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README.md
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<a href="https://tinker.thinkingmachines.ai/playground">Launch Blog</a>
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</p>
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surpassing significantly-larger US open-weight models such as Reflection Beam 501B (80.1), Muse Spark Open 816B (76.4),
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Our final Ripple v1 model ladder improves Compute Efficiency (CE) on code by **16x** relative to the Olmo 3 ladder, with the advantage further increasing with scale up to
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**55x** for the full hero run.
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For our first model, a key objective was to make design decisions which reduce pretraining and posttraining
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infrastructure complexity while still enabling strong reasoning and agentic performance.
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Therefore, we chose to train a modernized dense Transformer model rather than use Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) like other labs.
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This decision quickly paid off, and we were able to train a strong model from scratch with a small team
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while maintaining solid MFU throughout pretraining and posttraining.
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Starting from the Olmo llama-like baseline, we switch to a more Gemma-like architecture to improve training stability at scale.
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Ripple-65B uses a **thin-and-deep** model aspect ratio, with a narrow d_model (5120) and 80 total layers.
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To improve reasoning performance, we **overprovision the number of attention heads** while increasing the SWA-to-global layer ratio
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and reducing SWA window size to compensate for the increased cost.
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In addition, we added FFN activation clipping, gated attention, global NoPE, and value residuals.
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The end result is a model that is especially capable at reasoning and agentic tasks given its model size,
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US open-weight models with more than 10x the number of total parameters.
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At only 65B total parameters, the model can fit on consumer hardware such as the NVIDIA DGX Spark.
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To encourage local model development, we provide an NVFP4 checkpoint and colab to help you get started.
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The model is also fast at token generation when running on datacenter GPUs, easily reaching
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**Pre-training.** Ripple-65B Preview is pretrained from scratch on
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Ripple-65B Base Preview is a **pretrain-only checkpoint** without any midtraining or synthetic QA data.
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**Post-training.** We use a standard post-training recipe consisting of midtraining, long context, SFT, and mixed domain RL.
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## Instruct Model Benchmarks
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<div align="center">
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| Benchmark | Ripple-65B<br>Preview | Nemotron 3<br>Ultra | Inkling | Muse Spark<br>Open | Reflection<br>Beam |
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| **Model** | | | | | |
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| Architecture | Dense | MoE | MoE | MoE | MoE |
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| Total params | 65B | 550B | 975B | 816B | 501B |
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| Active params | 65B | 55B | 41B | 42B | 23B |
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| Pre-training tokens | 12T | 20T | 45T | N/A | 23.8T |
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| Training FLOPs (6ND) | 4.7e24 | 6.6e24 | 1.1e25 | N/A | 3.3e24 |
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| **Knowledge** | | | | | |
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| MMLU |
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| MMLU-Pro |
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| GPQA Diamond |
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| **Math** | | | | | |
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| AIME 2024 |
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| AIME 2025 |
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| AIME 2026 |
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| HMMT Feb 2026 |
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| **Coding & Agentic** | | | | | |
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| Terminal-Bench 2.1 (reported) |
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| Terminal-Bench 2.1 (Terminus 2) |
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| SWE-bench Verified | β |
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| SWE-bench Pro v1.0 | β | *46.92* | 54.3[^g] | β | **66.1** |
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| SWE-bench Pro v2.0 Hard | β | *30.72* | *1.96* | *52.29* | 76.5 |
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| DeepSWE 1.1 | β | *0.22* | *1.96* | **60**[^j] | 43.3 |
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| SciCode |
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| ΟΒ³-bench banking | β
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| AutomationBench (Public) | β | *8.39* | *14.56* | *42.44* | 39.3 |
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| MCP Atlas | β | *62.2* | 76.0[^i] | **89.2** | 80.8 |
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| **Safety** | | | | | |
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| FORTRESS Adversarial |
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| FORTRESS Benign |
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| StrongREJECT
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| **Instruction Following** | | | | | |
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| IFBench |
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| **Long Context** | | | | | |
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| AA-LCR |
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</div>
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<div align="center">
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| Benchmark (Metric) | # Shots | Ripple-65B<br>Preview | Laguna<br>M.1 | DeepSeek<br>V3.1 | DeepSeek<br>V4 Flash | Nemotron 3<br>Ultra |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| **Model** | | | | | | |
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| Architecture | β | Dense | MoE | MoE | MoE | MoE |
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| Total params | β | 65B | 225B | 671B | 284B | 550B |
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| Active params | β | 65B | 23B | 37B | 13B | 55B |
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| Training tokens (T) | β | 12T | 30T+ | 15.6T | 32T+ | 20T |
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| Training FLOPs (6ND) | β | 4.7e24 | 4.2e24 | 3.5e24 | 2.5e24 | 6.6e24 |
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| **World Knowledge** | | | | | | |
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| MMLU (MC acc) | 5-shot | *83.7* | *76.6* | *88.3* | 88.7 | **89.1** |
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| MMLU-Pro (CoT EM) | 5-shot | *61.5* | *52.2* | *57.8* | 68.3 | **79.1** |
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<a href="https://tinker.thinkingmachines.ai/playground">Launch Blog</a>
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</p>
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Ricursive Intelligence introduces **Ripple-65B Preview**, a 65B parameter dense Transformer model pretrained on 12 trillion tokens that scores **80.52 on TerminalBench 2.1**,
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surpassing significantly-larger US open-weight models such as Reflection Beam 501B (**80.1**), Meta Muse Spark Open 816B (**76.4**),
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Thinking Machines Inkling 975B (**63.8**), and NVIDIA Nemotron 3 Ultra 550B (**56.4**).
