data/knowledge_base.json

[
  {
    "id": "diabetes_overview",
    "disease": "Diabetes",
    "category": "overview",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "Diabetes Mellitus — Overview",
    "content": "Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterised by persistent hyperglycaemia (high blood glucose) resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition in which the pancreatic beta cells are destroyed, resulting in absolute insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes, which accounts for over 90% of all cases globally, involves progressive insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Prediabetes is a reversible intermediate state where blood glucose is elevated but below diagnostic thresholds. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and resolves postpartum but increases lifetime Type 2 risk. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) 2021 Atlas, approximately 537 million adults worldwide live with diabetes, with projections rising to 783 million by 2045. In India, over 74 million adults are affected, making it one of the highest-burden nations globally. Untreated or poorly controlled diabetes leads to severe microvascular complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy) and macrovascular complications (coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease)."
  },
  {
    "id": "diabetes_symptoms",
    "disease": "Diabetes",
    "category": "symptoms",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "Diabetes — Symptoms and Clinical Presentation",
    "content": "Classic symptoms of diabetes include polyuria (frequent, excessive urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyphagia (increased hunger), and unexplained weight loss. Additional symptoms include fatigue, blurred vision, slow-healing wounds or frequent infections, tingling or numbness in the hands and feet (peripheral neuropathy), and recurrent yeast infections. In Type 1 diabetes, onset is rapid and can present with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) — a life-threatening emergency characterised by nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fruity-smelling breath, and altered consciousness. Type 2 diabetes is frequently asymptomatic in early stages and is often discovered incidentally through routine blood tests. Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL, 2-hour plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL during OGTT, or HbA1c ≥ 6.5% on two separate occasions confirms diagnosis. Random plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL with classic symptoms is also diagnostic."
  },
  {
    "id": "diabetes_causes",
    "disease": "Diabetes",
    "category": "causes",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "Diabetes — Causes and Risk Factors",
    "content": "Type 1 diabetes is caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, triggered by genetic susceptibility (HLA-DR3, HLA-DR4 alleles) and environmental factors such as viral infections. Type 2 diabetes arises from insulin resistance — where muscle, fat, and liver cells respond poorly to insulin — combined with progressive beta cell dysfunction. Key risk factors for Type 2 diabetes include: overweight or obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m², particularly central/abdominal obesity with waist circumference > 90 cm in Asian men and > 80 cm in Asian women), physical inactivity, family history of diabetes (first-degree relative), age over 45 years, history of gestational diabetes, prediabetes (fasting glucose 100–125 mg/dL or HbA1c 5.7–6.4%), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hypertension (blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg), dyslipidaemia (HDL cholesterol < 35 mg/dL or triglycerides > 250 mg/dL), habitual physical inactivity, and dietary patterns high in refined carbohydrates, trans fats, and sugar-sweetened beverages."
  },
  {
    "id": "diabetes_precautions",
    "disease": "Diabetes",
    "category": "precautions",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "Diabetes — Precautions and Preventive Measures",
    "content": "Lifestyle modification is the most evidence-based intervention for preventing Type 2 diabetes and managing both types. The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) trial demonstrated that intensive lifestyle intervention reduced diabetes incidence by 58% in high-risk individuals. Key precautions include: achieve and maintain healthy body weight (target BMI 18.5–22.9 kg/m² for South Asians); engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week (brisk walking, cycling, swimming); perform resistance training 2–3 times per week; monitor blood glucose regularly (fasting, postprandial, HbA1c every 3 months for diagnosed patients); foot care — inspect feet daily for cuts, blisters, or ulcers, wear well-fitted footwear, avoid walking barefoot; eye examinations annually for retinopathy screening; kidney function tests (urine microalbumin, serum creatinine) annually; blood pressure control (target < 130/80 mmHg); lipid management; dental hygiene; vaccination against influenza and pneumococcus; smoking cessation; alcohol restriction; and stress management through yoga, mindfulness, or cognitive behavioural therapy."
  },
  {
    "id": "diabetes_food_low_risk",
    "disease": "Diabetes",
    "category": "diet",
    "risk_level": "0-40",
    "title": "Diabetes — Diet for Low Risk (0–40%)",
    "content": "At low risk, focus on prevention through a balanced anti-inflammatory diet. ALLOWED FOODS: Non-starchy vegetables — spinach, kale, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, bitter gourd (karela), fenugreek leaves, cucumber, tomatoes, capsicum; High-fibre whole grains — brown rice, millets (bajra, jowar, ragi), whole wheat chapati, oats, barley, quinoa; Legumes and pulses — moong dal, masoor dal, rajma, chana, lentils (low glycaemic index); Fruits in moderation — guava, jamun, papaya, apple, pear, berries, citrus fruits (avoid juice form); Lean proteins — egg whites, skinless chicken, fish (salmon, sardines, mackerel for omega-3), tofu, paneer in moderation; Healthy fats — avocado, almonds, walnuts, flaxseeds, chia seeds, olive oil; Dairy — low-fat yoghurt, buttermilk, skimmed milk; Beverages — water, green tea, herbal teas, buttermilk without salt; Spices — turmeric, cinnamon, fenugreek (methi) seeds have shown blood glucose-lowering properties. FOODS TO LIMIT: White rice, maida, refined flour products, packaged biscuits, sugary beverages, excess fruit juice, fried snacks in moderation."
  },
  {
    "id": "diabetes_food_moderate_risk",
    "disease": "Diabetes",
    "category": "diet",
    "risk_level": "41-60",
    "title": "Diabetes — Diet for Moderate Risk (41–60%)",
    "content": "At moderate risk, adopt a structured low-glycaemic index (GI) meal plan. STRICTLY ALLOWED: All non-starchy vegetables freely; Low-GI grains — ragi, bajra, jowar rotis preferred over wheat; Bitter gourd (karela) juice — clinically shown to lower blood glucose; Fenugreek water (soak 1 tsp seeds overnight, drink on empty stomach); Cinnamon (1/2 tsp daily in warm water); Amla (Indian gooseberry) — high in chromium, improves insulin sensitivity; Whole legumes — rajma, chana, moong (cooked, not fried); Nuts — 8–10 almonds, 2 walnuts daily; Fish — 2–3 servings weekly. RESTRICTED (small portions only): Brown rice (1/2 cup cooked per meal); Whole wheat chapati (1–2 per meal); Sweet potato (small portion); Banana (half, occasionally). AVOID COMPLETELY: Sugar, jaggery, honey, all sugar-sweetened beverages (including fruit juices, cola, energy drinks), white bread, white rice in large portions, maida (refined flour) products, potato chips, deep fried foods, full-fat ice cream, sweets (mithai), packaged breakfast cereals, alcohol. Meal timing: eat every 3–4 hours in small portions; never skip breakfast; avoid eating within 2 hours of bedtime."
