browser_use/browser/context.py

"""
Playwright browser on steroids.
"""

import asyncio
import base64
import gc
import json
import logging
import os
import re
import time
import uuid
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional, TypedDict

from playwright._impl._errors import TimeoutError
from playwright.async_api import Browser as PlaywrightBrowser
from playwright.async_api import (
	BrowserContext as PlaywrightBrowserContext,
)
from playwright.async_api import (
	ElementHandle,
	FrameLocator,
	Page,
)

from browser_use.browser.views import (
	BrowserError,
	BrowserState,
	TabInfo,
	URLNotAllowedError,
)
from browser_use.dom.service import DomService
from browser_use.dom.views import DOMElementNode, SelectorMap
from browser_use.utils import time_execution_async, time_execution_sync

if TYPE_CHECKING:
	from browser_use.browser.browser import Browser

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


class BrowserContextWindowSize(TypedDict):
	width: int
	height: int


@dataclass
class BrowserContextConfig:
	"""
	Configuration for the BrowserContext.

	Default values:
	    cookies_file: None
	        Path to cookies file for persistence

	        disable_security: True
	                Disable browser security features

	    minimum_wait_page_load_time: 0.5
	        Minimum time to wait before getting page state for LLM input

	        wait_for_network_idle_page_load_time: 1.0
	                Time to wait for network requests to finish before getting page state.
	                Lower values may result in incomplete page loads.

	    maximum_wait_page_load_time: 5.0
	        Maximum time to wait for page load before proceeding anyway

	    wait_between_actions: 1.0
	        Time to wait between multiple per step actions

	    browser_window_size: {
	            'width': 1280,
	            'height': 1100,
	        }
	        Default browser window size

	    no_viewport: False
	        Disable viewport

	    save_recording_path: None
	        Path to save video recordings

	    save_downloads_path: None
	        Path to save downloads to

	    trace_path: None
	        Path to save trace files. It will auto name the file with the TRACE_PATH/{context_id}.zip

	    locale: None
	        Specify user locale, for example en-GB, de-DE, etc. Locale will affect navigator.language value, Accept-Language request header value as well as number and date formatting rules. If not provided, defaults to the system default locale.

	    user_agent: 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/85.0.4183.102 Safari/537.36'
	        custom user agent to use.

	    highlight_elements: True
	        Highlight elements in the DOM on the screen

	    viewport_expansion: 500
	        Viewport expansion in pixels. This amount will increase the number of elements which are included in the state what the LLM will see. If set to -1, all elements will be included (this leads to high token usage). If set to 0, only the elements which are visible in the viewport will be included.

	    allowed_domains: None
	        List of allowed domains that can be accessed. If None, all domains are allowed.
	        Example: ['example.com', 'api.example.com']

	    include_dynamic_attributes: bool = True
	        Include dynamic attributes in the CSS selector. If you want to reuse the css_selectors, it might be better to set this to False.
	"""

	cookies_file: str | None = None
	minimum_wait_page_load_time: float = 0.25
	wait_for_network_idle_page_load_time: float = 0.5
	maximum_wait_page_load_time: float = 5
	wait_between_actions: float = 0.5

	disable_security: bool = True

	browser_window_size: BrowserContextWindowSize = field(default_factory=lambda: {'width': 1280, 'height': 1100})
	no_viewport: Optional[bool] = None

	save_recording_path: str | None = None
	save_downloads_path: str | None = None
	trace_path: str | None = None
	locale: str | None = None
	user_agent: str = (
		'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36  (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/85.0.4183.102 Safari/537.36'
	)

	highlight_elements: bool = True
	viewport_expansion: int = 500
	allowed_domains: list[str] | None = None
	include_dynamic_attributes: bool = True

	_force_keep_context_alive: bool = False


@dataclass
class BrowserSession:
	context: PlaywrightBrowserContext
	cached_state: BrowserState | None


@dataclass
class BrowserContextState:
	"""
	State of the browser context
	"""

	target_id: str | None = None  # CDP target ID


class BrowserContext:
	def __init__(
		self,
		browser: 'Browser',
		config: BrowserContextConfig = BrowserContextConfig(),
		state: Optional[BrowserContextState] = None,
	):
		self.context_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
		logger.debug(f'Initializing new browser context with id: {self.context_id}')

		self.config = config
		self.browser = browser

		self.state = state or BrowserContextState()

		# Initialize these as None - they'll be set up when needed
		self.session: BrowserSession | None = None

	async def __aenter__(self):
		"""Async context manager entry"""
		await self._initialize_session()
		return self

	async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
		"""Async context manager exit"""
		await self.close()

	@time_execution_async('--close')
	async def close(self):
		"""Close the browser instance"""
		logger.debug('Closing browser context')

		try:
			if self.session is None:
				return

			# Then remove CDP protocol listeners
			if self._page_event_handler and self.session.context:
				try:
					# This actually sends a CDP command to unsubscribe
					self.session.context.remove_listener('page', self._page_event_handler)
				except Exception as e:
					logger.debug(f'Failed to remove CDP listener: {e}')
				self._page_event_handler = None

			await self.save_cookies()

			if self.config.trace_path:
				try:
					await self.session.context.tracing.stop(path=os.path.join(self.config.trace_path, f'{self.context_id}.zip'))
				except Exception as e:
					logger.debug(f'Failed to stop tracing: {e}')