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Our Preview release includes an instruction-tuned model in BF16 and NVFP4 numerics, and a BF16 base model. **This repo contains the BF16 base model.**
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Starting from an initial Olmo 3 baseline, we iteratively improved all aspects of the training recipe including pretraining scaling laws, model architecture, data, and posttraining stack.
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Our final Ripple v1 model ladder improves Compute Efficiency (CE) on code by **16x** relative to the Olmo 3 ladder, with the advantage further increasing with scale up to
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**55x** for the full hero run.
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For our first model, a key objective was to make design decisions which reduce pretraining and posttraining
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infrastructure complexity while still enabling strong reasoning and agentic performance.
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Therefore, we chose to train a modernized dense Transformer model rather than use Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) like other labs.
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This decision quickly paid off, and we were able to train a strong model from scratch with a small team that scaled from 1 to 5 people during development,
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while maintaining solid MFU (40%) throughout pretraining and posttraining with simple sharding, no custom kernels, and no quantization (BF16).
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Ripple-65B uses a **thin-and-deep** model aspect ratio, with a narrow d_model (5120) and 80 total layers.
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We switch from the Olmo 3 llama-like architecture to a Gemma 3N-like architecture to improve training stability at scale.
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To improve reasoning performance, we **overprovision the number of attention heads** while increasing the SWA-to-global layer ratio
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and reducing SWA window size to compensate for the increased cost.
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In addition, we added FFN activation clipping, gated attention, global NoPE, and value residuals.
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The end result is a model that is especially capable at reasoning and agentic tasks given its model size, matching or exceeding other
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US open-weight models with more than 10x the number of total parameters.
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At only 65B total parameters, the model can fit on consumer hardware such as the NVIDIA DGX Spark.
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To encourage local model development, we provide an NVFP4 checkpoint and colab to help you get started.
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The model is also fast at token generation when running on datacenter GPUs, easily reaching 500+ tok/s on 4xB200 without quantization.
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**Pre-training.** Ripple-65B Preview is pretrained from scratch on our 12T text-only predominantly-English and code corpus at 8K sequence length.
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Ripple-65B Base Preview is a **pretrain-only checkpoint** without any midtraining or synthetic QA data.
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**Post-training.** We use a standard post-training recipe consisting of midtraining, long context, SFT, long context SFT, and mixed domain RL.
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Our Preview release has gone through relatively light posttraining, with a focus on agentic coding.
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We show a brief overview of each stage below:
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<div align="center">
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| Stage | Tokens | Step | Seqlen | Batch |
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| ----- | ------ | ------ | ---- | ----- |
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| Pretrain | 12T | 877,500 | 8K | 1408 -> 3072 |
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| Midtrain | 200B | 8,000 | 64K | 384 |
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| Long Context | 6.5B | 389 | 2M | 8 |
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| SFT | 183B | 7,274 | 128K | 192 |
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| LC SFT | 13.5B | 802 | 2M | 8 |
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| RL | N/A | 700 | 128K | 2048 |
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</div>
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## Ripple-65B Base Preview
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This repo contains the unquantized base model checkpoint directly after pretraining.
