kea-b / load_binary.py

Kea-B: 1-bit Parakeet-TDT-0.6B-v2 (MB1 final export)

5e7c298 verified 14 days ago

15.3 kB

# load_binary.py: standalone loader for Kea-B, the 1-bit Parakeet-TDT-0.6B-v2 export.
#
# MIT License
#
# Copyright (c) 2026 ajbarryiii
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
# copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
# SOFTWARE.
#
# This license covers this file only. The model weights it loads are a modified
# version of nvidia/parakeet-tdt-0.6b-v2 and are licensed CC-BY-4.0 (see LICENSE
# and NOTICE in the model repository).
"""Load and run Kea-B, the 1-bit Parakeet-TDT-0.6B-v2 export, with only NeMo (nemo_toolkit[asr] and
its torch), safetensors and soundfile. Standalone copy of the repository's binary_export.load_export,
so the model can be used without the training code.
    python load_binary.py clip.wav [clip2.flac ...]    # 16 kHz audio; prints one transcript per file
    import sys; sys.path.insert(0, "kea-b")           # directory holding this repository's files
    from load_binary import load, transcribe
    model = load("kea-b", device="cuda")               # or "cpu"
    print(transcribe(model, ["clip.wav"]))             # list in -> list of str out
Format "parakeet-binary-v1" (one directory):
- export.safetensors: each of the 264 quantized encoder weights as "<name>.codes", one bit per
  weight packed eight per byte (code j of a row is bit j % 8 of byte j // 8, least significant
  bit first; bit 1 = +1, bit 0 = -1; unused tail bits 0; uint8 [out, ceil(in/8)]; pointwise
  convolutions as their [out, in] matrix) and "<name>.scale", one FP32 scale per output row;
  the weight is codes * scale. Every other state_dict tensor is FP16, except the
  feature-extraction constants preprocessor.featurizer.{window,fb} (FP32) and integer BatchNorm
  counters (int64).
- manifest.json: format, SHA-256 of export.safetensors and the three tokenizer files, the NeMo
  model config, per-layer shapes and kinds, code balance, parameter and byte accounting,
  training provenance.
- tokenizer/: the base model's SentencePiece files (tokenizer.model, tokenizer.vocab, vocab.txt).
load() rebuilds a plain NeMo EncDecRNNTBPEModel in FP32 with the dequantized weights. It does
not use 1-bit kernels and needs the same memory and compute as the FP32 original; no speed or
energy benefit is claimed.
Tested environment: NeMo 3.0.0, torch 2.11.0+cu128. The reported WERs were measured decoding on
an NVIDIA RTX 5090 (CUDA, strict FP32). Loading on the CPU was tested, decoding on the CPU was not.
"""
from __future__ import annotations

import contextlib
import hashlib
import json
import math
import sys
from pathlib import Path

import numpy as np
import torch
from safetensors.torch import load_file

FORMAT = "parakeet-binary-v1"
MANIFEST = "manifest.json"
WEIGHTS_FILE = "export.safetensors"
TOKENIZER_DIR = "tokenizer"
# config.tokenizer key -> file name in the tokenizer directory
TOKENIZER_FILES = {"model_path": "tokenizer.model", "vocab_path": "vocab.txt",
                   "spe_tokenizer_vocab": "tokenizer.vocab"}
MODEL_TARGET = "nemo.collections.asr.models.rnnt_bpe_models.EncDecRNNTBPEModel"
LAYER_KINDS = ("linear", "pointwise_conv1d")
SAMPLE_RATE = 16000
# As in the evaluation: inputs shorter than 30 ms are zero-padded to 30 ms (NeMo's per-feature
# normalization fails on a one-frame input). Every reported test utterance is longer.
MIN_DECODE_SAMPLES = 480
MAX_BATCH_SECONDS = 1200.0
# NeMo's greedy TDT decoder CUDA-graph mode used by the evaluation (native PyTorch CUDA graphs).
DECODER_GRAPHS_MODE = "no_while_loops"
_SHIFTS = torch.arange(8, dtype=torch.uint8)


