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---
title: Security Configurations
sidebar_position: 1
---

Authentication and authorization in Superset is handled by Flask AppBuilder (FAB), an application development framework
built on top of Flask. FAB provides authentication, user management, permissions and roles.
Please read its [Security documentation](https://flask-appbuilder.readthedocs.io/en/latest/security.html).

### Provided Roles

Superset ships with a set of roles that are handled by Superset itself. You can assume
that these roles will stay up-to-date as Superset evolves (and as you update Superset versions).

Even though **Admin** users have the ability, we don't recommend altering the
permissions associated with each role (e.g. by removing or adding permissions to them). The permissions
associated with each role will be re-synchronized to their original values when you run
the **superset init** command (often done between Superset versions).
A table with the permissions for these roles can be found at [/RESOURCES/STANDARD_ROLES.md](https://github.com/apache/superset/blob/master/RESOURCES/STANDARD_ROLES.md).
### Admin
Admins have all possible rights, including granting or revoking rights from other
users and altering other people’s slices and dashboards.
### Alpha
Alpha users have access to all data sources, but they cannot grant or revoke access
from other users. They are also limited to altering the objects that they own. Alpha users can add and alter data sources.
### Gamma
Gamma users have limited access. They can only consume data coming from data sources
they have been given access to through another complementary role. They only have access to
view the slices and dashboards made from data sources that they have access to. Currently Gamma
users are not able to alter or add data sources. We assume that they are mostly content consumers, though they can create slices and dashboards.
Also note that when Gamma users look at the dashboards and slices list view, they will
only see the objects that they have access to.
### sql_lab
The **sql_lab** role grants access to SQL Lab. Note that while **Admin** users have access
to all databases by default, both **Alpha** and **Gamma** users need to be given access on a per database basis.
### Public
To allow logged-out users to access some Superset features, you can use the `PUBLIC_ROLE_LIKE` config setting and assign it to another role whose permissions you want passed to this role.
For example, by setting `PUBLIC_ROLE_LIKE = "Gamma"` in your `superset_config.py` file, you grant
public role the same set of permissions as for the **Gamma** role. This is useful if one
wants to enable anonymous users to view dashboards. Explicit grant on specific datasets is
still required, meaning that you need to edit the **Public** role and add the public data sources to the role manually.
### Managing Data Source Access for Gamma Roles
Here’s how to provide users access to only specific datasets. First make sure the users with
limited access have [only] the Gamma role assigned to them. Second, create a new role (Menu -> Security -> List Roles) and click the + sign.
This new window allows you to give this new role a name, attribute it to users and select the
tables in the **Permissions** dropdown. To select the data sources you want to associate with this role, simply click on the dropdown and use the typeahead to search for your table names.
You can then confirm with users assigned to the **Gamma** role that they see the
objects (dashboards and slices) associated with the tables you just extended them.
### SQL Execution Security Considerations
Apache Superset includes features designed to provide safeguards when interacting with connected databases, such as the `DISALLOWED_SQL_FUNCTIONS` configuration setting. This aims to prevent the execution of potentially harmful database functions or system variables directly from Superset interfaces like SQL Lab.
However, it is crucial to understand the following:
**Superset is Not a Database Firewall**: Superset's built-in checks, like `DISALLOWED_SQL_FUNCTIONS`, provide a layer of protection but cannot guarantee complete security against all database-level threats or advanced bypass techniques (like specific comment injection methods). They should be viewed as a supplement to, not a replacement for, robust database security.
**Configuration is Key**: The effectiveness of Superset's safeguards heavily depends on proper configuration by the Superset administrator. This includes maintaining the `DISALLOWED_SQL_FUNCTIONS` list, carefully managing feature flags (like `ENABLE_TEMPLATE_PROCESSING`), and configuring other security settings appropriately.
**Database Security is Paramount**: The ultimate responsibility for securing database access, controlling permissions, and preventing unauthorized function execution lies with the database administrators (DBAs) and security teams managing the underlying database instance.
**Recommended Database Practices**: We strongly recommend implementing security best practices at the database level, including:
- **Least Privilege**: Connecting Superset using dedicated database user accounts with the minimum permissions required for Superset's operation (typically read-only access to necessary schemas/tables).