			# This is crucial - it closes the CDP connection
			if not self.config._force_keep_context_alive:
				try:
					await self.session.context.close()
				except Exception as e:
					logger.debug(f'Failed to close context: {e}')

		finally:
			# Dereference everything
			self.session = None
			self._page_event_handler = None

	def __del__(self):
		"""Cleanup when object is destroyed"""
		if not self.config._force_keep_context_alive and self.session is not None:
			logger.debug('BrowserContext was not properly closed before destruction')
			try:
				# Use sync Playwright method for force cleanup
				if hasattr(self.session.context, '_impl_obj'):
					asyncio.run(self.session.context._impl_obj.close())

				self.session = None
				gc.collect()
			except Exception as e:
				logger.warning(f'Failed to force close browser context: {e}')

	@time_execution_async('--initialize_session')
	async def _initialize_session(self):
		"""Initialize the browser session"""
		logger.debug('Initializing browser context')

		playwright_browser = await self.browser.get_playwright_browser()
		context = await self._create_context(playwright_browser)
		self._page_event_handler = None

		# Get or create a page to use
		pages = context.pages

		self.session = BrowserSession(
			context=context,
			cached_state=None,
		)

		active_page = None
		if self.browser.config.cdp_url:
			# If we have a saved target ID, try to find and activate it
			if self.state.target_id:
				targets = await self._get_cdp_targets()
				for target in targets:
					if target['targetId'] == self.state.target_id:
						# Find matching page by URL
						for page in pages:
							if page.url == target['url']:
								active_page = page
								break
						break

		# If no target ID or couldn't find it, use existing page or create new
		if not active_page:
			if pages:
				active_page = pages[0]
				logger.debug('Using existing page')
			else:
				active_page = await context.new_page()
				logger.debug('Created new page')

			# Get target ID for the active page
			if self.browser.config.cdp_url:
				targets = await self._get_cdp_targets()
				for target in targets:
					if target['url'] == active_page.url:
						self.state.target_id = target['targetId']
						break

		# Bring page to front
		await active_page.bring_to_front()
		await active_page.wait_for_load_state('load')

		return self.session

	def _add_new_page_listener(self, context: PlaywrightBrowserContext):
		async def on_page(page: Page):
			if self.browser.config.cdp_url:
				await page.reload()  # Reload the page to avoid timeout errors
			await page.wait_for_load_state()
			logger.debug(f'New page opened: {page.url}')
			if self.session is not None:
				self.state.target_id = None

		self._page_event_handler = on_page
		context.on('page', on_page)

	async def get_session(self) -> BrowserSession:
		"""Lazy initialization of the browser and related components"""
		if self.session is None:
			return await self._initialize_session()
		return self.session

	async def get_current_page(self) -> Page:
		"""Get the current page"""
		session = await self.get_session()
		return await self._get_current_page(session)

	async def _create_context(self, browser: PlaywrightBrowser):
		"""Creates a new browser context with anti-detection measures and loads cookies if available."""
		if self.browser.config.cdp_url and len(browser.contexts) > 0:
			context = browser.contexts[0]
		elif self.browser.config.chrome_instance_path and len(browser.contexts) > 0:
			# Connect to existing Chrome instance instead of creating new one
			context = browser.contexts[0]
		else:
			# Original code for creating new context
			context = await browser.new_context(
				viewport=self.config.browser_window_size,
				no_viewport=False,
				user_agent=self.config.user_agent,
				java_script_enabled=True,
				bypass_csp=self.config.disable_security,
				ignore_https_errors=self.config.disable_security,
				record_video_dir=self.config.save_recording_path,
				record_video_size=self.config.browser_window_size,
				locale=self.config.locale,
			)

		if self.config.trace_path:
			await context.tracing.start(screenshots=True, snapshots=True, sources=True)

		# Load cookies if they exist
		if self.config.cookies_file and os.path.exists(self.config.cookies_file):
			with open(self.config.cookies_file, 'r') as f:
				cookies = json.load(f)
				logger.info(f'Loaded {len(cookies)} cookies from {self.config.cookies_file}')
				await context.add_cookies(cookies)

		# Expose anti-detection scripts
		await context.add_init_script(
			"""
            // Webdriver property
            Object.defineProperty(navigator, 'webdriver', {
                get: () => undefined
            });

            // Languages
            Object.defineProperty(navigator, 'languages', {
                get: () => ['en-US']
            });

            // Plugins
            Object.defineProperty(navigator, 'plugins', {
                get: () => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
            });

            // Chrome runtime
            window.chrome = { runtime: {} };