def unpack_codes(packed: torch.Tensor, in_features: int) -> torch.Tensor:
    """uint8 [out, ceil(in/8)] -> int8 [out, in] in {-1, +1}; rejects a wrong dtype or shape and nonzero tail bits."""
    if packed.dtype != torch.uint8 or packed.dim() != 2 or packed.shape[1] != math.ceil(in_features / 8):
        raise ValueError(f"expected uint8 [out, {math.ceil(in_features / 8)}], got {packed.dtype} {tuple(packed.shape)}")
    bits = ((packed[..., None] >> _SHIFTS.to(packed.device)) & 1).flatten(1)
    if bits[:, in_features:].any():
        raise ValueError("invalid packed codes: nonzero tail padding")
    return (2 * bits[:, :in_features].to(torch.int8) - 1).to(torch.int8)


def _sha256(path: Path) -> str:
    digest = hashlib.sha256()
    with path.open("rb") as handle:
        for chunk in iter(lambda: handle.read(1 << 20), b""):
            digest.update(chunk)
    return digest.hexdigest()


def load(directory: str | Path = ".", device: str | torch.device = "cpu"):
    """Rebuild the FP32 eval-mode NeMo EncDecRNNTBPEModel from a directory holding manifest.json,
    export.safetensors and tokenizer/.
    The manifest must name export.safetensors as the weights file and list exactly it and
    tokenizer/tokenizer.model, tokenizer/vocab.txt and tokenizer/tokenizer.vocab; each file's
    SHA-256 is checked against it. manifest.json itself is not hash-checked.
    """
    from nemo.collections.asr.models import EncDecRNNTBPEModel
    from omegaconf import OmegaConf, open_dict

    directory = Path(directory).resolve()
    manifest = json.loads((directory / MANIFEST).read_text())
    if manifest["format"] != FORMAT:
        raise ValueError(f"unknown export format {manifest['format']!r}")
    if manifest["file"] != WEIGHTS_FILE:
        raise ValueError(f"manifest names weights file {manifest['file']!r}, not {WEIGHTS_FILE!r}")
    expected_files = {WEIGHTS_FILE, *(f"{TOKENIZER_DIR}/{f}" for f in TOKENIZER_FILES.values())}
    if set(manifest["files"]) != expected_files or manifest["files"][WEIGHTS_FILE] != manifest["sha256"]:
        raise ValueError(f"manifest is inconsistent: files {sorted(manifest['files'])}")
    for rel, digest in manifest["files"].items():
        if _sha256(directory / rel) != digest:
            raise ValueError(f"{directory / rel} does not match the manifest SHA-256")
    tensors = load_file(directory / WEIGHTS_FILE)
    state: dict[str, torch.Tensor] = {}
    for name, layer in manifest["quantized_layers"].items():
        if layer["kind"] not in LAYER_KINDS:
            raise ValueError(f"{name}: unknown layer kind {layer['kind']!r}")
        out_features, in_features = layer["shape"]
        scale = tensors.pop(f"{name}.scale")
        if scale.dtype != torch.float32 or tuple(scale.shape) != (out_features,):
            raise ValueError(f"{name}.scale: expected float32 [{out_features}], got {scale.dtype} {tuple(scale.shape)}")
        # codes are +-1, so codes * scale is exact: every weight is +scale or -scale of its row.
        weight = unpack_codes(tensors.pop(f"{name}.codes"), in_features).float() * scale[:, None]
        if weight.shape != (out_features, in_features):
            raise ValueError(f"{name}: shape {tuple(weight.shape)} != {layer['shape']}")
        state[f"{name}.weight"] = weight.unsqueeze(2) if layer["kind"] == "pointwise_conv1d" else weight
        if layer["bias"]:
            state[f"{name}.bias"] = tensors.pop(f"{name}.bias")
    state.update((k, v.float() if v.is_floating_point() else v) for k, v in tensors.items())
    cfg = OmegaConf.create(manifest["config"])
    if cfg.get("target") != MODEL_TARGET:
        raise ValueError(f"unexpected model target {cfg.get('target')!r}")
    with open_dict(cfg):
        cfg.tokenizer.dir = str(directory / TOKENIZER_DIR)
        for key, filename in TOKENIZER_FILES.items():
            cfg.tokenizer[key] = str(directory / TOKENIZER_DIR / filename)
        for ds in ("train_ds", "validation_ds", "test_ds"):  # stored for reference; no dataloaders at load
            if ds in cfg:
                cfg[ds] = None
    model = EncDecRNNTBPEModel(cfg=cfg)
    model.load_state_dict(state, strict=True)  # shape mismatches and missing/unexpected keys raise
    return model.to(device=device, dtype=torch.float32).eval()