- **Database Roles & Permissions**: Utilizing database-native roles and permissions to restrict access to sensitive functions, system variables (like `@@hostname`), schemas, or tables.
- **Network Security**: Employing network-level controls like database firewalls or proxies to restrict connections.
- **Auditing**: Enabling database-level auditing to monitor executed queries and access patterns.
By combining Superset's configurable safeguards with strong database-level security practices, you can achieve a more robust and layered security posture.
### REST API for user & role management
Flask-AppBuilder supports a REST API for user CRUD,
but this feature is in beta and is not enabled by default in Superset.
To enable this feature, set the following in your Superset configuration:
```python
FAB_ADD_SECURITY_API = True
```
Once configured, the documentation for additional "Security" endpoints will be visible in Swagger for you to explore.
### Customizing Permissions
The permissions exposed by FAB are very granular and allow for a great level of
customization. FAB creates many permissions automatically for each model that is
created (can_add, can_delete, can_show, can_edit, …) as well as for each view.
On top of that, Superset can expose more granular permissions like **all_datasource_access**.
**We do not recommend altering the 3 base roles as there are a set of assumptions that
Superset is built upon**. It is possible though for you to create your own roles, and union them to existing ones.
### Permissions
Roles are composed of a set of permissions, and Superset has many categories of
permissions. Here are the different categories of permissions:
- Model & Action: models are entities like Dashboard, Slice, or User. Each model has
  a fixed set of permissions, like **can_edit**, **can_show**, **can_delete**, **can_list**, **can_add**,
  and so on. For example, you can allow a user to delete dashboards by adding **can_delete** on
  Dashboard entity to a role and granting this user that role.
- Views: views are individual web pages, like the Explore view or the SQL Lab view.
  When granted to a user, they will see that view in its menu items, and be able to load that page.
- Data source: For each data source, a permission is created. If the user does not have the
  `all_datasource_access permission` granted, the user will only be able to see Slices or explore the data sources that are granted to them
- Database: Granting access to a database allows for the user to access all
  data sources within that database, and will enable the user to query that
  database in SQL Lab, provided that the SQL Lab specific permission have been granted to the user
### Restricting Access to a Subset of Data Sources
We recommend giving a user the **Gamma** role plus any other roles that would add
access to specific data sources. We recommend that you create individual roles for
each access profile. For example, the users on the Finance team might have access to a set of
databases and data sources; these permissions can be consolidated in a single role.
Users with this profile then need to be assigned the **Gamma** role as a foundation to
the models and views they can access, and that Finance role that is a collection of permissions to data objects.
A user can have multiple roles associated with them. For example, an executive on the Finance
team could be granted **Gamma**, **Finance**, and the **Executive** roles. The **Executive**
role could provide access to a set of data sources and dashboards made available only to executives.
In the **Dashboards** view, a user can only see the ones they have access to
based on the roles and permissions that were attributed.
### Row Level Security
Using Row Level Security filters (under the **Security** menu) you can create filters
that are assigned to a particular table, as well as a set of roles.
If you want members of the Finance team to only have access to
rows where `department = "finance"`, you could:
- Create a Row Level Security filter with that clause (`department = "finance"`)
- Then assign the clause to the **Finance** role and the table it applies to
The **clause** field, which can contain arbitrary text, is then added to the generated