  },
  {
    "id": "diabetes_food_high_risk",
    "disease": "Diabetes",
    "category": "diet",
    "risk_level": "61-100",
    "title": "Diabetes — Diet for High Risk (61–100%)",
    "content": "At high risk, a medically supervised, low-carbohydrate diet plan is essential. Target carbohydrate intake: 45–60g per meal for women, 60–75g per meal for men. THERAPEUTIC FOODS: Bitter gourd (karela) daily; Fenugreek seeds (methi) — consume with water before meals; Jamun seeds powder — historically used in Ayurveda for glucose control; Amla daily; Ceylon cinnamon (not Cassia) — 1g daily; Apple cider vinegar (1 tbsp in water before meals) may blunt postprandial glucose spikes. ALLOWED FREELY: All green leafy vegetables, cucumber, tomato, capsicum, mushrooms, all sprouts; Egg whites (up to 3 daily); Fish (non-fried); Green tea (without sugar). STRICTLY AVOIDED: ALL forms of added sugar including honey, jaggery, coconut sugar, date syrup; All refined carbohydrates; Fruit juices; Alcohol (raises blood glucose unpredictably); Trans fats (vanaspati, dalda); Processed meats; Full-fat dairy; Coconut milk; Dried fruits; Flavoured yoghurt. Consult a registered dietitian for a personalised meal plan. Consider the plate method: half plate non-starchy vegetables, quarter plate lean protein, quarter plate low-GI carbohydrate."
  },
  {
    "id": "heart_disease_overview",
    "disease": "HeartDisease",
    "category": "overview",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "Heart Disease — Overview",
    "content": "Cardiovascular disease (CVD) encompasses a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels, including coronary artery disease (CAD), heart failure, arrhythmias, valvular heart disease, and peripheral arterial disease. Coronary artery disease — caused by atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in coronary arteries) — is the most common and accounts for the majority of myocardial infarctions (heart attacks) and sudden cardiac deaths. According to the WHO, CVD is the leading cause of death globally, responsible for approximately 17.9 million deaths annually, representing 32% of all global deaths. In India, CVD accounts for 28.1% of all deaths, with Indians developing CAD a decade earlier than Western populations due to genetic predisposition (elevated Lp(a) levels, smaller coronary artery lumen) and lifestyle factors. The Framingham Heart Study and subsequent research have established robust risk scoring systems (Framingham Risk Score, SCORE2) for 10-year cardiovascular event prediction based on age, sex, blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking status, and diabetes."
  },
  {
    "id": "heart_disease_symptoms",
    "disease": "HeartDisease",
    "category": "symptoms",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "Heart Disease — Symptoms and Warning Signs",
    "content": "Symptoms vary by condition type. Coronary artery disease may be silent (asymptomatic) or present as stable angina (chest pain or pressure on exertion, relieved by rest or nitrates) or unstable angina (chest pain at rest — medical emergency). Acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) presents with: severe crushing or squeezing chest pain lasting > 20 minutes, radiating to left arm, jaw, neck, or back; diaphoresis (profuse sweating); dyspnoea (shortness of breath); nausea and vomiting; light-headedness or syncope (fainting). Women and diabetics may have atypical presentations: jaw pain, upper back pain, unusual fatigue, or epigastric discomfort without classic chest pain. Heart failure presents as: progressive dyspnoea on exertion, orthopnoea (difficulty breathing lying flat), paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, bilateral ankle oedema, fatigue, and weight gain from fluid retention. Arrhythmias may cause palpitations, rapid or irregular heartbeat, dizziness, pre-syncope, or syncope. WARNING: Any sudden chest pain, dyspnoea, syncope, or palpitations with haemodynamic instability requires immediate emergency medical attention (call 112/ambulance)."
  },
  {
    "id": "heart_disease_causes",
    "disease": "HeartDisease",
    "category": "causes",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "Heart Disease — Causes and Risk Factors",
    "content": "Atherosclerosis — the pathological accumulation of lipid-laden plaques in arterial walls — is the primary mechanism underlying CAD. Modifiable risk factors: hypertension (systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg is the single largest contributor to CVD globally); dyslipidaemia (LDL cholesterol > 130 mg/dL, HDL < 40 mg/dL in men or < 50 mg/dL in women, triglycerides > 150 mg/dL); cigarette smoking (doubles CVD risk; risk decreases rapidly after cessation); type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance; obesity (particularly central obesity); physical inactivity; unhealthy diet (high saturated fat, trans fat, sodium, processed foods); excessive alcohol consumption; chronic psychosocial stress; obstructive sleep apnoea; chronic kidney disease; chronic inflammatory conditions (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus). Non-modifiable risk factors: male sex (women gain equivalent risk post-menopause); age (men ≥ 45, women ≥ 55); family history of premature CVD (first-degree male relative < 55 years, female relative < 65 years); South Asian ethnicity; genetic disorders (familial hypercholesterolaemia — LDL > 190 mg/dL)."
  },
  {
    "id": "heart_disease_precautions",
    "disease": "HeartDisease",
    "category": "precautions",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "Heart Disease — Precautions and Prevention",
    "content": "Primary prevention (before event) and secondary prevention (after event) are both critical. Key evidence-based precautions: Blood pressure control — target < 130/80 mmHg; home BP monitoring daily; Lipid management — LDL target < 100 mg/dL (< 70 mg/dL for very high risk); Smoking cessation — single most impactful modifiable intervention; Physical activity — 150 minutes moderate or 75 minutes vigorous aerobic exercise weekly; cardiac rehabilitation for post-MI patients; Stress management — chronic stress elevates cortisol and adrenaline, promoting platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction; yoga, meditation, and cognitive behavioural therapy reduce CVD events; Weight management — target BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m²; waist circumference < 90 cm (men), < 80 cm (women); Medication adherence for diagnosed patients — statins, antihypertensives, antiplatelet agents (aspirin in secondary prevention); Screening — ECG, echocardiography, stress test, coronary CT angiography as indicated; Diabetes control — HbA1c < 7%; Alcohol — limit to ≤ 1 standard drink/day women, ≤ 2 men; Sleep — 7–9 hours nightly, treat sleep apnoea; Dental hygiene — periodontal disease is an independent CVD risk factor; Regular physician follow-up every 3–6 months."