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## Instruct Model Benchmarks
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<div align="center">
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| Benchmark | Ripple-65B<br>Preview | Nemotron 3<br>Ultra 550B | Inkling<br>975B | Muse Spark<br>Open 816B | Reflection<br>Beam 501B |
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| **Model** | | | | | |
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| Architecture | Dense | MoE | MoE | MoE | MoE |
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| Total params | 65B | 550B | **975B** | 816B | 501B |
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| Active params | **65B** | 55B | 41B | 42B | 23B |
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| Pre-training tokens | 12T | 20T | **45T** | N/A | 23.8T |
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| Training FLOPs (6ND) | 4.7e24 | 6.6e24 | **1.1e25** | N/A | 3.3e24 |
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| **Knowledge** | | | | | |
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| MMLU | *89.60* | *92.0* | *91.3* | **92.6** | *92.4* |
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| MMLU-Pro | *84.15* | 86.8 | *87.3* | **87.95** | *76.5* |
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| GPQA Diamond | *85.19* | 87.0 | 87.2[^h] | 89.0 | **90.6** |
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| **Math** | | | | | |
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| AIME 2024 | *97.08* | *94.17* | *97.5* | **97.92** | *96.67* |
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| AIME 2025 | *98.33* | *94.17* | *91.67* | **100.0** | *99.58* |
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| AIME 2026 | *95.00* | *95.42* | 97.1 | **98.33** | *97.7* |
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| HMMT Feb 2026 | *90.53* | *80.3* | *78.79* | **93.94** | **93.94** |
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| **Coding & Agentic** | | | | | |
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| Terminal-Bench 2.1 (reported) | **80.52** | 56.4 | 63.8 | 76.4 | *80.1* |
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| Terminal-Bench 2.1 (Terminus 2) | **80.52** | *51.31* | *55.43* | *79.78* | *67.79* |
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| SWE-bench Verified | β | 71.9 | 77.6[^f] | *78.67* | **81.6**[^n] |
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| SWE-bench Pro v1.0 | β | *46.92* | 54.3[^g] | β | **66.1** |
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| SWE-bench Pro v2.0 Hard | β | *30.72* | *1.96* | *52.29* | 76.5 |
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| DeepSWE 1.1 | β | *0.22* | *1.96* | **60**[^j] | 43.3 |
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| SciCode | *39.40* | 44.6 | *39.18* | **58.5** | 49.2 |
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| ΟΒ³-bench banking | β| 22.6 | 23.7[^h] | *14.43* | **36.1** |
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| AutomationBench (Public) | β | *8.39* | *14.56* | *42.44* | 39.3 |
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| MCP Atlas | β | *62.2* | 76.0[^i] | **89.2** | 80.8 |
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| **Safety** | | | | | |
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| FORTRESS Adversarial | *83.83* | *65.80* | 78.0 | *89.07* | *81.33* |
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| FORTRESS Benign | *95.47* | *89.13* | 95.9 | *88.13* | *86.40* |
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| StrongREJECT | *97.47* | *100.0* | 98.6 | *96.59* | *100.0* |
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| **Instruction Following** | | | | | |
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| IFBench | *79.22* | **81.7** | 79.8 | *78.56* | 79.6 |
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| **Long Context** | | | | | |
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| AA-LCR | *75.00* | 65.4 | *78.33* | *80.67* | **78.2** |
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</div>
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<div align="center">
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| Benchmark (Metric) | # Shots | Ripple-65B<br>Preview | Laguna<br>M.1 225B | DeepSeek<br>V3.1 671B | DeepSeek<br>V4 Flash 284B | Nemotron 3<br>Ultra 550B |
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| **Model** | | | | | | |
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| Architecture | β | Dense | MoE | MoE | MoE | MoE |
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| Total params | β | 65B | 225B | **671B** | 284B | 550B |
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| Active params | β | **65B** | 23B | 37B | 13B | 55B |
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| Training tokens (T) | β | 12T | 30T+ | 15.6T | **32T+** | 20T |
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| Training FLOPs (6ND) | β | 4.7e24 | 4.2e24 | 3.5e24 | 2.5e24 | **6.6e24** |
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| **World Knowledge** | | | | | | |
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| MMLU (MC acc) | 5-shot | *83.7* | *76.6* | *88.3* | 88.7 | **89.1** |
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| MMLU-Pro (CoT EM) | 5-shot | *61.5* | *52.2* | *57.8* | 68.3 | **79.1** |
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