdes"] == "883607":
225
+ known = "dark-comet candidate (this paper)"
226
+ name = x["name"][1:-1] if x["name"].startswith("(") and x["name"].endswith(")") else x["name"]
227
+ w.writerow([name, f(x["A2"], "%.4e"), f(x["A2_snr"], "%.2f"), f(x["A1_snr"], "%.2f"), f(x["A3_snr"], "%.2f"), f(x["H"], "%.2f"),
228
+ f(x["d_min_m"], "%.0f"), x["d_src"], f(x["xi"], "%.4g"), f(x["xi_typ"], "%.4g"), f(x["t_j"], "%.3f"), f(x["q"], "%.4f"),
229
+ x["cls"], x["n_obs"], x["arc"], ";".join("%.3f" % c for c in x["cos_obl"]), x["verdict"] or "", known or ""])
230
+ print("== Table S1: %d rows to %s" % (len(rows), out))
231
+
232
+
233
+ def cutouts():
234
+ """Figure: the object in each re-measured frame, north up and east left, with the positions both orbits give."""
235
+ import matplotlib
236
+ matplotlib.use("Agg")
237
+ import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
238
+ from astropy.io import fits as pyfits
239
+ from astropy.time import Time
240
+ from astropy.visualization import AsinhStretch, ImageNormalize, ZScaleInterval
241
+ pre = {(x["image"], x["ext"]): x for x in darkcomet("precovery_%s.json" % NIGHT) if x["found"]}
242
+ frames = darkcomet("frames_%s.json" % NIGHT)
243
+ cdir = os.path.join(ss.darkcomet_dir(DESIG), "cfht_%s" % NIGHT)
244
+ plt.rcParams.update({"font.family": "serif", "mathtext.fontset": "cm", "font.size": 8})
245
+ half = 8.0
246
+ fig, axes = plt.subplots(4, 4, figsize=(6.6, 7.0))
247
+ for ax in axes.flat:
248
+ ax.set_xticks([])
249
+ ax.set_yticks([])
250
+ for ax, f in zip(axes.flat, frames):
251
+ e = pre[(f["image"], f["ext"])]
252
+ h = pyfits.open(os.path.join(cdir, "%s_%d.fits" % (f["image"], f["ext"])))[-1]
253
+ img = h.data.astype(float)
254
+ n = int(round(half / e["scale"]))
255
+ xi, yi = (int(round(v)) for v in e["pix"])
256
+ cut = img[max(yi - n, 0):yi + n + 1, max(xi - n, 0):xi + n + 1]
257
+ # north up, east left: flip x where RA grows with x, flip y where Dec falls with y
258
+ if h.header["CD1_1"] > 0:
259
+ cut = cut[:, ::-1]
260
+ if h.header["CD2_2"] < 0:
261
+ cut = cut[::-1, :]
262
+ ax.imshow(cut, origin="lower", cmap="gray_r", extent=[half, -half, -half, half], interpolation="nearest",
263
+ norm=ImageNormalize(cut, interval=ZScaleInterval(contrast=0.15), stretch=AsinhStretch(0.3)))
264
+ ax.plot(0, 0, marker="+", ms=7, mew=0.8, color="#1f6fb4")
265
+ ax.add_patch(plt.Circle((-f["accel"]["dE"], -f["accel"]["dN"]), 0.9, fill=False, lw=0.9, color="#c0392b"))
266
+ ax.add_patch(plt.Rectangle((-f["grav"]["dE"] - 0.8, -f["grav"]["dN"] - 0.8), 1.6, 1.6, fill=False, lw=0.9, color="#2e8b57"))
267
+ ax.set_xlim(half, -half)
268
+ ax.set_ylim(-half, half)
269
+ box = dict(facecolor="white", edgecolor="none", alpha=0.75, pad=0.8)
270
+ ax.text(0.04, 0.95, "%s %s UT" % (f["image"][:6], Time(f["mjd_mid"], format="mjd").iso[11:16]), transform=ax.transAxes,
271
+ va="top", fontsize=6.5, bbox=box)
272
+ ax.text(0.04, 0.05, "%s, %.0f s, S/N %.1f" % (f["filter"][:1], f["exptime"], f["snr"]), transform=ax.transAxes, va="bottom",
273
+ fontsize=6.5, bbox=box)
274
+ for ax in axes.flat[len(frames):]:
275
+ ax.axis("off")
276
+ key = axes.flat[len(frames)]
277
+ key.set_xlim(0, 1)
278
+ key.set_ylim(0, 1)
279
+ key.set_aspect("equal")
280
+ key.plot(0.16, 0.88, marker="+", ms=7, mew=0.8, color="#1f6fb4")
281
+ key.text(0.30, 0.88, "our centroid", va="center", fontsize=7)
282
+ key.add_patch(plt.Circle((0.16, 0.74), 0.045, fill=False, lw=0.9, color="#c0392b"))
283
+ key.text(0.30, 0.74, "orbit with $A_2$", va="center", fontsize=7)
284
+ key.add_patch(plt.Rectangle((0.12, 0.56), 0.08, 0.08, fill=False, lw=0.9, color="#2e8b57"))
285
+ key.text(0.30, 0.60, "gravity only,\nfitted without 2007", va="center", fontsize=7)
286
+ # compass, north up and east left, and a 4 arcsec bar: a quarter of a panel's 16 arcsec
287
+ key.annotate("", xy=(0.36, 0.38), xytext=(0.36, 0.16), arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle="->", lw=0.8))
288
+ key.text(0.36, 0.40, "N", ha="center", va="bottom", fontsize=7)
289
+ key.annotate("", xy=(0.14, 0.16), xytext=(0.36, 0.16), arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle="->", lw=0.8))
290
+ key.text(0.12, 0.16, "E", ha="right", va="center", fontsize=7)
291
+ key.plot([0.56, 0.81], [0.16, 0.16], color="k", lw=1.2)
292
+ key.text(0.685, 0.20, "4$''$", ha="center", va="bottom", fontsize=7)
293
+ fig.subplots_adjust(left=0.01, right=0.99, top=0.99, bottom=0.01, wspace=0.04, hspace=0.04)
294
+ fig.savefig(os.path.join(HERE, "cfht2007_cutouts.pdf"))
295
+ print("== cutouts: %d frames to cfht2007_cutouts.pdf" % len(frames))
296
+
297
+
298
+ if __name__ == "__main__":
299
+ fits()
300
+ screen()
301
+ spins()
302
+ figure()
303
+ robust()
304
+ covariance()
305
+ precovery()
306
+ locus()
307
+ census()
308
+ forecast()
309
+ thermal_variants()
310
+ table_s1()
311
+ cutouts()
papers/dyson_infrared/data/dark_companion_ds.json ADDED
The diff for this file is too large to render. See raw diff
 
papers/dyson_infrared/data/hz_stack.json ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,2468 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ {
2
+ "W3": {
3
+ "hz": [
4
+ 0.0004234436461748033,
5
+ 0.004539201992195979,
6
+ 69
7
+ ],
8
+ "other": [
9
+ -0.001060004676148413,
10
+ 0.0035762209781781385,
11
+ 124
12
+ ],
13
+ "null": [
14
+ 0.0017982260249989799,
15
+ 0.0005890516020987325,
16
+ 4219
17
+ ],
18
+ "bound_mag": 0.0077797436090991795,
19
+ "covering_fraction": 1.5327907340354733e-05,
20
+ "hosts": {
21
+ "hz": [
22
+ {
23
+ "host": "HD 2039",
24
+ "dx": -0.023999999999999133,
25
+ "sd": 0.03443526489026363,
26
+ "n": 23,
27
+ "teff": 5945.0
28
+ },
29
+ {
30
+ "host": "HD 221287",
31
+ "dx": 0.017999999999999794,
32
+ "sd": 0.0327804789358335,
33
+ "n": 23,
34
+ "teff": 6304.0
35
+ },
36
+ {
37
+ "host": "HD 188015",
38
+ "dx": -0.022499999999999964,
39
+ "sd": 0.03222796909922543,
40
+ "n": 16,
41
+ "teff": 5746.0
42
+ },
43
+ {
44
+ "host": "HD 165155",
45
+ "dx": -0.04600000000000115,
46
+ "sd": 0.03307848398231692,
47
+ "n": 19,
48
+ "teff": 5426.0
49
+ },
50
+ {
51
+ "host": "TOI-1266",
52
+ "dx": 0.025000000000000355,
53
+ "sd": 0.037304148590740216,
54
+ "n": 21,
55
+ "teff": 3563.0
56
+ },
57
+ {
58
+ "host": "HD 142415",
59
+ "dx": -0.0014999999999996128,
60
+ "sd": 0.034810270032994375,
61
+ "n": 16,
62
+ "teff": 5940.0
63
+ },
64
+ {
65
+ "host": "HD 222582",
66
+ "dx": 0.008000000000000007,
67
+ "sd": 0.030431025858118996,
68
+ "n": 12,
69
+ "teff": 5790.0
70
+ },
71
+ {
72
+ "host": "HD 28185",
73
+ "dx": 0.0019999999999997797,
74
+ "sd": 0.03905828999103795,
75
+ "n": 15,
76
+ "teff": 5602.0
77
+ },
78
+ {
79
+ "host": "HIP 71135",
80
+ "dx": -0.003000000000001002,
81
+ "sd": 0.04665811446511631,
82
+ "n": 7,
83
+ "teff": 4146.0
84
+ },
85
+ {
86
+ "host": "K2-18",
87
+ "dx": -0.03649999999999931,
88
+ "sd": 0.04154638416393725,
89
+ "n": 12,
90
+ "teff": 3457.0
91
+ },
92
+ {
93
+ "host": "TOI-700",
94
+ "dx": 0.01849999999999863,
95
+ "sd": 0.03584266768590884,
96
+ "n": 16,
97
+ "teff": 3459.0
98
+ },
99
+ {
100
+ "host": "LP 890-9",
101
+ "dx": -0.0259999999999998,
102
+ "sd": 0.12674383693909178,
103
+ "n": 13,
104
+ "teff": 2850.0
105
+ },
106
+ {
107
+ "host": "K2-72",
108
+ "dx": -0.019999999999999574,
109
+ "sd": 0.10212895953406441,
110
+ "n": 17,
111
+ "teff": 3360.47
112
+ },
113
+ {
114
+ "host": "Kepler-1649",
115
+ "dx": -0.0389999999999997,
116
+ "sd": 0.2946637305915005,
117
+ "n": 14,
118
+ "teff": 3240.0
119
+ },
120
+ {
121
+ "host": "HD 331093",
122
+ "dx": -0.0259999999999998,
123
+ "sd": 0.035392364212638125,
124
+ "n": 17,
125
+ "teff": 5544.0
126
+ },
127
+ {
128
+ "host": "HD 73534",
129
+ "dx": -0.03500000000000014,
130
+ "sd": 0.03929506412566434,
131
+ "n": 7,
132
+ "teff": 4917.0
133
+ },
134
+ {
135
+ "host": "HD 23596",
136
+ "dx": -0.009000000000000341,
137
+ "sd": 0.03391525700235801,
138
+ "n": 15,
139
+ "teff": 6040.0
140
+ },
141
+ {
142
+ "host": "HD 99109",
143
+ "dx": -0.016000000000000902,
144
+ "sd": 0.031278999769309104,
145
+ "n": 19,
146
+ "teff": 5282.0
147
+ },
148
+ {
149
+ "host": "TOI-715",
150
+ "dx": 0.010999999999998344,
151
+ "sd": 0.1146149550753756,
152
+ "n": 20,
153
+ "teff": 3075.0
154
+ },
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+ {
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+ "host": "TOI-1736",
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+ "dx": -0.010999999999999677,
158
+ "sd": 0.038950311613714296,
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+ "n": 22,
160
+ "teff": 5636.0
161
+ },
162
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papers/dyson_infrared/data/pma_dark.json ADDED
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papers/dyson_infrared/dyson_infrared.pdf ADDED
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papers/dyson_infrared/dyson_infrared.tex ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,476 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ % !TEX program = pdflatex
2
+ \documentclass[11pt]{article}
3
+ \setlength{\textwidth}{6.5in}
4
+ \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0pt}
5
+ \setlength{\evensidemargin}{0pt}
6
+ \setlength{\textheight}{9in}
7
+ \setlength{\topmargin}{0pt}
8
+ \addtolength{\topmargin}{-\headheight}
9
+ \addtolength{\topmargin}{-\headsep}
10
+ \ifdefined\pdfpagewidth \pdfpagewidth=8.5in \pdfpageheight=11in \fi
11
+ \ifdefined\pagewidth \pagewidth=8.5in \pageheight=11in \fi
12
+ \usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
13
+ \usepackage{array}
14
+ \usepackage{booktabs}
15
+ \usepackage[tableposition=top]{caption}
16
+ \usepackage{longtable}
17
+ \usepackage{enumitem}
18
+ \usepackage{tikz}
19
+ \usepackage{pgfplots}
20
+ \pgfplotsset{compat=1.18}
21
+ \emergencystretch=3em
22
+
23
+ % ---- notation ---------------------------------------------------------------
24
+ \newcommand{\um}{\,$\mu$m}
25
+ \newcommand{\kms}{km\,s$^{-1}$}
26
+ \newcommand{\flux}{erg\,cm$^{-2}$\,s$^{-1}$}
27
+ \newcommand{\mA}{m\AA}
28
+ \newcommand{\sci}[2]{#1\times10^{#2}}
29
+ \newcommand{\ion}[2]{#1\,\textsc{#2}}
30
+ \newcommand{\nuc}[2]{$^{#1}$#2}
31
+ \newcommand{\lxl}{$L_X/L_\mathrm{bol}$}
32
+
33
+ % ---- front matter -----------------------------------------------------------
34
+ \title{A Search for Waste Heat from Dyson Spheres\\ Around Nearby Stars in Archival Infrared Surveys}
35
+ \author{Charles C. Norton}
36
+ \date{}
37
+
38
+ \begin{document}
39
+ \maketitle
40
+
41
+ \begin{abstract}
42
+ A structure that intercepts a star's light re-radiates it as heat, so a Dyson sphere
43
+ shows as infrared emission beyond what the star alone gives. We test nearby stars for
44
+ that emission in ten ways with archival surveys. None of the $279$ optically dark Gaia
45
+ DR3 astrometric companions of $0.5\,M_\odot$ or more within $200$\,pc re-radiates more
46
+ than $6$ per cent of a main-sequence star's light at $300$\,K (median bound $0.3$ per
47
+ cent), nor do the $191$ companions of $0.3\,M_\odot$ or more at $3$ to $30$\,au implied by
48
+ Hipparcos-Gaia proper-motion anomalies within $50$\,pc (median bound $0.39$ per cent).
49
+ Stacked against matched field stars, the WISE colours of habitable-zone planet hosts
50
+ within $100$\,pc limit the mean fraction of their light intercepted by $300$\,K swarms to
51
+ $\sci{1.5}{-5}$. No bright, cold, moving AllWISE source without a Gaia star is an
52
+ enclosed star, no star within $50$\,pc has a $30$ to $100$\,K shell in the AKARI
53
+ far-infrared survey, none of $203$ stars within $15$\,pc brightened at $4.6$\um\ over the
54
+ decade of NEOWISE by more than about $9$ per cent, and no star that vanished from the
55
+ Palomar plates reappears with the $12$\um\ emission an enclosure requires. SPHEREx
56
+ spectra trace the excess of earlier Dyson-sphere candidates to background galaxies and a
57
+ radio source, and put the excesses of $37$ extreme mid-infrared stars at $486$ to
58
+ $2133$\,K, the temperatures of warm dust and cool companions, none below $400$\,K within
59
+ the $5$\um\ reach of the spectra. Each test's reach is stated: the enclosed-star search
60
+ finds a $300$\,K shell around a star of $0.01\,L_\odot$ to $210$\,pc, the AKARI match
61
+ finds a $30$ to $100$\,K shell holding $0.2$ per cent of a solar luminosity at $50$\,pc,
62
+ and a vanished source of $R=19$ enclosed at $200$ to $600$\,K would have been detected
63
+ by WISE.