  },
  {
    "id": "heart_disease_food_low_risk",
    "disease": "HeartDisease",
    "category": "diet",
    "risk_level": "0-40",
    "title": "Heart Disease — Diet for Low Risk (0–40%)",
    "content": "Adopt a Mediterranean or DASH dietary pattern, both of which have the strongest evidence base for CVD prevention. ALLOWED FREELY: Olive oil (extra-virgin) as primary cooking fat; Fatty fish — salmon, mackerel, sardines, hilsa (2–3 servings/week for omega-3 EPA and DHA); Nuts — walnuts (highest omega-3 among nuts), almonds, pistachios (a small handful daily); Whole grains — oats (beta-glucan lowers LDL), brown rice, whole wheat, barley, millets; Legumes — rajma, chana, moong (lower LDL and blood pressure); All vegetables especially dark leafy greens (spinach, methi, amaranth); Fruits — berries (highest antioxidants), pomegranate, citrus; Low-fat dairy — yoghurt, skimmed milk; Garlic (allicin reduces blood pressure and LDL); Green tea (catechins are cardioprotective); Flaxseeds and chia seeds (plant omega-3 ALA); Dark chocolate ≥ 70% (flavonoids — in moderation). LIMIT: Red meat (≤ 1–2 times/week); Full-fat dairy; Coconut oil. AVOID: Trans fats (vanaspati, partially hydrogenated oils — read labels carefully); Processed meats (sausage, salami, bacon); Excess sodium (limit to < 2.3g/day); Sugar-sweetened beverages."
  },
  {
    "id": "heart_disease_food_high_risk",
    "disease": "HeartDisease",
    "category": "diet",
    "risk_level": "61-100",
    "title": "Heart Disease — Diet for High Risk (61–100%)",
    "content": "Therapeutic dietary intervention is mandatory at high risk. Sodium restriction — limit to < 1500 mg/day (approximately 3/4 teaspoon salt); avoid pickles, papad, salted nuts, processed foods, canned foods, restaurant food. Saturated fat — limit to < 7% of total calories; avoid ghee, butter, full-fat paneer, coconut oil, palm oil, red meat, organ meats, egg yolks (limit to 3–4/week). THERAPEUTIC FOODS with clinical evidence: Psyllium husk (isabgol) — 7g/day reduces LDL by 5–10%; Oat bran — 3g/day beta-glucan reduces LDL; Plant sterols/stanols (available in fortified products) — 2g/day reduces LDL by 5–15%; Soluble fibre — pectin (apples, citrus peel), guar gum; Omega-3 supplementation — 1–4g EPA+DHA/day (under medical supervision). STRICTLY AVOID: All fried foods; Ghee and butter in any form; Full-fat dairy; Red and processed meats; Egg yolk in excess; Coconut-based curries; Alcohol (even moderate); High-sodium condiments; Bakery products (croissants, pastries, cakes — high trans and saturated fat); Organ meats (liver, kidney — high cholesterol). Eat 4–6 small meals rather than 2–3 large meals. Cooking methods: steaming, grilling, baking, poaching only."
  },
  {
    "id": "ckd_overview",
    "disease": "CKD",
    "category": "overview",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) — Overview",
    "content": "Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as abnormalities of kidney structure or function, present for more than 3 months, with implications for health. It is classified into five stages based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR): Stage 1 (GFR ≥ 90, kidney damage with normal or high GFR), Stage 2 (GFR 60–89), Stage 3a (GFR 45–59), Stage 3b (GFR 30–44), Stage 4 (GFR 15–29), Stage 5 — End-Stage Renal Disease or ESRD (GFR < 15, requiring dialysis or transplantation). According to the Global Burden of Disease Study, CKD affects approximately 850 million people worldwide (about 10% of the global population) and is the 12th leading cause of death. In India, the prevalence is estimated at 17.2% among adults. The two leading causes accounting for over 60% of ESRD are diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Early CKD is largely asymptomatic, making screening of high-risk individuals critical. CKD also independently increases cardiovascular mortality — patients with Stage 3+ CKD are more likely to die from cardiovascular events than reach dialysis."
  },
  {
    "id": "ckd_symptoms",
    "disease": "CKD",
    "category": "symptoms",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "CKD — Symptoms and Clinical Features",
    "content": "Early-stage CKD (Stages 1–3) is usually asymptomatic. Symptoms emerge as disease progresses: Oedema — bilateral ankle and pedal oedema (swelling) due to fluid retention; facial puffiness, particularly periorbital oedema in mornings; Urinary changes — frothy or foamy urine (proteinuria), haematuria (blood in urine), nocturia (increased urination at night), decreased urine output in advanced stages; Hypertension — often both a cause and consequence of CKD; Fatigue and weakness — from anaemia (reduced erythropoietin production) and uraemic toxin accumulation; Dyspnoea — from pulmonary oedema or anaemia; Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite — uraemia (Stage 4–5); Pruritus (generalised itching) — from phosphate accumulation; Bone pain and fractures — renal osteodystrophy from vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism; Cognitive impairment — uraemic encephalopathy in advanced disease; Muscle cramps and restless legs syndrome; Metallic taste in mouth; Skin colour changes — pallor from anaemia, yellow-brown tinge from uraemia. Diagnostic markers: serum creatinine, eGFR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR ≥ 30 mg/g indicates kidney damage)."
  },
  {
    "id": "ckd_causes",
    "disease": "CKD",
    "category": "causes",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "CKD — Causes and Risk Factors",
    "content": "Leading causes of CKD globally: Diabetic nephropathy — the most common cause in developed nations (30–40% of ESRD cases); hyperglycaemia damages glomerular basement membrane and mesangium; Hypertensive nephrosclerosis — chronic hypertension causes arteriolar thickening and glomerulosclerosis; Glomerulonephritis — immune-mediated inflammation of glomeruli (IgA nephropathy is most common worldwide); Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) — autosomal dominant genetic disorder; Obstructive uropathy — recurrent kidney stones, prostatic hypertrophy, congenital abnormalities; Lupus nephritis and other autoimmune conditions; Chronic pyelonephritis — recurrent urinary tract infections; Medications — long-term NSAID use (ibuprofen, diclofenac), aminoglycosides, calcineurin inhibitors, contrast nephropathy; Endemic causes in India — snake envenomation, falciparum malaria, leptospirosis causing acute kidney injury that may progress to CKD. Risk factors: diabetes, hypertension, age > 60 years, family history of kidney disease, South Asian or African ancestry, cardiovascular disease, obesity, smoking, low birth weight (reduced nephron number), recurrent UTIs, analgesic overuse."
