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from collections import Counter
from contextlib import closing
import math
from html import escape
import json
from pathlib import Path
import sqlite3
import gradio as gr
ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
DATABASE = ROOT / "data/taxonomy.sqlite"
COMMON_NAMES = ROOT / "data/common_names.json"
ICONS = ROOT / "data/icons.json"
ICON_DIR = ROOT / "data/icons"
# Gradio serves whitelisted files from this route; see build_taxonomy_tab.
ICON_ROUTE = "/gradio_api/file="
LICENSE_NAMES = {"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/": "CC0 1.0",
"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/": "CC BY 4.0",
"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/": "CC BY 3.0",
"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/": "Public Domain Mark 1.0"}
EUKARYOTA = 2759
EUK_TREE = """WITH RECURSIVE euk(taxid) AS (
SELECT 2759 UNION ALL
SELECT t.taxid FROM taxa t JOIN euk e ON t.parent_id=e.taxid
WHERE t.taxid != t.parent_id
) """
# Scientific names stay the primary label; English glosses are a secondary line.
# See refresh_common_names.py for how the lookup is built.
MAX_ENGLISH = 30
MAX_LABEL = 24
COLUMN_LIMIT = 6
MAX_DEPTH = 80
DEFAULT_PATH = "2759/33154"
def encode_path(steps):
"""Serialize selected (taxid, offset) pairs; an offset marks an expanded "Other lineages" aggregate."""
return "/".join(f"{t}~{o}" if o else str(t) for t, o in steps)
class Taxonomy:
def __init__(self, path=DATABASE, common_names=COMMON_NAMES, icons=ICONS):
self.path = Path(path)
self.english, self.english_sources = {}, {}
if Path(common_names).exists():
payload = json.loads(Path(common_names).read_text())
self.english = {int(t): name for t, name in payload["names"].items()}
self.english_sources = payload.get("sources", {})
self.icons, self.icon_credits, self.icon_meta = {}, {}, {}
if Path(icons).exists():
payload = json.loads(Path(icons).read_text())
self.icon_meta = {k: v for k, v in payload.items() if k not in ("images", "taxa")}
self.icon_credits = payload.get("images", {})
self.icons = {int(t): image for t, image in payload.get("taxa", {}).items()
if (ICON_DIR / f"{image}.svg").exists()}
self._inherited_icons = {}
with closing(self.connect()) as conn:
self.metadata = json.loads(conn.execute("SELECT value FROM metadata").fetchone()[0])
self.eukaryote_ids = frozenset(r[0] for r in conn.execute(EUK_TREE + "SELECT taxid FROM euk"))
self.eukaryotes = dict(conn.execute("SELECT * FROM taxa WHERE taxid=?", (EUKARYOTA,)).fetchone())
self.coverage = self.metadata.get("coverage")
def connect(self):
conn = sqlite3.connect(f"{self.path.resolve().as_uri()}?mode=ro", uri=True)
conn.row_factory = sqlite3.Row
return conn
def search(self, query):
query = str(query or "").strip()
aliases = {"animals": "33208", "plants": "33090", "green plants": "33090", "eukaryotes": "2759"}
query = aliases.get(query.casefold(), query)
with closing(self.connect()) as conn:
if query.lstrip("-").isdigit():
rows = conn.execute(EUK_TREE + "SELECT taxa.* FROM taxa JOIN euk USING(taxid) WHERE taxid=?", (int(query),)).fetchall()
else:
pattern = "%" + query.replace("\\", "\\\\").replace("%", "\\%").replace("_", "\\_") + "%"
rows = conn.execute(EUK_TREE + "SELECT taxa.* FROM taxa JOIN euk USING(taxid) WHERE name LIKE ? ESCAPE '\\' ORDER BY total_count DESC LIMIT 100", (pattern,)).fetchall()
return [(f"{r['name']} · {r['total_count']:,} assemblies · taxid {r['taxid']}", str(r['taxid'])) for r in rows]
def icon_for(self, conn, taxid):
"""Nearest icon at or above this taxon, following the lineage to Eukaryota.
Returns the image and whether it belongs to this taxon or was borrowed.