def _pin_decoder_graphs(model) -> None:
    """On CUDA, put NeMo's greedy TDT decoder in the evaluation's CUDA-graph mode (no_while_loops),
    when this NeMo version exposes it and the decoder config allows CUDA graphs."""
    computer = getattr(getattr(getattr(model, "decoding", None), "decoding", None), "decoding_computer", None)
    if computer is None or not hasattr(computer, "force_cuda_graphs_mode") or not computer.allow_cuda_graphs:
        return
    mode = computer.cuda_graphs_mode
    if mode is None or str(mode.value) != DECODER_GRAPHS_MODE:
        computer.force_cuda_graphs_mode(DECODER_GRAPHS_MODE)


@contextlib.contextmanager
def _strict_fp32(device: torch.device):
    """Autocast off and TF32 off (matmul and cuDNN) for the duration; previous settings restored."""
    matmul = torch.backends.cuda.matmul.allow_tf32
    precision = torch.get_float32_matmul_precision()
    try:
        torch.backends.cuda.matmul.allow_tf32 = False
        torch.set_float32_matmul_precision("highest")
        with torch.autocast(device.type, enabled=False), torch.backends.cudnn.flags(
                enabled=True, benchmark=torch.backends.cudnn.benchmark,
                deterministic=torch.backends.cudnn.deterministic, allow_tf32=False):
            yield
    finally:
        torch.backends.cuda.matmul.allow_tf32 = matmul
        torch.set_float32_matmul_precision(precision)


@contextlib.contextmanager
def _inference_settings(model):
    """What NeMo's transcribe() sets (eval mode, dither 0, pad_to 0), restored on exit."""
    featurizer = getattr(getattr(model, "preprocessor", None), "featurizer", None)
    saved = {k: getattr(featurizer, k) for k in ("dither", "pad_to") if hasattr(featurizer, k)}
    training = model.training
    try:
        for key in saved:
            setattr(featurizer, key, 0.0 if key == "dither" else 0)
        model.eval()
        with torch.no_grad():
            yield
    finally:
        for key, value in saved.items():
            setattr(featurizer, key, value)
        model.train(training)


def read_audio(path: str | Path) -> np.ndarray:
    """float32 mono samples of a 16 kHz audio file; multichannel files are averaged to mono."""
    import soundfile

    audio, rate = soundfile.read(str(path), dtype="float32", always_2d=True)
    if rate != SAMPLE_RATE:
        raise ValueError(f"{path}: {rate} Hz; convert with: ffmpeg -i {path} -ar 16000 -ac 1 out.wav")
    return audio.mean(axis=1) if audio.shape[1] > 1 else audio[:, 0]


def _as_clip(item) -> np.ndarray:
    if isinstance(item, (str, Path)):
        clip = read_audio(item)
    else:
        clip = item.detach().cpu().numpy() if isinstance(item, torch.Tensor) else np.asarray(item)
        if clip.ndim != 1:
            raise ValueError(f"in-memory audio must be 1-D mono 16 kHz samples, got shape {clip.shape}")
        clip = clip.astype(np.float32, copy=False)
    if len(clip) < MIN_DECODE_SAMPLES:
        clip = np.pad(clip, (0, MIN_DECODE_SAMPLES - len(clip)))
    return clip


