Blame for static/vehicles.js

// More things to drive: a propeller sport plane (takes off from the runway across the Hudson), a helicopter
// (lifts off anywhere), and five boats: speedboat, jet ski, yacht, tugboat and a hovercraft that also runs on land.
// Boats ride real waves (buoyancy, the bow lifts at speed, they bank into turns, a jet ski hops off the crests),
// and the rivers have their own traffic: ferries, tugs, sailboats, yachts and speedboats that keep clear of you. Each has its own model and physics;
// the game hands them the same inputs as the car (steer, gas, brake, up, down, boost).
import * as THREE from "three";
import { mergeGeometries } from "three/addons/utils/BufferGeometryUtils.js";

const clamp = (x, a = 0, b = 1) => Math.min(b, Math.max(a, x)), lerp = (a, b, t) => a + (b - a) * t, G = 9.81;
const wrap = a => { while (a > Math.PI) a -= 2 * Math.PI; while (a < -Math.PI) a += 2 * Math.PI; return a; };
export const RUNWAY = { x0: -2620, x1: -1900, z: 0, w: 30 };

function planeModel() {
  const g = new THREE.Group();
  const white = new THREE.MeshPhysicalMaterial({ color: 0xf2f2f2, metalness: .3, roughness: .3, clearcoat: 1 }), red = new THREE.MeshPhysicalMaterial({ color: 0xc1121f, metalness: .3, roughness: .3, clearcoat: 1 });
  const dark = new THREE.MeshStandardMaterial({ color: 0x15161a, roughness: .5, metalness: .5 }), glass = new THREE.MeshPhysicalMaterial({ color: 0x0a1018, metalness: .2, roughness: .05, transparent: true, opacity: .7, clearcoat: 1 });
  const V2 = (x, y) => new THREE.Vector2(x, y);
  const body = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.LatheGeometry([V2(0, -4.6), V2(.35, -4.3), V2(.55, -3), V2(.62, -1), V2(.64, 1), V2(.56, 2.6), V2(.42, 3.3), V2(.16, 3.7), V2(0, 3.75)], 24).rotateZ(-Math.PI / 2), white);
  g.add(body);
  const stripe = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.CylinderGeometry(.645, .645, 6.2, 24, 1, true).rotateZ(Math.PI / 2), red); stripe.scale.set(1, 1, 1); stripe.position.x = -.4; stripe.scale.y = 1; g.add(stripe);
  const wingShape = new THREE.Shape([V2(1.2, 0), V2(-.6, 0), V2(-.3, 5.6), V2(.5, 5.6)]);
  for (const s of [-1, 1]) {
    const w = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.ExtrudeGeometry(wingShape, { depth: .14, bevelEnabled: true, bevelSize: .05, bevelThickness: .04, bevelSegments: 2 }).rotateX(-Math.PI / 2), s > 0 ? white : white);
    w.position.set(0, -.15, 0); w.scale.z = -s; g.add(w);
    const tip = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.BoxGeometry(.9, .08, .1), red); tip.position.set(.1, -.1, s * 5.6); g.add(tip);
    const nav = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.SphereGeometry(.08, 8, 6), new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({ color: new THREE.Color(s > 0 ? 0x22ff66 : 0xff2233).multiplyScalar(3), toneMapped: false })); nav.position.set(.1, -.1, s * 5.68); g.add(nav);
    const ht = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.ExtrudeGeometry(new THREE.Shape([V2(.6, 0), V2(-.3, 0), V2(-.2, 2), V2(.3, 2)]), { depth: .08, bevelEnabled: false }).rotateX(-Math.PI / 2), white);
    ht.position.set(-4.2, .1, 0); ht.scale.z = -s; g.add(ht);
  }
  const fin = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.ExtrudeGeometry(new THREE.Shape([V2(.4, 0), V2(-.9, 0), V2(-.5, 1.7), V2(-.05, 1.7)]), { depth: .08, bevelEnabled: false }).translate(0, 0, -.04), red);
  fin.position.set(-3.7, .3, 0); g.add(fin);
  const canopy = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.SphereGeometry(.6, 20, 12, 0, Math.PI * 2, 0, Math.PI / 2), glass); canopy.scale.set(2.2, .9, .85); canopy.position.set(.6, .45, 0); g.add(canopy);
  const prop = new THREE.Group(); prop.position.x = 3.8; g.add(prop);
  prop.add(new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.ConeGeometry(.22, .5, 16).rotateZ(-Math.PI / 2), red));
  for (let k = 0; k < 3; k++) { const b = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.BoxGeometry(.06, 1.7, .16), dark); b.position.y = 0; b.rotation.x = k / 3 * Math.PI * 2; b.geometry.translate(0, .85, 0); prop.add(b); }