64
+ \end{abstract}
65
+
66
+ % =============================================================================
67
+ \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
68
+ % =============================================================================
69
+
70
+ Dyson proposed that a civilization using much of its star's output would surround the
71
+ star with collectors and re-radiate the energy as waste heat, and that the heat, at a
72
+ few hundred kelvin, would make the system a source of infrared emission that its
73
+ starlight does not explain~\cite{Dyson1960}. Searches have since used each infrared
74
+ survey in turn: IRAS for whole-sky limits on spheres at $100$ to $600$\,K~\cite{Carrigan2009},
75
+ WISE for galaxies whose stellar light is converted to mid-infrared
76
+ emission~\cite{Wright2014,Griffith2015}, and Gaia with 2MASS and WISE for partial spheres
77
+ around individual Milky Way stars~\cite{Suazo2022,Suazo2024,Contardo2024}. A detected
78
+ excess has natural rivals: debris discs, red companions, background galaxies and
79
+ young stars embedded in their clouds.
80
+
81
+ The nearest stars allow tests that need a known distance, mass or history. A companion
82
+ whose mass Gaia's astrometry measures but whose light it does not see is either a dim
83
+ remnant or a star enclosed; a structure built within a decade brightens its star in the
84
+ infrared from one epoch to the next; a star enclosed during the twentieth century would
85
+ vanish from the Palomar plates and reappear in the mid-infrared. This paper applies
86
+ these tests and the stacking and spectroscopic ones to archival surveys, and states each
87
+ result as a fraction of a star's light re-radiated at the temperature tested.
88
+
89
+ \subsection{Contributions}
90
+ \begin{enumerate}[leftmargin=*,itemsep=1pt]
91
+ \item Limits on the fraction of light re-radiated at $300$\,K by $279$ Gaia DR3 dark
92
+ companions and by $191$ companions inferred from proper-motion anomalies.
93
+ \item A stacked limit on warm swarms around habitable-zone planet hosts, and searches
94
+ for fully enclosed moving stars, cold far-infrared shells, decade-long brightening and
95
+ stars that vanished from the optical sky into the infrared.
96
+ \item SPHEREx $0.75$ to $5$\um\ spectra of published Dyson-sphere candidates against
97
+ matched controls, which place every excess in a natural class.
98
+ \end{enumerate}
99
+
100
+ % =============================================================================
101
+ \section{Tests}\label{sec:tests}
102
+ % =============================================================================
103
+
104
+ Table~\ref{tab:tests} lists the ten tests, their samples and results. Each compares a
105
+ measured infrared flux with what the star or its catalogued companions would give, and
106
+ expresses the difference as the fraction of the star's light that a black body at the
107
+ tested temperature would need to re-radiate.
108
+
109
+ \emph{Dark astrometric companions.} Gaia DR3's orbital solutions~\cite{Arenou2023} give
110
+ the mass of each companion and the flux ratio its orbit allows in the $G$ band. Within
111
+ $200$\,pc, $279$ companions of $0.5\,M_\odot$ or more are dark, contributing less than a
112
+ third of the light of a main-sequence star of their mass. Inside a complete sphere such
113
+ a star would re-radiate its main-sequence luminosity as a $300$\,K black body, whose
114
+ $12$ and $22$\um\ flux at the Gaia distance we compare with the AllWISE~\cite{Wright2010}
115
+ counterpart within $3''$.
116
+
117
+ \emph{Companions from proper-motion anomalies.} The difference between a star's
118
+ Hipparcos-Gaia long-term proper motion and its Gaia proper motion gives the least mass
119
+ of a companion anywhere between $3$ and $30$\,au~\cite{Kervella2022}. For the $191$
120
+ Hipparcos stars within $50$\,pc whose anomaly, at a signal-to-noise ratio of $5$,
121
+ requires a companion of $0.3\,M_\odot$ or more, a star of that mass inside a shell at
122
+ $200$, $300$ or $600$\,K would add predictable $12$ and $22$\um\ flux; the star's
123
+ $K_s-W3$ and $K_s-W4$ colours, against the $15$ sample stars nearest in $G-K_s$, bound
124
+ the fraction re-radiated. An excess is read again from the WISE All-Sky release, which
125
+ processed the same cryogenic $12$ and $22$\um\ exposures apart from AllWISE, against the
126
+ same neighbours.
127
+
128
+ \emph{Stacking at habitable-zone hosts.} A swarm intercepting a fraction $f$ of the
129
+ starlight at $300$\,K adds $12$ and $22$\um\ flux in proportion to $f$, so a population
130
+ of modest swarms shows as a mean colour excess. Hosts of planets receiving $0.32$ to
131
+ $1.78$ times the Earth's insolation~\cite{Kopparapu2013} within $100$\,pc in the NASA
132
+ Exoplanet Archive~\cite{Akeson2013}, and the other hosts as comparison, each receive up
133
+ to $25$ field stars matched in Gaia colour, magnitude and parallax. The inverse-variance
134
+ mean of the hosts' $W1-W3$ and $W1-W4$ excesses over their controls, against the same
135
+ statistic with a control standing for its host, limits the mean $f$.
136
+
137
+ \emph{Fully enclosed stars.} A shell that absorbs all of a star's light re-radiates it
138
+ at the shell's temperature: at $300$\,K around an M dwarf of $0.01\,L_\odot$ at $100$\,pc
139
+ it gives $W3\approx6.4$ with $W2-W3\approx5.7$, and Gaia sees nothing. Of the $36603$
140
+ AllWISE point sources with $W3<8$ at a signal-to-noise ratio above $10$ and
141
+ $W2-W3>1.5$, we keep those that CatWISE2020~\cite{Marocco2021} finds moving faster than
142
+ $40$\,mas\,yr$^{-1}$ at $5\sigma$, as a star within $100$\,pc would, with no Gaia DR3
143
+ source within $3''$, clean flags and unsaturated $W1$ and $W2$, and check each against
144
+ SIMBAD and for young stars, cores and clouds within $30'$. The $W3<8$ cut reaches a
145
+ $300$\,K shell around a star of $0.001$, $0.01$ and $0.1\,L_\odot$ to $67$, $210$ and
146
+ $670$\,pc, and shells at $200$ and $500$\,K to within $20$ per cent of those distances;
147
+ the motion cut keeps stars whose tangential velocity exceeds $19$\,km\,s$^{-1}$ at
148
+ $100$\,pc and $40$\,km\,s$^{-1}$ at $210$\,pc, about three quarters of the disc
149
+ population at the first and a third at the second.
150
+
151
+ \emph{Cold shells.} A structure at $30$ to $100$\,K peaks beyond the WISE bands, and a
152
+ main-sequence photosphere at $65$ to $160$\um\ lies far below the AKARI Far-Infrared
153
+ Surveyor's bright source catalogue~\cite{Murakami2007}. We match the $27394$ Gaia DR3
154
+ main-sequence stars within $50$\,pc to that catalogue within $20''$, and take the chance
155
+ count from the same match with every position moved by $3'$. The catalogue's $0.55$\,Jy
156
+ limit at $90$\um\ corresponds, for a shell at $30$ to $100$\,K, to $0.2$ to $0.6$ per
157
+ cent of a solar luminosity at $50$\,pc and $0.03$ to $0.09$ per cent at $20$\,pc; for
158
+ the M dwarfs that make up most of the sample, of $0.01\,L_\odot$ at $10$\,pc, it needs
159
+ $1$ to $2$ per cent of the star's light, so the test bounds complete or nearly complete
160
+ cold shells around the M dwarfs and partial ones around the solar-type stars.
161
+
162
+ \emph{Decade trends.} A structure assembled during 2014 to 2024 at $600$ to $1000$\,K
163
+ brightens its star year by year, more at $4.6$ than at $3.4$\um. For the $298$ Gaia DR3
164
+ stars within $15$\,pc with $W1$ of $8$ to $12.5$, the NEOWISE-R single
165
+ exposures~\cite{Mainzer2014} from December 2013 to August 2024 give $W1$ and $W2$ light
166
+ curves differential against field stars on the same frames, and a linear trend per
167
+ decade is judged against stars of similar brightness, since the photometry drifts with
168
+ brightness.
169
+
170
+ \emph{Vanished in the optical, present in the infrared.} A star enclosed after the 1950s
171
+ leaves the first Palomar survey's plates and returns at its enclosure's temperature: at
172
+ $300$\,K a star of $R=19$ appears near $W2=16.8$ and $W3=11.1$, at $200$\,K near
173
+ $W3=11.6$ and $W4=9.0$, and at $600$\,K near $W2=14.1$, against AllWISE's $5\sigma$
174
+ limits of about $17.5$, $11.6$ and $8.0$ in $W2$, $W3$ and $W4$, so an enclosure at any
175
+ of those temperatures of a source brighter than $R\approx19$, which is most of the
176
+ catalogue, would be detected in at least one band. The archive of
177
+ vanishing objects~\cite{Solano2022} built for the VASCO project~\cite{Villarroel2020}
178
+ lists Palomar sources absent from Pan-STARRS and Gaia; we keep those whose only
179
+ counterpart is infrared and red in $W1-W2$, away from the ecliptic, with a fixed
180
+ CatWISE2020 counterpart and no Legacy Surveys source~\cite{Dey2019} to $r=24$.
181
+
182
+ \emph{Breakthrough Listen targets.} The FGK stars of Breakthrough Listen's nearby-star
183
+ sample~\cite{Isaacson2017} observed in a set of 2016 L-band sessions, $170$ in all, are
184
+ tested for $K_s-W3$ or $K_s-W4$ above $0.25$\,mag at $5\sigma$ with clean photometry.
185
+
186
+ \emph{SPHEREx spectra.} SPHEREx images the sky in $102$ bands from $0.75$ to
187
+ $5$\um~\cite{Dore2014}. We measure each target, carried by proper motion to the epoch
188
+ of the images, by a point-spread fit after the zodiacal model in every image covering
189
+ it, and the same for two Gaia stars of matching colour, magnitude and distance that WISE
190
+ does not detect at $12$\um. Normalised at $1.0$ to $1.6$\um, a target's excess over its
191
+ controls at $2$ to $3$, $3$ to $4$ and $4$ to $5$\um\ is judged against one control
192
+ measured against the other. The targets are candidates of Project
193
+ Hephaistos~\cite{Suazo2024} and the $53$ FGK stars with the most extreme Gaia-predicted
194
+ $W2$ excesses of Contardo and Hogg~\cite{Contardo2024}, of which $51$ have controls. A black body
195
+ fitted from $1.6$ to $5$\um\ gives the temperature of each excess and the fraction of
196
+ the star's light it holds. The Hephaistos targets are ten candidates of that search and
197
+ one M dwarf with a warm excess, eleven in all.
198
+
199
+ \begin{table}[t]
200
+ \centering\small
201
+ \caption{The ten tests. $f$ is the fraction of a star's light intercepted and re-radiated
202
+ at the temperature tested.}
203
+ \label{tab:tests}
204
+ \begin{tabular}{>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{0.2\textwidth} >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{0.3\textwidth} >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{0.42\textwidth}}
205
+ \toprule
206
+ Test & Sample & Result \\
207
+ \midrule
208
+ Dark companions & $279$ Gaia DR3 orbital companions $\geq0.5\,M_\odot$, $<200$\,pc & none above $6$ per cent of its light at $300$\,K; median bound $0.3$ per cent \\
209
+ Proper-motion companions & $191$ stars $<50$\,pc, companion $\geq0.3\,M_\odot$ at $3$--$30$\,au & median bound $0.39$ per cent at $300$\,K; four $3\sigma$ excesses, all explained \\
210
+ Habitable-zone stacking & $69$ hosts ($W3$), $63$ ($W4$), $<100$\,pc, $25$ controls each & mean $f<\sci{1.5}{-5}$ ($12$\um) and $\sci{8.6}{-6}$ ($22$\um) at $300$\,K \\
211
+ Fully enclosed stars & $36603$ cold AllWISE sources & $72$ clean movers without Gaia stars, all among young stars, cores and clouds \\
212
+ Cold shells & $27394$ stars $<50$\,pc, AKARI FIS & $35$ matches against $26$ by chance; clouds and known young discs \\
213
+ Decade trends & $203$ stars $<15$\,pc, NEOWISE 2013--2024 & none brightens at $4.6$\um\ at $5\sigma$; bound about $9$ per cent \\
214
+ Vanished stars & $5893$ red infrared-only counterparts of vanishing Palomar sources & four red CatWISE sources left, none detected at $12$\um \\
215
+ Breakthrough Listen targets & $170$ FGK stars & three excesses: a debris disc, a blend, a catalogued $22$\um\ excess \\
216
+ SPHEREx, Hephaistos & $11$ candidates, $2$ controls each & background galaxies and a radio source \\
217
+ SPHEREx, Contardo and Hogg & $51$ stars, $2$ controls each & $37$ excesses at $486$--$2133$\,K, none below $400$\,K \\
218
+ \bottomrule
219
+ \end{tabular}
220
+ \end{table}
221
+
222
+ % =============================================================================
223
+ \section{Results}\label{sec:results}
224
+ % =============================================================================
225
+
226
+ \emph{Companions.} No dark astrometric companion shows the $12$ or $22$\um\ flux that a
227
+ star of its mass inside a $300$\,K sphere would give: the measured flux bounds the
228
+ re-radiated fraction below $6$ per cent for every one of the $279$ and below $0.3$ per
229
+ cent for half of them. The proper-motion companions give a median bound of $0.39$ per
230
+ cent at $300$\,K, and $154$ of $189$ with both bands are bounded below $1$ per cent.
231
+ Three of their four $3\sigma$ colour excesses are a diffraction spike from a neighbour,
232
+ the photosphere of an M0 star and the white-dwarf companion of 56~Per. The fourth,
233
+ $0.14$\,mag at $12$\um\ ($3.3\sigma$) in the F6~V star HD~59099, whose astrometry
234
+ (RUWE $11.9$) marks the companion, belongs to the AllWISE measurement: the All-Sky
235
+ release puts the star $0.11$\,mag fainter at $12$\um\ and $0.07$\,mag fainter at
236
+ $22$\um, where the two releases agree for the sample's stars to a median of
237
+ $0.002$\,mag with a scatter of $0.007$\,mag, and against the same neighbours its
238
+ All-Sky excess is $+0.02$\,mag at $12$\um\ and nothing at $22$\um.