def transcribe(model, paths_or_audio, batch_size: int = 16, max_batch_seconds: float = MAX_BATCH_SECONDS):
    """Greedy TDT transcripts (punctuated, cased), decoded as the reported evaluation decoded.
    paths_or_audio: one item or a list of items, each a path to a 16 kHz audio file or a 1-D
    float array/tensor of 16 kHz mono samples in [-1, 1]. Returns a str for a single item and a
    list of str (in input order) for a list.
    Decoding: preprocessor -> encoder -> model.decoding.rnnt_decoder_predictions_tensor with the
    model's own decoding config (greedy_batch TDT, durations 0-4, max 10 symbols per frame) in
    strict FP32 (autocast off, TF32 off for matmuls and cuDNN), dither 0; on CUDA in NeMo's
    no_while_loops CUDA-graph mode, as evaluated. Inputs are batched longest first, zero-padded,
    at most batch_size items and max_batch_seconds of audio per batch.
    Long audio: each input is decoded in a single pass with full attention; nothing is chunked.
    Memory grows roughly quadratically with input length. The model was trained on 1-30 s
    utterances; split long recordings (ideally at pauses) into segments of about 30 s or less.
    """
    single = not isinstance(paths_or_audio, (list, tuple))
    items = [paths_or_audio] if single else list(paths_or_audio)
    if not items:
        return []
    params = list(model.parameters())
    if any(p.dtype != torch.float32 for p in params):
        raise ValueError("decoding is specified in FP32; load() returns an FP32 model")
    device = params[0].device
    if device.type == "cuda":
        _pin_decoder_graphs(model)
    clips = [_as_clip(item) for item in items]
    order = sorted(range(len(clips)), key=lambda i: (-len(clips[i]), i))
    batches, current, seconds = [], [], 0.0
    for i in order:
        duration = len(clips[i]) / SAMPLE_RATE
        if current and (len(current) >= batch_size or seconds + duration > max_batch_seconds):
            batches.append(current)
            current, seconds = [], 0.0
        current.append(i)
        seconds += duration
    batches.append(current)
    texts: list[str | None] = [None] * len(clips)
    with _strict_fp32(device), _inference_settings(model):
        for idx in batches:
            lengths = torch.tensor([len(clips[i]) for i in idx], dtype=torch.long)
            audio = torch.zeros(len(idx), int(lengths.max()), dtype=torch.float32)
            for row, i in enumerate(idx):
                audio[row, :len(clips[i])] = torch.from_numpy(clips[i])
            enc, enc_len = model.forward(input_signal=audio.to(device), input_signal_length=lengths.to(device))
            hyps = model.decoding.rnnt_decoder_predictions_tensor(
                encoder_output=enc, encoded_lengths=enc_len, return_hypotheses=False)
            if isinstance(hyps, tuple):
                hyps = hyps[0]
            for i, hyp in zip(idx, hyps):
                texts[i] = hyp.text if hasattr(hyp, "text") else str(hyp)
    return texts[0] if single else texts


def main(argv: list[str]) -> None:
    if not argv or argv[0] in ("-h", "--help"):
        sys.exit("usage: python load_binary.py clip.wav [clip2.wav ...]   (16 kHz audio)")
    from nemo.utils import logging as nemo_logging
    nemo_logging.setLevel(nemo_logging.ERROR)
    device = "cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"
    model = load(Path(__file__).resolve().parent, device=device)
    for name, text in zip(argv, transcribe(model, argv)):
        print(text if len(argv) == 1 else f"{name}\t{text}")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main(sys.argv[1:])