  },
  {
    "id": "ckd_precautions",
    "disease": "CKD",
    "category": "precautions",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "CKD — Precautions and Management",
    "content": "CKD management focuses on slowing progression, managing complications, and preparing for renal replacement therapy if needed. Critical precautions: Blood pressure control — target < 130/80 mmHg; ACE inhibitors (ramipril, enalapril) or ARBs (losartan, telmisartan) are preferred antihypertensives as they also reduce proteinuria; Avoid nephrotoxic agents — NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac) can acutely worsen kidney function; avoid contrast dye without adequate hydration and metformin should be held before procedures; Glycaemic control — HbA1c target 7–7.5% (tighter control may worsen hypoglycaemia in CKD); SGLT-2 inhibitors (empagliflozin, dapagliflozin) have proven nephroprotective effects; Protein restriction — 0.6–0.8g/kg/day in Stages 3–5 (under dietitian supervision) to reduce hyperfiltration; Phosphate restriction (Stages 3–5) — avoid dairy in excess, cola drinks, processed foods; Potassium restriction if hyperkalaemic — avoid bananas, oranges, tomatoes, potatoes in excess; Sodium restriction — < 2g/day reduces fluid retention and blood pressure; Bicarbonate supplementation for metabolic acidosis; Anaemia management — erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), iron supplementation; Vitamin D supplementation (calcitriol); Lipid management; Vaccination — influenza, pneumococcus, hepatitis B; Avoid herbal remedies (aristolochic acid in some Ayurvedic preparations is highly nephrotoxic); Avoid self-medication; Monitor fluid balance."
  },
  {
    "id": "ckd_food_low_risk",
    "disease": "CKD",
    "category": "diet",
    "risk_level": "0-40",
    "title": "CKD — Diet for Low Risk (0–40%)",
    "content": "At low risk, focus on kidney-protective eating patterns to prevent progression. ALLOWED FREELY: Water — stay well-hydrated (2–3 litres/day unless fluid-restricted); Egg whites (excellent protein source, low phosphorus); Cauliflower, cabbage, green beans, lettuce, capsicum, onion, garlic (low potassium vegetables); Apples, blueberries, grapes, strawberries, pineapple, cranberries (low potassium fruits); White rice and white bread (lower potassium and phosphorus than whole grain — counterintuitively better for CKD); Olive oil; Macadamia nuts (lower phosphorus than most nuts); Fish (white fish — pomfret, rawas — in moderation); Herbs and spices instead of salt for flavouring. LIMIT: Red meat (generates more nitrogenous waste); Dairy products (high phosphorus); Whole grains (higher phosphorus and potassium); Bananas, oranges, potatoes, tomatoes (high potassium). AVOID: High-sodium processed foods; Cola drinks (high phosphorus as phosphoric acid — highly absorbable); Alcohol; NSAIDs and analgesic overuse; Excess protein supplements (whey protein, creatine)."
  },
  {
    "id": "ckd_food_high_risk",
    "disease": "CKD",
    "category": "diet",
    "risk_level": "61-100",
    "title": "CKD — Diet for High Risk (61–100%)",
    "content": "High-risk CKD dietary management requires strict renal diet under nephrologist and dietitian supervision. PROTEIN: 0.6–0.8g/kg ideal body weight/day; emphasise high biological value proteins (egg white, fish, chicken without skin); POTASSIUM restriction (if serum K > 5.0 mEq/L): avoid bananas, oranges, kiwi, avocado, tomatoes, potatoes, sweet potatoes, spinach, dried fruits, nuts, chocolates, coconut water; leaching technique — peel, cut into small pieces, soak in large volume of water for 4–6 hours, discard water, then cook in fresh water; PHOSPHORUS restriction: avoid dairy (milk, cheese, paneer, yoghurt in excess), cola drinks, beer, processed and packaged foods (phosphate additives), bran, nuts, seeds, chocolate, legumes in excess; phosphate binders (calcium carbonate, sevelamer) taken with meals as prescribed; SODIUM: strictly < 2g/day; avoid table salt, salty snacks, pickles, papads, processed foods; FLUID restriction (Stages 4–5 or if anuric/fluid overloaded): total fluid intake = previous day's urine output + 500 ml; include fluid in food (soups, fruits, curd); AVOID completely: herbal supplements (many are nephrotoxic), star fruit (contains nephrotoxin oxalic acid), high-dose vitamin C supplements (> 250mg/day converts to oxalate), alcohol, NSAIDs, contrast dye without physician clearance."
  },
  {
    "id": "asthma_overview",
    "disease": "Asthma",
    "category": "overview",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "Asthma — Overview",
    "content": "Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterised by variable and recurring symptoms, airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and underlying airway inflammation. The pathophysiology involves mast cell activation, eosinophilic inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia with mucus hypersecretion, airway smooth muscle hypertrophy, and subepithelial fibrosis. According to the Global Asthma Report 2022, over 339 million people worldwide have asthma, with 455,000 deaths annually — the majority preventable with appropriate treatment. In India, asthma prevalence ranges from 2–9% across different studies, with the Global Burden of Disease estimating approximately 35 million asthmatics. Asthma is classified by severity (intermittent, mild persistent, moderate persistent, severe persistent) and control (well-controlled, partly controlled, uncontrolled) per GINA (Global Initiative for Asthma) guidelines. When properly managed, the vast majority of asthmatics can live fully active, symptom-free lives. Status asthmaticus (prolonged severe bronchospasm unresponsive to bronchodilators) is a life-threatening emergency requiring immediate hospitalisation."
  },
  {
    "id": "asthma_symptoms",
    "disease": "Asthma",
    "category": "symptoms",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "Asthma — Symptoms and Triggers",
    "content": "Classic symptoms of asthma form a clinical triad: Wheezing — a musical, high-pitched whistling sound on expiration (and inspiration in severe cases); Dyspnoea — episodic breathlessness, often worse at night or early morning; Cough — typically non-productive, dry, episodic; worse at night; may be the sole symptom in cough-variant asthma; Chest tightness — a sensation of band-like constriction. Symptoms are characteristically: episodic (not continuous), variable (fluctuate day to day and seasonally), reversible (spontaneously or with bronchodilators), and triggered by specific stimuli. Common triggers: respiratory infections (rhinovirus is the most common trigger for exacerbations); allergens — house dust mites, cockroach faeces, pet dander, mould, pollen; air pollutants — cigarette smoke (active and passive), vehicular exhaust, particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), biomass fuel smoke; occupational exposures — isocyanates, flour dust, latex, chemicals; exercise (exercise-induced bronchoconstriction); cold dry air; strong emotions, stress; aspirin and NSAIDs (in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease); beta-blockers (including eye drops); food additives (sulphites in wine, dried fruits); gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). Warning signs of severe attack: inability to complete sentences, RR > 25/min, HR > 110/min, SpO2 < 92%, silent chest (no wheeze due to minimal air movement — very dangerous sign)."