  const disc = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.CircleGeometry(1.75, 32).rotateY(Math.PI / 2), new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({ color: 0x222222, transparent: true, opacity: 0, depthWrite: false })); prop.add(disc);
  for (const [x, z] of [[1.6, 0], [-.4, 1.3], [-.4, -1.3]]) { const leg = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.CylinderGeometry(.05, .05, .9, 6), dark); leg.position.set(x, -.85, z); g.add(leg); const wh = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.CylinderGeometry(.24, .24, .16, 14).rotateX(Math.PI / 2), dark); wh.position.set(x, -1.3, z); g.add(wh); }
  g.traverse(o => { if (o.isMesh) o.castShadow = true; });
  g.position.y = 0; const root = new THREE.Group(); g.position.y = 1.54; root.add(g);
  return { root, update(st, time, dt) { prop.rotation.x += (8 + st.thr * 60) * dt; disc.material.opacity = st.thr * .25; } };
}
function heliModel() {
  const g = new THREE.Group();
  const paint = new THREE.MeshPhysicalMaterial({ color: 0x0d0d10, metalness: .4, roughness: .35, clearcoat: .8 }), red = new THREE.MeshPhysicalMaterial({ color: 0xc1121f, metalness: .3, roughness: .3, clearcoat: 1 });
  const dark = new THREE.MeshStandardMaterial({ color: 0x2a2b30, metalness: .6, roughness: .4 }), glass = new THREE.MeshPhysicalMaterial({ color: 0x0a1420, roughness: .05, transparent: true, opacity: .65, clearcoat: 1 });
  const body = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.SphereGeometry(1.5, 24, 16), paint); body.scale.set(1.7, 1, 1); body.position.y = 1.6; g.add(body);
  const nose = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.SphereGeometry(1.2, 20, 12, 0, Math.PI * 2, 0, Math.PI / 2), glass); nose.rotation.z = -Math.PI / 2; nose.scale.set(.9, 1.3, 1.05); nose.position.set(1.3, 1.8, 0); g.add(nose);
  const tail = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.CylinderGeometry(.18, .38, 5.4, 12).rotateZ(Math.PI / 2), paint); tail.position.set(-4.4, 2.1, 0); g.add(tail);
  const stripe = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.BoxGeometry(3.2, .25, 3.05), red); stripe.position.set(-.3, 1.45, 0); g.add(stripe);
  const finV = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.BoxGeometry(1.1, 1.4, .1), red); finV.position.set(-7, 2.6, 0); finV.rotation.z = -.3; g.add(finV);
  for (const z of [-1.15, 1.15]) { const sk = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.CylinderGeometry(.07, .07, 3.8, 8).rotateZ(Math.PI / 2), dark); sk.position.set(0, .1, z); g.add(sk); for (const x of [-.8, .9]) { const st = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.CylinderGeometry(.05, .05, .9, 6), dark); st.position.set(x, .55, z * .85); st.rotation.x = z > 0 ? -.3 : .3; g.add(st); } }
  const mast = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.CylinderGeometry(.12, .16, .5, 10), dark); mast.position.y = 3; g.add(mast);
  const rotor = new THREE.Group(); rotor.position.y = 3.25; g.add(rotor);
  for (let k = 0; k < 4; k++) { const b = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.BoxGeometry(5.6, .05, .32).translate(2.8, 0, 0), dark); b.rotation.y = k * Math.PI / 2; rotor.add(b); }
  const blur = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.CircleGeometry(5.6, 40).rotateX(-Math.PI / 2), new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({ color: 0x111111, transparent: true, opacity: 0, depthWrite: false, side: THREE.DoubleSide })); rotor.add(blur);
  const tr = new THREE.Group(); tr.position.set(-7.1, 2.3, .2); g.add(tr);
  for (let k = 0; k < 2; k++) { const b = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.BoxGeometry(.08, 1.4, .12), dark); b.rotation.z = k * Math.PI / 2; tr.add(b); }
  const beacon = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.SphereGeometry(.09, 8, 6), new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({ color: new THREE.Color(0xff2020).multiplyScalar(3), toneMapped: false })); beacon.position.set(-1, 2.6, 0); g.add(beacon);
  g.traverse(o => { if (o.isMesh) o.castShadow = true; });
  const root = new THREE.Group(); root.add(g);