"""
if taxid in self.icons:
return self.icons[taxid], False
if taxid in self._inherited_icons:
return self._inherited_icons[taxid], True
walked, current = [], taxid
for _ in range(MAX_DEPTH):
row = conn.execute("SELECT parent_id FROM taxa WHERE taxid=?", (current,)).fetchone()
if row is None or row['parent_id'] == current:
break
walked.append(current)
current = row['parent_id']
if current in self.icons or current in self._inherited_icons:
break
found = self.icons.get(current) or self._inherited_icons.get(current, "")
for step in walked:
self._inherited_icons[step] = found
return found, True
def lineage(self, conn, taxid):
rows = [dict(conn.execute("SELECT * FROM taxa WHERE taxid=?", (taxid,)).fetchone())]
while rows[-1]['taxid'] != EUKARYOTA:
rows.append(dict(conn.execute("SELECT * FROM taxa WHERE taxid=?", (rows[-1]['parent_id'],)).fetchone()))
return rows[::-1]
def taxon_path(self, taxid):
"""Path that expands every ancestor of a taxon, for search results and shortcuts."""
taxid = int(taxid)
if taxid not in self.eukaryote_ids:
raise ValueError("Choose a eukaryotic taxon from this snapshot.")
with closing(self.connect()) as conn:
return encode_path((r['taxid'], 0) for r in self.lineage(conn, taxid))
def view_taxon(self, taxid):
return self.view(self.taxon_path(taxid))
def view(self, path=DEFAULT_PATH):
"""Render one column per expanded group. A path lists the selected node of each column."""
try:
steps = [(int(t), int(o or 0)) for t, _, o in (part.partition("~") for part in str(path).split("/"))]
except ValueError as exc:
raise ValueError("Choose a eukaryotic taxon from this snapshot.") from exc
if steps[0] != (EUKARYOTA, 0) or len(steps) > MAX_DEPTH or any(
t not in self.eukaryote_ids or o < 0 for t, o in steps):
raise ValueError("Choose a eukaryotic taxon from this snapshot.")
with closing(self.connect()) as conn:
def taxon(t):
return dict(conn.execute("SELECT * FROM taxa WHERE taxid=?", (t,)).fetchone())
def node(row, offset=0, **extra):
return dict(taxid=row['taxid'], offset=offset, name=row['name'], label=row['name'],
english=self.english.get(row['taxid'], ""),
**dict(zip(("icon", "borrowed_icon"), self.icon_for(conn, row['taxid']))),
total=row['total_count'], covered=row.get('covered_total', 0), **extra)
def remainder(rows, parent, start):
return dict(taxid=parent, offset=start, name=f"Other lineages · {len(rows):,} groups (display aggregate)",
label=f"Other lineages ({len(rows):,})", english="", icon="", borrowed_icon=False, total=sum(r['total_count'] for r in rows),
covered=sum(r.get('covered_total', 0) for r in rows), aggregate=True)
def column(step, selected):
"""Direct lineages of a selected node, keeping the next selection visible."""
parent, offset = step
rows = [dict(r) for r in conn.execute("SELECT * FROM taxa WHERE parent_id=? AND taxid!=? ORDER BY total_count DESC, taxid", (parent, parent))]
if offset and offset >= len(rows):
raise ValueError("This group has no further lineages.")
shown, rest = rows[offset:offset + COLUMN_LIMIT], rows[offset + COLUMN_LIMIT:]
pinned = [r for r in rest if selected and not selected[1] and r['taxid'] == selected[0]]
shown, rest = shown + pinned, [r for r in rest if r not in pinned]
nodes = [node(r) for r in shown]
if rest:
nodes.append(remainder(rest, parent, offset + COLUMN_LIMIT))
row = taxon(parent)
if not offset and row['direct_count'] and rows:
nodes.append(dict(taxid=parent, offset=0, name="Assemblies assigned directly to this taxon",
label="Direct assignments", english="", icon="", borrowed_icon=False, total=row['direct_count'],
covered=row.get('covered_direct', 0), direct=True))
return nodes
columns = [[node(taxon(EUKARYOTA))]]
for depth, step in enumerate(steps[1:], 1):
if step[1] and (step[0] != steps[depth - 1][0] or step[1] <= steps[depth - 1][1]) or \
not step[1] and taxon(step[0])['parent_id'] != steps[depth - 1][0]:
raise ValueError("Choose a eukaryotic taxon from this snapshot.")