	# load_binary.py: standalone loader for Kea-B, the 1-bit Parakeet-TDT-0.6B-v2 export.
	#
	# MIT License
	#
	# Copyright (c) 2026 ajbarryiii
	#
	# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
	# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
	# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
	# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
	# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
	# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
	#
	# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
	# copies or substantial portions of the Software.
	#
	# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
	# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
	# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
	# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
	# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
	# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
	# SOFTWARE.
	#
	# This license covers this file only. The model weights it loads are a modified
	# version of nvidia/parakeet-tdt-0.6b-v2 and are licensed CC-BY-4.0 (see LICENSE
	# and NOTICE in the model repository).
	"""Load and run Kea-B, the 1-bit Parakeet-TDT-0.6B-v2 export, with only NeMo (nemo_toolkit[asr] and
	its torch), safetensors and soundfile. Standalone copy of the repository's binary_export.load_export,
	so the model can be used without the training code.

	python load_binary.py clip.wav [clip2.flac ...] # 16 kHz audio; prints one transcript per file

	import sys; sys.path.insert(0, "kea-b") # directory holding this repository's files
	from load_binary import load, transcribe
	model = load("kea-b", device="cuda") # or "cpu"
	print(transcribe(model, ["clip.wav"])) # list in -> list of str out

	Format "parakeet-binary-v1" (one directory):
	- export.safetensors: each of the 264 quantized encoder weights as "<name>.codes", one bit per
	weight packed eight per byte (code j of a row is bit j % 8 of byte j // 8, least significant
	bit first; bit 1 = +1, bit 0 = -1; unused tail bits 0; uint8 [out, ceil(in/8)]; pointwise
	convolutions as their [out, in] matrix) and "<name>.scale", one FP32 scale per output row;
	the weight is codes * scale. Every other state_dict tensor is FP16, except the
	feature-extraction constants preprocessor.featurizer.{window,fb} (FP32) and integer BatchNorm
	counters (int64).
	- manifest.json: format, SHA-256 of export.safetensors and the three tokenizer files, the NeMo
	model config, per-layer shapes and kinds, code balance, parameter and byte accounting,
	training provenance.
	- tokenizer/: the base model's SentencePiece files (tokenizer.model, tokenizer.vocab, vocab.txt).

	load() rebuilds a plain NeMo EncDecRNNTBPEModel in FP32 with the dequantized weights. It does
	not use 1-bit kernels and needs the same memory and compute as the FP32 original; no speed or
	energy benefit is claimed.

	Tested environment: NeMo 3.0.0, torch 2.11.0+cu128. The reported WERs were measured decoding on
	an NVIDIA RTX 5090 (CUDA, strict FP32). Loading on the CPU was tested, decoding on the CPU was not.
	"""
	from __future__ import annotations

	import contextlib
	import hashlib
	import json
	import math
	import sys
	from pathlib import Path

	import numpy as np
	import torch
	from safetensors.torch import load_file

	FORMAT = "parakeet-binary-v1"
	MANIFEST = "manifest.json"
	WEIGHTS_FILE = "export.safetensors"
	TOKENIZER_DIR = "tokenizer"
	# config.tokenizer key -> file name in the tokenizer directory
	TOKENIZER_FILES = {"model_path": "tokenizer.model", "vocab_path": "vocab.txt",
	"spe_tokenizer_vocab": "tokenizer.vocab"}
	MODEL_TARGET = "nemo.collections.asr.models.rnnt_bpe_models.EncDecRNNTBPEModel"
	LAYER_KINDS = ("linear", "pointwise_conv1d")
	SAMPLE_RATE = 16000
	# As in the evaluation: inputs shorter than 30 ms are zero-padded to 30 ms (NeMo's per-feature
	# normalization fails on a one-frame input). Every reported test utterance is longer.
	MIN_DECODE_SAMPLES = 480
	MAX_BATCH_SECONDS = 1200.0
	# NeMo's greedy TDT decoder CUDA-graph mode used by the evaluation (native PyTorch CUDA graphs).
	DECODER_GRAPHS_MODE = "no_while_loops"
	_SHIFTS = torch.arange(8, dtype=torch.uint8)