  return { root, update(st, time, dt) { const spin = 6 + st.thr * 34; rotor.rotation.y += spin * dt; tr.rotation.x += spin * 1.6 * dt; blur.material.opacity = clamp(st.thr) * .22; beacon.visible = Math.sin(time * 5) > 0; } };
}
// a hull: side profile extruded across, pinched to a bow, with a V underneath
function hullGeo(L, W, H) {
  const prof = new THREE.Shape([new THREE.Vector2(-L / 2, H * .24), new THREE.Vector2(L / 2 - L * .22, -H * .2), new THREE.Vector2(L / 2, H * .52), new THREE.Vector2(L / 2 - L * .03, H), new THREE.Vector2(-L / 2, H)]);
  const hg = new THREE.ExtrudeGeometry(prof, { depth: W, bevelEnabled: true, bevelSize: .1, bevelThickness: .1, bevelSegments: 2, curveSegments: 6, steps: 1 }).translate(0, 0, -W / 2);
  const ps = hg.attributes.position;
  for (let i = 0; i < ps.count; i++) { const x = ps.getX(i), y = ps.getY(i), z = ps.getZ(i), u = clamp((x + L / 2) / L), pinch = u > .55 ? 1 - Math.pow((u - .55) / .45, 1.6) * .94 : 1, v = y < H * .45 ? .6 + .4 * clamp(y / (H * .45)) : 1; ps.setZ(i, z * pinch * v); }
  hg.computeVertexNormals(); return hg;
}
const pm = (c, o = {}) => new THREE.MeshPhysicalMaterial({ color: c, roughness: .3, clearcoat: 1, ...o }), sm = (c, o = {}) => new THREE.MeshStandardMaterial({ color: c, roughness: .55, ...o });
const box = (g, w, h, d, m, x, y, z) => { const o = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.BoxGeometry(w, h, d), m); o.position.set(x, y, z); g.add(o); return o; };
function jetskiModel() {
  const g = new THREE.Group(), hull = new THREE.Mesh(hullGeo(3.2, 1.1, .75), pm(0x1f6fe0)); g.add(hull);
  box(g, 1.2, .25, .5, sm(0x111111), -.3, .9, 0); box(g, .5, .35, .9, pm(0xf2f2f2), .55, .85, 0);
  box(g, .06, .06, .8, sm(0x222222, { metalness: .6 }), .45, 1.15, 0);
  g.traverse(o => { if (o.isMesh) o.castShadow = true; }); const root = new THREE.Group(); g.position.y = -.35; root.add(g); return { root, update() { } };
}
function yachtModel() {
  const g = new THREE.Group(), L = 15, W = 4.2, white = pm(0xf4f4f2), dark = pm(0x0b1520, { roughness: .1 }), teak = sm(0x9a7a52);
  g.add(new THREE.Mesh(hullGeo(L, W, 1.9), white)); box(g, L * .55, .08, W * .8, teak, -1.5, 1.95, 0);
  box(g, L * .42, 1.2, W * .72, white, -1.2, 2.6, 0); box(g, L * .43, .55, W * .74, dark, -1.2, 2.75, 0);
  box(g, L * .26, .9, W * .6, white, -1.8, 3.65, 0); box(g, L * .27, .4, W * .62, dark, -1.8, 3.75, 0);
  const mast = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.CylinderGeometry(.06, .08, 2.2, 8), sm(0xdddddd, { metalness: .6 })); mast.position.set(-2.2, 5.1, 0); g.add(mast);
  for (const z of [-W * .42, W * .42]) box(g, L * .6, .05, .05, sm(0xcccccc, { metalness: .8 }), .3, 2.55, z);
  g.traverse(o => { if (o.isMesh) o.castShadow = true; }); const root = new THREE.Group(); g.position.y = -.9; root.add(g); return { root, update() { } };
}
function tugModel() {
  const g = new THREE.Group(), L = 9, W = 3.4, red = pm(0xb3121c), black = sm(0x15161a), white = pm(0xf2f2f2), dark = pm(0x0b1520, { roughness: .1 });
  g.add(new THREE.Mesh(hullGeo(L, W, 1.7), red)); box(g, L * .9, .3, W * 1.02, black, 0, 1.6, 0);
  box(g, 3.2, 1.8, W * .7, white, -.4, 2.6, 0); box(g, 2.2, .9, W * .62, white, -.2, 3.9, 0); box(g, 2.25, .45, W * .64, dark, -.2, 4, 0);
  const stack = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.CylinderGeometry(.35, .4, 1.6, 12), black); stack.position.set(-2.1, 4, 0); g.add(stack);
  const band = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.CylinderGeometry(.41, .41, .3, 12), red); band.position.set(-2.1, 4.4, 0); g.add(band);
  for (let k = -3; k <= 3; k++) for (const z of [-W / 2 - .05, W / 2 + .05]) { const t = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.TorusGeometry(.3, .12, 6, 12), black); t.position.set(k * 1.1, 1.1, z); g.add(t); }
  g.traverse(o => { if (o.isMesh) o.castShadow = true; }); const root = new THREE.Group(); g.position.y = -.8; root.add(g); return { root, update() { } };
}
function hoverModel() {
  const g = new THREE.Group(), skirt = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.CylinderGeometry(2.1, 2.3, .7, 24), sm(0x111111, { roughness: .9 })); skirt.scale.set(1.7, 1, 1); skirt.position.y = .35; g.add(skirt);