            // Permissions
            const originalQuery = window.navigator.permissions.query;
            window.navigator.permissions.query = (parameters) => (
                parameters.name === 'notifications' ?
                    Promise.resolve({ state: Notification.permission }) :
                    originalQuery(parameters)
            );
            (function () {
                const originalAttachShadow = Element.prototype.attachShadow;
                Element.prototype.attachShadow = function attachShadow(options) {
                    return originalAttachShadow.call(this, { ...options, mode: "open" });
                };
            })();
            """
		)

		return context

	async def _wait_for_stable_network(self):
		page = await self.get_current_page()

		pending_requests = set()
		last_activity = asyncio.get_event_loop().time()

		# Define relevant resource types and content types
		RELEVANT_RESOURCE_TYPES = {
			'document',
			'stylesheet',
			'image',
			'font',
			'script',
			'iframe',
		}

		RELEVANT_CONTENT_TYPES = {
			'text/html',
			'text/css',
			'application/javascript',
			'image/',
			'font/',
			'application/json',
		}

		# Additional patterns to filter out
		IGNORED_URL_PATTERNS = {
			# Analytics and tracking
			'analytics',
			'tracking',
			'telemetry',
			'beacon',
			'metrics',
			# Ad-related
			'doubleclick',
			'adsystem',
			'adserver',
			'advertising',
			# Social media widgets
			'facebook.com/plugins',
			'platform.twitter',
			'linkedin.com/embed',
			# Live chat and support
			'livechat',
			'zendesk',
			'intercom',
			'crisp.chat',
			'hotjar',
			# Push notifications
			'push-notifications',
			'onesignal',
			'pushwoosh',
			# Background sync/heartbeat
			'heartbeat',
			'ping',
			'alive',
			# WebRTC and streaming
			'webrtc',
			'rtmp://',
			'wss://',
			# Common CDNs for dynamic content
			'cloudfront.net',
			'fastly.net',
		}

		async def on_request(request):
			# Filter by resource type
			if request.resource_type not in RELEVANT_RESOURCE_TYPES:
				return

			# Filter out streaming, websocket, and other real-time requests
			if request.resource_type in {
				'websocket',
				'media',
				'eventsource',
				'manifest',
				'other',
			}:
				return

			# Filter out by URL patterns
			url = request.url.lower()
			if any(pattern in url for pattern in IGNORED_URL_PATTERNS):
				return

			# Filter out data URLs and blob URLs
			if url.startswith(('data:', 'blob:')):
				return

			# Filter out requests with certain headers
			headers = request.headers
			if headers.get('purpose') == 'prefetch' or headers.get('sec-fetch-dest') in [
				'video',
				'audio',
			]:
				return

			nonlocal last_activity
			pending_requests.add(request)
			last_activity = asyncio.get_event_loop().time()
			# logger.debug(f'Request started: {request.url} ({request.resource_type})')

		async def on_response(response):
			request = response.request
			if request not in pending_requests:
				return

			# Filter by content type if available
			content_type = response.headers.get('content-type', '').lower()

			# Skip if content type indicates streaming or real-time data
			if any(
				t in content_type
				for t in [
					'streaming',
					'video',
					'audio',
					'webm',
					'mp4',
					'event-stream',
					'websocket',
					'protobuf',
				]
			):
				pending_requests.remove(request)
				return

			# Only process relevant content types
			if not any(ct in content_type for ct in RELEVANT_CONTENT_TYPES):
				pending_requests.remove(request)
				return

			# Skip if response is too large (likely not essential for page load)
			content_length = response.headers.get('content-length')
			if content_length and int(content_length) > 5 * 1024 * 1024:  # 5MB
				pending_requests.remove(request)
				return

			nonlocal last_activity
			pending_requests.remove(request)
			last_activity = asyncio.get_event_loop().time()
			# logger.debug(f'Request resolved: {request.url} ({content_type})')

		# Attach event listeners
		page.on('request', on_request)
		page.on('response', on_response)

		try:
			# Wait for idle time
			start_time = asyncio.get_event_loop().time()
			while True:
				await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
				now = asyncio.get_event_loop().time()
				if len(pending_requests) == 0 and (now - last_activity) >= self.config.wait_for_network_idle_page_load_time:
					break
				if now - start_time > self.config.maximum_wait_page_load_time:
					logger.debug(
						f'Network timeout after {self.config.maximum_wait_page_load_time}s with {len(pending_requests)} '
						f'pending requests: {[r.url for r in pending_requests]}'
					)
					break

		finally:
			# Clean up event listeners
			page.remove_listener('request', on_request)
			page.remove_listener('response', on_response)

		logger.debug(f'Network stabilized for {self.config.wait_for_network_idle_page_load_time} seconds')

	async def _wait_for_page_and_frames_load(self, timeout_overwrite: float | None = None):
		"""
		Ensures page is fully loaded before continuing.
		Waits for either network to be idle or minimum WAIT_TIME, whichever is longer.
		Also checks if the loaded URL is allowed.
		"""
		# Start timing
		start_time = time.time()