SQL statement’s WHERE clause. So you could even do something like create a filter
for the last 30 days and apply it to a specific role, with a clause
like `date_field > DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL 30 DAY)`. It can also support
multiple conditions: `client_id = 6` AND `advertiser="foo"`, etc.
All relevant Row level security filters will be combined together (under the hood,
the different SQL clauses are combined using AND statements). This means it's
possible to create a situation where two roles conflict in such a way as to limit a table subset to empty.
For example, the filters `client_id=4` and `client_id=5`, applied to a role,
will result in users of that role having `client_id=4` AND `client_id=5`
added to their query, which can never be true.
### User Sessions
Superset uses [Flask](https://pypi.org/project/Flask/)
and [Flask-Login](https://pypi.org/project/Flask-Login/) for user session management.
Session cookies are used to maintain session info and user state between requests,
although they do not contain personal user information they serve the purpose of identifying
a user session on the server side.
The session cookie is encrypted with the application `SECRET_KEY` and cannot be read by the client.
So it's very important to keep the `SECRET_KEY` secret and set to a secure unique complex random value.
Flask and Flask-Login offer a number of configuration options to control session behavior.
- Relevant Flask settings:
`SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY`: (default: `False`): Controls if cookies should be set with the `HttpOnly` flag.
`SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE`: (default: `False`) Browsers will only send cookies with requests over
HTTPS if the cookie is marked “secure”. The application must be served over HTTPS for this to make sense.
`SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE`: (default: "Lax") Prevents the browser from sending this cookie along with cross-site requests.
`PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME`: (default: "31 days") The lifetime of a permanent session as a `datetime.timedelta` object.
#### Switching to server side sessions
Server side sessions offer benefits over client side sessions on security and performance.
By enabling server side sessions, the session data is stored server side and only a session ID
is sent to the client. When a user logs in, a session is created server side and the session ID
is sent to the client in a cookie. The client will send the session ID with each request and the
server will use it to retrieve the session data.
On logout, the session is destroyed server side and the session cookie is deleted on the client side.
This reduces the risk for replay attacks and session hijacking.
Superset uses [Flask-Session](https://flask-session.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) to manage server side sessions.
To enable this extension you have to set:
```python
SESSION_SERVER_SIDE = True
```
Flask-Session offers multiple backend session interfaces for Flask, here's an example for Redis:
```python
from redis import Redis
SESSION_TYPE = "redis"
SESSION_REDIS = Redis(host="redis", port=6379, db=0)
# sign the session cookie sid
SESSION_USE_SIGNER = True
```
### Content Security Policy (CSP)
Superset uses the [Talisman](https://pypi.org/project/flask-talisman/) extension to enable implementation of a
[Content Security Policy (CSP)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CSP), an added
layer of security that helps to detect and mitigate certain types of attacks, including
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) and data injection attacks.
A CSP makes it possible for server administrators to reduce or eliminate the vectors by which XSS can
occur by specifying the domains that the browser should consider to be valid sources of executable scripts.
A CSP-compatible browser will then only execute scripts loaded in source files received from those allowed domains,
ignoring all other scripts (including inline scripts and event-handling HTML attributes).
A policy is described using a series of policy directives, each of which describes the policy for
a certain resource type or policy area. You can check possible directives
[here](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Security-Policy).
It's extremely important to correctly configure a Content Security Policy when deploying Superset to
prevent many types of attacks. Superset provides two variables in `config.py` for deploying a CSP:
- `TALISMAN_ENABLED` defaults to `True`; set this to `False` in order to disable CSP
- `TALISMAN_CONFIG` holds the actual the policy definition (_see example below_) as well as any
  other arguments to be passed to Talisman.