	def unpack_codes(packed: torch.Tensor, in_features: int) -> torch.Tensor:
	"""uint8 [out, ceil(in/8)] -> int8 [out, in] in {-1, +1}; rejects a wrong dtype or shape and nonzero tail bits."""
	if packed.dtype != torch.uint8 or packed.dim() != 2 or packed.shape[1] != math.ceil(in_features / 8):
	raise ValueError(f"expected uint8 [out, {math.ceil(in_features / 8)}], got {packed.dtype} {tuple(packed.shape)}")
	bits = ((packed[..., None] >> _SHIFTS.to(packed.device)) & 1).flatten(1)
	if bits[:, in_features:].any():
	raise ValueError("invalid packed codes: nonzero tail padding")
	return (2 * bits[:, :in_features].to(torch.int8) - 1).to(torch.int8)


	def _sha256(path: Path) -> str:
	digest = hashlib.sha256()
	with path.open("rb") as handle:
	for chunk in iter(lambda: handle.read(1 << 20), b""):
	digest.update(chunk)
	return digest.hexdigest()


	def load(directory: str \| Path = ".", device: str \| torch.device = "cpu"):
	"""Rebuild the FP32 eval-mode NeMo EncDecRNNTBPEModel from a directory holding manifest.json,
	export.safetensors and tokenizer/.

	The manifest must name export.safetensors as the weights file and list exactly it and
	tokenizer/tokenizer.model, tokenizer/vocab.txt and tokenizer/tokenizer.vocab; each file's
	SHA-256 is checked against it. manifest.json itself is not hash-checked.
	"""
	from nemo.collections.asr.models import EncDecRNNTBPEModel
	from omegaconf import OmegaConf, open_dict

	directory = Path(directory).resolve()
	manifest = json.loads((directory / MANIFEST).read_text())
	if manifest["format"] != FORMAT:
	raise ValueError(f"unknown export format {manifest['format']!r}")
	if manifest["file"] != WEIGHTS_FILE:
	raise ValueError(f"manifest names weights file {manifest['file']!r}, not {WEIGHTS_FILE!r}")
	expected_files = {WEIGHTS_FILE, *(f"{TOKENIZER_DIR}/{f}" for f in TOKENIZER_FILES.values())}
	if set(manifest["files"]) != expected_files or manifest["files"][WEIGHTS_FILE] != manifest["sha256"]:
	raise ValueError(f"manifest is inconsistent: files {sorted(manifest['files'])}")
	for rel, digest in manifest["files"].items():
	if _sha256(directory / rel) != digest:
	raise ValueError(f"{directory / rel} does not match the manifest SHA-256")
	tensors = load_file(directory / WEIGHTS_FILE)
	state: dict[str, torch.Tensor] = {}
	for name, layer in manifest["quantized_layers"].items():
	if layer["kind"] not in LAYER_KINDS:
	raise ValueError(f"{name}: unknown layer kind {layer['kind']!r}")
	out_features, in_features = layer["shape"]
	scale = tensors.pop(f"{name}.scale")
	if scale.dtype != torch.float32 or tuple(scale.shape) != (out_features,):
	raise ValueError(f"{name}.scale: expected float32 [{out_features}], got {scale.dtype} {tuple(scale.shape)}")
	# codes are +-1, so codes * scale is exact: every weight is +scale or -scale of its row.
	weight = unpack_codes(tensors.pop(f"{name}.codes"), in_features).float() * scale[:, None]
	if weight.shape != (out_features, in_features):
	raise ValueError(f"{name}: shape {tuple(weight.shape)} != {layer['shape']}")
	state[f"{name}.weight"] = weight.unsqueeze(2) if layer["kind"] == "pointwise_conv1d" else weight
	if layer["bias"]:
	state[f"{name}.bias"] = tensors.pop(f"{name}.bias")
	state.update((k, v.float() if v.is_floating_point() else v) for k, v in tensors.items())
	cfg = OmegaConf.create(manifest["config"])
	if cfg.get("target") != MODEL_TARGET:
	raise ValueError(f"unexpected model target {cfg.get('target')!r}")
	with open_dict(cfg):
	cfg.tokenizer.dir = str(directory / TOKENIZER_DIR)
	for key, filename in TOKENIZER_FILES.items():
	cfg.tokenizer[key] = str(directory / TOKENIZER_DIR / filename)
	for ds in ("train_ds", "validation_ds", "test_ds"): # stored for reference; no dataloaders at load
	if ds in cfg:
	cfg[ds] = None
	model = EncDecRNNTBPEModel(cfg=cfg)
	model.load_state_dict(state, strict=True) # shape mismatches and missing/unexpected keys raise
	return model.to(device=device, dtype=torch.float32).eval()