columns.append(column(steps[depth - 1], step))
tail = column(steps[-1], None)
if tail:
columns.append(tail)
for depth, nodes in enumerate(columns):
for item in nodes:
item['path'] = encode_path(steps[:depth] + [(item['taxid'], item['offset'])])
item['selected'] = depth < len(steps) and not item.get('direct') and \
(item['taxid'], item['offset']) == steps[depth]
if depth < len(steps) and not any(item['selected'] for item in nodes):
raise ValueError("Choose a eukaryotic taxon from this snapshot.")
lineage = [taxon(t) for t, _ in steps]
shortcuts = {t: encode_path((r['taxid'], 0) for r in self.lineage(conn, t)) for t in (33208, 33090, 4751)}
return self.render(columns, steps, lineage, shortcuts, has_children=bool(tail))
def render(self, columns, steps, lineage, shortcuts, has_children):
top, chart, spacing, bar = 24, 460, 274, 14
# Silhouettes are not square: they run from tall and thin to long and
# flat. Fitting them all into one box turns most into slivers, so each
# gets its own box with the same area and its own proportions.
icon_area, icon_max, gutter = 23 * 23, 40, 46
width = max(830, 40 + (len(columns) - 1) * spacing + bar + 250)
height = top * 2 + chart
def stack(nodes):
"""Sankey layout: bar heights follow assembly counts, with room for every label."""
gap, slot = (12 if len(nodes) > 1 else 0), 46
fixed, scale = set(), 0
for _ in range(len(nodes) + 1):
free = chart - gap * (len(nodes) - 1) - slot * len(fixed)
flexible = sum(n['total'] for k, n in enumerate(nodes) if k not in fixed)
scale = free / flexible if flexible else 0
small = fixed | {k for k, n in enumerate(nodes) if n['total'] * scale < slot}
if small == fixed:
break
fixed = small
y = top
for k, n in enumerate(nodes):
room = slot if k in fixed else n['total'] * scale
n['h'] = max(3, n['total'] * scale)
n['y'] = y + (room - n['h']) / 2
y += room + gap
def clip(text, limit):
return text if len(text) <= limit else text[:limit - 2] + "…"
def share(n):
return n['covered'] / n['total'] if self.coverage and n['total'] else 0
def ribbon(x0, a0, a1, x1, b0, b1, kind):
bend = (x0 + x1) / 2
return (f'<path d="M{x0},{a0:.1f} C{bend},{a0:.1f} {bend},{b0:.1f} {x1},{b0:.1f} '
f'L{x1},{b1:.1f} C{bend},{b1:.1f} {bend},{a1:.1f} {x0},{a1:.1f} Z" class="flow flow-{kind}"/>')
flows, nodes = [], []
for depth, column in enumerate(columns):
stack(column)
x = 40 + depth * spacing
for n in column:
n['x'] = x
for depth, column in enumerate(columns[:-1]):
parent = next((n for n in column if n['selected']), None)
children = columns[depth + 1]
if not parent:
continue
total = sum(c['total'] for c in children) or 1
cursor = parent['y']
for child in children:
a0 = cursor
a1 = cursor + parent['h'] * child['total'] / total
cursor = a1
f = share(child)
am, bm = a0 + f * (a1 - a0), child['y'] + f * child['h']
x0, x1 = parent['x'] + bar, child['x']
if f > 0:
flows.append(ribbon(x0, a0, am, x1, child['y'], bm, "annotated"))
if f < 1:
flows.append(ribbon(x0, am, a1, x1, bm, child['y'] + child['h'], "missing"))
for depth, column in enumerate(columns):
on_path = depth < len(steps)
shown = Counter(n['icon'] for n in column if n['icon'])
for n in column:
if n['borrowed_icon'] and shown[n['icon']] > 1:
n['icon'] = "" # identical borrowed outlines read as "same group"
x, y, h = n['x'], n['y'], n['h']
f = share(n)
percent = 100 * f
title = f"{n['name']} ({n['english']})" if n['english'] else n['name']
detail = (f"{title} · {n['covered']:,} of {n['total']:,} assemblies have published annotations ({percent:.2f}%). Includes partial assemblies."
