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README.md
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This repository contains the quantized ONNX export of an English language text classifier for detecting gender based violence (GBV) and GBV-subtype.
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<br>The model predicts a binary label for GBV `pred_binary`: `0` (non-GBV), `1` (GBV).
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<br>The model predicts one or more GBV subtypes `pred_category_labels`: `IDEOLOGICAL-INEQUALITY`, `STEREOTYPING-DOMINANCE`, `OBJECTIFICATION`, `SEXUAL-VIOLENCE`, `MISOGYNY-NON-SEXUAL-VIOLENCE`.
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The model was developed for the Digital Harms, Democratic Costs (DHDC) browser extension. It is intended as a research classifier and content-analysis aid, not as a determination about a person or as a substitute for human review.
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## Model details
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- **Base model:** [`NLP-LTU/bertweet-large-sexism-detector`](https://huggingface.co/NLP-LTU/bertweet-large-sexism-detector)
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- **Architecture:** Bertweet based sexism model as encoder with separate binary and five-class multi-label classification heads.
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- **Language:** English
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- **Maximum input length:** 514 tokens (inherited from encoder)
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- **Published format:** quantized ONNX, opset 17
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- **Runtime target:** Transformers.js 2.17.2 with ONNX Runtime Web (WASM/CPU)
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- **Repository ID:** `socsys/gbv-model`
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## Using Model
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Python version = 3.12.3
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pip install -r requirements.txt
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Should declare environment variables (or use .env file) for
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export TRAIN_DATA='/path/to/EXIST/training/data'
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export VAL_PATH='/path/to/EXIST/dev/data'
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export PROCESSED_DATA_DIR='/path/to/where/to/store/labelled/inference/data'
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#### Train and validate model
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python main.py --train
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[--train_data_name] # Default to EXIST, currently code only written for EXIST
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[--train_data_path] /path/to/train/data # To override environment variable
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[--no_eval] # Does not perform evaluation of model after training
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#### Use model for inference
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Also runs validation automatically.
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python main.py --infr --infr_data_path '/path/to/inf/data'
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[--resume_infr] # if inference was interupted
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[--no_eval] # Does not perform evaluation of model before inference
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#### Export model for use in Chrome extension
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Creates folder containing necessary config, tensor files etc, and subfolder containing quantized onnx model. Currently normalizes tensors to match expected format for extension. Can be commented out.
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python main.py --export
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[--output] # Output file if not intended to overright tokenizer.json
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[--no_backup] # Skipping backing up of original tokenizer.json
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## Model Card
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#### Model Details
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Model developed by DHDC team at University of Surrey.
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Model intended to detect gender based violence (GBV) and GBV subtype in text-based microblogging platform data (e.g. from Bluesky, X.com).
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Multilabel multilevel classifier has a binary head (GBV) and a multiple category head (GBV subtype).
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Uses [NLP-LTU/bertweet-large-sexism-detector on Huggingface](https://huggingface.co/NLP-LTU/bertweet-large-sexism-detector) as encoder layer.
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Model is trained and validated on EXIST 2025 training data and evaluated on EXIST 2025 development data (test data is withheld for this task).
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#### Intended Use
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The model is intended for use in predicted GBV and GBV subtype for short spans of text. It is a monolingual English model. The intended users are researchers looking to estimate levels of GBV on the platform e.g. for a given set of users.
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#### Factors
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Random seed = 51
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<br>The GBV subtypes from EXIST are: `IDEOLOGICAL-INEQUALITY`, `STEREOTYPING-DOMINANCE`, `OBJECTIFICATION`, `SEXUAL-VIOLENCE`, `MISOGYNY-NON-SEXUAL-VIOLENCE`.
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<br>During training, model only learns GBV subtype classification from true examples of GBV.
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<br>Both heads used focal loss, with γ = 2 to downweight easy examples.
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#### Metrics
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EXIST uses a custom ICM metric to evaluate performance, "punishing" binary GBV/Not GBV errors more than GBV subtype errors. Gold score = 2.15; best performing model = 0.65, 10th best performing model = 0.38.
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#### Training and Evaluation Data
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Encoder model trained on Gab (right-wing microblogging platform) and Reddit data; classifier trained on EXIST Twitter data.
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EXIST training and evaluation data collected by searching Twitter for key terms related to GBV. Tweets collected 2021-2022. Tweets contain 5+ words.