239
+
240
+ \emph{Habitable-zone hosts.} The $69$ habitable-zone hosts with clean $12$\um\
241
+ photometry and controls show a mean $W1-W3$ excess of $+0.0004\pm0.0045$\,mag over their
242
+ controls, the $124$ other hosts $-0.0011\pm0.0036$\,mag, and controls standing for their
243
+ hosts $+0.0018\pm0.0006$\,mag; at $22$\um\ the $63$ habitable-zone hosts give
244
+ $-0.0005\pm0.0094$\,mag, the $88$ other hosts $-0.0060\pm0.0106$\,mag, and controls
245
+ standing for their hosts $+0.0123\pm0.0017$\,mag. The control null is offset from zero
246
+ in both bands, by $0.0018$\,mag at $12$\um\ and $0.012$\,mag at $22$\um: a control
247
+ measured against the mean of the others is systematically redder than that mean, which
248
+ the hosts share, so the hosts' excesses are read against the null and fall below it by
249
+ $0.3\sigma$ and $1.3\sigma$. A $300$\,K swarm therefore intercepts on average less than
250
+ $\sci{1.5}{-5}$ of a habitable-zone host's light ($\sci{8.6}{-6}$ at $22$\um). The one
251
+ host above $3\sigma$, TOI-2257, has a galaxy $7.3''$ away.
252
+
253
+ \emph{Enclosed stars and cold shells.} Of the $36603$ cold AllWISE sources, $7817$ move
254
+ at $5\sigma$, $1491$ of these have no Gaia source, and $72$ have clean flags below
255
+ saturation; every one of the $72$ lies among young stars, dense cores or clouds, where
256
+ variability and nebulosity bias CatWISE motions. Within $50$\,pc, $35$ stars have an
257
+ AKARI $90$\um\ source within $20''$ against $26$ when the positions are moved; the
258
+ matches within $8''$ are alignments with clouds in fields of $43$ to $349$ sources per
259
+ square degree (V854~Ori, V1497~Cyg, HD~324218) or known young discs (HD~98800 in the TW
260
+ Hya association, and HD~164249~A in the $\beta$~Pictoris group at $\sci{7}{-4}$ of its
261
+ light).
262
+
263
+ \emph{Decade trends and vanished stars.} Of the $203$ stars within $15$\,pc with both
264
+ NEOWISE light curves, none brightens at $4.6$\um\ at $5\sigma$, the most extreme trend
265
+ being $-2.8\sigma$, and the median slope error of $0.018$\,mag per decade bounds any gain
266
+ at about $9$ per cent of the $4.6$\um\ flux. Of the $5893$ red infrared-only
267
+ counterparts of vanished Palomar sources, those near the ecliptic are asteroids caught
268
+ in single NEOWISE exposures and those detected in one exposure without a CatWISE source
269
+ are transients; four red CatWISE counterparts remain, and none is detected at $12$\um,
270
+ where an enclosure's energy would appear, consistent with brown dwarfs and obscured
271
+ quasars aligned by chance.
272
+
273
+ \emph{Breakthrough Listen targets.} Three of the $170$ stars exceed the colour criterion:
274
+ HR~8799, whose debris disc is known, a blended binary, and a star with a catalogued
275
+ $22$\um\ excess.
276
+
277
+ \emph{SPHEREx spectra.} The SPHEREx spectra of the Project Hephaistos candidates show
278
+ excesses only where a background galaxy (candidates D and E) or a radio source
279
+ (candidate G) lies within the WISE beam. JWST imaging of candidates D and E has since
280
+ resolved the galaxies, within about $1''$ of each star, as the source of their
281
+ mid-infrared excess~\cite{Zackrisson2026}, which SPHEREx's $6''$ pixels could attribute
282
+ only by the spectral shape. For the Contardo and Hogg stars, the ratio to
283
+ the controls shows a $4$ to $5$\um\ excess above $3\sigma$, with a systematic floor of
284
+ $0.063$ from $50$ control pairs, in $37$ of $51$ and a $3$ to $4$\um\ excess in $36$,
285
+ against $1$ and $0$ control pairs. A black body puts every excess between $486$ and
286
+ $2133$\,K holding $0.6$ to $7$ per cent of the star's light: $22$ at $400$ to $1000$\,K,
287
+ as warm dust, and nine above $1700$\,K, as cool companions or blends; none lies below
288
+ $400$\,K, and no $3.3$\um\ aromatic band reaches $2\sigma$. The absence of cooler
289
+ components is a property of the spectra's reach as much as of the stars: a $300$\,K
290
+ body emits at $5$\um\ a hundredth of what it emits at its $10$\um\ peak, so the fit from
291
+ $1.6$ to $5$\um\ is sensitive to components above about $400$\,K, and a cooler
292
+ component that the $12$ and $22$\um\ WISE excesses of these stars might hold is not
293
+ excluded. In the $41$ stars that the
294
+ Legacy Surveys cover, the excess sits in the star's own deblended source, whose $W2/W1$
295
+ ratio exceeds its controls' by up to $0.85$, and no source within $8''$ carries more than
296
+ $6$ per cent of it; the unWISE $W2$ centroid of every star lies within $3\sigma$ of its
297
+ $W1$ centroid against the controls' $0.12''$ scatter, which leaves only a red source
298
+ within about $0.5''$. The eleven with the largest excesses keep them at every NEOWISE
299
+ visit from 2014 to 2024, with a visit-to-visit scatter of $0.02$ to $0.06$\,mag in
300
+ $W1-W2$.
301
+
302
+ % =============================================================================
303
+ \section{Related work}\label{sec:related}
304
+ % =============================================================================
305
+
306
+ \emph{Waste-heat searches.} Carrigan's IRAS search set whole-sky limits on spheres at
307
+ $100$ to $600$\,K~\cite{Carrigan2009}, and the $\hat{G}$ search found no galaxy
308
+ re-radiating most of its starlight~\cite{Wright2014,Griffith2015}. Project Hephaistos
309
+ selected partial-sphere candidates among Milky Way stars with Gaia, 2MASS and
310
+ WISE~\cite{Suazo2022,Suazo2024}, and radio and optical images later showed background
311
+ sources near several of them~\cite{Ren2024}, as the SPHEREx spectra here do. Three
312
+ further studies of those candidates have appeared: archival diagnostics find
313
+ background contamination in candidates B and C and suggestive signs in five
314
+ more~\cite{Ren2026}, their stellar parameters are those of ordinary M dwarfs whose
315
+ infrared colours resemble transitional discs without the signs of
316
+ youth~\cite{Korn2026}, and JWST resolves background galaxies within about $1''$ of
317
+ candidates D and E~\cite{Zackrisson2026}, the two whose SPHEREx spectra attribute the
318
+ excess to a galaxy here. Contardo and
319
+ Hogg modelled the mid-infrared colours of five million FGK stars from their Gaia spectra
320
+ and published the most extreme excesses~\cite{Contardo2024}.
321
+
322
+ \emph{Companions and vanishing sources.} Kervella et al.\ derived companion masses from
323
+ the Hipparcos-Gaia proper-motion anomaly~\cite{Kervella2022}, and the VASCO project
324
+ catalogued Palomar sources missing from modern surveys~\cite{Villarroel2020,Solano2022};
325
+ we find no earlier use of either as a test for enclosed stars.
326
+
327
+ % =============================================================================
328
+ \section{Conclusion}\label{sec:conclusion}
329
+ % =============================================================================
330
+
331
+ No nearby star shows the infrared emission of a Dyson sphere in these tests. Optically
332
+ dark companions of known mass re-radiate at most a few tenths of a per cent of a star's
333
+ light at $300$\,K, habitable-zone hosts carry no mean warm excess at the level of
334
+ $10^{-5}$ of their light, no star within $15$\,pc brightened over a decade, and no star
335
+ that vanished from the Palomar sky reappears in the mid-infrared. The candidate
336
+ excesses that SPHEREx resolves are background sources, warm dust and cool companions.
337
+ The last of the companions' excesses, $3.3\sigma$ at $12$\um\ in HD~59099, is absent
338
+ from the WISE All-Sky release of the same exposures.
339
+
340
+ The limits apply to structures re-radiating as black bodies at the temperatures tested,
341
+ and to the epochs and sensitivities of the surveys: a $300$\,K enclosure of a star of
342
+ $0.01\,L_\odot$ within $210$\,pc moving faster than $19$ to $40$\,km\,s$^{-1}$ across
343
+ the line of sight, a $30$ to $100$\,K shell holding more than $0.2$ per cent of a solar
344
+ luminosity at $50$\,pc, and an enclosure at $200$ to $600$\,K of a vanished source
345
+ brighter than $R\approx19$. A sphere at a few tens of kelvin
346
+ around a star beyond $50$\,pc, one that emits mostly outside the WISE and AKARI bands,
347
+ a slow-moving enclosed star, or one whose waste heat is directed away from the Sun is
348
+ not constrained, and the SPHEREx fits do not reach components below $400$\,K. SPHEREx's
349
+ spectra of the dark companions and of the habitable-zone hosts would extend the
350
+ stacked test to $5$\um\ with resolved spectral shapes.
351
+
352
+ \section*{Acknowledgements}
353
+
354
+ This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency mission Gaia, processed by
355
+ the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC), funded by national institutions,
356
+ in particular those participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement; of the Wide-field
357
+ Infrared Survey Explorer and NEOWISE, projects of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
358
+ California Institute of Technology, funded by NASA; of SPHEREx data from the NASA/IPAC
359
+ Infrared Science Archive; of AKARI, a JAXA project with the participation of ESA; of
360
+ the NASA Exoplanet Archive; of the Legacy Surveys; of the Spanish Virtual Observatory's
361
+ archive of vanishing objects; and of the SIMBAD and VizieR services at CDS, Strasbourg.
362
+
363
+ \begin{thebibliography}{99}\small\raggedright
364
+ \setlength{\itemsep}{1pt}
365
+
366
+ \bibitem{Dyson1960}
367
+ F.~J. Dyson, Search for artificial stellar sources of infrared radiation, \emph{Science}
368
+ \textbf{131}, 1667 (1960).
369
+
370
+ \bibitem{Carrigan2009}
371
+ R.~A. Carrigan, IRAS-based whole-sky upper limit on Dyson spheres, \emph{Astrophys. J.}
372
+ \textbf{698}, 2075 (2009).
373
+
374
+ \bibitem{Wright2014}
375
+ J.~T. Wright, B.~Mullan, S.~Sigurdsson and M.~S. Povich, The $\hat{G}$ infrared search
376
+ for extraterrestrial civilizations with large energy supplies. I. Background and
377
+ justification, \emph{Astrophys. J.} \textbf{792}, 26 (2014).
378
+
379
+ \bibitem{Griffith2015}
380
+ R.~L. Griffith, J.~T. Wright, J.~Maldonado, M.~S. Povich, S.~Sigurdsson and B.~Mullan,
381
+ The $\hat{G}$ infrared search for extraterrestrial civilizations with large energy
382
+ supplies. III. The reddest extended sources in WISE, \emph{Astrophys. J. Suppl.}
383
+ \textbf{217}, 25 (2015).
384
+
385
+ \bibitem{Suazo2022}
386
+ M.~Suazo, E.~Zackrisson, J.~T. Wright, et al., Project Hephaistos -- I. Upper limits on
387
+ partial Dyson spheres in the Milky Way, \emph{Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.} \textbf{512},
388
+ 2988 (2022).
389
+
390
+ \bibitem{Suazo2024}
391
+ M.~Suazo, E.~Zackrisson, P.~K. Mahto, et al., Project Hephaistos -- II. Dyson sphere
392
+ candidates from Gaia DR3, 2MASS, and WISE, \emph{Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.}
393
+ \textbf{531}, 695 (2024).
394
+
395
+ \bibitem{Ren2024}
396
+ T.~Ren, M.~A. Garrett and A.~P.~V. Siemion, Background contamination of the Project
397
+ Hephaistos Dyson sphere candidates, \emph{Res. Notes AAS} \textbf{8}, 145 (2024).
398
+
399
+ \bibitem{Ren2026}
400
+ T.~Ren, M.~A. Garrett, E.~Zackrisson, et al., Archival diagnostics for potential
401
+ background contaminants of Project Hephaistos Dyson sphere candidates, \emph{Mon. Not.
402
+ R. Astron. Soc.}, in press, arXiv:2607.03619 (2026).
403
+
404
+ \bibitem{Korn2026}
405
+ A.~J. Korn, M.~Suazo, E.~Zackrisson, et al., Project Hephaistos -- III. Characterizing
406
+ anomalous infrared sources identified as Dyson-sphere candidates, arXiv:2607.25701
407
+ (2026).
408
+
409
+ \bibitem{Zackrisson2026}
410
+ E.~Zackrisson, A.~Bik, A.~Ali Asgar, et al., Project Hephaistos -- IV. James Webb Space
411
+ Telescope observations of two Dyson sphere candidates, arXiv:2607.09460 (2026).
412
+
413
+ \bibitem{Contardo2024}
414
+ G.~Contardo and D.~W. Hogg, A data-driven search for mid-infrared excesses among five
415
+ million main-sequence FGK stars, \emph{Astron. J.} \textbf{168}, 157 (2024).
416
+
417
+ \bibitem{Arenou2023}
418
+ Gaia Collaboration, F.~Arenou, C.~Babusiaux, et al., Gaia Data Release 3: stellar
419
+ multiplicity, a teaser for the hidden treasure, \emph{Astron. Astrophys.} \textbf{674},
420
+ A34 (2023).
421
+
422
+ \bibitem{Wright2010}
423
+ E.~L. Wright, P.~R.~M. Eisenhardt, A.~K. Mainzer, et al., The Wide-field Infrared Survey
424
+ Explorer (WISE): mission description and initial on-orbit performance, \emph{Astron. J.}
425
+ \textbf{140}, 1868 (2010).
426
+
427
+ \bibitem{Kervella2022}
428
+ P.~Kervella, F.~Arenou and F.~Th\'evenin, Stellar and substellar companions from Gaia
429
+ EDR3: proper-motion anomaly and resolved common proper-motion pairs, \emph{Astron.
430
+ Astrophys.} \textbf{657}, A7 (2022).
431
+
432
+ \bibitem{Kopparapu2013}
433
+ R.~K. Kopparapu, R.~Ramirez, J.~F. Kasting, et al., Habitable zones around
434
+ main-sequence stars: new estimates, \emph{Astrophys. J.} \textbf{765}, 131 (2013).
435
+
436
+ \bibitem{Akeson2013}
437
+ R.~L. Akeson, X.~Chen, D.~Ciardi, et al., The NASA Exoplanet Archive: data and tools for
438
+ exoplanet research, \emph{Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.} \textbf{125}, 989 (2013).
439
+
440
+ \bibitem{Marocco2021}
441
+ F.~Marocco, P.~R.~M. Eisenhardt, J.~W. Fowler, et al., The CatWISE2020 catalog,
442
+ \emph{Astrophys. J. Suppl.} \textbf{253}, 8 (2021).
443
+
444
+ \bibitem{Murakami2007}
445
+ H.~Murakami, H.~Baba, P.~Barthel, et al., The infrared astronomical mission AKARI,
446
+ \emph{Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn.} \textbf{59}, S369 (2007).
447
+
448
+ \bibitem{Mainzer2014}
449
+ A.~Mainzer, J.~Bauer, R.~M. Cutri, et al., Initial performance of the NEOWISE
450
+ reactivation mission, \emph{Astrophys. J.} \textbf{792}, 30 (2014).
451
+
452
+ \bibitem{Solano2022}
453
+ E.~Solano, B.~Villarroel and C.~Rodrigo, Discovering vanishing objects in POSS I red
454
+ images using the Virtual Observatory, \emph{Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.} \textbf{515},
455
+ 1380 (2022).
456
+
457
+ \bibitem{Villarroel2020}
458
+ B.~Villarroel, I.~Imaz, J.~Bergstedt, et al., Exploring the Gaia Data Release 2 for
459
+ vanishing sources, \emph{Astron. J.} \textbf{159}, 8 (2020).