		# Wait for page load
		try:
			await self._wait_for_stable_network()

			# Check if the loaded URL is allowed
			page = await self.get_current_page()
			await self._check_and_handle_navigation(page)
		except URLNotAllowedError as e:
			raise e
		except Exception:
			logger.warning('Page load failed, continuing...')
			pass

		# Calculate remaining time to meet minimum WAIT_TIME
		elapsed = time.time() - start_time
		remaining = max((timeout_overwrite or self.config.minimum_wait_page_load_time) - elapsed, 0)

		logger.debug(f'--Page loaded in {elapsed:.2f} seconds, waiting for additional {remaining:.2f} seconds')

		# Sleep remaining time if needed
		if remaining > 0:
			await asyncio.sleep(remaining)

	def _is_url_allowed(self, url: str) -> bool:
		"""Check if a URL is allowed based on the whitelist configuration."""
		if not self.config.allowed_domains:
			return True

		try:
			from urllib.parse import urlparse

			parsed_url = urlparse(url)
			domain = parsed_url.netloc.lower()

			# Remove port number if present
			if ':' in domain:
				domain = domain.split(':')[0]

			# Check if domain matches any allowed domain pattern
			return any(
				domain == allowed_domain.lower() or domain.endswith('.' + allowed_domain.lower())
				for allowed_domain in self.config.allowed_domains
			)
		except Exception as e:
			logger.error(f'Error checking URL allowlist: {str(e)}')
			return False

	async def _check_and_handle_navigation(self, page: Page) -> None:
		"""Check if current page URL is allowed and handle if not."""
		if not self._is_url_allowed(page.url):
			logger.warning(f'Navigation to non-allowed URL detected: {page.url}')
			try:
				await self.go_back()
			except Exception as e:
				logger.error(f'Failed to go back after detecting non-allowed URL: {str(e)}')
			raise URLNotAllowedError(f'Navigation to non-allowed URL: {page.url}')

	async def navigate_to(self, url: str):
		"""Navigate to a URL"""
		if not self._is_url_allowed(url):
			raise BrowserError(f'Navigation to non-allowed URL: {url}')

		page = await self.get_current_page()
		await page.goto(url)
		await page.wait_for_load_state()

	async def refresh_page(self):
		"""Refresh the current page"""
		page = await self.get_current_page()
		await page.reload()
		await page.wait_for_load_state()

	async def go_back(self):
		"""Navigate back in history"""
		page = await self.get_current_page()
		try:
			# 10 ms timeout
			await page.go_back(timeout=10, wait_until='domcontentloaded')
			# await self._wait_for_page_and_frames_load(timeout_overwrite=1.0)
		except Exception as e:
			# Continue even if its not fully loaded, because we wait later for the page to load
			logger.debug(f'During go_back: {e}')

	async def go_forward(self):
		"""Navigate forward in history"""
		page = await self.get_current_page()
		try:
			await page.go_forward(timeout=10, wait_until='domcontentloaded')
		except Exception as e:
			# Continue even if its not fully loaded, because we wait later for the page to load
			logger.debug(f'During go_forward: {e}')

	async def close_current_tab(self):
		"""Close the current tab"""
		session = await self.get_session()
		page = await self._get_current_page(session)
		await page.close()

		# Switch to the first available tab if any exist
		if session.context.pages:
			await self.switch_to_tab(0)

		# otherwise the browser will be closed

	async def get_page_html(self) -> str:
		"""Get the current page HTML content"""
		page = await self.get_current_page()
		return await page.content()

	async def execute_javascript(self, script: str):
		"""Execute JavaScript code on the page"""
		page = await self.get_current_page()
		return await page.evaluate(script)

	async def get_page_structure(self) -> str:
		"""Get a debug view of the page structure including iframes"""
		debug_script = """(() => {
			function getPageStructure(element = document, depth = 0, maxDepth = 10) {
				if (depth >= maxDepth) return '';
				
				const indent = '  '.repeat(depth);
				let structure = '';
				
				// Skip certain elements that clutter the output
				const skipTags = new Set(['script', 'style', 'link', 'meta', 'noscript']);
				
				// Add current element info if it's not the document
				if (element !== document) {
					const tagName = element.tagName.toLowerCase();
					
					// Skip uninteresting elements
					if (skipTags.has(tagName)) return '';
					
					const id = element.id ? `#${element.id}` : '';
					const classes = element.className && typeof element.className === 'string' ? 
						`.${element.className.split(' ').filter(c => c).join('.')}` : '';
					
					// Get additional useful attributes
					const attrs = [];
					if (element.getAttribute('role')) attrs.push(`role="${element.getAttribute('role')}"`);
					if (element.getAttribute('aria-label')) attrs.push(`aria-label="${element.getAttribute('aria-label')}"`);
					if (element.getAttribute('type')) attrs.push(`type="${element.getAttribute('type')}"`);
					if (element.getAttribute('name')) attrs.push(`name="${element.getAttribute('name')}"`);
					if (element.getAttribute('src')) {
						const src = element.getAttribute('src');
						attrs.push(`src="${src.substring(0, 50)}${src.length > 50 ? '...' : ''}"`);
					}
					