  },
  {
    "id": "asthma_causes",
    "disease": "Asthma",
    "category": "causes",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "Asthma — Causes and Risk Factors",
    "content": "Asthma results from a complex interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental exposures. Genetic factors: atopic constitution (tendency to produce IgE antibodies); family history of asthma, allergic rhinitis, or eczema (atopic triad); specific gene variants involving IL-4, IL-13, ADAM33, DPP10, and PHF11 loci; chromosome 5q31-33 region genes involved in Th2 cytokine production. Environmental and developmental factors: Hygiene hypothesis — reduced early-life microbial exposure leads to dysregulated immune maturation (Th1/Th2 imbalance); Early respiratory viral infections (RSV, rhinovirus) in infancy; Allergen sensitisation in early childhood; Tobacco smoke exposure — both prenatal (maternal smoking) and postnatal; Indoor air pollution — biomass cooking fuel, incense sticks, mosquito coils; Outdoor air pollution — diesel exhaust particles; Caesarean delivery and formula feeding (reduce microbial colonisation); Antibiotic use in early life; Obesity — adipose tissue releases pro-inflammatory cytokines; GORD; Occupational exposures (occupational asthma accounts for 15% of adult-onset asthma); Aspirin sensitivity (Samter's triad: asthma + nasal polyps + aspirin sensitivity); Hormonal factors — worsening premenstrually or during pregnancy; Psychological stress through neuroimmune pathways."
  },
  {
    "id": "asthma_precautions",
    "disease": "Asthma",
    "category": "precautions",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "Asthma — Precautions and Management",
    "content": "Asthma management follows the GINA stepwise approach — matching treatment to severity and adjusting based on control. Essential precautions: Trigger avoidance — use allergen-proof mattress and pillow covers; wash bedding weekly in hot water (60°C); maintain indoor humidity < 50% to reduce dust mites and mould; HEPA air purifiers in bedroom; remove carpets and soft furnishings where possible; no pets in bedroom; Inhaler technique — correct use of MDI (metered dose inhaler) with spacer device or dry powder inhaler (DPI) is critical; poor technique is the leading cause of inadequate control; Smoking cessation — smoking accelerates lung function decline; also avoid passive smoke and biomass fuel exposure; Medication adherence — do not stop inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) when asymptomatic; ICS are controller medications preventing exacerbations, not relievers; Action plan — written personalised asthma action plan (green/amber/red zones based on symptoms and peak flow); SABA (short-acting beta-agonist, salbutamol) as reliever; Peak flow monitoring — home peak flow meter to detect worsening before symptoms become severe; Vaccination — annual influenza vaccine, COVID-19 vaccination (COVID-19 exacerbates asthma); Obesity management — weight loss improves asthma control significantly; Exercise — regular exercise improves cardiopulmonary fitness; warm up gradually; use pre-exercise SABA if exercise-induced symptoms; Swimming is particularly beneficial (warm humid air); Nasal treatment — treat allergic rhinitis (linked to asthma control — unified airway concept); Avoid aspirin and NSAIDs if sensitive; Stress management."
  },
  {
    "id": "asthma_food_all_risk",
    "disease": "Asthma",
    "category": "diet",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "Asthma — Dietary Guidance Across All Risk Levels",
    "content": "Diet does not directly treat asthma but strongly influences airway inflammation. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY FOODS (ALLOWED AND ENCOURAGED): Omega-3 rich foods — fatty fish (salmon, mackerel, sardines, hilsa), flaxseeds, walnuts; epidemiological evidence links higher omega-3 intake with reduced asthma prevalence and severity; Antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables — vitamin C (guava, amla, citrus, capsicum), vitamin E (sunflower seeds, almonds, spinach), beta-carotene (carrots, sweet potato, mango); Mediterranean diet adherence associated with better asthma control; Ginger — anti-inflammatory, may reduce airway inflammation; Turmeric (curcumin) — NF-κB pathway inhibition reduces cytokine production; Garlic; Onions (quercetin — natural antihistamine and anti-inflammatory); Whole grains; Legumes; Green tea. FOODS TO AVOID or INVESTIGATE: Food additives — sulphites (E220–E228) in wine, beer, dried fruits, pickles, lemon juice — major trigger in sulphite-sensitive asthmatics; Tartrazine (E102 yellow dye); Benzoates; MSG (monosodium glutamate); Food allergens (individualised) — peanuts, tree nuts, egg, milk, wheat, shellfish may trigger in sensitised individuals (conduct supervised food challenge if suspected); Obesity-promoting foods — high calorie processed foods; Excess salt — may increase bronchial reactivity; Alcohol — triggers bronchoconstriction; Cold drinks — can trigger airway cooling and spasm. Maintain healthy weight — obesity strongly impairs asthma control."
  },
  {
    "id": "dyslipidemia_overview",
    "disease": "Dyslipidemia",
    "category": "overview",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "Dyslipidemia — Overview",
    "content": "Dyslipidaemia (also spelled dyslipidemia) refers to abnormal levels of lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) in the blood. It encompasses hypercholesterolaemia (elevated total or LDL cholesterol), hypertriglyceridaemia (elevated triglycerides), low HDL cholesterol, or mixed hyperlipidaemia (combination). The lipid panel includes: Total cholesterol (TC — desirable < 200 mg/dL), LDL cholesterol (low-density lipoprotein — 'bad' cholesterol, target < 100 mg/dL, < 70 mg/dL for very high-risk patients), HDL cholesterol (high-density lipoprotein — 'good' cholesterol, target > 40 mg/dL men, > 50 mg/dL women), triglycerides (target < 150 mg/dL), non-HDL cholesterol (TC minus HDL, target < 130 mg/dL). According to the WHO, raised cholesterol is estimated to cause 2.6 million deaths annually and 29.7 million DALYs (disability-adjusted life years). In India, dyslipidaemia prevalence is 53.6% in urban and 29.5% in rural populations per the ICMR-INDIAB study. Atherogenic dyslipidaemia — the combination of high triglycerides, low HDL, and small dense LDL particles — is particularly prevalent in South Asians and is strongly associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome."