When running in production mode, Superset will check at startup for the presence
of a CSP. If one is not found, it will issue a warning with the security risks. For environments
where CSP policies are defined outside of Superset using other software, administrators can disable
this warning using the `CONTENT_SECURITY_POLICY_WARNING` key in `config.py`.

#### CSP Requirements

- Superset needs the `style-src unsafe-inline` CSP directive in order to operate.

  ```
  style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'
  ```

- Only scripts marked with a [nonce](https://content-security-policy.com/nonce/) can be loaded and executed.
  Nonce is a random string automatically generated by Talisman on each page load.
  You can get current nonce value by calling jinja macro `csp_nonce()`.

  ```html
  <script nonce="{{ csp_nonce() }}">
    /* my script */
  </script>
  ```

- Some dashboards load images using data URIs and require `data:` in their `img-src`

  ```
  img-src 'self' data:
  ```

- MapBox charts use workers and need to connect to MapBox servers in addition to the Superset origin

  ```
  worker-src 'self' blob:
  connect-src 'self' https://api.mapbox.com https://events.mapbox.com
  ```

- Cartodiagram charts request map data (image and json) from external resources that can be edited by users,
  and therefore either require a list of allowed domains to request from or a wildcard (`'*'`) for `img-src` and `connect-src`.

- Other CSP directives default to `'self'` to limit content to the same origin as the Superset server.

In order to adjust provided CSP configuration to your needs, follow the instructions and examples provided in
[Content Security Policy Reference](https://content-security-policy.com/)

#### Other Talisman security considerations

Setting `TALISMAN_ENABLED = True` will invoke Talisman's protection with its default arguments,
of which `content_security_policy` is only one. Those can be found in the
[Talisman documentation](https://pypi.org/project/flask-talisman/) under _Options_.
These generally improve security, but administrators should be aware of their existence.
In particular, the option of `force_https = True` (`False` by default) may break Superset's Alerts & Reports
if workers are configured to access charts via a `WEBDRIVER_BASEURL` beginning
with `http://`. As long as a Superset deployment enforces https upstream, e.g.,
through a load balancer or application gateway, it should be acceptable to keep this
option disabled. Otherwise, you may want to enable `force_https` like this:

```python
TALISMAN_CONFIG = {
    "force_https": True,
    "content_security_policy": { ...
```

#### Configuring Talisman in Superset

Talisman settings in Superset can be modified using superset_config.py. If you need to adjust security policies, you can override the default configuration.

Example: Overriding Talisman Configuration in superset_config.py for loading images form s3 or other external sources.

```python
TALISMAN_CONFIG = {
    "content_security_policy": {
        "base-uri": ["'self'"],
        "default-src": ["'self'"],
        "img-src": [
            "'self'",
            "blob:",
            "data:",
            "https://apachesuperset.gateway.scarf.sh",
            "https://static.scarf.sh/",
            # "https://cdn.brandfolder.io", # Uncomment when SLACK_ENABLE_AVATARS is True  # noqa: E501
            "ows.terrestris.de",
            "aws.s3.com", # Add Your Bucket or external data source
        ],
        "worker-src": ["'self'", "blob:"],
        "connect-src": [
            "'self'",
            "https://api.mapbox.com",
            "https://events.mapbox.com",
        ],
        "object-src": "'none'",
        "style-src": [
            "'self'",
            "'unsafe-inline'",
        ],
        "script-src": ["'self'", "'strict-dynamic'"],
    },
    "content_security_policy_nonce_in": ["script-src"],
    "force_https": False,
    "session_cookie_secure": False,
}
```

For more information on setting up Talisman, please refer to
https://superset.apache.org/docs/configuration/networking-settings/#changing-flask-talisman-csp.

### Reporting Security Vulnerabilities

Apache Software Foundation takes a rigorous standpoint in annihilating the security issues in its
software projects. Apache Superset is highly sensitive and forthcoming to issues pertaining to its
features and functionality.

If you have apprehensions regarding Superset security or you discover vulnerability or potential
threat, don’t hesitate to get in touch with the Apache Security Team by dropping a mail at
security@apache.org. In the mail, specify the project name Superset with the description of the
issue or potential threat. You are also urged to recommend the way to reproduce and replicate the
issue. The security team and the Superset community will get back to you after assessing and
analysing the findings.

PLEASE PAY ATTENTION to report the security issue on the security email before disclosing it on
public domain. The ASF Security Team maintains a page with the description of how vulnerabilities
and potential threats are handled, check [their web page](https://apache.org/security/committers.html)
for more details.