	def _pin_decoder_graphs(model) -> None:
	"""On CUDA, put NeMo's greedy TDT decoder in the evaluation's CUDA-graph mode (no_while_loops),
	when this NeMo version exposes it and the decoder config allows CUDA graphs."""
	computer = getattr(getattr(getattr(model, "decoding", None), "decoding", None), "decoding_computer", None)
	if computer is None or not hasattr(computer, "force_cuda_graphs_mode") or not computer.allow_cuda_graphs:
	return
	mode = computer.cuda_graphs_mode
	if mode is None or str(mode.value) != DECODER_GRAPHS_MODE:
	computer.force_cuda_graphs_mode(DECODER_GRAPHS_MODE)


	@contextlib.contextmanager
	def _strict_fp32(device: torch.device):
	"""Autocast off and TF32 off (matmul and cuDNN) for the duration; previous settings restored."""
	matmul = torch.backends.cuda.matmul.allow_tf32
	precision = torch.get_float32_matmul_precision()
	try:
	torch.backends.cuda.matmul.allow_tf32 = False
	torch.set_float32_matmul_precision("highest")
	with torch.autocast(device.type, enabled=False), torch.backends.cudnn.flags(
	enabled=True, benchmark=torch.backends.cudnn.benchmark,
	deterministic=torch.backends.cudnn.deterministic, allow_tf32=False):
	yield
	finally:
	torch.backends.cuda.matmul.allow_tf32 = matmul
	torch.set_float32_matmul_precision(precision)


	@contextlib.contextmanager
	def _inference_settings(model):
	"""What NeMo's transcribe() sets (eval mode, dither 0, pad_to 0), restored on exit."""
	featurizer = getattr(getattr(model, "preprocessor", None), "featurizer", None)
	saved = {k: getattr(featurizer, k) for k in ("dither", "pad_to") if hasattr(featurizer, k)}
	training = model.training
	try:
	for key in saved:
	setattr(featurizer, key, 0.0 if key == "dither" else 0)
	model.eval()
	with torch.no_grad():
	yield
	finally:
	for key, value in saved.items():
	setattr(featurizer, key, value)
	model.train(training)


	def read_audio(path: str \| Path) -> np.ndarray:
	"""float32 mono samples of a 16 kHz audio file; multichannel files are averaged to mono."""
	import soundfile

	audio, rate = soundfile.read(str(path), dtype="float32", always_2d=True)
	if rate != SAMPLE_RATE:
	raise ValueError(f"{path}: {rate} Hz; convert with: ffmpeg -i {path} -ar 16000 -ac 1 out.wav")
	return audio.mean(axis=1) if audio.shape[1] > 1 else audio[:, 0]


	def _as_clip(item) -> np.ndarray:
	if isinstance(item, (str, Path)):
	clip = read_audio(item)
	else:
	clip = item.detach().cpu().numpy() if isinstance(item, torch.Tensor) else np.asarray(item)
	if clip.ndim != 1:
	raise ValueError(f"in-memory audio must be 1-D mono 16 kHz samples, got shape {clip.shape}")
	clip = clip.astype(np.float32, copy=False)
	if len(clip) < MIN_DECODE_SAMPLES:
	clip = np.pad(clip, (0, MIN_DECODE_SAMPLES - len(clip)))
	return clip


	def transcribe(model, paths_or_audio, batch_size: int = 16, max_batch_seconds: float = MAX_BATCH_SECONDS):
	"""Greedy TDT transcripts (punctuated, cased), decoded as the reported evaluation decoded.