  },
  {
    "id": "dyslipidemia_symptoms",
    "disease": "Dyslipidemia",
    "category": "symptoms",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "Dyslipidemia — Symptoms and Physical Signs",
    "content": "Dyslipidaemia is largely asymptomatic and is detected through routine blood testing. However, certain physical signs and complications can manifest: Xanthelasma — yellowish plaques of cholesterol deposited on or near the eyelids; Xanthomas — cholesterol deposits in tendons (tendon xanthomas, particularly Achilles tendon) or skin (eruptive xanthomas in severe hypertriglyceridaemia); Corneal arcus — a greyish-white arc at the periphery of the cornea; significant in individuals under 45 years suggesting familial hypercholesterolaemia; Lipaemia retinalis — cream-coloured retinal blood vessels visible on fundoscopy when triglycerides > 2000 mg/dL; Abdominal pain — severe hypertriglyceridaemia (> 500 mg/dL) causes pancreatitis — upper abdominal pain radiating to back, nausea, vomiting; Hepatosplenomegaly in severe cases. The consequences rather than symptoms of dyslipidaemia are often what brings patients to attention: chest pain (angina from CAD), transient ischaemic attack or stroke, peripheral arterial disease (claudication — leg pain on walking), xanthomatous skin eruptions. Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) — autosomal dominant disorder with LDL > 190 mg/dL — may present in adolescence with premature CAD. Screening: all adults ≥ 20 years should have a fasting lipid panel every 4–5 years; earlier and more frequent screening for those with risk factors."
  },
  {
    "id": "dyslipidemia_causes",
    "disease": "Dyslipidemia",
    "category": "causes",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "Dyslipidemia — Causes and Risk Factors",
    "content": "Primary (genetic) dyslipidaemias: Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) — LDL receptor mutation causing severely elevated LDL (heterozygous FH: LDL 190–400 mg/dL; homozygous FH: LDL > 500 mg/dL); Familial combined hyperlipidaemia; Familial hypertriglyceridaemia; Lipoprotein lipase deficiency; Apolipoprotein CII deficiency. Secondary (acquired) dyslipidaemias — underlying conditions causing lipid abnormalities: Diabetes mellitus (type 2) — atherogenic dyslipidaemia pattern; Hypothyroidism — elevated LDL and triglycerides; Chronic kidney disease; Nephrotic syndrome — elevated LDL; Liver disease (obstructive jaundice — elevated TC); Obesity; PCOS; Cushing's syndrome; Medications — corticosteroids, thiazide diuretics, beta-blockers (non-selective), isotretinoin, antiretrovirals, antipsychotics, oral contraceptives. Lifestyle-related causes: Diet high in saturated fat (ghee, butter, coconut oil, palm oil, full-fat dairy, red meat, organ meats); Trans fat consumption (vanaspati, partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, bakery products); Excessive refined carbohydrates and sugar elevating triglycerides; Sedentary lifestyle; Alcohol excess (elevates triglycerides); Smoking (lowers HDL); Obesity and central adiposity; Stress (increases cortisol, which raises LDL and triglycerides)."
  },
  {
    "id": "dyslipidemia_precautions",
    "disease": "Dyslipidemia",
    "category": "precautions",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "Dyslipidemia — Precautions and Management",
    "content": "Management follows a combination of therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC) and pharmacotherapy (statins, fibrates, ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors) based on cardiovascular risk stratification. Lifestyle precautions: Physical activity — aerobic exercise raises HDL by 5–10% and lowers triglycerides; 150 min/week moderate intensity; Weight loss — each 1 kg loss reduces LDL by approximately 0.8 mg/dL and raises HDL by 0.3 mg/dL; Smoking cessation — raises HDL by 5–10%; Alcohol restriction — limit to ≤ 1–2 drinks/day; abstain if triglycerides > 500 mg/dL; Treat secondary causes — screen TSH (hypothyroidism), HbA1c (diabetes), renal and liver function; Medication adherence — statins (atorvastatin, rosuvastatin) are first-line; taken at night as cholesterol synthesis peaks nightly; do not discontinue without physician consultation; muscle pain (myalgia) is a statin side effect requiring evaluation; Regular lipid monitoring — fasting lipid panel 4–12 weeks after initiating or changing therapy, then annually; Cardiovascular risk assessment — Framingham or SCORE2 risk calculator guides treatment intensity; Target LDL based on risk: low risk < 116 mg/dL; moderate risk < 100 mg/dL; high risk < 70 mg/dL; very high risk (established CVD) < 55 mg/dL; Management of associated conditions — treat hypertension, diabetes, obesity concurrently."
  },
  {
    "id": "dyslipidemia_food_low_risk",
    "disease": "Dyslipidemia",
    "category": "diet",
    "risk_level": "0-40",
    "title": "Dyslipidemia — Diet for Low Risk (0–40%)",
    "content": "ALLOWED AND ENCOURAGED: Soluble fibre (lowers LDL via bile acid sequestration) — oats and oat bran (3g beta-glucan/day reduces LDL by 5–7%), isabgol/psyllium husk, barley, apples, pears, legumes, flaxseeds; Omega-3 fatty acids — fatty fish (salmon, mackerel, sardines), flaxseeds, walnuts, chia seeds, hemp seeds; Nuts — almonds (lower LDL), walnuts (lower LDL and triglycerides), pistachios, hazelnuts (30g/day); Olive oil (extra-virgin) as primary fat — oleocanthal anti-inflammatory, oleic acid raises HDL; Avocado — monounsaturated fat raises HDL; Soy protein — 25g/day reduces LDL by 3–4% (tofu, edamame, soya milk); Plant sterols and stanols — 2g/day reduces LDL by 5–15% (found in fortified margarines, some orange juices); All vegetables (especially cruciferous); Fruits — all except very sweet fruits in excess; Whole grains; Legumes (moong, masoor, rajma, chana); Green tea; Garlic; Dark chocolate ≥ 70% (in moderation). LIMIT: Egg yolks (≤ 4/week); Red meat (≤ once weekly); Full-fat dairy (switch to low-fat); Coconut oil and palm oil. AVOID: Trans fats (vanaspati, bakery items, margarine); Processed meats; Alcohol in excess; Refined carbohydrates and sugars (raise triglycerides)."