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Data labelled by human annotators. Six annotations per data point. Binary label for GBV applied for majority (4/6) label. Draws (3/6) dropped. Category labels applied if at least two annotators give label.
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#### Quantitative Analyses
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The model performs well at binary GBV identification. Binary F1 Score: 0.8614
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<br>For subtypes, performance is above 0.63 for all subtypes except `MISOGYNY-NON-SEXUAL-VIOLENCE` where performance is poor (0.47).
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<br>Subtype F1 Scores: `-` (no GBV): 0.88; `IDEOLOGICAL-INEQUALITY`: 0.64, `STEREOTYPING-DOMINANCE`: 0.66; `OBJECTIFICATION`: 0.69; `SEXUAL-VIOLENCE`: 0.67; `MISOGYNY-NON-SEXUAL-VIOLENCE`: 0.47
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<br>Category Macro F1 Score: 0.6696
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<br>Predicted ICM: 0.4823 (likely comparable to top 10 performance on test set for Plaza et al., 2025)
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#### Ethical Considerations
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Evaluated using hard labels. Hard (majority vote) labels may "suppress" minoritised voices. Annotation performed by expert annotators, 3 male, 3 female. If there is a perfect gender split in labels, example will be dropped, rather than "privileging" female expertise on GBV through lived experience.
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#### Caveats
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Given training data, likely model may underperform on posts using up-to-date slang etc, posts shorter than 5 words.
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Trained on multiple microblogging platforms but may underperform on other platforms e.g. Bluesky.
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<br>Only tested for English language, uses English language encoder model (though uses multilingual finetuning data as this improved performance).
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<br>Likely fails to distinguish reports of GBV from instances of GBV as this remains challenging.
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Prediction of `MISOGYNY-NON-SEXUAL-VIOLENCE` is very poor and label should be discarded.
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## License and attribution
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This repository is released under the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (CC BY-NC-SA). The upstream [`NLP-LTU/bertweet-large-sexism-detector`](https://huggingface.co/NLP-LTU/bertweet-large-sexism-detector) model does not provide license information.
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The finetuning dataset EXIST (Plaza et al., 2025) stipulates that:
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<ul>
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<li> The dataset should only be used for scientific or research purposes. Any other use is explicitly prohibited. </li>
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<li> The datasets must not be redistributed or shared in part or full to any third party. Redirect interested parties to this website. </li>
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<li> All data released for these tasks are under the CC BY-SA 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode). </li>
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<li> Data must not be used for providing surveillance, analyses or research that isolates a group of individuals or any single individual for any unlawful or discriminatory purpose. </li>
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</ul>
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We inherit the stipulation against commercial use from this training data.
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Our license for this model does not grant rights to third-party input data, platform content, personal data, trademarks, or generated outputs. Downstream users remain responsible for those rights and obligations.
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### Citations
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The following are citations for the encoder model and finetuning data respectively.
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```bibtex
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@inproceedings{Al-Azzawi_Kovács_Nilsson_Adewumi_Liwicki_2023, address={Toronto, Canada}, title={NLP-LTU at SemEval-2023 Task 10: The Impact of Data Augmentation and Semi-Supervised Learning Techniques on Text Classification Performance on an Imbalanced Dataset}, url={https://aclanthology.org/2023.semeval-1.196/}, DOI={10.18653/v1/2023.semeval-1.196}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 17th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval-2023)}, publisher={Association for Computational Linguistics}, author={Al-Azzawi, Sana and Kovács, György and Nilsson, Filip and Adewumi, Tosin and Liwicki, Marcus}, editor={Ojha, Atul Kr. and Doğruöz, A. Seza and Da San Martino, Giovanni and Tayyar Madabushi, Harish and Kumar, Ritesh and Sartori, Elisa}, year={2023}, month=july, pages={1421–1427} }
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@article{Plaza_Carrillo-de-Albornoz_Arcos_Rosso_Spina_Amigó_Gonzalo_Morante_2025, address={Madrid, Spain}, title={Overview of EXIST 2025: Learning with Disagreement for Sexism Identification and Characterization in Tweets, Memes, and TikTok Videos (Extended Overview)}, journal={CLEF 2025 Working Notes}, author={Plaza, Laura and Carrillo-de-Albornoz, Jorge and Arcos, Iván and Rosso, Paolo and Spina, Damiano and Amigó, Enrique and Gonzalo, Julio and Morante, Roser}, year={2025}, month=sept, language={en} }
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```
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