if self.coverage else f"{title} · {n['total']:,} assemblies. Coverage inventory unavailable.")
if n.get('aggregate'):
detail += " Display aggregate, not a taxonomic clade. Activate to see its lineages."
elif not n.get('direct') and not n['selected']:
detail += " Activate to expand this group to the right."
action = "" if n.get('direct') else f'data-path="{n["path"]}" role="button" tabindex="0"'
classes = "tree-node" + (" is-selected" if n['selected'] else " is-sibling" if on_path else "") + \
(" is-direct" if n.get('direct') else "")
nodes.append(f'<g class="{classes}" {action} aria-label="{escape(detail, quote=True)}" data-detail="{escape(detail, quote=True)}">')
cy = y + h / 2
nodes.append(f'<rect x="{x - 6}" y="{min(y, cy - 23):.1f}" width="{spacing - 40}" height="{max(h, 46):.1f}" rx="10" class="tree-hit"/>')
green = h * f
if green > 0:
nodes.append(f'<rect x="{x}" y="{y:.1f}" width="{bar}" height="{green:.1f}" class="bar bar-annotated"/>')
if green < h:
nodes.append(f'<rect x="{x}" y="{y + green:.1f}" width="{bar}" height="{h - green:.1f}" class="bar bar-missing"/>')
nodes.append(f'<rect x="{x}" y="{y:.1f}" width="{bar}" height="{h:.1f}" class="bar-outline"/>')
label, english = clip(n['label'], MAX_LABEL), clip(n['english'], MAX_ENGLISH)
stats = f"{percent:.1f}% · {n['covered']:,} / {n['total']:,}" if self.coverage else f"{n['total']:,} assemblies"
# The gutter is reserved whether or not this node has a silhouette, so
# labels stay aligned down the column.
if n['icon']:
ratio = self.icon_credits.get(n['icon'], {}).get('ratio') or 1.0
icon_h = min(icon_max, max(6, math.sqrt(icon_area / ratio)))
icon_w = min(icon_max, max(6, icon_h * ratio))
icon_h = min(icon_max, max(6, icon_w / ratio))
nodes.append(f'<image class="tree-icon" x="{x + bar + 8 + (gutter - 12 - icon_w) / 2:.1f}" y="{cy - icon_h / 2:.1f}" '
f'width="{icon_w:.1f}" height="{icon_h:.1f}" '
f'href="{ICON_ROUTE}{ICON_DIR / (n["icon"] + ".svg")}"/>')
text_x = x + bar + 8 + gutter
# Three lines when there is an English gloss, two without, both centred on the bar.
head, stat_line = (cy - 10, cy + 16) if english else (cy - 3, cy + 13)
nodes.append(f'<text x="{text_x}" y="{head:.1f}" class="tree-label">{escape(label)}</text>')
if english:
nodes.append(f'<text x="{text_x}" y="{cy + 3:.1f}" class="tree-english">{escape(english)}</text>')
nodes.append(f'<text x="{text_x}" y="{stat_line:.1f}" class="tree-count">{stats}</text></g>')
svg = (f'<svg viewBox="0 0 {width} {height}" class="life-tree" data-route="{encode_path(steps)}" style="min-width:{width if width > 1040 else 760}px" '
f'aria-label="Eukaryotic taxonomy and annotation coverage">' + ''.join(flows) + ''.join(nodes) + '</svg>')
focus = next(n for n in columns[len(steps) - 1] if n['selected'])
total, covered = focus['total'], focus['covered']
percent = 100 * covered / total if self.coverage and total else 0
selected_name = f"Other lineages of {lineage[-1]['name']}" if focus.get('aggregate') else focus['label']
if focus.get('english'):
selected_name += f" · {focus['english']}"
crumbs = []
for depth, (row, (_, offset)) in enumerate(zip(lineage, steps)):
name = "Other lineages" if offset else row['name']
crumbs.append(f'<button data-path="{encode_path(steps[:depth + 1])}">{escape(name)}</button>')
breadcrumbs = ' <span class="crumb-divider">/</span> '.join(crumbs)
parent = encode_path(steps[:-1] or steps)
stamp = (self.coverage or self.metadata)['created_at'][:10]