	paths_or_audio: one item or a list of items, each a path to a 16 kHz audio file or a 1-D
	float array/tensor of 16 kHz mono samples in [-1, 1]. Returns a str for a single item and a
	list of str (in input order) for a list.

	Decoding: preprocessor -> encoder -> model.decoding.rnnt_decoder_predictions_tensor with the
	model's own decoding config (greedy_batch TDT, durations 0-4, max 10 symbols per frame) in
	strict FP32 (autocast off, TF32 off for matmuls and cuDNN), dither 0; on CUDA in NeMo's
	no_while_loops CUDA-graph mode, as evaluated. Inputs are batched longest first, zero-padded,
	at most batch_size items and max_batch_seconds of audio per batch.

	Long audio: each input is decoded in a single pass with full attention; nothing is chunked.
	Memory grows roughly quadratically with input length. The model was trained on 1-30 s
	utterances; split long recordings (ideally at pauses) into segments of about 30 s or less.
	"""
	single = not isinstance(paths_or_audio, (list, tuple))
	items = [paths_or_audio] if single else list(paths_or_audio)
	if not items:
	return []
	params = list(model.parameters())
	if any(p.dtype != torch.float32 for p in params):
	raise ValueError("decoding is specified in FP32; load() returns an FP32 model")
	device = params[0].device
	if device.type == "cuda":
	_pin_decoder_graphs(model)
	clips = [_as_clip(item) for item in items]
	order = sorted(range(len(clips)), key=lambda i: (-len(clips[i]), i))
	batches, current, seconds = [], [], 0.0
	for i in order:
	duration = len(clips[i]) / SAMPLE_RATE
	if current and (len(current) >= batch_size or seconds + duration > max_batch_seconds):
	batches.append(current)
	current, seconds = [], 0.0
	current.append(i)
	seconds += duration
	batches.append(current)
	texts: list[str \| None] = [None] * len(clips)
	with _strict_fp32(device), _inference_settings(model):
	for idx in batches:
	lengths = torch.tensor([len(clips[i]) for i in idx], dtype=torch.long)
	audio = torch.zeros(len(idx), int(lengths.max()), dtype=torch.float32)
	for row, i in enumerate(idx):
	audio[row, :len(clips[i])] = torch.from_numpy(clips[i])
	enc, enc_len = model.forward(input_signal=audio.to(device), input_signal_length=lengths.to(device))
	hyps = model.decoding.rnnt_decoder_predictions_tensor(
	encoder_output=enc, encoded_lengths=enc_len, return_hypotheses=False)
	if isinstance(hyps, tuple):
	hyps = hyps[0]
	for i, hyp in zip(idx, hyps):
	texts[i] = hyp.text if hasattr(hyp, "text") else str(hyp)
	return texts[0] if single else texts


	def main(argv: list[str]) -> None:
	if not argv or argv[0] in ("-h", "--help"):
	sys.exit("usage: python load_binary.py clip.wav [clip2.wav ...] (16 kHz audio)")
	from nemo.utils import logging as nemo_logging
	nemo_logging.setLevel(nemo_logging.ERROR)
	device = "cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"
	model = load(Path(__file__).resolve().parent, device=device)
	for name, text in zip(argv, transcribe(model, argv)):
	print(text if len(argv) == 1 else f"{name}\t{text}")


	if __name__ == "__main__":
	main(sys.argv[1:])