  },
  {
    "id": "dyslipidemia_food_high_risk",
    "disease": "Dyslipidemia",
    "category": "diet",
    "risk_level": "61-100",
    "title": "Dyslipidemia — Diet for High Risk (61–100%)",
    "content": "Therapeutic diet for high-risk dyslipidaemia — strict cholesterol-lowering protocol: SATURATED FAT: < 7% of total calories (approximately 15g/day on a 2000 kcal diet); completely eliminate ghee, butter, lard, coconut oil, palm oil, full-fat dairy, organ meats, skin of chicken; TRANS FAT: 0g target — eliminate vanaspati, dalda, partially hydrogenated oils, commercially produced biscuits, cakes, pastries, namkeen, fried snacks, fast food, margarine; DIETARY CHOLESTEROL: < 200 mg/day for very high-risk (one egg yolk contains ~185 mg); egg whites are unlimited; TRIGLYCERIDE REDUCTION (if TG > 500 mg/dL — pancreatitis risk): < 15% calories from fat temporarily; completely eliminate alcohol; severely restrict refined sugars and fruit juices; THERAPEUTIC CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING PROTOCOL: Psyllium husk (isabgol) 5–10g in water twice daily before meals; Oat bran 60g daily; Flaxseeds (ground) 2 tbsp daily; Plant sterol-fortified foods; Fish or pharmaceutical omega-3 (4g EPA+DHA for TG > 500 mg/dL under medical supervision). AVOID COMPLETELY: Ghee, butter, cream, malai, full-fat paneer; Coconut-based curries; All fried foods; Organ meats (liver, kidney, brain); Processed/cured meats; Bakery products; Alcohol; Trans-fat-containing packaged foods (read labels: 'partially hydrogenated' means trans fat); Sugary beverages; Excess fruit in one sitting (fructose raises TG)."
  },
  {
    "id": "anemia_overview",
    "disease": "Anemia",
    "category": "overview",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "Anemia — Overview",
    "content": "Anaemia is defined as a reduction in haemoglobin (Hb) concentration below the normal threshold for age, sex, and physiological status: < 13 g/dL in adult men, < 12 g/dL in non-pregnant women, < 11 g/dL in pregnant women (WHO definitions). It results from decreased red blood cell (RBC) production, increased RBC destruction, or blood loss. The global prevalence is approximately 1.62 billion people (24.8% of the world population) per WHO estimates. India bears the highest burden — NFHS-5 (2019–21) data indicates anaemia in 67.1% of children aged 6–59 months, 57% of women aged 15–49 years, and 25% of men. The most common type globally and in India is iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), accounting for approximately 50% of all anaemia. Other important types include: vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia (particularly in vegetarians and the elderly), folate deficiency anaemia, thalassaemia (highly prevalent in India — 3–4% carrier rate), sickle cell disease, aplastic anaemia, anaemia of chronic disease, and haemolytic anaemias. Anaemia in pregnancy increases maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality significantly — leading to preterm birth, low birth weight, and increased haemorrhage risk at delivery."
  },
  {
    "id": "anemia_symptoms",
    "disease": "Anemia",
    "category": "symptoms",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "Anemia — Symptoms and Clinical Signs",
    "content": "Symptoms of anaemia arise from tissue hypoxia (reduced oxygen delivery) and compensatory cardiovascular responses. Severity correlates with Hb level and rapidity of onset. Mild anaemia (Hb 10–12 g/dL): often asymptomatic; fatigue and decreased exercise tolerance may occur. Moderate anaemia (Hb 8–10 g/dL): fatigue, weakness, dyspnoea on exertion, palpitations, mild pallor. Severe anaemia (Hb < 8 g/dL): marked pallor (conjunctival, palmar, nail bed, oral mucosal), tachycardia (compensatory increased heart rate), dyspnoea at rest, dizziness and light-headedness, headache, poor concentration and cognitive impairment, syncope. Clinical signs by type: Iron deficiency anaemia — koilonychia (spoon-shaped nails), angular stomatitis (cracking at corners of mouth), glossitis (smooth red tongue), brittle hair and nails, pica (craving for ice, clay, chalk, raw rice — compulsive); Vitamin B12 deficiency — megaloblastic anaemia with neurological involvement: subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord (burning feet, unsteady gait), dementia in elderly, glossitis; Haemolytic anaemia — jaundice, splenomegaly, dark urine (haemoglobinuria); Thalassaemia major — severe anaemia, hepatosplenomegaly, facial deformities (frontal bossing, maxillary prominence), short stature. Diagnostic: CBC (complete blood count), peripheral blood smear, reticulocyte count, serum iron, TIBC, ferritin, vitamin B12, folate, LDH, bilirubin, haemoglobin electrophoresis."
  },
  {
    "id": "anemia_causes",
    "disease": "Anemia",
    "category": "causes",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "Anemia — Causes and Risk Factors",
    "content": "Anaemia is classified by aetiology: NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES (most common globally): Iron deficiency — inadequate dietary intake; poor absorption (tea/coffee with meals, phytates, polyphenols inhibit non-haem iron absorption); increased requirements (pregnancy, adolescence, infancy); chronic blood loss (menorrhagia, GI bleeding from peptic ulcer, hookworm infestation, haemorrhoids, NSAIDs-induced gastritis); Vitamin B12 deficiency — strict vegetarian or vegan diet (B12 found only in animal products); pernicious anaemia (autoimmune loss of intrinsic factor); gastrectomy, Crohn's disease, ileal resection; metformin use (reduces B12 absorption); Folate deficiency — poor diet (inadequate green leafy vegetables, legumes); pregnancy (increased requirements); alcohol excess; medications (methotrexate, anticonvulsants, trimethoprim); malabsorption. INCREASED DESTRUCTION (haemolytic anaemias): Thalassaemia, sickle cell disease, G6PD deficiency, hereditary spherocytosis, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, malaria, mechanical haemolysis. DECREASED PRODUCTION: Aplastic anaemia; anaemia of chronic disease (chronic infection, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, CKD — reduced erythropoietin); myelodysplastic syndrome; bone marrow infiltration. BLOOD LOSS: Acute haemorrhage; chronic GI bleeding; menorrhagia. RISK GROUPS: Women of childbearing age; pregnant women; infants and toddlers; adolescent girls; elderly; strict vegetarians; patients with chronic diseases; those with heavy menstrual bleeding; individuals with parasitic infestations."