					// Add element info
					structure += `${indent}${tagName}${id}${classes}${attrs.length ? ' [' + attrs.join(', ') + ']' : ''}\\n`;
					
					// Handle iframes specially
					if (tagName === 'iframe') {
						try {
							const iframeDoc = element.contentDocument || element.contentWindow?.document;
							if (iframeDoc) {
								structure += `${indent}  [IFRAME CONTENT]:\\n`;
								structure += getPageStructure(iframeDoc, depth + 2, maxDepth);
							} else {
								structure += `${indent}  [IFRAME: No access - likely cross-origin]\\n`;
							}
						} catch (e) {
							structure += `${indent}  [IFRAME: Access denied - ${e.message}]\\n`;
						}
					}
				}
				
				// Get all child elements
				const children = element.children || element.childNodes;
				for (const child of children) {
					if (child.nodeType === 1) { // Element nodes only
						structure += getPageStructure(child, depth + 1, maxDepth);
					}
				}
				
				return structure;
			}
			
			return getPageStructure();
		})()"""

		page = await self.get_current_page()
		structure = await page.evaluate(debug_script)
		return structure

	@time_execution_sync('--get_state')  # This decorator might need to be updated to handle async
	async def get_state(self) -> BrowserState:
		"""Get the current state of the browser"""
		await self._wait_for_page_and_frames_load()
		session = await self.get_session()
		session.cached_state = await self._update_state()

		# Save cookies if a file is specified
		if self.config.cookies_file:
			asyncio.create_task(self.save_cookies())

		return session.cached_state

	async def _update_state(self, focus_element: int = -1) -> BrowserState:
		"""Update and return state."""
		session = await self.get_session()

		# Check if current page is still valid, if not switch to another available page
		try:
			page = await self.get_current_page()
			# Test if page is still accessible
			await page.evaluate('1')
		except Exception as e:
			logger.debug(f'Current page is no longer accessible: {str(e)}')
			# Get all available pages
			pages = session.context.pages
			if pages:
				self.state.target_id = None
				page = await self._get_current_page(session)
				logger.debug(f'Switched to page: {await page.title()}')
			else:
				raise BrowserError('Browser closed: no valid pages available')

		try:
			await self.remove_highlights()
			dom_service = DomService(page)
			content = await dom_service.get_clickable_elements(
				focus_element=focus_element,
				viewport_expansion=self.config.viewport_expansion,
				highlight_elements=self.config.highlight_elements,
			)

			screenshot_b64 = await self.take_screenshot()
			pixels_above, pixels_below = await self.get_scroll_info(page)

			self.current_state = BrowserState(
				element_tree=content.element_tree,
				selector_map=content.selector_map,
				url=page.url,
				title=await page.title(),
				tabs=await self.get_tabs_info(),
				screenshot=screenshot_b64,
				pixels_above=pixels_above,
				pixels_below=pixels_below,
			)

			return self.current_state
		except Exception as e:
			logger.error(f'Failed to update state: {str(e)}')
			# Return last known good state if available
			if hasattr(self, 'current_state'):
				return self.current_state
			raise

	# region - Browser Actions
	@time_execution_async('--take_screenshot')
	async def take_screenshot(self, full_page: bool = False) -> str:
		"""
		Returns a base64 encoded screenshot of the current page.
		"""
		page = await self.get_current_page()

		await page.bring_to_front()
		await page.wait_for_load_state()

		screenshot = await page.screenshot(
			full_page=full_page,
			animations='disabled',
		)

		screenshot_b64 = base64.b64encode(screenshot).decode('utf-8')

		# await self.remove_highlights()

		return screenshot_b64

	@time_execution_async('--remove_highlights')
	async def remove_highlights(self):
		"""
		Removes all highlight overlays and labels created by the highlightElement function.
		Handles cases where the page might be closed or inaccessible.
		"""
		try:
			page = await self.get_current_page()
			await page.evaluate(
				"""
                try {
                    // Remove the highlight container and all its contents
                    const container = document.getElementById('playwright-highlight-container');
                    if (container) {
                        container.remove();
                    }

                    // Remove highlight attributes from elements
                    const highlightedElements = document.querySelectorAll('[browser-user-highlight-id^="playwright-highlight-"]');
                    highlightedElements.forEach(el => {
                        el.removeAttribute('browser-user-highlight-id');
                    });
                } catch (e) {
                    console.error('Failed to remove highlights:', e);
                }
                """
			)
		except Exception as e:
			logger.debug(f'Failed to remove highlights (this is usually ok): {str(e)}')
			# Don't raise the error since this is not critical functionality
			pass

	# endregion

	# region - User Actions

	@classmethod
	def _convert_simple_xpath_to_css_selector(cls, xpath: str) -> str:
		"""Converts simple XPath expressions to CSS selectors."""
		if not xpath:
			return ''