	---
	title: Security Configurations
	sidebar_position: 1
	---

	Authentication and authorization in Superset is handled by Flask AppBuilder (FAB), an application development framework
	built on top of Flask. FAB provides authentication, user management, permissions and roles.
	Please read its [Security documentation](https://flask-appbuilder.readthedocs.io/en/latest/security.html).

	### Provided Roles

	Superset ships with a set of roles that are handled by Superset itself. You can assume
	that these roles will stay up-to-date as Superset evolves (and as you update Superset versions).

	Even though Admin users have the ability, we don't recommend altering the
	permissions associated with each role (e.g. by removing or adding permissions to them). The permissions
	associated with each role will be re-synchronized to their original values when you run
	the superset init command (often done between Superset versions).

	A table with the permissions for these roles can be found at [/RESOURCES/STANDARD_ROLES.md](https://github.com/apache/superset/blob/master/RESOURCES/STANDARD_ROLES.md).

	### Admin

	Admins have all possible rights, including granting or revoking rights from other
	users and altering other people’s slices and dashboards.

	### Alpha

	Alpha users have access to all data sources, but they cannot grant or revoke access
	from other users. They are also limited to altering the objects that they own. Alpha users can add and alter data sources.

	### Gamma

	Gamma users have limited access. They can only consume data coming from data sources
	they have been given access to through another complementary role. They only have access to
	view the slices and dashboards made from data sources that they have access to. Currently Gamma
	users are not able to alter or add data sources. We assume that they are mostly content consumers, though they can create slices and dashboards.

	Also note that when Gamma users look at the dashboards and slices list view, they will
	only see the objects that they have access to.

	### sql_lab

	The sql_lab role grants access to SQL Lab. Note that while Admin users have access
	to all databases by default, both Alpha and Gamma users need to be given access on a per database basis.

	### Public

	To allow logged-out users to access some Superset features, you can use the `PUBLIC_ROLE_LIKE` config setting and assign it to another role whose permissions you want passed to this role.

	For example, by setting `PUBLIC_ROLE_LIKE = "Gamma"` in your `superset_config.py` file, you grant
	public role the same set of permissions as for the Gamma role. This is useful if one
	wants to enable anonymous users to view dashboards. Explicit grant on specific datasets is
	still required, meaning that you need to edit the Public role and add the public data sources to the role manually.

	### Managing Data Source Access for Gamma Roles

	Here’s how to provide users access to only specific datasets. First make sure the users with
	limited access have [only] the Gamma role assigned to them. Second, create a new role (Menu -> Security -> List Roles) and click the + sign.

	This new window allows you to give this new role a name, attribute it to users and select the
	tables in the Permissions dropdown. To select the data sources you want to associate with this role, simply click on the dropdown and use the typeahead to search for your table names.

	You can then confirm with users assigned to the Gamma role that they see the
	objects (dashboards and slices) associated with the tables you just extended them.

	### SQL Execution Security Considerations

	Apache Superset includes features designed to provide safeguards when interacting with connected databases, such as the `DISALLOWED_SQL_FUNCTIONS` configuration setting. This aims to prevent the execution of potentially harmful database functions or system variables directly from Superset interfaces like SQL Lab.

	However, it is crucial to understand the following:

	Superset is Not a Database Firewall: Superset's built-in checks, like `DISALLOWED_SQL_FUNCTIONS`, provide a layer of protection but cannot guarantee complete security against all database-level threats or advanced bypass techniques (like specific comment injection methods). They should be viewed as a supplement to, not a replacement for, robust database security.

	Configuration is Key: The effectiveness of Superset's safeguards heavily depends on proper configuration by the Superset administrator. This includes maintaining the `DISALLOWED_SQL_FUNCTIONS` list, carefully managing feature flags (like `ENABLE_TEMPLATE_PROCESSING`), and configuring other security settings appropriately.

	Database Security is Paramount: The ultimate responsibility for securing database access, controlling permissions, and preventing unauthorized function execution lies with the database administrators (DBAs) and security teams managing the underlying database instance.