  },
  {
    "id": "anemia_precautions",
    "disease": "Anemia",
    "category": "precautions",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "Anemia — Precautions and Management",
    "content": "Management depends on the underlying cause — treating the cause is primary. General precautions and management: Treat the cause — identify and treat source of bleeding (colonoscopy for GI bleeding, gynaecological evaluation for menorrhagia, deworming for hookworm); Iron supplementation — ferrous sulphate 200mg (65mg elemental iron) twice to thrice daily for IDA; take on empty stomach with vitamin C (orange juice) for maximum absorption; side effects include GI upset, constipation, black stools; Vitamin B12 supplementation — cyanocobalamin IM injections (1000 mcg monthly) for pernicious anaemia; oral high-dose B12 (1000–2000 mcg/day) for dietary deficiency; Folate supplementation — folic acid 5mg/day; 400 mcg/day preconceptionally and in first trimester to prevent neural tube defects; Absorption enhancers — consume iron-rich foods with vitamin C; avoid tea, coffee, calcium-rich foods, antacids within 1–2 hours of iron-rich meals or supplements; Energy conservation — prioritise activities, rest adequately, avoid strenuous exertion until Hb normalises; Blood transfusion — for severe symptomatic anaemia (Hb < 7 g/dL) or haemodynamic compromise; Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for CKD-related anaemia; Bone marrow stimulants for aplastic anaemia; In pregnancy — iron (100mg/day) and folic acid (500 mcg/day) supplementation mandatory from first trimester; Thalassaemia management — regular transfusions, chelation therapy, bone marrow transplantation in eligible patients; Screening in high-risk populations; Genetic counselling for thalassaemia carriers before conception."
  },
  {
    "id": "anemia_food_low_risk",
    "disease": "Anemia",
    "category": "diet",
    "risk_level": "0-40",
    "title": "Anemia — Diet for Low Risk (0–40%)",
    "content": "IRON-RICH FOODS (ENCOURAGED): Haem iron (highly bioavailable, 15–35% absorption) — red meat (beef, lamb, liver — richest source but limit due to cholesterol), chicken (especially dark meat and liver), fish and seafood, oysters, clams; Non-haem iron (2–20% absorption, enhanced by vitamin C) — dark leafy greens (spinach, methi, amaranth/chaulai, sarson ka saag), legumes (rajma, chana, masoor, moong), tofu, fortified cereals, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds (til), quinoa, whole grains, jaggery (gud), lotus seeds (makhana), dried fruits (raisins, figs, apricots); VITAMIN C (enhances non-haem iron absorption 2–3 fold) — amla (highest known source, 600mg/100g), guava, citrus fruits (orange, lemon), tomatoes, capsicum (bell peppers), raw onion, strawberries; VITAMIN B12 SOURCES — eggs (especially yolk), dairy products (milk, curd, paneer), fish, meat; for vegetarians — fortified plant-based milks, nutritional yeast, fortified cereals; FOLATE SOURCES — green leafy vegetables (especially spinach, methi, sarson), broccoli, asparagus, legumes, beetroot, citrus, fortified grains; IRON ABSORPTION PROMOTERS: Fermented foods (idli, dosa, dhokla — fermentation reduces phytates, improving iron absorption); LIMIT: Excessive tea and coffee (polyphenols and tannins inhibit iron absorption — wait 1 hour after meals); Excess calcium-rich foods with iron-rich meals."
  },
  {
    "id": "anemia_food_high_risk",
    "disease": "Anemia",
    "category": "diet",
    "risk_level": "61-100",
    "title": "Anemia — Diet for High Risk (61–100%)",
    "content": "At high risk, intensive nutritional intervention combined with medical treatment is essential. THERAPEUTIC IRON-RICH MEAL PROTOCOL: At every main meal, include: one serving of non-haem iron-rich food + one serving of vitamin C-rich food simultaneously; Example optimal combinations: rajma curry + tomato salad + orange juice; spinach dal + squeeze of lemon; methi roti + amla chutney; IRON-RICH POWER FOODS: Liver (chicken or goat) — highest iron content (6–8mg/100g) — consume 2–3 times/week; Dark leafy greens daily — minimum 2 cups spinach or amaranth; Jaggery (gud) with sesame seeds (til ladoo) as iron-rich snack; Horsegram (kulthi dal) and moth beans — extremely high iron content; Drumstick leaves (moringa/sahjan) — 28mg iron/100g dry weight; Amaranth seeds (rajgira) — high iron and protein; FOR VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY (especially vegetarians): Fortified plant milks (soy, almond, oat) daily; Nutritional yeast sprinkled on food; Tempeh and natto (fermented soy); Medical supplementation MANDATORY for B12 deficiency (diet alone insufficient for confirmed deficiency); FOODS THAT INHIBIT IRON ABSORPTION — AVOID SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH IRON-RICH FOODS: Tea and coffee (wait 2 hours); Milk, cheese, yoghurt (calcium competes with iron); Antacids; Phytate-rich unfermented foods (whole wheat, soy, bran — fermentation reduces phytates); Oxalate-rich foods (spinach is high in oxalate but still provides non-haem iron net positive); COOKING TIPS: Cook in cast iron cookware — leaches iron into food; Soak and sprout legumes (reduces phytates, improves iron bioavailability); Ferment grains (idli, dosa batter); Add tamarind or amchur (dried mango powder) to iron-rich dishes; Pressure cooking retains more nutrients than boiling."
  },
  {
    "id": "general_disclaimer",
    "disease": "General",
    "category": "disclaimer",
    "risk_level": "all",
    "title": "Medical Disclaimer",
    "content": "The information provided by RiskLens is for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Risk scores are generated by statistical machine learning models trained on population-level data and do not account for individual clinical nuances, co-morbidities, medications, or complete medical history. A risk percentage should be interpreted as a statistical probability indicator, not a diagnosis. RiskLens is a screening tool designed to encourage timely preventive action — it cannot diagnose disease. All users with elevated risk scores, concerning symptoms, or health questions should consult a qualified and registered medical practitioner (MBBS or equivalent) for personalised evaluation. In any medical emergency, call 112 (India emergency services) or present immediately to the nearest emergency department. Dietary recommendations are general population-level guidance based on peer-reviewed medical literature and standard clinical guidelines (ADA, ACC/AHA, GINA, KDIGO, WHO). Individual dietary needs vary based on comorbidities, medications, allergies, and metabolic status — consult a registered dietitian for personalised nutrition advice. Drug information is not provided; medication decisions must always involve a qualified physician."
  }
]