		# Remove leading slash if present
		xpath = xpath.lstrip('/')

		# Split into parts
		parts = xpath.split('/')
		css_parts = []

		for part in parts:
			if not part:
				continue

			# Handle index notation [n]
			if '[' in part:
				base_part = part[: part.find('[')]
				index_part = part[part.find('[') :]

				# Handle multiple indices
				indices = [i.strip('[]') for i in index_part.split(']')[:-1]]

				for idx in indices:
					try:
						# Handle numeric indices
						if idx.isdigit():
							index = int(idx) - 1
							base_part += f':nth-of-type({index + 1})'
						# Handle last() function
						elif idx == 'last()':
							base_part += ':last-of-type'
						# Handle position() functions
						elif 'position()' in idx:
							if '>1' in idx:
								base_part += ':nth-of-type(n+2)'
					except ValueError:
						continue

				css_parts.append(base_part)
			else:
				css_parts.append(part)

		base_selector = ' > '.join(css_parts)
		return base_selector

	@classmethod
	@time_execution_sync('--enhanced_css_selector_for_element')
	def _enhanced_css_selector_for_element(cls, element: DOMElementNode, include_dynamic_attributes: bool = True) -> str:
		"""
		Creates a CSS selector for a DOM element, handling various edge cases and special characters.

		Args:
		        element: The DOM element to create a selector for

		Returns:
		        A valid CSS selector string
		"""
		try:
			# Get base selector from XPath
			css_selector = cls._convert_simple_xpath_to_css_selector(element.xpath)

			# Handle class attributes
			if 'class' in element.attributes and element.attributes['class'] and include_dynamic_attributes:
				# Define a regex pattern for valid class names in CSS
				valid_class_name_pattern = re.compile(r'^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_-]*$')

				# Iterate through the class attribute values
				classes = element.attributes['class'].split()
				for class_name in classes:
					# Skip empty class names
					if not class_name.strip():
						continue

					# Check if the class name is valid
					if valid_class_name_pattern.match(class_name):
						# Append the valid class name to the CSS selector
						css_selector += f'.{class_name}'
					else:
						# Skip invalid class names
						continue

			# Expanded set of safe attributes that are stable and useful for selection
			SAFE_ATTRIBUTES = {
				# Data attributes (if they're stable in your application)
				'id',
				# Standard HTML attributes
				'name',
				'type',
				'placeholder',
				# Accessibility attributes
				'aria-label',
				'aria-labelledby',
				'aria-describedby',
				'role',
				# Common form attributes
				'for',
				'autocomplete',
				'required',
				'readonly',
				# Media attributes
				'alt',
				'title',
				'src',
				# Custom stable attributes (add any application-specific ones)
				'href',
				'target',
			}

			if include_dynamic_attributes:
				dynamic_attributes = {
					'data-id',
					'data-qa',
					'data-cy',
					'data-testid',
				}
				SAFE_ATTRIBUTES.update(dynamic_attributes)

			# Handle other attributes
			for attribute, value in element.attributes.items():
				if attribute == 'class':
					continue

				# Skip invalid attribute names
				if not attribute.strip():
					continue

				if attribute not in SAFE_ATTRIBUTES:
					continue

				# Escape special characters in attribute names
				safe_attribute = attribute.replace(':', r'\:')

				# Handle different value cases
				if value == '':
					css_selector += f'[{safe_attribute}]'
				elif any(char in value for char in '"\'<>`\n\r\t'):
					# Use contains for values with special characters
					# Regex-substitute *any* whitespace with a single space, then strip.
					collapsed_value = re.sub(r'\s+', ' ', value).strip()
					# Escape embedded double-quotes.
					safe_value = collapsed_value.replace('"', '\\"')
					css_selector += f'[{safe_attribute}*="{safe_value}"]'
				else:
					css_selector += f'[{safe_attribute}="{value}"]'

			return css_selector

		except Exception:
			# Fallback to a more basic selector if something goes wrong
			tag_name = element.tag_name or '*'
			return f"{tag_name}[highlight_index='{element.highlight_index}']"

	@time_execution_async('--get_locate_element')
	async def get_locate_element(self, element: DOMElementNode) -> Optional[ElementHandle]:
		current_frame = await self.get_current_page()

		# Start with the target element and collect all parents
		parents: list[DOMElementNode] = []
		current = element
		while current.parent is not None:
			parent = current.parent
			parents.append(parent)
			current = parent

		# Reverse the parents list to process from top to bottom
		parents.reverse()

		# Process all iframe parents in sequence
		iframes = [item for item in parents if item.tag_name == 'iframe']
		for parent in iframes:
			css_selector = self._enhanced_css_selector_for_element(
				parent,
				include_dynamic_attributes=self.config.include_dynamic_attributes,
			)
			current_frame = current_frame.frame_locator(css_selector)

		css_selector = self._enhanced_css_selector_for_element(
			element, include_dynamic_attributes=self.config.include_dynamic_attributes
		)

		try:
			if isinstance(current_frame, FrameLocator):
				element_handle = await current_frame.locator(css_selector).element_handle()
				return element_handle
			else:
				# Try to scroll into view if hidden
				element_handle = await current_frame.query_selector(css_selector)
				if element_handle:
					await element_handle.scroll_into_view_if_needed()
					return element_handle
				return None
		except Exception as e:
			logger.error(f'Failed to locate element: {str(e)}')
			return None