if self.coverage:
summary = (f'<div class="atlas-kicker">{escape(selected_name)} · ASSEMBLY COVERAGE</div>'
f'<div class="atlas-summary"><strong>{covered:,}</strong><span>of {total:,}<br>assemblies annotated</span>'
f'<b class="atlas-badge">{percent:.1f}%</b></div>')
legend = ('<div class="atlas-legend"><i class="atlas-swatch atlas-annotated"></i><span>Annotated</span>'
'<i class="atlas-swatch atlas-missing"></i><span>Not annotated</span></div>')
else:
summary = f'<div class="atlas-kicker">{escape(selected_name)}</div><div class="atlas-summary"><strong>{total:,}</strong><span>GenBank assemblies<br>Coverage unavailable</span></div>'
legend = '<div class="atlas-legend"><i class="atlas-swatch atlas-missing"></i><span>Assemblies · coverage unavailable</span></div>'
leaf_note = '<p class="atlas-leaf-note">This is a terminal taxon in the assembly snapshot. Use the breadcrumb to explore its relatives.</p>' if not has_children else ''
return f'''<section class="atlas" aria-label="Tree of eukaryotic life">
<header class="atlas-header">
<div><div class="atlas-kicker">HUGGING FACE BIO <span> / </span> GENOME ATLAS</div>
<h1>The tree of eukaryotic life<span>.</span></h1>
<p>Follow the branches. Discover where we’ve annotated.</p></div>
<div class="atlas-summary-block">{summary}</div>
</header>
<nav class="atlas-nav" aria-label="Explore major lineages">
<div class="atlas-shortcuts"><button data-path="{DEFAULT_PATH}">All eukaryotes</button>
<button data-path="{shortcuts[33208]}">Animals</button><button data-path="{shortcuts[33090]}">Green plants</button>
<button data-path="{shortcuts[4751]}">Fungi</button></div>
<button class="atlas-back" data-path="{parent}">← Collapse last group</button>
</nav>
<div class="atlas-breadcrumb">{breadcrumbs}</div>
<div class="tree-scroll" tabindex="0" aria-label="Interactive tree. Scroll horizontally to see deeper lineages.">{svg}</div>
{leaf_note}<div class="atlas-tooltip" role="tooltip" hidden></div>
<footer class="atlas-footer">{legend}
<span>Click a group to expand it to the right <span class="atlas-mobile-hint">· Swipe to explore</span></span>
<span class="atlas-date">Updated {stamp}</span></footer>
<div class="atlas-footnote">Bar and flow heights are proportional to assembly counts within each column; each column is rescaled to fill the height, so compare sizes within a column. Coverage counts assemblies with published annotations, including partial assemblies.</div>
</section>'''
def credit_lines(taxonomy):
"""One line per artist, as CC BY asks, with the licences their images carry."""
artists = {}
for image in set(taxonomy.icons.values()):
meta = taxonomy.icon_credits.get(image, {})
name = meta.get("attribution") or meta.get("contributor") or "Unknown artist"
entry = artists.setdefault(name, {"licenses": set(), "pages": []})
entry["licenses"].add(LICENSE_NAMES.get(meta.get("license"), meta.get("license") or "unknown licence"))
entry["pages"].append(meta.get("page"))
lines = []
for name in sorted(artists, key=str.casefold):
entry = artists[name]
count = len(entry["pages"])
lines.append(f"- [{name}]({entry['pages'][0]}) — {', '.join(sorted(entry['licenses']))}"
f"{f' — {count} silhouettes' if count > 1 else ''}")
return lines
def build_taxonomy_tab():
"""Render the tree and its controls inside the Genome atlas tab."""
if not DATABASE.exists():
gr.Markdown("The eukaryotic tree will appear when the taxonomy snapshot is available.")