  const deck = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.CylinderGeometry(2, 2, .2, 24), pm(0xf7c414)); deck.scale.set(1.65, 1, 1); deck.position.y = .8; g.add(deck);
  box(g, 2.6, 1.1, 2.4, pm(0xf7c414), .4, 1.45, 0); box(g, 2.62, .45, 2.42, pm(0x0b1520, { roughness: .1 }), .5, 1.6, 0);
  const ring = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.TorusGeometry(1.05, .12, 8, 24), sm(0x222222, { metalness: .5 })); ring.position.set(-2.4, 2, 0); ring.rotation.y = Math.PI / 2; g.add(ring);
  const fan = new THREE.Group(); fan.position.set(-2.4, 2, 0); g.add(fan); for (let k = 0; k < 4; k++) { const b = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.BoxGeometry(.06, 1.9, .2), sm(0x333333)); b.rotation.x = k * Math.PI / 4; fan.add(b); }
  box(g, .1, 1.3, .1, sm(0x222222), -2.4, 1.3, 0);
  g.traverse(o => { if (o.isMesh) o.castShadow = true; }); const root = new THREE.Group(); root.add(g);
  return { root, update(st, time, dt) { fan.rotation.x += dt * (6 + (st.thr || 0) * 40); } };
}
function boatModel() {
  const g = new THREE.Group(), L = 7.2, W = 2.5;
  const hullM = new THREE.MeshPhysicalMaterial({ color: 0xf4f4f2, metalness: .1, roughness: .25, clearcoat: 1 }), red = new THREE.MeshPhysicalMaterial({ color: 0xc1121f, roughness: .3, clearcoat: 1 });
  const deckM = new THREE.MeshStandardMaterial({ color: 0x9a7a52, roughness: .7 }), dark = new THREE.MeshStandardMaterial({ color: 0x15161a, roughness: .5, metalness: .4 }), glass = new THREE.MeshPhysicalMaterial({ color: 0x0a1018, roughness: .05, transparent: true, opacity: .55 });
  // the hull: a side profile extruded across, then pinched to a point at the bow and given a V underneath
  const prof = new THREE.Shape([new THREE.Vector2(-L / 2, .25), new THREE.Vector2(L / 2 - 1.6, -.2), new THREE.Vector2(L / 2, .55), new THREE.Vector2(L / 2 - .2, 1.05), new THREE.Vector2(-L / 2, 1.05)]);
  const hg = new THREE.ExtrudeGeometry(prof, { depth: W, bevelEnabled: true, bevelSize: .12, bevelThickness: .12, bevelSegments: 3, curveSegments: 6, steps: 1 }).translate(0, 0, -W / 2);
  const ps = hg.attributes.position;
  for (let i = 0; i < ps.count; i++) { const x = ps.getX(i), y = ps.getY(i), z = ps.getZ(i), u = clamp((x + L / 2) / L); const pinch = u > .55 ? 1 - Math.pow((u - .55) / .45, 1.6) * .96 : 1; const v = y < .5 ? .6 + .4 * clamp((y + .2) / .7) : 1; ps.setZ(i, z * pinch * v); }
  hg.computeVertexNormals();
  const hull = new THREE.Mesh(hg, hullM); g.add(hull);
  const band = new THREE.Mesh(hg.clone(), red); band.scale.set(1.002, .12, 1.01); band.position.y = .72; g.add(band);
  const deck = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.BoxGeometry(L * .62, .06, W * .82), deckM); deck.position.set(-.6, 1.08, 0); g.add(deck);
  const ws = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.BoxGeometry(.06, .55, W * .8), glass); ws.position.set(.6, 1.38, 0); ws.rotation.z = -.5; g.add(ws);
  for (const z of [-.5, .5]) { const seat = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.BoxGeometry(.7, .45, .6), red); seat.position.set(-.6, 1.3, z); g.add(seat); }
  const motor = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.BoxGeometry(.6, .9, .55), dark); motor.position.set(-L / 2 - .2, .9, 0); g.add(motor);
  g.traverse(o => { if (o.isMesh) o.castShadow = true; });
  const root = new THREE.Group(); g.position.y = -.55; root.add(g);
  return { root, update() { } };
}

export function createVehicles(scene, api, W) {
  const models = { plane: planeModel(), heli: heliModel(), boat: boatModel(), boat_jetski: jetskiModel(), boat_yacht: yachtModel(), boat_tug: tugModel(), boat_hover: hoverModel() };
  for (const m of Object.values(models)) { m.root.visible = false; scene.add(m.root); }
  const WY = W.city.WATER_Y;
  // the runway: asphalt, edge lights and centre-line dashes
  {
    const r = RUNWAY, L = r.x1 - r.x0;
    const tex = W.canvasTex(512, 64, (g, w, h) => { g.fillStyle = "#2b2c30"; g.fillRect(0, 0, w, h); g.fillStyle = "#e8e8e8"; for (let x = 0; x < w; x += 64) g.fillRect(x, h / 2 - 2, 36, 4); g.fillRect(0, 3, w, 3); g.fillRect(0, h - 6, w, 3); }, [L / 120, 1]);