460
+
461
+ \bibitem{Dey2019}
462
+ A.~Dey, D.~J. Schlegel, D.~Lang, et al., Overview of the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys,
463
+ \emph{Astron. J.} \textbf{157}, 168 (2019).
464
+
465
+ \bibitem{Isaacson2017}
466
+ H.~Isaacson, A.~P.~V. Siemion, G.~W. Marcy, et al., The Breakthrough Listen search for
467
+ intelligent life: target selection of nearby stars and galaxies, \emph{Publ. Astron.
468
+ Soc. Pac.} \textbf{129}, 054501 (2017).
469
+
470
+ \bibitem{Dore2014}
471
+ O.~Dor\'e, J.~Bock, M.~Ashby, et al., Cosmology with the SPHEREX all-sky spectral
472
+ survey, arXiv:1412.4872 (2014).
473
+
474
+ \end{thebibliography}
475
+
476
+ \end{document}
papers/dyson_infrared/make_numbers.py ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ """Coverage-store records and result-file numbers of the infrared waste-heat paper."""
2
+ import json
3
+ import os
4
+ import sqlite3
5
+ import sys
6
+
7
+ HERE = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
8
+ sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(HERE)))
9
+ from setitools import core # noqa: E402
10
+
11
+ RUNS = ("dark_companions_wise", "pma_dark_companions", "hz_stack_wise", "enclosed_stars", "cold_shells_akari",
12
+ "neowise_decade_trends", "vasco_ir_red", "ir_excess_bl", "spherex_hephaistos", "spherex_contardo53")
13
+
14
+
15
+ def results(name):
16
+ """Result file from data/, else the results directory."""
17
+ p = os.path.join(HERE, "data", name)
18
+ return p if os.path.exists(p) else core.results(name)
19
+
20
+
21
+ def sensitivities():
22
+ """Reach of the enclosed-star, AKARI and vanished-star tests: WISE and AKARI black-body fluxes."""
23
+ import math
24
+ h, c, k, sigma = 6.62607e-34, 2.99792e8, 1.380649e-23, 5.670374e-8
25
+ Lsun, pc = 3.828e26, 3.0857e16
26
+ zp = {"W2": (4.6028e-6, 171.787), "W3": (11.5608e-6, 31.674), "W4": (22.0883e-6, 8.363)} # Jarrett et al. (2011)
27
+
28
+ def fnu(L, T, d, lam):
29
+ nu = c / lam
30
+ return L / (4 * math.pi * d ** 2) * math.pi * (2 * h * nu ** 3 / c ** 2 / math.expm1(h * nu / (k * T))) / (sigma * T ** 4) * 1e26
31
+
32
+ def mag(L, T, d, band):
33
+ return -2.5 * math.log10(fnu(L, T, d, zp[band][0]) / zp[band][1])
34
+ print("== sensitivities")
35
+ for T in (200, 300, 500):
36
+ for L in (0.001, 0.01, 0.1):
37
+ m = mag(L * Lsun, T, 100 * pc, "W3")
38
+ print("enclosed star: %d K shell around %.3f Lsun: W3 %.2f at 100 pc, W3 < 8 to %.0f pc" % (T, L, m, 100 * 10 ** (-0.2 * (m - 8))))
39
+ for T in (30, 50, 100):
40
+ for L, d in ((1.0, 50), (1.0, 20), (0.01, 10)):
41
+ print("AKARI 90 um, 0.55 Jy: %d K shell around %.2f Lsun at %d pc detectable above f = %.1e" % (T, L, d, 0.55 / fnu(L * Lsun, T, d * pc, 90e-6)))
42
+ Fbol = 2.7e-8 * 10 ** (-0.4 * 19.5) # a solar-type star of V 19.5 (R 19)
43
+ for T in (200, 300, 600):
44
+ print("vanished star of R 19 enclosed at %d K: %s" % (T, ", ".join("%s %.1f" % (b, -2.5 * math.log10(
45
+ Fbol * math.pi * (2 * h * (c / lam) ** 3 / c ** 2 / math.expm1(h * (c / lam) / (k * T))) / (sigma * T ** 4) * 1e26 / z))
46
+ for b, (lam, z) in zp.items())))
47
+
48
+
49
+ def main():
50
+ sensitivities()
51
+ con = sqlite3.connect(core.COVERAGE)
52
+ cols = [r[1] for r in con.execute("pragma table_info(searches)")]
53
+ for run in RUNS:
54
+ r = dict(zip(cols, con.execute("select * from searches where id = ?", (run,)).fetchone()))
55
+ print("== %s (%s, %s targets)" % (run, r["code"], r["n_targets"]))
56
+ for k in ("selection", "null_summary", "sensitivity", "result"):
57
+ if r[k]:
58
+ print(" %s: %s" % (k, r[k]))
59
+ hz = json.load(open(results("hz_stack.json")))
60
+ for band in ("W3", "W4"):
61
+ x = hz[band]
62
+ print("habitable-zone stack %s: hosts %+.4f +- %.4f (%d), other hosts %+.4f +- %.4f (%d), controls as hosts "
63
+ "%+.4f +- %.4f (%d); covering fraction bound %.2g"
64
+ % (band, *x["hz"], *x["other"], *x["null"], x["covering_fraction"]))
65
+ pma = json.load(open(results("pma_dark.json")))
66
+ print("proper-motion companions: %d stars" % len(pma))
67
+ import numpy as np
68
+ for band in ("W3", "W4"):
69
+ d = np.array([o[band] - o[band + "_allsky"] for o in pma if o.get(band) is not None and o.get(band + "_allsky") is not None])
70
+ print(" %s AllWISE minus All-Sky over %d stars: median %+.3f, robust scatter %.3f, 5-95 per cent %s"
71
+ % (band, len(d), np.median(d), 1.4826 * np.median(np.abs(d - np.median(d))), np.percentile(d, [5, 95]).round(3)))
72
+ for o in pma:
73
+ if "reading" in o:
74
+ print(" %s: Ks-W3 %+.3f (%.1f sigma), Ks-W4 %+.3f (%.1f sigma); All-Sky %+.3f and %+.3f; W3 %.3f against %s, W4 %.3f against %s; %s" % (
75
+ o["name"], o["W3_excess_mag"], o["W3_excess_sig"], o["W4_excess_mag"], o["W4_excess_sig"],
76
+ o.get("W3_excess_mag_allsky") or 0, o.get("W4_excess_mag_allsky") or 0, o["W3"], o["W3_allsky"], o["W4"], o["W4_allsky"],
77
+ o["reading"]))
78
+ dark = json.load(open(results("dark_companion_ds.json")))
79
+ print("dark companions: %d" % len(dark))
80
+
81
+
82
+ if __name__ == "__main__":
83
+ main()
papers/hd31435/hd31435.pdf ADDED
Binary file (76.5 kB). View file
 
papers/hd31435/hd31435.tex ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ % !TEX program = pdflatex
2
+ \documentclass[11pt]{article}
3
+ \setlength{\textwidth}{6.5in}
4
+ \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0pt}
5
+ \setlength{\evensidemargin}{0pt}
6
+ \setlength{\textheight}{9in}
7
+ \setlength{\topmargin}{0pt}
8
+ \addtolength{\topmargin}{-\headheight}
9
+ \addtolength{\topmargin}{-\headsep}
10
+ \ifdefined\pdfpagewidth \pdfpagewidth=8.5in \pdfpageheight=11in \fi
11
+ \ifdefined\pagewidth \pagewidth=8.5in \pageheight=11in \fi
12
+ \usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
13
+ \usepackage{array}
14
+ \usepackage{booktabs}
15
+ \usepackage[tableposition=top]{caption}
16
+ \usepackage{longtable}
17
+ \usepackage{enumitem}
18
+ \usepackage{tikz}
19
+ \usepackage{pgfplots}
20
+ \pgfplotsset{compat=1.18}
21
+ \emergencystretch=3em
22
+
23
+ % ---- notation ---------------------------------------------------------------
24
+ \newcommand{\um}{\,$\mu$m}
25
+ \newcommand{\kms}{km\,s$^{-1}$}
26
+ \newcommand{\flux}{erg\,cm$^{-2}$\,s$^{-1}$}
27
+ \newcommand{\mA}{m\AA}
28
+ \newcommand{\sci}[2]{#1\times10^{#2}}
29
+ \newcommand{\ion}[2]{#1\,\textsc{#2}}
30
+ \newcommand{\nuc}[2]{$^{#1}$#2}
31
+ \newcommand{\lxl}{$L_X/L_\mathrm{bol}$}
32
+
33
+ % ---- front matter -----------------------------------------------------------
34
+ \title{HD 31435: a Five Per Cent Polarisation\\ Assigned to an Unreddened Sun-like Star at 100\,pc}
35
+ \author{Charles C. Norton}
36
+ \date{}
37
+
38
+ \begin{document}
39
+ \maketitle
40
+
41
+ \begin{abstract}
42
+ Starlight from a quiet dwarf in front of the interstellar dust is polarised at parts
43
+ per million, and a structure that reflects part of a star's light polarises it, so a
44
+ nearby, unreddened dwarf polarised at the per cent level has no ordinary explanation at
45
+ the star. We test the $28704$ stars of the Panopoulou et al.\ compilation of optical
46
+ polarimetry that have five or more neighbours within $3^\circ$ and $20$ per cent in
47
+ distance for a Stokes vector their neighbours do not share. Four dwarfs within
48
+ $200$\,pc are discordant at $5\sigma$; three are a cloud's own dust, a binary in a
49
+ crowded field and an interstellar sightline that Gaia and Planck recognise. The fourth,
50
+ HD~31435, an F9/G0 dwarf at $100$\,pc, is listed at $5.48\pm0.15$ per cent and
51
+ $47^\circ$ in Johnson $V$ from one measurement of 1977 November, where the eleven
52
+ stars of its field within $130$\,pc read $0.27$ per cent or less. Nothing at the star
53
+ accounts for it: Gaia gives no reddening, the star is single and steady in Gaia's
54
+ astrometry and velocities and in TESS, K2, Hipparcos and the Harvard plates, and WISE
55
+ sees its photosphere to $22$\um. A reflector would have to return several per cent of
56
+ its light, grey to $0.3$ per cent from $400$ to $700$\,nm in its Gaia XP spectrum
57
+ against $40$ twins; Gaia's image statistics and Pan-STARRS leave no room for it from
58
+ $10$ to $1300$\,au, and within $10$\,au only one that absorbs nothing and holds still
59
+ escapes WISE and the light curves. The angle is the interstellar field's behind the
60
+ Taurus clouds: the $40$ stars of the field beyond $160$\,pc read a median $48^\circ$,
61
+ and Planck's $353$\,GHz polarisation at the position predicts $49$ to $54^\circ$. The
62
+ amount is what background stars there reach on efficient sightlines, three of those
63
+ $40$ at $5.5$ per cent or more. HD~283904, a reddened A2 star of the same brightness
64
+ behind the cloud, lies $5'$ west at the same declination to $27''$, $23$\,s of right
65
+ ascension away. The measurement is that of a star behind the cloud, most likely
66
+ HD~283904 through a slipped setting, and one polarimetric measurement of the two stars
67
+ decides.
68
+ \end{abstract}
69
+
70
+ % =============================================================================
71
+ \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
72
+ % =============================================================================
73
+
74
+ The light of a nearby, inactive dwarf is polarised at a few parts per million: the
75
+ brightest southern stars within the Local Bubble, measured at that level, carry
76
+ interstellar polarisations of tens of ppm and intrinsic ones too small to
77
+ separate~\cite{Cotton2016}. Interstellar polarisation grows with the dust in front of a
78
+ star and is bounded by it, $p\le9\,E(B-V)$ per cent in the visible~\cite{Serkowski1975},
79
+ so a star in front of the dust carries almost none. Reflection polarises: sunlight
80
+ scattered from a planet's atmosphere or reflected from a flat surface is polarised by
81
+ an amount set by the scattering angle and the material, and a structure that returns
82
+ part of a star's light toward Earth would add that polarised light to the star's. A
83
+ dwarf in front of the dust whose polarisation reaches the per cent level therefore has
84
+ no explanation at the star that the archives would not show, and one that a reflector
85
+ would give.
86
+
87
+ Optical polarimetry of stars has been gathered from many programmes into
88
+ compilations~\cite{Heiles2000,Panopoulou2025}, and with Gaia distances each star can be
89
+ set against its neighbours on the sky at the same distance, which share its
90
+ interstellar column. This note reports that test and the one star it leaves, HD~31435,
91
+ and reads its measurement against every archive that bears on it.
92
+
93
+ \subsection{Contributions}
94
+ \begin{enumerate}[leftmargin=*,itemsep=1pt]
95
+ \item A test of $28704$ stars with optical polarimetry and Gaia distances against their
96
+ neighbours' Stokes vectors, with the measurements reassigned among neighbours as the
97
+ null.
98
+ \item For HD~31435, the one discordant dwarf left, the constraints of Gaia, WISE, TESS,
99
+ K2, Hipparcos, DASCH, Gaia XP and Pan-STARRS on any source of polarised light at the
100
+ star, and the reading of its measurement against the field, Planck's dust polarisation
101
+ and the star of the same brightness beside it.
102
+ \end{enumerate}
103
+
104
+ % =============================================================================
105
+ \section{The screen}\label{sec:screen}
106
+ % =============================================================================
107
+
108
+ The compilation of Panopoulou et al.~\cite{Panopoulou2025} holds $55742$ measurements
109
+ from $81$ publications, with Gaia EDR3 identifiers and distances; $37210$ stars carry
110
+ Stokes $q$ and $u$. Of these, $29442$ are unflagged and have five or more neighbours
111
+ within $3^\circ$ and within $20$ per cent of their distance, and $28704$ of them can be
112
+ judged against neighbours from their own catalogue, which removes the zero-point
113
+ differences between programmes. A star's residual is its Stokes vector less the
114
+ neighbours' mean, divided by its own error and the neighbours' scatter in quadrature.
115
+ The same statistic with each field's measurements reassigned among its stars is the
116
+ null. Residuals above $3\sigma$ occur in $8.3$ per cent of the stars against $7.4$ per
117
+ cent in the null, and above $5\sigma$ in $1.2$ against $0.9$ per cent, so discordance
118
+ at that level is mostly the scatter of real sightlines.
119
+
120
+ We keep dwarfs within $200$\,pc, where the interstellar column is small, whose residual
121
+ reaches $5\sigma$, exceeds $0.1$ per cent and five times the field's scatter, and
122
+ departs from the field in angle or lies in an unpolarised field. Four remain. HD~142832,
123
+ an F3 dwarf at $158$\,pc, was measured in the survey of the Lupus~1 cloud of Alves and
124
+ Franco~\cite{AlvesFranco2006} and lies at the cloud's distance, where its dust
125
+ polarises it and not its nearer neighbours. Dachs SMC~2-61, a G5 dwarf at $134$\,pc
126
+ with a renormalised unit weight error (RUWE) of $8.9$ and an X-ray counterpart, was
127
+ measured in a crowded field toward the Small Magellanic Cloud and is a binary or a
128
+ blend. HD~127769, an A7 dwarf at $187$\,pc, read $1.3$ per cent at $43^\circ$ in the
129
+ compilation of Heiles~\cite{Heiles2000} against its field's $0.4$ per cent at $87^\circ$;
130
+ Gaia gives it an extinction $A_G=0.32$\,mag where its nearer neighbours have none, and
131
+ Planck's $353$\,GHz dust emission at its position is polarised at $18$ per cent with a
132
+ field that predicts $52^\circ$ and $1.9$ per cent for starlight behind the full column,
133
+ so its measurement sits on that sightline. The fourth is HD~31435.