	Recommended Database Practices: We strongly recommend implementing security best practices at the database level, including:

	- Least Privilege: Connecting Superset using dedicated database user accounts with the minimum permissions required for Superset's operation (typically read-only access to necessary schemas/tables).
	- Database Roles & Permissions: Utilizing database-native roles and permissions to restrict access to sensitive functions, system variables (like `@@hostname`), schemas, or tables.
	- Network Security: Employing network-level controls like database firewalls or proxies to restrict connections.
	- Auditing: Enabling database-level auditing to monitor executed queries and access patterns.

	By combining Superset's configurable safeguards with strong database-level security practices, you can achieve a more robust and layered security posture.

	### REST API for user & role management

	Flask-AppBuilder supports a REST API for user CRUD,
	but this feature is in beta and is not enabled by default in Superset.
	To enable this feature, set the following in your Superset configuration:

	```python
	FAB_ADD_SECURITY_API = True
	```

	Once configured, the documentation for additional "Security" endpoints will be visible in Swagger for you to explore.

	### Customizing Permissions

	The permissions exposed by FAB are very granular and allow for a great level of
	customization. FAB creates many permissions automatically for each model that is
	created (can_add, can_delete, can_show, can_edit, …) as well as for each view.
	On top of that, Superset can expose more granular permissions like all_datasource_access.

	**We do not recommend altering the 3 base roles as there are a set of assumptions that
	Superset is built upon**. It is possible though for you to create your own roles, and union them to existing ones.

	### Permissions

	Roles are composed of a set of permissions, and Superset has many categories of
	permissions. Here are the different categories of permissions:

	- Model & Action: models are entities like Dashboard, Slice, or User. Each model has
	a fixed set of permissions, like can_edit, can_show, can_delete, can_list, can_add,
	and so on. For example, you can allow a user to delete dashboards by adding can_delete on
	Dashboard entity to a role and granting this user that role.
	- Views: views are individual web pages, like the Explore view or the SQL Lab view.
	When granted to a user, they will see that view in its menu items, and be able to load that page.
	- Data source: For each data source, a permission is created. If the user does not have the
	`all_datasource_access permission` granted, the user will only be able to see Slices or explore the data sources that are granted to them
	- Database: Granting access to a database allows for the user to access all
	data sources within that database, and will enable the user to query that
	database in SQL Lab, provided that the SQL Lab specific permission have been granted to the user

	### Restricting Access to a Subset of Data Sources

	We recommend giving a user the Gamma role plus any other roles that would add
	access to specific data sources. We recommend that you create individual roles for
	each access profile. For example, the users on the Finance team might have access to a set of
	databases and data sources; these permissions can be consolidated in a single role.
	Users with this profile then need to be assigned the Gamma role as a foundation to
	the models and views they can access, and that Finance role that is a collection of permissions to data objects.

	A user can have multiple roles associated with them. For example, an executive on the Finance
	team could be granted Gamma, Finance, and the Executive roles. The Executive
	role could provide access to a set of data sources and dashboards made available only to executives.
	In the Dashboards view, a user can only see the ones they have access to
	based on the roles and permissions that were attributed.

	### Row Level Security

	Using Row Level Security filters (under the Security menu) you can create filters
	that are assigned to a particular table, as well as a set of roles.
	If you want members of the Finance team to only have access to
	rows where `department = "finance"`, you could:

	- Create a Row Level Security filter with that clause (`department = "finance"`)
	- Then assign the clause to the Finance role and the table it applies to

	The clause field, which can contain arbitrary text, is then added to the generated
	SQL statement’s WHERE clause. So you could even do something like create a filter
	for the last 30 days and apply it to a specific role, with a clause
	like `date_field > DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL 30 DAY)`. It can also support
	multiple conditions: `client_id = 6` AND `advertiser="foo"`, etc.

	All relevant Row level security filters will be combined together (under the hood,
	the different SQL clauses are combined using AND statements). This means it's
	possible to create a situation where two roles conflict in such a way as to limit a table subset to empty.