    const m = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.PlaneGeometry(L, r.w).rotateX(-Math.PI / 2), new THREE.MeshStandardMaterial({ map: tex, roughness: .85 }));
    m.position.set((r.x0 + r.x1) / 2, .05, r.z); m.receiveShadow = true; scene.add(m);
    const lights = [], lm = new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({ color: new THREE.Color(0xfff0c0).multiplyScalar(2.2), toneMapped: false });
    for (let x = r.x0; x <= r.x1; x += 30) for (const s of [-1, 1]) lights.push([x, s * (r.w / 2 + 1)]);
    const im = new THREE.InstancedMesh(new THREE.SphereGeometry(.25, 8, 6), lm, lights.length), mm = new THREE.Matrix4();
    lights.forEach(([x, z], k) => im.setMatrixAt(k, mm.makeTranslation(x, .3, z))); scene.add(im);
    const sign = new THREE.Sprite(new THREE.SpriteMaterial({ map: W.canvasTex(512, 128, (g, w, h) => { g.fillStyle = "rgba(0,0,0,.6)"; g.fillRect(0, 0, w, h); g.fillStyle = "#3dfcff"; g.font = "900 56px Unbounded, Impact, sans-serif"; g.textAlign = "center"; g.fillText("✈ VOID AIRFIELD", w / 2, 84); }), toneMapped: false }));
    sign.scale.set(24, 6, 1); sign.position.set(r.x0 + 40, 12, r.z + 40); scene.add(sign);
  }

  // ---- physics ----
  function plane(g, I, dt) {
    const V = g.vel.length(), ground = api.groundAt(g.x, g.z, g.y).h, onGround = g.y <= ground + .05;
    g.thr = clamp(g.thr + ((I.gas ? 1 : 0) - (I.brake && !onGround ? 1 : 0)) * dt * .6);
    if (onGround && I.brake) g.thr = Math.max(0, g.thr - dt);
    // smooth inputs: the plane answers like it has mass
    g.sRoll = lerp(g.sRoll || 0, I.turn, clamp(dt * 3)); g.sPitch = lerp(g.sPitch || 0, clamp(I.up - I.down + (I.stickY || 0), -1, 1), clamp(dt * 3));
    const vh = Math.hypot(g.vel.x, g.vel.z), gamma = Math.atan2(g.vel.y, Math.max(1, vh));
    const kL = .0115, INC = .05;
    if (onGround) { g.roll = lerp(g.roll, 0, clamp(dt * 5)); g.yaw += I.turn * clamp(vh / 12) * .55 * dt; g.pitch = lerp(g.pitch, g.sPitch > .2 && vh > 34 ? .14 : 0, clamp(dt * 3)); }
    else {
      g.roll = lerp(g.roll, g.sRoll * 1.05, clamp(dt * 2.4));
      g.yaw += G * Math.tan(g.roll) / Math.max(25, V) * dt;
      const wingK = kL * V * V * 2 * Math.PI * .9 * Math.min(2, 1 / Math.max(.5, Math.cos(g.roll)));
      const needA = wingK > .5 ? clamp(G * Math.cos(gamma) / wingK - INC - g.vel.y * .006, -.25, .24) : 0;
      if (Math.abs(g.sPitch) > .05) g.pitch += g.sPitch * .55 * dt; else g.pitch += (gamma + needA / Math.max(.45, Math.cos(g.roll)) - g.pitch) * clamp(dt * 1.8);
      const cr = Math.max(.45, Math.cos(g.roll)); g.pitch = clamp(g.pitch, gamma - .3 / cr, gamma + .26 / cr);
    }
    const f = new THREE.Vector3(Math.cos(g.yaw) * Math.cos(g.pitch), Math.sin(g.pitch), Math.sin(g.yaw) * Math.cos(g.pitch));
    const s0 = new THREE.Vector3().crossVectors(f, new THREE.Vector3(0, 1, 0)).normalize(), u0 = new THREE.Vector3().crossVectors(s0, f), bu = u0.clone().applyAxisAngle(f, g.roll);
    const vhat = V > .1 ? g.vel.clone().divideScalar(V) : f.clone();
    const a = new THREE.Vector3(0, -G, 0);
    const alpha = Math.atan2(-g.vel.dot(bu), Math.max(.1, g.vel.dot(f))); let CL = 2 * Math.PI * .9 * (alpha + INC); const stalled = Math.abs(alpha) > .28 && V > 15; if (stalled) CL = Math.sign(alpha) * .5;
    g.stall = lerp(g.stall || 0, stalled ? 1 : 0, clamp(dt * 5));
    const liftDir = bu.clone().addScaledVector(vhat, -bu.dot(vhat)); if (liftDir.lengthSq() > 1e-6) liftDir.normalize();
    a.addScaledVector(liftDir, kL * V * V * CL * Math.min(2, 1 / Math.max(.5, Math.cos(g.roll))));
    a.addScaledVector(vhat, -kL * V * V * (.05 + .06 * CL * CL + (I.brake && !onGround ? .3 : 0)));
    a.addScaledVector(s0, -g.vel.dot(s0) * 2);
    a.addScaledVector(f, g.thr * 7.5 + (I.nitro ? 5 : 0));
    if (onGround) { a.y = Math.max(a.y, 0); if (g.vel.y < 0) g.vel.y = 0; const roll = .02 * G + (I.brake ? 6 : 0); a.addScaledVector(vhat, -Math.min(roll, V / dt)); a.addScaledVector(s0, -g.vel.dot(s0) * 8); }
    g.vel.addScaledVector(a, dt);
    g.x += g.vel.x * dt; g.y += g.vel.y * dt; g.z += g.vel.z * dt;
    if (g.y < ground) {
      const down = -g.vel.y; g.y = ground; g.vel.y = 0;