134
+
135
+ % =============================================================================
136
+ \section{HD 31435}\label{sec:hd}
137
+ % =============================================================================
138
+
139
+ \subsection{The measurement}
140
+
141
+ HD~31435 (Gaia DR3 154235505416809344) is an F9/G0 dwarf at $100.1$\,pc with
142
+ $G=8.90$, $G_\mathrm{BP}-G_\mathrm{RP}=0.73$ and $M_G=3.85$, at the main-sequence
143
+ turnoff of an $8$ to $9$\,Gyr population. The compilation gives
144
+ $q=-0.38\pm0.15$ and $u=+5.47\pm0.15$ per cent, $p=5.48\pm0.15$ per cent at position
145
+ angle $47.0\pm0.8^\circ$ in Johnson $V$, from a Minipol~\cite{Frecker1976} measurement on
146
+ JD~2443471.5, 1977 November 22, published by name in Table~2 of Moneti et
147
+ al.~\cite{Moneti1984}, whose survey measured field stars toward the Taurus dark clouds.
148
+ Against the mean of its neighbours, $0.04$ per cent at $77^\circ$, the residual is
149
+ $5.46$ per cent at $46.8^\circ$, $28.9\sigma$. No other polarimetry of the star is found
150
+ among the $135$ VizieR catalogues with entries at its position, and the other $93$ stars
151
+ of that programme read below $0.4$ per cent within $130$\,pc and rise with reddening
152
+ beyond it.
153
+
154
+ Figure~\ref{fig:field} shows the field. The compilation holds $58$ stars within $3^\circ$
155
+ of HD~31435: the $11$ within $130$\,pc read $0.27$ per cent or less, and the $40$
156
+ beyond $160$\,pc, behind the Taurus clouds, read a median of $3.2$ per cent, with a
157
+ $90$th percentile of $4.9$ per cent and three of the $40$ at $5.5$ per cent or more, at
158
+ a median angle of $48^\circ$ and a $16$th to $84$th percentile range of $35$ to
159
+ $61^\circ$. HD~31435 lies at the distance of the unpolarised stars with the
160
+ polarisation of the background ones.
161
+
162
+ \begin{figure}[tp]
163
+ \centering
164
+ \begin{tikzpicture}
165
+ \begin{semilogxaxis}[width=0.78\textwidth,height=0.42\textwidth,xmin=25,xmax=1400,ymin=-0.3,ymax=9.3,
166
+ xlabel={distance (pc)},ylabel={polarisation (per cent)},tick label style={font=\footnotesize},label style={font=\small},
167
+ xtick={30,50,100,200,500,1000},xticklabels={$30$,$50$,$100$,$200$,$500$,$1000$},
168
+ legend style={font=\scriptsize,at={(0.03,0.97)},anchor=north west,draw=none,fill=white,fill opacity=0.8,text opacity=1},legend cell align=left]
169
+ \addplot[only marks,mark=o,mark size=1.4pt,black] coordinates {(33,0.070) (65,0.030) (79,0.170) (86,0.180) (92,0.050) (100,0.190) (105,0.060) (114,0.120) (117,0.120) (124,0.030) (127,0.270) (145,0.330) (155,0.000) (155,0.460) (156,0.460) (158,0.260) (159,0.400) (161,0.720) (164,1.550) (168,2.170) (171,0.340) (194,1.040) (240,4.050) (243,3.070) (247,3.040) (260,2.970) (271,3.270) (281,2.260) (299,3.120) (313,2.350) (333,4.650) (343,5.690) (350,3.260) (367,3.830) (383,2.870) (414,4.910) (426,8.670) (428,0.750) (447,3.480) (451,4.200) (461,3.050) (484,3.530) (501,3.950) (525,3.590) (543,4.870) (580,2.780) (583,6.480) (600,3.340) (600,3.420) (634,2.970) (634,1.820) (705,3.570) (742,4.000) (804,4.780) (1014,0.000) (1031,2.540) (1131,2.370)};
170
+ \addlegendentry{stars within $3^\circ$}
171
+ \addplot[only marks,mark=*,mark size=2.6pt,black] coordinates {(100.15,5.48)};
172
+ \addlegendentry{HD 31435}
173
+ \addplot[black!40,densely dotted,forget plot] coordinates {(214,0) (214,9.3)};
174
+ \node[font=\scriptsize,text=black!60,anchor=south west,rotate=90] at (axis cs:205,6.4) {HD 283904};
175
+ \end{semilogxaxis}
176
+ \end{tikzpicture}
177
+ \caption{Optical polarisation against Gaia distance for the $58$ stars of the
178
+ compilation within $3^\circ$ of HD~31435, with HD~31435 filled. The dotted line marks
179
+ the distance of HD~283904, which has no measurement.}
180
+ \label{fig:field}
181
+ \end{figure}
182
+
183
+ \subsection{The star}
184
+
185
+ Nothing at the star gives per cent polarisation. Interstellar polarisation of
186
+ $5.48$ per cent needs $E(B-V)\ge0.6$\,mag~\cite{Serkowski1975}; Gaia's astrophysical
187
+ parameters give $E(G_\mathrm{BP}-G_\mathrm{RP})=0.00$, and the star's $B-V$ of $0.565$
188
+ lies $0.015$\,mag blueward of the intrinsic colour of its type. The WISE
189
+ photometry~\cite{Wright2010} follows the photosphere from $3.4$ to $22$\um, with no warm
190
+ dust. Its astrometry carries no companion: RUWE $0.99$, no multiple image peaks, and a
191
+ Hipparcos--Gaia proper-motion anomaly~\cite{Kervella2022} of $20\pm32$\,m\,s$^{-1}$. Gaia's
192
+ radial velocity, from $17$ transits over $920$ days, varies by less than
193
+ $1$\,km\,s$^{-1}$. TESS~\cite{Ricker2015},
194
+ K2~\cite{Howell2014} and Hipparcos~\cite{Perryman1997} photometry is flat to $0.03$ per
195
+ cent, and the Harvard plates~\cite{Grindlay2009} show no dimming around 1977 against
196
+ matched stars on the same plates. The star is an old, single, quiet dwarf in front of the
197
+ dust, whose intrinsic polarisation would be of order ten ppm.
198
+
199
+ \subsection{A reflector}
200
+
201
+ Light reflected by a structure near the star and seen together with it is polarised by
202
+ $p\approx fP_r$, with $f$ the fraction of the star's light returned toward Earth and
203
+ $P_r$ the polarisation of the reflected light, so $5.48$ per cent needs $f\ge0.055$ even
204
+ if every reflected photon is polarised. Specular reflection from metals polarises
205
+ weakly away from grazing incidence: by the Fresnel relations aluminium gives $3$ to $14$
206
+ per cent at incidence angles of $45$ to $80^\circ$ and silver less than $2$ per cent, so
207
+ a metal mirror needs $f$ of order one, and a dielectric reaches $98$ per cent at
208
+ Brewster's angle while reflecting $9$ per cent of what falls on it, so it must
209
+ intercept more than half of the star's light. Only a reflector that sends back one
210
+ polarisation and passes or absorbs the other, as a conducting grid does, gives
211
+ $5.5$ per cent with $f\approx0.06$.
212
+
213
+ The reflected light carries the reflector's colour. Against the median of $40$ Gaia XP
214
+ spectra~\cite{DeAngeli2023} of unreddened twins matched in temperature, gravity and
215
+ metallicity, HD~31435's spectrum agrees to $0.3$ per cent from $400$ to $700$\,nm
216
+ ($0.9998\pm0.0013$, $0.9970\pm0.0005$ and $1.0013\pm0.0011$ in the three $100$\,nm
217
+ bands) and lies $0.35$ and $0.66$ per cent high at $700$ to $800$ and $800$ to $900$\,nm,
218
+ within the twins' own spread of $0.7$ to $1.0$ per cent there; its slope,
219
+ $+0.0014$ per $100$\,nm, lies inside the twins' $-0.005$ to $+0.006$. Aluminium's
220
+ reflectance dips by about six per cent near $830$\,nm, so a tenth of the light
221
+ reflected from aluminium would take $0.6$ per cent out of the $800$ to $900$\,nm band,
222
+ where HD~31435 lies above its twins rather than below them. The spectrum is that of a
223
+ star with nothing coloured added to it, and leaves a grey reflector.
224
+
225
+ The reflector must also lie where no archive sees it. A structure within about
226
+ $10$\,au that absorbs as little as a per cent of what it intercepts would radiate above
227
+ the photosphere at $22$\um, which WISE excludes; one that absorbs nothing is not
228
+ excluded there, and TESS, K2 and Hipparcos, flat to $0.03$ per cent over years, exclude
229
+ one whose reflected light changes along an orbit, so what is left inside $10$\,au is a
230
+ perfect reflector that holds still. Gaia's image parameters, with RUWE $0.99$ and no
231
+ second peak, exclude a resolved source of a few per cent of the star's light at $0.1$ to
232
+ $2''$, $10$ to $200$\,au. Pan-STARRS~\cite{Chambers2016} images in $g$, $r$, $i$, $z$
233
+ and $y$, with each radial profile normalised at $13$ to $25''$ against three stars of
234
+ like brightness in the same frames, show no excess light at $2$ to $13''$ in any filter,
235
+ so no extended reflector lies at $200$ to $1300$\,au.
236
+
237
+ \subsection{The sightline}
238
+
239
+ The measured angle is the field's. Planck's $353$\,GHz maps~\cite{Planck2020}, read at
240
+ HD~31435's position on the HEALPix grid~\cite{Gorski2005}, give dust emission polarised
241
+ at $6$ to $8$ per cent with a polarised intensity of $0.12$ to $0.15$\,MJy\,sr$^{-1}$
242
+ within $5$ to $20'$; turned through $90^\circ$ and into the equatorial frame, the field
243
+ predicts $49$ to $54^\circ$ for starlight behind the column, against the measured
244
+ $47^\circ$ and the background stars' median of $48^\circ$. The ratio of polarised
245
+ submillimetre intensity to optical polarisation, $5.4$\,MJy\,sr$^{-1}$~\cite{Planck2015},
246
+ predicts $2.3$ to $2.8$ per cent for a star behind the whole column, half the measured
247
+ value; sightlines scatter about that ratio, and three of the field's $40$ background
248
+ stars reach $5.5$ per cent or more.
249
+
250
+ The star of the same brightness beside HD~31435 is behind the cloud. HD~283904, an A2
251
+ star at $214$\,pc with $A_G=1.3$\,mag and the $1.527$\um\ diffuse interstellar
252
+ band~\cite{Zasowski2015} in its APOGEE spectrum~\cite{Majewski2017}, lies $5'$ west of
253
+ HD~31435, at the same declination to $27''$ and $23$\,s of right ascension away, and has
254
+ never been measured. A setting that slipped by $23$\,s of hour angle would have placed it
255
+ in the aperture in place of HD~31435, and its polarisation would be the field's: the
256
+ angle exactly, and the amount on an efficient sightline.
257
+
258
+ % =============================================================================
259
+ \section{Related work}\label{sec:related}
260
+ % =============================================================================
261
+
262
+ Polarimetry of nearby stars at parts per million~\cite{Cotton2016} measures the
263
+ interstellar polarisation inside the Local Bubble and bounds the intrinsic polarisation
264
+ of dwarfs, and the compilations of optical
265
+ polarimetry~\cite{Heiles2000,Panopoulou2025}, joined to Gaia distances, are used to map
266
+ the interstellar field and the dust in three dimensions. Planck's comparison of
267
+ submillimetre and optical polarisation~\cite{Planck2015} gives the ratio used here to
268
+ predict a star's polarisation from the dust emission at its position. We find no earlier
269
+ use of these compilations to look for stars whose polarisation their neighbours do not
270
+ share, nor any discussion of HD~31435's measurement.
271
+
272
+ % =============================================================================
273
+ \section{Conclusion}\label{sec:conclusion}
274
+ % =============================================================================
275
+
276
+ Among $28704$ stars with optical polarimetry, one dwarf within $200$\,pc carries a
277
+ polarisation that neither its neighbours nor anything at the star accounts for: HD~31435,
278
+ listed at $5.48$ per cent from a single measurement of 1977. A reflector that made it
279
+ would have to return at least six per cent of the star's light, be grey across the
280
+ visible to a third of a per cent and polarise like a conducting grid, either lie within
281
+ $10$\,au, absorb nothing and hold still or lie beyond $1300$\,au, and be aligned by
282
+ chance with the Galaxy's field behind the Taurus clouds. The measurement has instead
283
+ every property of a star behind those clouds, and a star of the same brightness behind
284
+ them sits $23$\,s of right ascension away. The measurement most likely belongs to
285
+ HD~283904.
286
+
287
+ Measuring both stars in one night with any polarimeter of $0.1$ per cent precision
288
+ decides between the two readings, and measuring HD~31435 at parts per million would
289
+ bound what a reflector could hide at the level the Local Bubble's stars set.
290
+
291
+ \section*{Acknowledgements}
292
+
293
+ This work uses the compilation of optical starlight polarisation of Panopoulou et al.\
294
+ and the agglomeration of Heiles through VizieR at CDS, Strasbourg; data from the
295
+ European Space Agency mission Gaia, processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis
296
+ Consortium (DPAC), funded by national institutions, in particular those participating
297
+ in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement; Planck maps from the NASA/IPAC Infrared Science
298
+ Archive; WISE, TESS and K2 data from IRSA and MAST; the Pan-STARRS1 image cutout service;
299
+ SDSS-IV's APOGEE; the DASCH project's digitised Harvard plates; and the software astropy,
300
+ astropy-healpix, NumPy and SciPy.
301
+
302
+ \begin{thebibliography}{99}\small\raggedright
303
+ \setlength{\itemsep}{1pt}
304
+
305
+ \bibitem{Cotton2016}
306
+ D.~V. Cotton, J.~Bailey, L.~Kedziora-Chudczer, et al., The linear polarization of
307
+ Southern bright stars measured at the parts-per-million level, \emph{Mon. Not. R. Astron.
308
+ Soc.} \textbf{455}, 1607 (2016).
309
+
310
+ \bibitem{Serkowski1975}
311
+ K.~Serkowski, D.~S. Mathewson and V.~L. Ford, Wavelength dependence of interstellar
312
+ polarization and ratio of total to selective extinction, \emph{Astrophys. J.}
313
+ \textbf{196}, 261 (1975).
314
+
315
+ \bibitem{Heiles2000}
316
+ C.~Heiles, 9286 stars: an agglomeration of stellar polarization catalogs, \emph{Astron.
317
+ J.} \textbf{119}, 923 (2000).
318
+
319
+ \bibitem{Panopoulou2025}
320
+ G.~V. Panopoulou, L.~Markopoulioti, F.~Bouzelou, et al., A compilation of optical
321
+ starlight polarization catalogs, \emph{Astrophys. J. Suppl.} \textbf{276}, 15 (2025).
322
+
323
+ \bibitem{AlvesFranco2006}
324
+ F.~O. Alves and G.~A.~P. Franco, The magnetic field in the Lupus I molecular cloud,
325
+ \emph{Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.} \textbf{366}, 238 (2006).
326
+
327
+ \bibitem{Frecker1976}
328
+ J.~E. Frecker and K.~Serkowski, Linear polarimeter with rapid modulation, achromatic in
329
+ the $0.3$--$1.1$\,$\mu$m range, \emph{Appl. Opt.} \textbf{15}, 605 (1976).