	@time_execution_async('--input_text_element_node')
	async def _input_text_element_node(self, element_node: DOMElementNode, text: str):
		"""
		Input text into an element with proper error handling and state management.
		Handles different types of input fields and ensures proper element state before input.
		"""
		try:
			# Highlight before typing
			# if element_node.highlight_index is not None:
			# 	await self._update_state(focus_element=element_node.highlight_index)

			element_handle = await self.get_locate_element(element_node)

			if element_handle is None:
				raise BrowserError(f'Element: {repr(element_node)} not found')

			# Ensure element is ready for input
			try:
				await element_handle.wait_for_element_state('stable', timeout=1000)
				await element_handle.scroll_into_view_if_needed(timeout=1000)
			except Exception:
				pass

			# Get element properties to determine input method
			tag_handle = await element_handle.get_property("tagName")
			tag_name = (await tag_handle.json_value()).lower()
			is_contenteditable = await element_handle.get_property('isContentEditable')
			readonly_handle = await element_handle.get_property("readOnly")
			disabled_handle = await element_handle.get_property("disabled")

			readonly = await readonly_handle.json_value() if readonly_handle else False
			disabled = await disabled_handle.json_value() if disabled_handle else False

			if (await is_contenteditable.json_value() or tag_name == 'input') and not (readonly or disabled):
				await element_handle.evaluate('el => el.textContent = ""')
				await element_handle.type(text, delay=5)
			else:
				await element_handle.fill(text)

		except Exception as e:
			logger.debug(f'Failed to input text into element: {repr(element_node)}. Error: {str(e)}')
			raise BrowserError(f'Failed to input text into index {element_node.highlight_index}')

	@time_execution_async('--click_element_node')
	async def _click_element_node(self, element_node: DOMElementNode) -> Optional[str]:
		"""
		Optimized method to click an element using xpath.
		"""
		page = await self.get_current_page()

		try:
			# Highlight before clicking
			# if element_node.highlight_index is not None:
			# 	await self._update_state(focus_element=element_node.highlight_index)

			element_handle = await self.get_locate_element(element_node)

			if element_handle is None:
				raise Exception(f'Element: {repr(element_node)} not found')

			async def perform_click(click_func):
				"""Performs the actual click, handling both download
				and navigation scenarios."""
				if self.config.save_downloads_path:
					try:
						# Try short-timeout expect_download to detect a file download has been been triggered
						async with page.expect_download(timeout=5000) as download_info:
							await click_func()
						download = await download_info.value
						# Determine file path
						suggested_filename = download.suggested_filename
						unique_filename = await self._get_unique_filename(self.config.save_downloads_path, suggested_filename)
						download_path = os.path.join(self.config.save_downloads_path, unique_filename)
						await download.save_as(download_path)
						logger.debug(f'Download triggered. Saved file to: {download_path}')
						return download_path
					except TimeoutError:
						# If no download is triggered, treat as normal click
						logger.debug('No download triggered within timeout. Checking navigation...')
						await page.wait_for_load_state()
						await self._check_and_handle_navigation(page)
				else:
					# Standard click logic if no download is expected
					await click_func()
					await page.wait_for_load_state()
					await self._check_and_handle_navigation(page)

			try:
				return await perform_click(lambda: element_handle.click(timeout=1500))
			except URLNotAllowedError as e:
				raise e
			except Exception:
				try:
					return await perform_click(lambda: page.evaluate('(el) => el.click()', element_handle))
				except URLNotAllowedError as e:
					raise e
				except Exception as e:
					raise Exception(f'Failed to click element: {str(e)}')

		except URLNotAllowedError as e:
			raise e
		except Exception as e:
			raise Exception(f'Failed to click element: {repr(element_node)}. Error: {str(e)}')

	@time_execution_async('--get_tabs_info')
	async def get_tabs_info(self) -> list[TabInfo]:
		"""Get information about all tabs"""
		session = await self.get_session()

		tabs_info = []
		for page_id, page in enumerate(session.context.pages):
			tab_info = TabInfo(page_id=page_id, url=page.url, title=await page.title())
			tabs_info.append(tab_info)

		return tabs_info

	@time_execution_async('--switch_to_tab')
	async def switch_to_tab(self, page_id: int) -> None:
		"""Switch to a specific tab by its page_id"""
		session = await self.get_session()
		pages = session.context.pages

		if page_id >= len(pages):
			raise BrowserError(f'No tab found with page_id: {page_id}')

		page = pages[page_id]

		# Check if the tab's URL is allowed before switching
		if not self._is_url_allowed(page.url):
			raise BrowserError(f'Cannot switch to tab with non-allowed URL: {page.url}')