	For example, the filters `client_id=4` and `client_id=5`, applied to a role,
	will result in users of that role having `client_id=4` AND `client_id=5`
	added to their query, which can never be true.

	### User Sessions

	Superset uses [Flask](https://pypi.org/project/Flask/)
	and [Flask-Login](https://pypi.org/project/Flask-Login/) for user session management.

	Session cookies are used to maintain session info and user state between requests,
	although they do not contain personal user information they serve the purpose of identifying
	a user session on the server side.
	The session cookie is encrypted with the application `SECRET_KEY` and cannot be read by the client.
	So it's very important to keep the `SECRET_KEY` secret and set to a secure unique complex random value.

	Flask and Flask-Login offer a number of configuration options to control session behavior.

	- Relevant Flask settings:

	`SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY`: (default: `False`): Controls if cookies should be set with the `HttpOnly` flag.

	`SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE`: (default: `False`) Browsers will only send cookies with requests over
	HTTPS if the cookie is marked “secure”. The application must be served over HTTPS for this to make sense.

	`SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE`: (default: "Lax") Prevents the browser from sending this cookie along with cross-site requests.

	`PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME`: (default: "31 days") The lifetime of a permanent session as a `datetime.timedelta` object.

	#### Switching to server side sessions

	Server side sessions offer benefits over client side sessions on security and performance.
	By enabling server side sessions, the session data is stored server side and only a session ID
	is sent to the client. When a user logs in, a session is created server side and the session ID
	is sent to the client in a cookie. The client will send the session ID with each request and the
	server will use it to retrieve the session data.
	On logout, the session is destroyed server side and the session cookie is deleted on the client side.
	This reduces the risk for replay attacks and session hijacking.

	Superset uses [Flask-Session](https://flask-session.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) to manage server side sessions.
	To enable this extension you have to set:

	```python
	SESSION_SERVER_SIDE = True
	```

	Flask-Session offers multiple backend session interfaces for Flask, here's an example for Redis:

	```python
	from redis import Redis

	SESSION_TYPE = "redis"
	SESSION_REDIS = Redis(host="redis", port=6379, db=0)
	# sign the session cookie sid
	SESSION_USE_SIGNER = True
	```

	### Content Security Policy (CSP)

	Superset uses the [Talisman](https://pypi.org/project/flask-talisman/) extension to enable implementation of a
	[Content Security Policy (CSP)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CSP), an added
	layer of security that helps to detect and mitigate certain types of attacks, including
	Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) and data injection attacks.

	A CSP makes it possible for server administrators to reduce or eliminate the vectors by which XSS can
	occur by specifying the domains that the browser should consider to be valid sources of executable scripts.
	A CSP-compatible browser will then only execute scripts loaded in source files received from those allowed domains,
	ignoring all other scripts (including inline scripts and event-handling HTML attributes).

	A policy is described using a series of policy directives, each of which describes the policy for
	a certain resource type or policy area. You can check possible directives
	[here](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Security-Policy).

	It's extremely important to correctly configure a Content Security Policy when deploying Superset to
	prevent many types of attacks. Superset provides two variables in `config.py` for deploying a CSP:

	- `TALISMAN_ENABLED` defaults to `True`; set this to `False` in order to disable CSP
	- `TALISMAN_CONFIG` holds the actual the policy definition (_see example below_) as well as any
	other arguments to be passed to Talisman.

	When running in production mode, Superset will check at startup for the presence
	of a CSP. If one is not found, it will issue a warning with the security risks. For environments
	where CSP policies are defined outside of Superset using other software, administrators can disable
	this warning using the `CONTENT_SECURITY_POLICY_WARNING` key in `config.py`.