330
+
331
+ \bibitem{Moneti1984}
332
+ A.~Moneti, J.~L. Pipher, H.~L. Helfer, R.~S. McMillan and M.~L. Perry, Magnetic field
333
+ structure in the Taurus dark cloud, \emph{Astrophys. J.} \textbf{282}, 508 (1984).
334
+
335
+ \bibitem{Wright2010}
336
+ E.~L. Wright, P.~R.~M. Eisenhardt, A.~K. Mainzer, et al., The Wide-field Infrared Survey
337
+ Explorer (WISE): mission description and initial on-orbit performance, \emph{Astron. J.}
338
+ \textbf{140}, 1868 (2010).
339
+
340
+ \bibitem{Kervella2022}
341
+ P.~Kervella, F.~Arenou and F.~Th\'evenin, Stellar and substellar companions from Gaia
342
+ EDR3: proper-motion anomaly and resolved common proper-motion pairs, \emph{Astron.
343
+ Astrophys.} \textbf{657}, A7 (2022).
344
+
345
+ \bibitem{Ricker2015}
346
+ G.~R. Ricker, J.~N. Winn, R.~Vanderspek, et al., Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite,
347
+ \emph{J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst.} \textbf{1}, 014003 (2015).
348
+
349
+ \bibitem{Howell2014}
350
+ S.~B. Howell, C.~Sobeck, M.~Haas, et al., The K2 mission: characterization and early
351
+ results, \emph{Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.} \textbf{126}, 398 (2014).
352
+
353
+ \bibitem{Perryman1997}
354
+ M.~A.~C. Perryman, L.~Lindegren, J.~Kovalevsky, et al., The Hipparcos catalogue,
355
+ \emph{Astron. Astrophys.} \textbf{323}, L49 (1997).
356
+
357
+ \bibitem{Grindlay2009}
358
+ J.~Grindlay, S.~Tang, R.~Simcoe, et al., DASCH to measure (and preserve) the Harvard
359
+ plates: opening the $\sim$100-year time domain astronomy window, in \emph{Preserving
360
+ Astronomy's Photographic Legacy}, ASP Conf. Ser. \textbf{410}, 101 (2009).
361
+
362
+ \bibitem{DeAngeli2023}
363
+ F.~De~Angeli, M.~Weiler, P.~Montegriffo, et al., Gaia Data Release 3: processing and
364
+ validation of BP/RP low-resolution spectral data, \emph{Astron. Astrophys.}
365
+ \textbf{674}, A2 (2023).
366
+
367
+ \bibitem{Chambers2016}
368
+ K.~C. Chambers, E.~A. Magnier, N.~Metcalfe, et al., The Pan-STARRS1 surveys,
369
+ arXiv:1612.05560 (2016).
370
+
371
+ \bibitem{Planck2020}
372
+ Planck Collaboration, Planck 2018 results. III. High Frequency Instrument data
373
+ processing and frequency maps, \emph{Astron. Astrophys.} \textbf{641}, A3 (2020).
374
+
375
+ \bibitem{Gorski2005}
376
+ K.~M. G\'orski, E.~Hivon, A.~J. Banday, et al., HEALPix: a framework for
377
+ high-resolution discretization and fast analysis of data distributed on the sphere,
378
+ \emph{Astrophys. J.} \textbf{622}, 759 (2005).
379
+
380
+ \bibitem{Planck2015}
381
+ Planck Collaboration, Planck intermediate results. XXI. Comparison of polarized thermal
382
+ emission from Galactic dust at 353 GHz with interstellar polarization in the visible,
383
+ \emph{Astron. Astrophys.} \textbf{576}, A106 (2015).
384
+
385
+ \bibitem{Zasowski2015}
386
+ G.~Zasowski, B.~M\'enard, D.~Bizyaev, et al., Mapping the interstellar medium with
387
+ near-infrared diffuse interstellar bands, \emph{Astrophys. J.} \textbf{798}, 35 (2015).
388
+
389
+ \bibitem{Majewski2017}
390
+ S.~R. Majewski, R.~P. Schiavon, P.~M. Frinchaboy, et al., The Apache Point Observatory
391
+ Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE), \emph{Astron. J.} \textbf{154}, 94 (2017).
392
+
393
+ \end{thebibliography}
394
+
395
+ \end{document}
papers/kic2557430/kic2557430.pdf ADDED
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papers/kic2557430/kic2557430.tex ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ % !TEX program = pdflatex
2
+ \documentclass[11pt]{article}
3
+ \setlength{\textwidth}{6.5in}
4
+ \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0pt}
5
+ \setlength{\evensidemargin}{0pt}
6
+ \setlength{\textheight}{9in}
7
+ \setlength{\topmargin}{0pt}
8
+ \addtolength{\topmargin}{-\headheight}
9
+ \addtolength{\topmargin}{-\headsep}
10
+ \ifdefined\pdfpagewidth \pdfpagewidth=8.5in \pdfpageheight=11in \fi
11
+ \ifdefined\pagewidth \pagewidth=8.5in \pageheight=11in \fi
12
+ \usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
13
+ \usepackage{array}
14
+ \usepackage{booktabs}
15
+ \usepackage[tableposition=top]{caption}
16
+ \usepackage{longtable}
17
+ \usepackage{enumitem}
18
+ \usepackage{tikz}
19
+ \usepackage{pgfplots}
20
+ \pgfplotsset{compat=1.18}
21
+ \emergencystretch=3em
22
+
23
+ % ---- notation ---------------------------------------------------------------
24
+ \newcommand{\um}{\,$\mu$m}
25
+ \newcommand{\kms}{km\,s$^{-1}$}
26
+ \newcommand{\flux}{erg\,cm$^{-2}$\,s$^{-1}$}
27
+ \newcommand{\mA}{m\AA}
28
+ \newcommand{\sci}[2]{#1\times10^{#2}}
29
+ \newcommand{\ion}[2]{#1\,\textsc{#2}}
30
+ \newcommand{\nuc}[2]{$^{#1}$#2}
31
+ \newcommand{\lxl}{$L_X/L_\mathrm{bol}$}
32
+
33
+ % ---- front matter -----------------------------------------------------------
34
+ \title{Missing Light in Detached Eclipsing Binaries:\\ the Case of KIC 2557430}
35
+ \author{Charles C. Norton}
36
+ \date{}
37
+
38
+ \begin{document}
39
+ \maketitle
40
+
41
+ \begin{abstract}
42
+ A detached eclipsing binary's light curve and radial velocities give each component's
43
+ radius and temperature, and so its luminosity, independently of its distance; with a
44
+ Gaia parallax the system's apparent brightness follows, and a structure that intercepts
45
+ part of the light would leave the system fainter than its components predict. We test
46
+ the $117$ systems of DEBCat with components below $8000$\,K within $1$\,kpc and
47
+ renormalised unit weight error (RUWE) of $1.4$ or less. The observed minus predicted
48
+ $G$ has a median of $-0.04$\,mag and a robust scatter of $0.12$\,mag; $12$ systems are
49
+ too bright, by the light of third stars and blends, and one is too faint by $0.3$\,mag at
50
+ $3\sigma$: KIC~2557430, by $1.05\pm0.19$\,mag. Gaia resolves it into the eclipsing pair,
51
+ $G=11.44$ at $343$\,pc, and a co-moving K star $2.4''$ away at $339$\,pc, inside
52
+ Kepler's pixels. The pair's colour and Gaia temperature, $6130$\,K with no extinction,
53
+ lie $900$\,K below the published $7050$\,K primary, and Gaia's luminosities for the two
54
+ sources sum to $2.9\,L_\odot$ against the solution's $9.7\,L_\odot$. The light is not
55
+ missing from the system: the published temperatures, and the extinction the test inferred
56
+ from them, are too high, and a spectroscopic orbit free of the companion's light decides
57
+ the radii.
58
+ \end{abstract}
59
+
60
+ % =============================================================================
61
+ \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
62
+ % =============================================================================
63
+
64
+ A structure that intercepts part of a star's light and re-radiates it in the infrared
65
+ leaves the star fainter in the optical than its size and temperature imply. For a single
66
+ star the size comes from models or interferometry, but a detached eclipsing binary
67
+ gives both components' radii from its light curve and its velocities, and their
68
+ temperatures from spectra and the eclipse depths, with uncertainties of one or two per
69
+ cent for the best systems~\cite{Southworth2015}. With a Gaia parallax~\cite{Gaia2023}
70
+ the system's luminosity then predicts its apparent magnitude, and a shortfall is light
71
+ that the system does not send us. Detached eclipsing binaries have been used the other
72
+ way, to test Gaia's parallaxes against their own distances~\cite{Stassun2021}; here
73
+ the parallaxes are taken as given and the light is tested.
74
+
75
+ \subsection{Contributions}
76
+ \begin{enumerate}[leftmargin=*,itemsep=1pt]
77
+ \item A comparison of the predicted and observed Gaia $G$ magnitudes of the $117$ clean
78
+ detached eclipsing binaries of DEBCat.
79
+ \item The resolution of the one system too faint, KIC~2557430, by Gaia's view of the
80
+ system and its companion.
81
+ \end{enumerate}
82
+
83
+ % =============================================================================
84
+ \section{Data and method}\label{sec:method}
85
+ % =============================================================================
86
+
87
+ DEBCat~\cite{Southworth2015} lists $388$ detached eclipsing binaries with masses and
88
+ radii measured to a few per cent, and for $252$ of them both components' luminosities
89
+ and temperatures and a Gaia DR3 counterpart through CDS XMatch on their SIMBAD names.
90
+ For each component, $\log L$ and $\log T_\mathrm{eff}$ give an absolute $G$ through
91
+ bolometric corrections in temperature, and the two components summed and carried to
92
+ the Gaia distance predict $G$. The extinction applied is the larger of Gaia's $A_G$ and
93
+ $2.7\,E(B-V)$, with $E(B-V)$ the catalogue's $B-V$ less the intrinsic colour of the
94
+ components' combined light. We keep the $117$ systems whose components are cooler than
95
+ $8000$\,K, which lie within $1$\,kpc and whose RUWE is $1.4$ or less, so that the
96
+ parallax and the photometry belong to an unresolved, well-measured source; BG~Ind,
97
+ IM~Per and the other systems of high RUWE are set aside. A system is too faint when
98
+ $G_\mathrm{obs}-G_\mathrm{pred}$ exceeds $0.3$\,mag at $3\sigma$, with the error from
99
+ the luminosities, the parallax and the photometry.
100
+
101
+ % =============================================================================
102
+ \section{Results}\label{sec:results}
103
+ % =============================================================================
104
+
105
+ Across the $117$ systems $G_\mathrm{obs}-G_\mathrm{pred}$ has a median of $-0.04$\,mag
106
+ and a robust scatter of $0.12$\,mag. Twelve systems are too bright, as light from a
107
+ third star or a blend in Gaia's photometry makes them, and one is too faint:
108
+ KIC~2557430 (KOI-6277), an F2 and F9 pair with a period of $1.298$\,d, by
109
+ $1.05\pm0.19$\,mag ($5.6\sigma$), a factor of $2.6$ in flux.
110
+
111
+ Its published solution~\cite{Hoyman2020} gives radii of $1.88$ and $1.23\,R_\odot$ and
112
+ temperatures of $7050$ and $6050$\,K, luminosities of $7.9$ and $1.8\,L_\odot$, and the
113
+ catalogue's $B-V$ of $0.58$ against the $0.38$ of those components set the extinction
114
+ in the test at $0.54$\,mag; without it the system would be $1.6$\,mag too faint.
115
+ Table~\ref{tab:gaia} gives Gaia's view. The system is the visual double
116
+ WDS~J19074+3749AB, and Gaia resolves it into two sources at the same parallax: the
117
+ eclipsing pair, $G=11.44$, $G_\mathrm{BP}-G_\mathrm{RP}=0.68$, $2.916\pm0.012$\,mas,
118
+ with RUWE $0.81$ and a radial velocity that varies by $20$\,km\,s$^{-1}$ over $20$
119
+ transits, and a K star $2.4''$ away, $G=13.30$, $G_\mathrm{BP}-G_\mathrm{RP}=1.39$,
120
+ $2.946\pm0.015$\,mas. The test matched the eclipsing pair's source; adding the K star
121
+ brings the system to $G=11.26$, still $0.86$\,mag below the prediction.
122
+
123
+ \begin{table}[t]
124
+ \centering\small
125
+ \caption{Gaia DR3 for the two sources of KIC~2557430: parallax, $G$, colour, RUWE, and the
126
+ temperature, radius and luminosity of the astrophysical parameters (GSP-Phot and FLAME),
127
+ which treat each source as a single star.}
128
+ \label{tab:gaia}
129
+ \begin{tabular}{lrrrrrrr}
130
+ \toprule
131
+ Source & $\varpi$ (mas) & $G$ & BP$-$RP & RUWE & $T_\mathrm{eff}$ (K) & $R$ ($R_\odot$) & $L$ ($L_\odot$) \\
132
+ \midrule
133
+ 2099133865420292992 & $2.916\pm0.012$ & $11.44$ & $0.68$ & $0.81$ & $6131$ & $1.31$ & $2.20$ \\
134
+ 2099133865420292480 & $2.946\pm0.015$ & $13.30$ & $1.39$ & $1.55$ & $4698$ & $1.31$ & $0.74$ \\
135
+ \bottomrule
136
+ \end{tabular}
137
+ \end{table}
138
+
139
+ Gaia's colours tell against the published temperatures rather than for missing light.
140
+ Gaia gives the eclipsing pair $A_G=0.001$\,mag, so the catalogue's $B-V$ of $0.58$ is
141
+ the pair's own colour, that of a star near $6000$\,K, where a $7050$\,K primary carrying
142
+ four fifths of the light would give about $0.4$; Gaia's photometric temperature for the
143
+ pair is $6130$\,K. At its parallax the pair's light corresponds to $2.2\,L_\odot$, and
144
+ the K star's to $0.7\,L_\odot$, together $2.9\,L_\odot$ against the solution's
145
+ $9.7\,L_\odot$. A primary at $6100$\,K with the published radius would hold $4.4\,L_\odot$,
146
+ which halves the deficit, and the rest lies within what radii from a spectroscopic orbit
147
+ contaminated by a third star can carry, since the K star, $1.9$\,mag fainter in $G$,
148
+ falls inside Kepler's $4''$ pixels and any spectrograph's fibre or slit at that
149
+ separation. An earlier analysis of the Kepler light curve read the system as a triple
150
+ holding a $\gamma$~Doradus pulsator and two flaring components~\cite{Kamil2017}, and the
151
+ K star is a flaring component that such a reading needs.
152
+
153
+ % =============================================================================
154
+ \section{Related work}\label{sec:related}
155
+ % =============================================================================
156
+
157
+ Detached eclipsing binaries serve as distance standards, and their luminosities have
158
+ been used to test Gaia's parallaxes~\cite{Stassun2021}; searches for intercepted light
159
+ around single stars use their infrared excess against models of their
160
+ photospheres~\cite{Suazo2024}. We find no earlier search of eclipsing binaries for
161
+ light that their measured components should send and do not.
162
+
163
+ % =============================================================================
164
+ \section{Conclusion}\label{sec:conclusion}
165
+ % =============================================================================
166
+
167
+ No clean detached eclipsing binary of DEBCat is fainter than its components predict
168
+ beyond the scatter of the comparison, $0.12$\,mag, save KIC~2557430, and Gaia shows
169
+ that its deficit belongs to its published solution: the pair's colour and temperature
170
+ are those of a $6100$\,K star with no extinction, and a resolved co-moving K star sits
171
+ inside the apertures that gave the solution. The test bounds light intercepted from the
172
+ other $116$ systems at about $0.36$\,mag, three times the scatter, a third of the flux.