		# Update target ID if using CDP
		if self.browser.config.cdp_url:
			targets = await self._get_cdp_targets()
			for target in targets:
				if target['url'] == page.url:
					self.state.target_id = target['targetId']
					break

		await page.bring_to_front()
		await page.wait_for_load_state()

	@time_execution_async('--create_new_tab')
	async def create_new_tab(self, url: str | None = None) -> None:
		"""Create a new tab and optionally navigate to a URL"""
		if url and not self._is_url_allowed(url):
			raise BrowserError(f'Cannot create new tab with non-allowed URL: {url}')

		session = await self.get_session()
		new_page = await session.context.new_page()
		await new_page.wait_for_load_state()

		if url:
			await new_page.goto(url)
			await self._wait_for_page_and_frames_load(timeout_overwrite=1)

		# Get target ID for new page if using CDP
		if self.browser.config.cdp_url:
			targets = await self._get_cdp_targets()
			for target in targets:
				if target['url'] == new_page.url:
					self.state.target_id = target['targetId']
					break

	# endregion

	# region - Helper methods for easier access to the DOM
	async def _get_current_page(self, session: BrowserSession) -> Page:
		pages = session.context.pages

		# Try to find page by target ID if using CDP
		if self.browser.config.cdp_url and self.state.target_id:
			targets = await self._get_cdp_targets()
			for target in targets:
				if target['targetId'] == self.state.target_id:
					for page in pages:
						if page.url == target['url']:
							return page

		# Fallback to last page
		return pages[-1] if pages else await session.context.new_page()

	async def get_selector_map(self) -> SelectorMap:
		session = await self.get_session()
		if session.cached_state is None:
			return {}
		return session.cached_state.selector_map

	async def get_element_by_index(self, index: int) -> ElementHandle | None:
		selector_map = await self.get_selector_map()
		element_handle = await self.get_locate_element(selector_map[index])
		return element_handle

	async def get_dom_element_by_index(self, index: int) -> DOMElementNode:
		selector_map = await self.get_selector_map()
		return selector_map[index]

	async def save_cookies(self):
		"""Save current cookies to file"""
		if self.session and self.session.context and self.config.cookies_file:
			try:
				cookies = await self.session.context.cookies()
				logger.debug(f'Saving {len(cookies)} cookies to {self.config.cookies_file}')

				# Check if the path is a directory and create it if necessary
				dirname = os.path.dirname(self.config.cookies_file)
				if dirname:
					os.makedirs(dirname, exist_ok=True)

				with open(self.config.cookies_file, 'w') as f:
					json.dump(cookies, f)
			except Exception as e:
				logger.warning(f'Failed to save cookies: {str(e)}')

	async def is_file_uploader(self, element_node: DOMElementNode, max_depth: int = 3, current_depth: int = 0) -> bool:
		"""Check if element or its children are file uploaders"""
		if current_depth > max_depth:
			return False

		# Check current element
		is_uploader = False

		if not isinstance(element_node, DOMElementNode):
			return False

		# Check for file input attributes
		if element_node.tag_name == 'input':
			is_uploader = element_node.attributes.get('type') == 'file' or element_node.attributes.get('accept') is not None

		if is_uploader:
			return True

		# Recursively check children
		if element_node.children and current_depth < max_depth:
			for child in element_node.children:
				if isinstance(child, DOMElementNode):
					if await self.is_file_uploader(child, max_depth, current_depth + 1):
						return True

		return False

	async def get_scroll_info(self, page: Page) -> tuple[int, int]:
		"""Get scroll position information for the current page."""
		scroll_y = await page.evaluate('window.scrollY')
		viewport_height = await page.evaluate('window.innerHeight')
		total_height = await page.evaluate('document.documentElement.scrollHeight')
		pixels_above = scroll_y
		pixels_below = total_height - (scroll_y + viewport_height)
		return pixels_above, pixels_below

	async def reset_context(self):
		"""Reset the browser session
		Call this when you don't want to kill the context but just kill the state
		"""
		# close all tabs and clear cached state
		session = await self.get_session()

		pages = session.context.pages
		for page in pages:
			await page.close()

		session.cached_state = None
		self.state.target_id = None

	async def _get_unique_filename(self, directory, filename):
		"""Generate a unique filename by appending (1), (2), etc., if a file already exists."""
		base, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
		counter = 1
		new_filename = filename
		while os.path.exists(os.path.join(directory, new_filename)):
			new_filename = f'{base} ({counter}){ext}'
			counter += 1
		return new_filename

	async def _get_cdp_targets(self) -> list[dict]:
		"""Get all CDP targets directly using CDP protocol"""
		if not self.browser.config.cdp_url or not self.session:
			return []

		try:
			pages = self.session.context.pages
			if not pages:
				return []

			cdp_session = await pages[0].context.new_cdp_session(pages[0])
			result = await cdp_session.send('Target.getTargets')
			await cdp_session.detach()
			return result.get('targetInfos', [])
		except Exception as e:
			logger.debug(f'Failed to get CDP targets: {e}')
			return []