	#### CSP Requirements

	- Superset needs the `style-src unsafe-inline` CSP directive in order to operate.

	```
	style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'
	```

	- Only scripts marked with a [nonce](https://content-security-policy.com/nonce/) can be loaded and executed.
	Nonce is a random string automatically generated by Talisman on each page load.
	You can get current nonce value by calling jinja macro `csp_nonce()`.

	```html
	<script nonce="{{ csp_nonce() }}">
	/* my script */
	</script>
	```

	- Some dashboards load images using data URIs and require `data:` in their `img-src`

	```
	img-src 'self' data:
	```

	- MapBox charts use workers and need to connect to MapBox servers in addition to the Superset origin

	```
	worker-src 'self' blob:
	connect-src 'self' https://api.mapbox.com https://events.mapbox.com
	```

	- Cartodiagram charts request map data (image and json) from external resources that can be edited by users,
	and therefore either require a list of allowed domains to request from or a wildcard (`'*'`) for `img-src` and `connect-src`.

	- Other CSP directives default to `'self'` to limit content to the same origin as the Superset server.

	In order to adjust provided CSP configuration to your needs, follow the instructions and examples provided in
	[Content Security Policy Reference](https://content-security-policy.com/)

	#### Other Talisman security considerations

	Setting `TALISMAN_ENABLED = True` will invoke Talisman's protection with its default arguments,
	of which `content_security_policy` is only one. Those can be found in the
	[Talisman documentation](https://pypi.org/project/flask-talisman/) under _Options_.
	These generally improve security, but administrators should be aware of their existence.

	In particular, the option of `force_https = True` (`False` by default) may break Superset's Alerts & Reports
	if workers are configured to access charts via a `WEBDRIVER_BASEURL` beginning
	with `http://`. As long as a Superset deployment enforces https upstream, e.g.,
	through a load balancer or application gateway, it should be acceptable to keep this
	option disabled. Otherwise, you may want to enable `force_https` like this:

	```python
	TALISMAN_CONFIG = {
	"force_https": True,
	"content_security_policy": { ...
	```

	#### Configuring Talisman in Superset

	Talisman settings in Superset can be modified using superset_config.py. If you need to adjust security policies, you can override the default configuration.

	Example: Overriding Talisman Configuration in superset_config.py for loading images form s3 or other external sources.

	```python
	TALISMAN_CONFIG = {
	"content_security_policy": {
	"base-uri": ["'self'"],
	"default-src": ["'self'"],
	"img-src": [
	"'self'",
	"blob:",
	"data:",
	"https://apachesuperset.gateway.scarf.sh",
	"https://static.scarf.sh/",
	# "https://cdn.brandfolder.io", # Uncomment when SLACK_ENABLE_AVATARS is True # noqa: E501
	"ows.terrestris.de",
	"aws.s3.com", # Add Your Bucket or external data source
	],
	"worker-src": ["'self'", "blob:"],
	"connect-src": [
	"'self'",
	"https://api.mapbox.com",
	"https://events.mapbox.com",
	],
	"object-src": "'none'",
	"style-src": [
	"'self'",
	"'unsafe-inline'",
	],
	"script-src": ["'self'", "'strict-dynamic'"],
	},
	"content_security_policy_nonce_in": ["script-src"],
	"force_https": False,
	"session_cookie_secure": False,
	}
	```

	For more information on setting up Talisman, please refer to
	https://superset.apache.org/docs/configuration/networking-settings/#changing-flask-talisman-csp.

	### Reporting Security Vulnerabilities

	Apache Software Foundation takes a rigorous standpoint in annihilating the security issues in its
	software projects. Apache Superset is highly sensitive and forthcoming to issues pertaining to its
	features and functionality.

	If you have apprehensions regarding Superset security or you discover vulnerability or potential
	threat, don’t hesitate to get in touch with the Apache Security Team by dropping a mail at
	security@apache.org. In the mail, specify the project name Superset with the description of the
	issue or potential threat. You are also urged to recommend the way to reproduce and replicate the
	issue. The security team and the Superset community will get back to you after assessing and
	analysing the findings.

	PLEASE PAY ATTENTION to report the security issue on the security email before disclosing it on
	public domain. The ASF Security Team maintains a page with the description of how vulnerabilities
	and potential threats are handled, check [their web page](https://apache.org/security/committers.html)
	for more details.