173
+ A new spectroscopic orbit of KIC~2557430 that separates the K star's light, with
174
+ temperatures from high-resolution spectra, would place it among them.
175
+
176
+ \section*{Acknowledgements}
177
+
178
+ This work uses DEBCat, maintained by J.~Southworth; data from the European Space Agency
179
+ mission Gaia, processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC), funded
180
+ by national institutions, in particular those participating in the Gaia Multilateral
181
+ Agreement; the SIMBAD and VizieR services and the XMatch service at CDS, Strasbourg; and
182
+ the Washington Double Star Catalog maintained at the U.S. Naval Observatory.
183
+
184
+ \begin{thebibliography}{99}\small\raggedright
185
+ \setlength{\itemsep}{1pt}
186
+
187
+ \bibitem{Southworth2015}
188
+ J.~Southworth, DEBCat: a catalog of detached eclipsing binary stars, in \emph{Living
189
+ Together: Planets, Host Stars and Binaries}, ASP Conf. Ser. \textbf{496}, 164 (2015).
190
+
191
+ \bibitem{Gaia2023}
192
+ Gaia Collaboration, A.~Vallenari, A.~G.~A. Brown, et al., Gaia Data Release 3: summary
193
+ of the content and survey properties, \emph{Astron. Astrophys.} \textbf{674}, A1 (2023).
194
+
195
+ \bibitem{Stassun2021}
196
+ K.~G. Stassun and G.~Torres, Parallax systematics and photocenter motions of benchmark
197
+ eclipsing binaries in Gaia EDR3, \emph{Astrophys. J. Lett.} \textbf{907}, L33 (2021).
198
+
199
+ \bibitem{Hoyman2020}
200
+ B.~Hoyman, \"O.~\c{C}ak\i rl\i\ and O.~\"Ozdarcan, Updated pulsation period relations of
201
+ $\gamma$~Dor-type stars in eclipsing binaries: the case of KIC~2557430, \emph{Mon. Not.
202
+ R. Astron. Soc.} \textbf{491}, 5980 (2020).
203
+
204
+ \bibitem{Kamil2017}
205
+ C.~Kamil and H.~A. Dal, KIC~2557430: a triple system containing one $\gamma$~Dor and two
206
+ flaring components?, \emph{Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust.} \textbf{34} (2017),
207
+ arXiv:1707.04727.
208
+
209
+ \bibitem{Suazo2024}
210
+ M.~Suazo, E.~Zackrisson, P.~K. Mahto, et al., Project Hephaistos -- II. Dyson sphere
211
+ candidates from Gaia DR3, 2MASS, and WISE, \emph{Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.}
212
+ \textbf{531}, 695 (2024).
213
+
214
+ \end{thebibliography}
215
+
216
+ \end{document}
papers/ml_signals/README.md ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ # The eight Breakthrough Listen signals of interest of Ma et al. (2023) traced through their sessions
2
+
3
+ `ml_signals.tex` and `ml_signals.pdf` are the note; `mlc8_session.pdf` is its Figure 1. `make_numbers.py` prints every
4
+ number in the text and Table 1 from the files in `data/`, and draws Figure 1 from `data/MLc8_waterfall.npz`.
5
+
6
+ ## Data
7
+
8
+ | File | Contents |
9
+ |------|----------|
10
+ | `data/MLc1.jsonl` to `data/MLc8.jsonl` | each signal's line (reference MJD, Hz from the tabulated frequency, drift, and the S/N of its ON tracks), then one record per scan of its session: target, cadence, ON or OFF, the power on the line with its parallel-track null, and the tracks above S/N 8 within 25 kHz |
11
+ | `data/table.json` | Table 1: each signal's line, its power on the line in the ON and OFF scans of its cadence, the OFF scans' combined significance, and the scans pointed at other stars that hold it |
12
+ | `data/listing_<session>.json` | the mid-resolution scans of each of the six sessions in the Breakthrough Listen pipeline directory |
13
+ | `data/MLc8_waterfall.npz` | every scan of AGBT16A_999_213 over the band MLc8's line crosses, unit-noise spectra as float16 with their MJDs |
14
+ | `data/stars.json` | the five stars' SIMBAD positions |
15
+
16
+ ## Commands
17
+
18
+ Each result comes from `python -I seti.py breakthrough soi <mode>`, reading the 2.84 Hz products (`gpuspec.0000.h5`)
19
+ of the Breakthrough Listen open data by byte range.
20
+
21
+ | Result | Command |
22
+ |--------|---------|
23
+ | the traces | `soi trace` (all eight; `--tag MLc8` for one) |
24
+ | Table 1 | `soi table` |
25
+ | Figure 1's spectra | `soi waterfall --tag MLc8` |
26
+ | the store's record | `soi record` |
papers/ml_signals/data/MLc1.jsonl ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ {"t0": 57541.695924691834, "hz": -2067.600817779112, "drift": -0.9736999842713888, "on_snr": [10.6, 9.8, 5.9], "tag": "MLc1", "star": "HIP13402", "session": "AGBT16A_999_212", "f0": 1188.539231}
2
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_55054_HIP10644_0002.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP10644", "cadence": "HIP10644", "on": true, "mjd": 57541.63886, "on_line": -0.2, "null_mean": 0.14, "null_std": 0.75, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 138, "tracks": [[9.2, -19190.8, -0.086]]}
3
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_55424_HIP10169_0003.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP10169", "cadence": "HIP10644", "on": false, "mjd": 57541.64315, "on_line": -0.64, "null_mean": 0.11, "null_std": 0.67, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 175, "tracks": []}
4
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_55794_HIP10644_0004.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP10644", "cadence": "HIP10644", "on": true, "mjd": 57541.64743, "on_line": 1.67, "null_mean": 0.24, "null_std": 0.72, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 2, "tracks": []}
5
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_56163_HIP10199_0005.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP10199", "cadence": "HIP10644", "on": false, "mjd": 57541.6517, "on_line": 0.24, "null_mean": 0.27, "null_std": 0.74, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 100, "tracks": []}
6
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_56532_HIP10644_0006.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP10644", "cadence": "HIP10644", "on": true, "mjd": 57541.65597, "on_line": 1.03, "null_mean": 0.33, "null_std": 0.62, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 25, "tracks": []}
7
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_56902_HIP10453_0007.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP10453", "cadence": "HIP10644", "on": false, "mjd": 57541.66025, "on_line": 0.16, "null_mean": 0.27, "null_std": 0.71, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 117, "tracks": []}
8
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_57267_HIP10670_0008.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP10670", "cadence": "HIP10670", "on": true, "mjd": 57541.66448, "on_line": 1.54, "null_mean": 0.31, "null_std": 0.68, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 5, "tracks": []}
9
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_57630_HIP10169_0009.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP10169", "cadence": "HIP10670", "on": false, "mjd": 57541.66868, "on_line": 0.46, "null_mean": 0.28, "null_std": 0.64, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 74, "tracks": []}
10
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_57992_HIP10670_0010.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP10670", "cadence": "HIP10670", "on": true, "mjd": 57541.67287, "on_line": -0.19, "null_mean": 0.25, "null_std": 0.72, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 143, "tracks": []}
11
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_58354_HIP10199_0011.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP10199", "cadence": "HIP10670", "on": false, "mjd": 57541.67706, "on_line": 0.8, "null_mean": 0.15, "null_std": 0.67, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 35, "tracks": []}
12
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_58714_HIP10670_0012.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP10670", "cadence": "HIP10670", "on": true, "mjd": 57541.68123, "on_line": -1.2, "null_mean": 0.31, "null_std": 0.67, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 198, "tracks": []}
13
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_59084_HIP11548_0013.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP11548", "cadence": "HIP10670", "on": false, "mjd": 57541.68551, "on_line": 0.09, "null_mean": 0.13, "null_std": 0.7, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 108, "tracks": []}
14
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_59531_HIP13402_0014.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP13402", "cadence": "HIP13402", "on": true, "mjd": 57541.69068, "on_line": 3.8, "null_mean": 0.14, "null_std": 0.88, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 1, "tracks": [[15.2, -14367.6, -0.414], [14.8, -13868.5, -0.402], [11.9, 18133.0, -0.402], [11.4, -16366.6, -0.402], [11.4, -1639.0, -1.514], [11.3, -14018.8, -0.414], [10.8, -14217.3, -0.394], [10.5, 19632.9, -0.414], [9.9, -15867.6, -0.408], [9.4, -10616.2, -0.394], [9.3, -13718.3, -0.408], [9.3, 7383.6, -0.388], [8.7, -14517.9, -0.408], [8.7, -14866.6, -0.414], [8.5, -23617.0, -0.4], [8.5, 19984.5, -0.388], [8.3, -22369.4, -0.414], [8.1, -16219.2, -0.414], [8.1, 19783.2, -0.394]]}
15
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_59890_HIP12402_0015.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP12402", "cadence": "HIP13402", "on": false, "mjd": 57541.69484, "on_line": 2.16, "null_mean": 0.27, "null_std": 0.7, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 1, "tracks": []}
16
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_60248_HIP13402_0016.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP13402", "cadence": "HIP13402", "on": true, "mjd": 57541.69898, "on_line": 7.1, "null_mean": 0.24, "null_std": 0.79, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 0, "tracks": [[12.0, -2313.9, -0.85]]}
17
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_60602_HIP12482_0017.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP12482", "cadence": "HIP13402", "on": false, "mjd": 57541.70308, "on_line": 0.23, "null_mean": 0.21, "null_std": 0.7, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 96, "tracks": []}
18
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_60955_HIP13402_0018.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP13402", "cadence": "HIP13402", "on": true, "mjd": 57541.70716, "on_line": 3.43, "null_mean": 0.26, "null_std": 0.69, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 0, "tracks": []}
19
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_61313_HIP12549_0019.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP12549", "cadence": "HIP13402", "on": false, "mjd": 57541.71131, "on_line": 0.07, "null_mean": 0.21, "null_std": 0.68, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 109, "tracks": []}
20
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_61711_HIP21556_0020.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP21556", "cadence": "HIP21556", "on": true, "mjd": 57541.71591, "on_line": 0.93, "null_mean": 0.21, "null_std": 0.74, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 36, "tracks": []}
21
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_62066_HIP20806_0021.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP20806", "cadence": "HIP21556", "on": false, "mjd": 57541.72002, "on_line": 1.04, "null_mean": 0.3, "null_std": 0.65, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 28, "tracks": [[10.2, 1307.1, -0.01]]}
22
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_62422_HIP21556_0022.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP21556", "cadence": "HIP21556", "on": true, "mjd": 57541.72414, "on_line": 1.55, "null_mean": 0.24, "null_std": 0.63, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 5, "tracks": []}
23
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_62773_HIP21210_0023.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP21210", "cadence": "HIP21556", "on": false, "mjd": 57541.7282, "on_line": 1.74, "null_mean": 0.3, "null_std": 0.73, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 3, "tracks": []}
24
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_63124_HIP21556_0024.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP21556", "cadence": "HIP21556", "on": true, "mjd": 57541.73227, "on_line": -0.61, "null_mean": 0.24, "null_std": 0.64, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 183, "tracks": []}
25
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_63477_HIP21222_0025.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP21222", "cadence": "HIP21556", "on": false, "mjd": 57541.73635, "on_line": -0.24, "null_mean": 0.21, "null_std": 0.75, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 149, "tracks": []}
26
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_63820_HIP21594_0026.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP21594", "cadence": null, "on": null, "mjd": 57541.74032, "on_line": -0.58, "null_mean": 0.29, "null_std": 0.73, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 179, "tracks": []}
27
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_64171_HIP20761_0027.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP20761", "cadence": null, "on": null, "mjd": 57541.74439, "on_line": -0.97, "null_mean": 0.33, "null_std": 0.84, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 190, "tracks": [[31.0, -16979.1, -0.282], [18.0, -16480.0, -0.278], [18.0, -16828.8, -0.282], [17.7, 11770.1, -0.292], [16.8, -2228.8, -0.292], [15.1, 23769.9, -0.292], [14.3, -17129.4, -0.282], [13.6, 24770.9, -0.282], [13.5, -16630.3, -0.292], [13.2, -17478.1, -0.292], [12.4, 11520.6, -0.292], [12.4, 14770.0, -0.292], [12.3, -16729.6, -0.282], [11.9, 21521.4, -0.282], [11.7, -8481.1, -0.278], [11.7, -17327.9, -0.278], [11.1, -15479.1, -0.278], [10.5, -18229.5, -0.282], [10.5, -17829.7, -0.282], [10.4, -17228.6, -0.282], [10.3, -17980.0, -0.292], [10.3, -13630.4, -0.278], [10.2, -8228.7, -0.282], [9.9, 24521.3, -0.292], [9.8, 19769.0, -0.278], [9.7, -7979.2, -0.282], [9.7, 13871.2, -0.282], [9.7, -13480.1, -0.278], [9.1, 14021.5, -0.3], [9.1, 19519.5, -0.278], [9.0, 11370.3, -0.272], [9.0, -8129.5, -0.278], [8.9, 20021.4, -0.296], [8.7, 19369.2, -0.292], [8.6, -24479.0, -0.292], [8.4, -17628.4, -0.282], [8.4, 3170.0, -0.282], [8.2, -13729.6, -0.282], [8.2, 9269.2, -0.01], [8.0, 20770.0, -0.282]]}
28
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57541_64523_HIP21594_0028.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP21594", "cadence": null, "on": null, "mjd": 57541.74825, "on_line": -1.45, "null_mean": 0.33, "null_std": 0.72, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 200, "tracks": [[12.8, -17069.8, -0.262], [9.8, -13729.6, -0.014], [9.0, -16567.9, -0.262], [9.0, 11682.2, -0.262], [8.7, 9269.2, 0.014], [8.5, 23682.0, -0.254], [8.5, -2319.5, -0.262], [8.4, -16967.7, -0.262]]}
papers/ml_signals/data/MLc2.jsonl ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ {"t0": 57752.92167684734, "hz": -120.58149834509736, "drift": 0.4254538945132102, "on_snr": [9.6, 34.6, 25.4], "tag": "MLc2", "star": "HIP118212", "session": "AGBT16B_999_105", "f0": 1347.862244}
2
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57752_71642_DIAG_PSR_J2013%2B3845_0002.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "DIAG_PSR_J2013%2B3845", "cadence": null, "on": null, "mjd": 57752.83088, "on_line": 0.08, "null_mean": 0.31, "null_std": 0.61, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 123, "tracks": []}
3
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+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57752_77122_HIP117795_0017.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP117795", "cadence": "HIP117795", "on": true, "mjd": 57752.89431, "on_line": -0.04, "null_mean": 0.25, "null_std": 0.65, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 137, "tracks": []}
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+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57752_77474_HIP116944_0018.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP116944", "cadence": "HIP117795", "on": false, "mjd": 57752.89838, "on_line": 0.62, "null_mean": 0.24, "null_std": 0.65, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 56, "tracks": []}
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+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57752_77825_HIP117795_0019.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP117795", "cadence": "HIP117795", "on": true, "mjd": 57752.90244, "on_line": 0.54, "null_mean": 0.27, "null_std": 0.62, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 69, "tracks": []}
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+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57752_78176_HIP117217_0020.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP117217", "cadence": "HIP117795", "on": false, "mjd": 57752.9065, "on_line": 0.17, "null_mean": 0.19, "null_std": 0.64, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 99, "tracks": []}
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+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57752_79336_HIP118212_0023.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP118212", "cadence": "HIP118212", "on": true, "mjd": 57752.91993, "on_line": 10.65, "null_mean": 0.27, "null_std": 0.59, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 0, "tracks": [[33.9, -179.2, 0.416]]}
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+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57752_80082_HIP118212_0025.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP118212", "cadence": "HIP118212", "on": true, "mjd": 57752.92857, "on_line": 8.77, "null_mean": 0.22, "null_std": 0.62, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 0, "tracks": [[24.0, 128.2, 0.436]]}
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+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57752_80887_HIP98906_0027.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP98906", "cadence": "HIP98906", "on": true, "mjd": 57752.93788, "on_line": 1.2, "null_mean": 0.2, "null_std": 0.66, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 14, "tracks": []}
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+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57752_84416_HIP99427_0037.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP99427", "cadence": "HIP99427", "on": true, "mjd": 57752.97873, "on_line": -0.29, "null_mean": 0.22, "null_std": 0.64, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 157, "tracks": []}