      if (down > 9 || Math.abs(g.roll) > .5) { api.hurt(down * 5 + Math.abs(g.roll) * 40, "Crashed the plane"); api.impact(g.x, g.z, down * 2); }
      else if (down > 1 && g.airT > 3) api.say(down < 2.5 ? "Smooth landing" : "Firm landing", 2);
      g.airT = 0;
    } else if (g.y > ground + .3) g.airT = (g.airT || 0) + dt;
    g.mode = g.y > ground + .4 ? "air" : "drive";
    const hit = api.hitBox(g.x, g.z, g.y + .5, 2.5); if (hit) { api.hurt(V * 2, "Hit a building"); api.impact(g.x, g.z, V); g.x += hit.nx * hit.d; g.z += hit.nz * hit.d; g.vel.multiplyScalar(.2); }
    if (g.y < WY + .5 && api.isWater(g.x, g.z) && onGround) api.wreck("Ditched in the water");
  }
  function heli(g, I, dt) {
    const ground = api.groundAt(g.x, g.z, g.y).h;
    g.thr = lerp(g.thr || 0, I.up || I.gas || g.y > ground + .5 ? 1 : .35, clamp(dt * 1.5));
    const coll = I.up - I.down;
    g.vel.y += ((coll * 8 + (g.thr > .6 ? 0 : -3)) - g.vel.y) * clamp(dt * 1.6) ;
    if (g.y <= ground + .05 && coll <= 0) g.vel.y = Math.max(0, g.vel.y);
    // tilt to move: forward/back on gas/brake, turn on steer; slides a little like the real thing
    const fx = Math.cos(g.yaw), fz = Math.sin(g.yaw), push = (I.gas ? 1 : 0) - (I.brake ? 1 : 0) + (I.stickY || 0) * 0;
    g.yaw += I.turn * 1.3 * dt * (g.y > ground + .5 ? 1 : .3);
    const top = I.nitro ? 1.6 : 1;
    if (g.y > ground + .5) { g.vel.x += fx * push * 15 * top * dt; g.vel.z += fz * push * 15 * top * dt; }
    const damp = Math.exp(-.55 * dt); g.vel.x *= damp; g.vel.z *= damp;
    const sp = g.vel.x * fx + g.vel.z * fz, side = -g.vel.x * fz + g.vel.z * fx;
    g.pitch = lerp(g.pitch, -clamp(push * .22 + sp * .002, -.3, .3), clamp(dt * 3)); g.roll = lerp(g.roll, clamp(I.turn * .25 + side * .01, -.4, .4), clamp(dt * 3));
    g.x += g.vel.x * dt; g.y += g.vel.y * dt; g.z += g.vel.z * dt;
    if (g.y < ground) { const down = -g.vel.y; g.y = ground; if (down > 8) { api.hurt(down * 4, "Hard landing"); api.impact(g.x, g.z, down * 2); } g.vel.y = 0; g.vel.x *= .8; g.vel.z *= .8; }
    g.mode = g.y > ground + .4 ? "air" : "drive";
    const hit = api.hitBox(g.x, g.z, g.y + 1, 3.5); if (hit) { const imp = Math.hypot(g.vel.x, g.vel.z); if (imp > 6) { api.hurt(imp * 2, "Rotor strike"); api.impact(g.x, g.z, imp); } g.x += hit.nx * hit.d; g.z += hit.nz * hit.d; g.vel.x *= -.3; g.vel.z *= -.3; }
    if (g.y <= WY + .2 && api.isWater(g.x, g.z)) api.wreck("Ditched in the water");
  }
  const BOATS = {
    speedboat: { thrust: 13, boost: 9, drag: .0055, turn: .8, side: 2.6, bob: 1, plane: 1, r: 3.4 },
    jetski: { thrust: 15, boost: 10, drag: .0075, turn: 1.7, side: 3.2, bob: 1.6, plane: .6, r: 1.6, hop: true },
    yacht: { thrust: 5.5, boost: 3, drag: .0075, turn: .3, side: 1.2, bob: .45, plane: .3, r: 7.5 },
    tug: { thrust: 7, boost: 3, drag: .012, turn: .55, side: 1.6, bob: .6, plane: .2, r: 4.5, heavy: true },
    hover: { thrust: 11, boost: 7, drag: .006, turn: .85, side: .7, bob: .3, plane: 0, r: 3.6, land: true },
  };
  // the sea: a few long swells, the same function everywhere so boats and the river traffic agree
  const wave = (x, z, t) => .22 * Math.sin(x * .08 + t * 1.3) + .16 * Math.sin(z * .11 - t * 1.05) + .08 * Math.sin((x + z) * .23 + t * 2.1);
  function boat(g, I, dt) {
    const B = BOATS[g.boat] || BOATS.speedboat, t = performance.now() / 1000;
    const fx = Math.cos(g.yaw), fz = Math.sin(g.yaw);
    let u = g.vel.x * fx + g.vel.z * fz, w = -g.vel.x * fz + g.vel.z * fx;
    const inAir = B.hop && g.y > WY + .5;
    if (!inAir) {
      u += ((I.gas ? B.thrust : 0) + (I.nitro ? B.boost : 0) - (I.brake ? (u > 1 ? 10 : 5) : 0)) * dt;
      g.yaw += I.turn * (.35 + clamp(Math.abs(u) / 14)) * B.turn * Math.sign(u || 1) * dt;
    }
    u -= (u * .18 + Math.sign(u) * u * u * B.drag) * dt; u = Math.max(-7, u);
    w *= Math.exp(-B.side * dt);
    const nfx = Math.cos(g.yaw), nfz = Math.sin(g.yaw);
    g.vel.x = nfx * u - nfz * w; g.vel.z = nfz * u + nfx * w;
    let nx = g.x + g.vel.x * dt, nz = g.z + g.vel.z * dt;
    // river traffic: bump them aside (and get bumped)