return
taxonomy = Taxonomy()
if taxonomy.icons:
# The chart references each silhouette by URL, so the browser caches it
# once instead of the file riding along in every re-render.
gr.set_static_paths(paths=[ICON_DIR])
tree = gr.HTML(taxonomy.view(), css_template=(ROOT / "atlas.css").read_text(),
js_on_load=(ROOT / "atlas.js").read_text(), apply_default_css=False,
elem_id="eukaryotic-atlas")
def explore_tree(evt: gr.EventData):
try:
return taxonomy.view(evt.route)
except (ValueError, TypeError, AttributeError) as exc:
raise gr.Error("Choose a eukaryotic group in this snapshot.") from exc
tree.click(explore_tree, outputs=tree, show_progress="minimal", concurrency_limit=1)
with gr.Accordion("Find a lineage", open=False, elem_classes="atlas-disclosure"):
with gr.Row():
query = gr.Textbox(label="Eukaryotic taxon", placeholder="Scientific name, taxon ID, or a group such as animals")
find = gr.Button("Search lineages", elem_classes="action-button")
matches = gr.Dropdown(choices=[], label="Matching lineages", interactive=True)
status = gr.Markdown()
def taxonomy_search(text):
choices = taxonomy.search(text) if str(text or '').strip() else []
return gr.Dropdown(choices=choices, value=None), f"{len(choices)} results (up to 100, largest first)." if choices else "No matching eukaryotic taxa in this snapshot."
def taxonomy_view(taxid):
return taxonomy.view_taxon(taxid) if taxid else taxonomy.view()
matches.input(taxonomy_view, matches, tree)
find.click(taxonomy_search, query, [matches, status])
query.submit(taxonomy_search, query, [matches, status])
if taxonomy.icons:
with gr.Accordion("Silhouette credits", open=False, elem_classes="atlas-disclosure"):
gr.Markdown("\n".join(["Silhouettes from [PhyloPic](https://www.phylopic.org), used unmodified. "
"Public-domain images need no credit; the CC BY ones do, and every artist is listed here. "
"`data/icons.json` maps each taxon to its image.", ""] + credit_lines(taxonomy)))
with gr.Accordion("About the tree and coverage", open=False, elem_classes="atlas-disclosure"):
gr.Markdown("This tree follows **NCBI Taxonomy within Eukaryota**. Animals and fungi share the Opisthokonta branch; "
"green plants include green algae. ‘Other lineages’ combines the remaining siblings for display and can be expanded. "
"Each expanded group adds a column on the right with up to six direct lineages plus any remainder, so every ancestor stays visible. "
"The opening view also expands the animal/fungal branch. Bars and flows are drawn like a Sankey diagram: "
"heights follow **actual assembly counts** within each column, split into annotated and not-annotated assemblies.\n\n"
"Each group shows its scientific name with a plain-English name underneath where one is available. These come from "
"NCBI Taxonomy's common names plus a curated set of short glosses for the large unranked clades NCBI leaves unnamed, "
"such as Opisthokonta (animals and fungi) or Ecdysozoa (moulting animals). The glosses describe the living members of a "
"clade in everyday words; they are not formal taxonomic synonyms, so the scientific name stays the primary label.\n\n"
"Coverage means the fraction of current GenBank assembly versions with published annotations, including partial assemblies. "
"It does not measure the fraction of bases annotated. Parent counts include descendants once each. "
"Exact accession versions are matched. The Database tab searches a dated snapshot of all published annotation files.\n\n"
"Sources: [NCBI assembly summary](https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/ASSEMBLY_REPORTS/assembly_summary_genbank.txt), "
"[NCBI Taxonomy](https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/taxonomy/taxdump.tar.gz) for both the tree and its common names, "
"and [published annotations](https://huggingface.co/buckets/HuggingFaceBio/genbank-annotations).")
if taxonomy.icons:
gr.Markdown("Silhouettes come from [PhyloPic](https://www.phylopic.org), resolved from each taxon's NCBI ID and "
"stored unmodified. Only public-domain (CC0) and CC BY 4.0 images are used; NonCommercial and "
"ShareAlike images are filtered out at build time. A group without a silhouette of its own borrows "
"its nearest illustrated ancestor, so a fungal genus shows the fungal outline.")
coverage = taxonomy.coverage or {}
gr.JSON({"taxonomy_updated": taxonomy.metadata['created_at'], "coverage_updated": coverage.get('created_at'),
"silhouettes": taxonomy.icon_meta or None,
"display_scope": "Eukaryota (NCBI taxid 2759) and its descendants only",
"inventory_method": coverage.get('method'),
"published_versions_outside_current_GenBank_snapshot": coverage.get('unmatched_assembly_versions'),
"sources": taxonomy.metadata['sources']}, label="Snapshot provenance")
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