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+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57752_85832_HIP10053_0040.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP10053", "cadence": "HIP9153", "on": false, "mjd": 57752.99512, "on_line": 1.02, "null_mean": 0.3, "null_std": 0.6, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 23, "tracks": []}
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+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57753_00171_HIP10098_0042.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP10098", "cadence": "HIP9153", "on": false, "mjd": 57753.00367, "on_line": 0.19, "null_mean": 0.23, "null_std": 0.67, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 111, "tracks": []}
43
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57753_00542_HIP9153_0043.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP9153", "cadence": "HIP9153", "on": true, "mjd": 57753.00796, "on_line": 0.7, "null_mean": 0.31, "null_std": 0.63, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 51, "tracks": []}
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+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57753_00915_HIP10221_0044.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP10221", "cadence": "HIP9153", "on": false, "mjd": 57753.01228, "on_line": 0.97, "null_mean": 0.22, "null_std": 0.7, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 29, "tracks": []}
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51
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57753_03792_HIP9716_0051.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP9716", "cadence": "HIP9716", "on": true, "mjd": 57753.04558, "on_line": 0.45, "null_mean": 0.23, "null_std": 0.69, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 79, "tracks": []}
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53
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+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57753_04816_HIP10444_0054.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP10444", "cadence": "HIP9716", "on": false, "mjd": 57753.05743, "on_line": -0.17, "null_mean": 0.23, "null_std": 0.72, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 135, "tracks": []}
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+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57753_05858_HIP9724_0057.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP9724", "cadence": null, "on": null, "mjd": 57753.06949, "on_line": -0.34, "null_mean": 0.23, "null_std": 0.61, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 156, "tracks": []}
papers/ml_signals/data/MLc3.jsonl ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ {"t0": 57543.110496409645, "hz": -1723.0606027526471, "drift": 0.05583632165910627, "on_snr": [55.2, 66.6, 31.9], "tag": "MLc3", "star": "HIP62207", "session": "AGBT16A_999_213", "f0": 1351.62541}
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4
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papers/ml_signals/data/MLc4.jsonl ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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papers/ml_signals/data/MLc5.jsonl ADDED
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papers/ml_signals/data/MLc6.jsonl ADDED
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papers/ml_signals/data/MLc7.jsonl ADDED
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+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_45761_HIP115738_0017.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP115738", "cadence": "HIP115738", "on": true, "mjd": 57544.53131, "on_line": -0.17, "null_mean": 0.08, "null_std": 0.43, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 143, "tracks": []}
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+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_46119_HIP114257_0018.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP114257", "cadence": "HIP115738", "on": false, "mjd": 57544.53545, "on_line": -0.3, "null_mean": 0.21, "null_std": 0.52, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 182, "tracks": [[18.3, -5185.8, -0.016]]}
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+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_46477_HIP115738_0019.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP115738", "cadence": "HIP115738", "on": true, "mjd": 57544.53959, "on_line": -0.22, "null_mean": 0.08, "null_std": 0.42, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 157, "tracks": []}
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+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_46841_HIP114330_0020.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP114330", "cadence": "HIP115738", "on": false, "mjd": 57544.54381, "on_line": 0.11, "null_mean": 0.07, "null_std": 0.74, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 79, "tracks": [[52.9, -5197.1, -0.016], [8.6, -5256.7, -0.568], [8.4, -5114.9, 0.62]]}
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+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_47204_HIP114233_0021.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP114233", "cadence": "HIP114233", "on": true, "mjd": 57544.54801, "on_line": 0.37, "null_mean": 0.02, "null_std": 0.46, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 46, "tracks": []}
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+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_47557_HIP112662_0022.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP112662", "cadence": "HIP114233", "on": false, "mjd": 57544.55209, "on_line": -0.19, "null_mean": 0.14, "null_std": 0.94, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 145, "tracks": [[64.6, -5214.1, -0.03], [9.8, -5154.6, -0.568], [9.7, -5276.5, -0.618]]}
23
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_47910_HIP114233_0023.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP114233", "cadence": "HIP114233", "on": true, "mjd": 57544.55618, "on_line": -0.25, "null_mean": 0.06, "null_std": 0.43, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 153, "tracks": []}
24
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_48263_HIP112669_0024.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP112669", "cadence": "HIP114233", "on": false, "mjd": 57544.56026, "on_line": 0.18, "null_mean": 0.25, "null_std": 1.14, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 98, "tracks": [[75.7, -5228.3, -0.016], [11.5, -5287.9, 0.538], [10.2, -5168.8, -0.492], [10.1, -5395.6, 1.564], [9.7, -5109.2, -1.36]]}
25
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_48616_HIP114233_0025.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP114233", "cadence": "HIP114233", "on": true, "mjd": 57544.56435, "on_line": 0.45, "null_mean": 0.04, "null_std": 0.39, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 23, "tracks": []}
26
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_48967_HIP112742_0026.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP112742", "cadence": "HIP114233", "on": false, "mjd": 57544.56841, "on_line": -0.13, "null_mean": 0.12, "null_std": 0.55, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 141, "tracks": [[19.2, -5245.3, -0.042]]}
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+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_49383_HIP114886_0027.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP114886", "cadence": "HIP114886", "on": true, "mjd": 57544.57323, "on_line": -0.07, "null_mean": 0.11, "null_std": 0.45, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 131, "tracks": [[11.0, 17954.8, -0.01]]}
28
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_49732_HIP113336_0028.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP113336", "cadence": "HIP114886", "on": false, "mjd": 57544.57727, "on_line": -0.15, "null_mean": 0.13, "null_std": 0.44, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 150, "tracks": [[9.7, 17954.8, -0.01]]}
29
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_50080_HIP114886_0029.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP114886", "cadence": "HIP114886", "on": true, "mjd": 57544.5813, "on_line": -0.13, "null_mean": 0.1, "null_std": 0.41, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 140, "tracks": [[9.3, 17954.8, -0.01]]}
30
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_50437_HIP113357_0030.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP113357", "cadence": "HIP114886", "on": false, "mjd": 57544.58543, "on_line": 0.49, "null_mean": 0.14, "null_std": 0.43, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 37, "tracks": [[10.7, 17954.8, -0.01]]}
31
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_50793_HIP114886_0031.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP114886", "cadence": "HIP114886", "on": true, "mjd": 57544.58955, "on_line": 0.03, "null_mean": 0.09, "null_std": 0.46, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 112, "tracks": [[10.7, 17954.8, -0.01]]}
32
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_51142_HIP113384_0032.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP113384", "cadence": "HIP114886", "on": false, "mjd": 57544.59359, "on_line": 0.11, "null_mean": 0.09, "null_std": 0.38, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 97, "tracks": []}
33
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_51645_HIP13402_0033.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP13402", "cadence": "HIP13402", "on": true, "mjd": 57544.59941, "on_line": 50.46, "null_mean": 0.14, "null_std": 0.45, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 0, "tracks": [[110.6, -5353.1, -0.094], [16.4, -5285.0, 0.45], [14.8, -5415.5, 0.404], [12.2, -5211.3, 1.034], [10.9, -5475.0, 0.886], [10.5, -5148.9, -1.712], [9.8, -5537.4, 1.372], [9.2, -5596.9, 1.88]]}
34
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_51992_HIP11915_0034.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP11915", "cadence": "HIP13402", "on": false, "mjd": 57544.60342, "on_line": 2.14, "null_mean": 0.19, "null_std": 0.46, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 0, "tracks": []}
35
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_52338_HIP13402_0035.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP13402", "cadence": "HIP13402", "on": true, "mjd": 57544.60743, "on_line": 44.42, "null_mean": 0.13, "null_std": 0.4, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 0, "tracks": [[127.3, -5415.5, -0.1], [20.6, -5477.8, -0.62], [20.0, -5355.9, -0.578], [15.8, -5537.4, -1.082], [15.6, -5296.4, -1.06], [14.0, -5236.8, -1.522], [13.8, -5596.9, -1.544], [11.6, -5177.3, -1.986], [8.6, -5656.5, 1.666]]}
36
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_52683_HIP12005_0036.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP12005", "cadence": "HIP13402", "on": false, "mjd": 57544.61142, "on_line": 1.99, "null_mean": 0.13, "null_std": 0.42, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 0, "tracks": []}
37
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_53028_HIP13402_0037.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP13402", "cadence": "HIP13402", "on": true, "mjd": 57544.61542, "on_line": 81.04, "null_mean": 0.11, "null_std": 0.47, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 0, "tracks": [[138.9, -5492.0, -0.112], [25.1, -5432.5, -0.578], [24.0, -5554.4, -1.032], [19.1, -5370.1, -1.224], [17.3, -5613.9, -1.874], [16.9, -5310.5, -1.544], [13.4, -5679.2, 1.372], [12.0, -5251.0, -2.0], [11.2, -5755.7, 1.98]]}
38
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_53376_HIP12038_0038.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP12038", "cadence": "HIP13402", "on": false, "mjd": 57544.61944, "on_line": -0.0, "null_mean": 0.13, "null_std": 0.43, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 120, "tracks": [[9.5, -5534.6, -0.156]]}
39
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_53771_HIP12493_0039.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP12493", "cadence": "HIP12493", "on": true, "mjd": 57544.62401, "on_line": -0.06, "null_mean": 0.11, "null_std": 0.42, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 134, "tracks": [[9.7, 17954.8, -0.01]]}
40
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_54124_HIP11000_0040.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP11000", "cadence": "HIP12493", "on": false, "mjd": 57544.6281, "on_line": 0.08, "null_mean": 0.1, "null_std": 0.46, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 104, "tracks": []}
41
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_54478_HIP12493_0041.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP12493", "cadence": "HIP12493", "on": true, "mjd": 57544.6322, "on_line": 0.17, "null_mean": 0.06, "null_std": 0.42, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 80, "tracks": []}
42
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_54845_HIP11029_0042.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP11029", "cadence": "HIP12493", "on": false, "mjd": 57544.63645, "on_line": 0.27, "null_mean": 0.04, "null_std": 0.48, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 69, "tracks": [[51.0, -5716.0, -0.136], [8.9, -5798.3, -0.766], [8.4, -5633.8, 0.618]]}
43
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_55212_HIP12493_0043.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP12493", "cadence": "HIP12493", "on": true, "mjd": 57544.64069, "on_line": 0.62, "null_mean": 0.08, "null_std": 0.42, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 21, "tracks": []}
44
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_55579_HIP11124_0044.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP11124", "cadence": "HIP12493", "on": false, "mjd": 57544.64494, "on_line": 0.5, "null_mean": 0.08, "null_std": 0.49, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 35, "tracks": [[72.3, -5812.4, -0.128], [14.5, -5872.0, -0.62], [11.4, -5747.2, -1.032], [9.8, -5951.4, -1.676], [8.8, -5684.8, -1.532]]}
45
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_55945_HIP12530_0045.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP12530", "cadence": "HIP12530", "on": true, "mjd": 57544.64918, "on_line": 0.17, "null_mean": 0.07, "null_std": 0.46, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 80, "tracks": []}
46
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_56311_HIP11124_0046.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP11124", "cadence": "HIP12530", "on": false, "mjd": 57544.65341, "on_line": 0.08, "null_mean": 0.07, "null_std": 0.41, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 93, "tracks": [[30.9, -5889.0, -0.094], [9.3, -5991.1, 0.716]]}
47
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_56677_HIP12530_0047.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP12530", "cadence": "HIP12530", "on": true, "mjd": 57544.65765, "on_line": -0.81, "null_mean": 0.06, "null_std": 0.4, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 199, "tracks": []}
48
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_57034_HIP11136_0048.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP11136", "cadence": "HIP12530", "on": false, "mjd": 57544.66178, "on_line": -0.53, "null_mean": 0.13, "null_std": 0.7, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 188, "tracks": [[46.1, -5954.2, -0.084], [8.5, -6081.8, 0.862], [8.3, -5866.3, -0.766]]}
49
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_57391_HIP12530_0049.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP12530", "cadence": "HIP12530", "on": true, "mjd": 57544.66591, "on_line": -0.47, "null_mean": 0.12, "null_std": 0.45, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 186, "tracks": []}
50
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_57743_HIP11139_0050.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP11139", "cadence": "HIP12530", "on": false, "mjd": 57544.66999, "on_line": -0.21, "null_mean": 0.12, "null_std": 0.39, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 162, "tracks": [[14.9, -6005.2, -0.084]]}
51
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_58175_HIP13081_0051.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP13081", "cadence": "HIP13081", "on": true, "mjd": 57544.67499, "on_line": -0.75, "null_mean": 0.1, "null_std": 0.39, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 196, "tracks": []}
52
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_58540_HIP11619_0052.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP11619", "cadence": "HIP13081", "on": false, "mjd": 57544.67921, "on_line": -0.08, "null_mean": 0.12, "null_std": 0.44, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 133, "tracks": [[10.0, 17954.8, -0.01]]}
53
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_58904_HIP13081_0053.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP13081", "cadence": "HIP13081", "on": true, "mjd": 57544.68342, "on_line": -0.11, "null_mean": 0.09, "null_std": 0.43, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 141, "tracks": [[10.0, 17954.8, -0.01]]}
54
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_59256_HIP11678_0054.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP11678", "cadence": "HIP13081", "on": false, "mjd": 57544.6875, "on_line": 0.75, "null_mean": 0.1, "null_std": 0.44, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 16, "tracks": [[15.2, 17954.8, -0.01]]}
55
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_59608_HIP13081_0055.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP13081", "cadence": "HIP13081", "on": true, "mjd": 57544.69157, "on_line": 0.17, "null_mean": 0.09, "null_std": 0.43, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 72, "tracks": [[10.1, 17954.8, -0.01]]}
56
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_59957_HIP11686_0056.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP11686", "cadence": "HIP13081", "on": false, "mjd": 57544.69561, "on_line": -0.06, "null_mean": 0.07, "null_std": 0.43, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 118, "tracks": [[12.1, 17954.8, -0.01]]}
57
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_60332_HIP13375_0057.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP13375", "cadence": null, "on": null, "mjd": 57544.69995, "on_line": -0.24, "null_mean": 0.15, "null_std": 0.39, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 171, "tracks": [[9.1, 17954.8, -0.01]]}
58
+ {"file": "spliced_blc0001020304050607_guppi_57544_60698_HIP11993_0058.gpuspec.0002.h5", "target": "HIP11993", "cadence": null, "on": null, "mjd": 57544.70419, "on_line": -0.01, "null_mean": 0.11, "null_std": 0.43, "null_n": 200, "as_high": 131, "tracks": [[11.0, 17954.8, -0.01]]}