    for (const b of npcBoats) { const dx = nx - b.x, dz = nz - b.z, d = Math.hypot(dx, dz), rr = B.r + b.r; if (d < rr && d > .01) { nx += dx / d * (rr - d); nz += dz / d * (rr - d); const sp = Math.abs(u); if (sp > 6 && !(b.hitT > 0)) { b.hitT = 1.5; api.hurt(sp * (B.heavy ? .4 : 1.1), "Rammed a " + b.type); api.impact(g.x, g.z, sp); } g.vel.multiplyScalar(B.heavy ? .8 : .5); } }
    const ground = B.land ? api.groundAt(nx, nz, g.y + 1) : null, ok = B.land ? !api.hitBox(nx, nz, g.y + .8, 2) : api.isWater(nx, nz);
    if (ok) { g.x = nx; g.z = nz; } else { g.vel.multiplyScalar(-.25); if (Math.abs(u) > 9) { api.hurt(Math.abs(u) * 1.5, B.land ? "Hit a wall" : "Ran aground"); api.impact(g.x, g.z, Math.abs(u)); } }
    // float: a spring toward the wave surface (or the ground for the hovercraft); light boats leave the water off a crest at speed
    const surf = B.land && !api.isWater(g.x, g.z) ? Math.max(0, api.groundAt(g.x, g.z, g.y + 1).h) + .35 : WY + .02 + wave(g.x, g.z, t) * B.bob + (B.land ? .35 : 0);
    g.vy = (g.vy || 0);
    if (g.y > surf + .05) g.vy -= G * dt; else { g.vy += ((surf - g.y) * 40 - g.vy * 7) * dt; if (B.hop && Math.abs(u) > 16) { const ahead = wave(g.x + nfx * 3, g.z + nfz * 3, t) - wave(g.x, g.z, t); if (ahead > .07 && g.vy > 0) g.vy += ahead * 25; } }
    g.y += g.vy * dt; if (g.y < surf - .4) { g.y = surf - .4; g.vy = Math.max(0, g.vy); }
    // attitude: the bow rises as it gets on the plane then settles, it banks into turns, and the swell rocks it
    const slopeAlong = (wave(g.x + nfx * 2, g.z + nfz * 2, t) - wave(g.x - nfx * 2, g.z - nfz * 2, t)) / 4 * B.bob, slopeSide = (wave(g.x - nfz * 1.5, g.z + nfx * 1.5, t) - wave(g.x + nfz * 1.5, g.z - nfx * 1.5, t)) / 3 * B.bob;
    const planeLift = B.plane * (clamp(u / 12) * .11 - clamp((u - 14) / 14) * .07);
    g.pitch = lerp(g.pitch, planeLift + Math.atan(slopeAlong) + (inAir ? .12 : 0), clamp(dt * (B.heavy ? 2 : 4)));
    g.roll = lerp(g.roll, I.turn * clamp(Math.abs(u) / 18) * (B.land ? -.06 : .22) + Math.atan(slopeSide), clamp(dt * 3));
    g.mode = "drive"; g.thr = clamp(Math.abs(u) / 25);
  }
  // ---- river traffic: ferries, tugs, sailboats, yachts and speedboats going up and down the rivers ----
  const NB_TYPES = {
    ferry: { L: 26, W: 8, v: 7, r: 12, parts: [[0, 1.2, 0, 26, 2.4, 8, [.95, .5, .1]], [0, 3.4, 0, 20, 2, 7, [.95, .95, .95]], [1, 5.2, 0, 12, 1.6, 6, [.95, .95, .95]], [1, 5.3, 0, 12.2, .6, 6.1, [.1, .15, .2]]] },
    tug: { L: 9, W: 3.4, v: 5, r: 4.5, parts: [[0, .9, 0, 9, 1.8, 3.4, [.7, .08, .1]], [-.4, 2.6, 0, 3.2, 1.8, 2.4, [.95, .95, .95]], [-2.1, 3.6, 0, .7, 1.6, .7, [.1, .1, .1]]] },
    sailboat: { L: 10, W: 3, v: 4, r: 4.5, parts: [[0, .8, 0, 10, 1.4, 3, [.96, .96, .96]], [0, 6, 0, .15, 10, .15, [.8, .8, .8]], [-1.6, 5.6, 0, 3.2, 8.4, .05, [1, 1, 1]]] },
    yacht: { L: 15, W: 4.2, v: 6, r: 7, parts: [[0, 1, 0, 15, 2, 4.2, [.96, .96, .96]], [-1.2, 2.6, 0, 6.3, 1.2, 3, [.96, .96, .96]], [-1.2, 2.75, 0, 6.4, .5, 3.1, [.05, .08, .12]], [-1.8, 3.6, 0, 3.9, .9, 2.5, [.96, .96, .96]]] },
    speedboat: { L: 7, W: 2.5, v: 13, r: 3.4, parts: [[0, .6, 0, 7, 1.1, 2.5, [.96, .96, .96]], [-.6, 1.25, 0, 3.4, .5, 2, [.75, .1, .12]], [.6, 1.4, 0, .1, .5, 1.9, [.1, .15, .2]]] },
  };
  const npcBoats = [], nbMeshes = {}, wakeGeo = new THREE.PlaneGeometry(1, 1).rotateX(-Math.PI / 2), wakes = new THREE.InstancedMesh(wakeGeo, new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({ color: 0xf4fbff, transparent: true, opacity: .45, depthWrite: false }), 40);
  wakes.frustumCulled = false; scene.add(wakes);
  for (const [type, T] of Object.entries(NB_TYPES)) {
    const geo = mergeGeometries(T.parts.map(([x, y, z, w, h, d, c]) => { const b = new THREE.BoxGeometry(w, h, d).translate(x, y, z).toNonIndexed(), n = b.attributes.position.count, a = new Float32Array(n * 3); for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) a.set(c, i * 3); b.setAttribute("color", new THREE.BufferAttribute(a, 3)); return b; }));
    const mesh = new THREE.InstancedMesh(geo, new THREE.MeshStandardMaterial({ vertexColors: true, roughness: .5 }), 8); mesh.castShadow = true; mesh.frustumCulled = false; scene.add(mesh); nbMeshes[type] = mesh;
  }
  {
    const R = W.city.rivers, lanes = [[R.hudson[0] + 120, -1], [R.hudson[0] + 260, 1], [R.hudson[1] - 150, -1], [R.east[0] + 140, 1], [R.east[0] + 330, -1], [R.east[1] - 140, 1]];
    const order = ["ferry", "tug", "sailboat", "yacht", "speedboat", "sailboat", "tug", "yacht", "speedboat", "ferry", "sailboat", "speedboat", "yacht", "tug", "speedboat", "sailboat", "ferry", "yacht"];
    order.forEach((type, k) => { const [x, dir] = lanes[k % lanes.length]; npcBoats.push({ type, x, lx: x, z: -2400 + (k * 997) % 4800, dir, v: NB_TYPES[type].v * (.8 + (k % 5) * .08), r: NB_TYPES[type].r, off: 0, hitT: 0 }); });
  }
  const nm = new THREE.Matrix4(), nq = new THREE.Quaternion(), ne = new THREE.Euler(), np = new THREE.Vector3(), ns = new THREE.Vector3(1, 1, 1);
  function tick(dt, time, player) {
    const counts = {}; let wk = 0;
    for (const b of npcBoats) {
      if (b.hitT > 0) b.hitT -= dt;
      // slow for a boat ahead in the same lane, and steer round the player
      let want = b.v * (b.hitT > 0 ? .3 : 1);
      for (const o of npcBoats) if (o !== b && Math.abs(o.lx - b.lx) < 20 && (o.z - b.z) * b.dir > 0 && Math.abs(o.z - b.z) < 60) want = Math.min(want, o.v * .9);
      let offT = 0;
      if (player) { const dz = (player.z - b.z) * b.dir, dx = player.x - (b.x); if (dz > -5 && dz < 70 && Math.abs(dx) < 25) { offT = dx > 0 ? -28 : 28; if (dz < 25) want *= .4; } }
      b.off += (offT - b.off) * Math.min(1, dt * .5); b.cur = (b.cur ?? want) + (want - (b.cur ?? want)) * Math.min(1, dt * .6);
      b.z += b.cur * b.dir * dt; b.x = b.lx + b.off;
      if (Math.abs(b.z) > 2700) { b.dir *= -1; b.z = Math.sign(b.z) * 2690; }
      const yaw = b.dir > 0 ? Math.PI / 2 : -Math.PI / 2, y = WY + wave(b.x, b.z, time) * .5;
      ne.set(Math.sin(time * .9 + b.lx) * .02, -yaw + b.off * .002 * b.dir, Math.sin(time * 1.1 + b.z * .01) * .015, "YXZ"); nq.setFromEuler(ne); nm.compose(np.set(b.x, y, b.z), nq, ns.set(1, 1, 1));
      const mesh = nbMeshes[b.type], k = counts[b.type] = (counts[b.type] || 0); mesh.setMatrixAt(k, nm); counts[b.type]++;
      if (wk < 40 && b.cur > 2) { nm.compose(np.set(b.x, WY + .03, b.z - b.dir * (NB_TYPES[b.type].L * .5 + 6)), nq.set(0, 0, 0, 1), ns.set(NB_TYPES[b.type].W * 1.3, 1, 12 + b.cur)); wakes.setMatrixAt(wk++, nm); }
    }
    for (const [type, mesh] of Object.entries(nbMeshes)) { mesh.count = counts[type] || 0; mesh.instanceMatrix.needsUpdate = true; }
    wakes.count = wk; wakes.instanceMatrix.needsUpdate = true;
  }
  // where each one starts when you pick it
  function spawn(g, type) {
    g.thr = 0; g.sRoll = g.sPitch = 0; g.pitch = g.roll = 0; g.airT = 0;
    if (type === "plane") { const fly = g.mode === "air" && g.y > 30; if (fly) { g.vel.set(Math.cos(g.yaw) * 55, 0, Math.sin(g.yaw) * 55); g.thr = .7; } else { Object.assign(g, { x: RUNWAY.x0 + 30, z: RUNWAY.z, y: 0, yaw: 0 }); g.vel.set(0, 0, 0); } }
    else if (type === "heli") { g.y += .5; g.vel.multiplyScalar(.3); }
    else if (type === "boat") {
      if (g.boat !== "hover" && !api.isWater(g.x, g.z)) {
        const R = W.city.rivers, lake = W.city.lake, opts = [[(R.hudson[0] + R.hudson[1]) / 2, g.z], [(R.east[0] + R.east[1]) / 2, Math.abs(g.z) < 40 ? 80 : g.z], [lake.x, lake.z]];
        const [x, z] = opts.sort((a, b) => Math.hypot(a[0] - g.x, a[1] - g.z) - Math.hypot(b[0] - g.x, b[1] - g.z))[0];
        g.x = x; g.z = z; g.yaw = Math.abs(g.z) > 3000 ? 0 : Math.PI / 2;
      }
      g.vel.set(0, 0, 0); g.y = g.boat === "hover" ? Math.max(WY, api.groundAt(g.x, g.z, g.y + 1).h) + .4 : WY; g.vy = 0;
    }
  }
  return {
    models, spawn, tick, boats: npcBoats,
    step(g, I, dt) { if (g.veh === "plane") plane(g, I, dt); else if (g.veh === "heli") heli(g, I, dt); else if (g.veh === "boat") boat(g, I, dt); },
    show(type, pos, quat, st, time, dt) {
      if (type === "boat" && st && st.boat && st.boat !== "speedboat") type = "boat_" + st.boat;
      for (const [k, m] of Object.entries(models)) { m.root.visible = k === type; if (k === type) { m.root.position.copy(pos); m.root.quaternion.copy(quat); m.update(st, time, dt); } }
    },
  };
}