Spaces:
Running
Running
Upload 3 files
Browse files- README.md +8 -6
- READ_ME.txt +7 -0
- index.html +350 -19
README.md
CHANGED
|
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
|
|
| 1 |
---
|
| 2 |
-
title:
|
| 3 |
-
emoji:
|
| 4 |
-
colorFrom:
|
| 5 |
-
colorTo:
|
| 6 |
sdk: static
|
|
|
|
| 7 |
pinned: false
|
| 8 |
-
short_description: Browser-based teaching demonstration
|
| 9 |
---
|
| 10 |
|
| 11 |
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
---
|
| 2 |
+
title: FOJA Task Audit
|
| 3 |
+
emoji: 📊
|
| 4 |
+
colorFrom: blue
|
| 5 |
+
colorTo: indigo
|
| 6 |
sdk: static
|
| 7 |
+
app_file: index.html
|
| 8 |
pinned: false
|
|
|
|
| 9 |
---
|
| 10 |
|
| 11 |
+
# FOJA Task Audit
|
| 12 |
+
|
| 13 |
+
Browser-based teaching demonstration. Occupational data: O*NET (CC BY 4.0). Developed by Song Zhaoli, Department of Management and Organization, NUS Business School.
|
READ_ME.txt
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
FOJA Task Audit (demonstration)
|
| 2 |
+
|
| 3 |
+
Open FOJA_Task_Audit.html in any modern browser. No installation, no account, and nothing is sent anywhere.
|
| 4 |
+
|
| 5 |
+
The page lets you examine how a job breaks into tasks, adjust each task's judgement about AI involvement, and see how the occupation's profile changes. It is a teaching demonstration, not a forecast of any job.
|
| 6 |
+
|
| 7 |
+
Occupational data: O*NET (CC BY 4.0). Developed by Song Zhaoli, Department of Management and Organization, NUS Business School.
|
index.html
CHANGED
|
@@ -1,19 +1,350 @@
|
|
| 1 |
-
<
|
| 2 |
-
<
|
| 3 |
-
|
| 4 |
-
|
| 5 |
-
|
| 6 |
-
|
| 7 |
-
|
| 8 |
-
|
| 9 |
-
|
| 10 |
-
|
| 11 |
-
|
| 12 |
-
|
| 13 |
-
|
| 14 |
-
|
| 15 |
-
|
| 16 |
-
|
| 17 |
-
|
| 18 |
-
|
| 19 |
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
<title>FOJA Task Audit</title>
|
| 2 |
+
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com">
|
| 3 |
+
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
|
| 4 |
+
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@400;500&family=Newsreader:opsz,wght@6..72,500;6..72,600&family=Public+Sans:wght@400;500;600&display=swap">
|
| 5 |
+
<style>
|
| 6 |
+
/* Layout: one reading column. Occupation picker, then a metric strip, then the task ledger, then a six-occupation chart. */
|
| 7 |
+
:root{
|
| 8 |
+
--bg:#F2F5F7; --surface:#FFFFFF; --soft:#E7EDF1; --ink:#14202B; --muted:#586878; --line:#D3DBE1;
|
| 9 |
+
--accent:#0E6A6A; --accent-ink:#FFFFFF;
|
| 10 |
+
--replace:#B8431F; --augment:#1D5FA6; --keep:#58766A;
|
| 11 |
+
--display:"Newsreader",Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;
|
| 12 |
+
--body:"Public Sans",system-ui,-apple-system,"Segoe UI",sans-serif;
|
| 13 |
+
--mono:"IBM Plex Mono",ui-monospace,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;
|
| 14 |
+
}
|
| 15 |
+
@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){
|
| 16 |
+
:root:not([data-theme="light"]){
|
| 17 |
+
--bg:#0E151B; --surface:#16212A; --soft:#1D2B36; --ink:#E7EEF3; --muted:#94A5B4; --line:#283744;
|
| 18 |
+
--accent:#4DBDB6; --accent-ink:#06201F;
|
| 19 |
+
--replace:#F08A62; --augment:#74AAE8; --keep:#8DB5A2;
|
| 20 |
+
color-scheme:dark;
|
| 21 |
+
}
|
| 22 |
+
}
|
| 23 |
+
:root[data-theme="dark"]{
|
| 24 |
+
--bg:#0E151B; --surface:#16212A; --soft:#1D2B36; --ink:#E7EEF3; --muted:#94A5B4; --line:#283744;
|
| 25 |
+
--accent:#4DBDB6; --accent-ink:#06201F;
|
| 26 |
+
--replace:#F08A62; --augment:#74AAE8; --keep:#8DB5A2;
|
| 27 |
+
color-scheme:dark;
|
| 28 |
+
}
|
| 29 |
+
*{box-sizing:border-box}
|
| 30 |
+
body{background:var(--bg);color:var(--ink);font:15px/1.55 var(--body);padding-inline:16px;padding-block:28px 64px}
|
| 31 |
+
.wrap{max-width:960px;margin:0 auto;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:32px}
|
| 32 |
+
h1,h2,h3{font-family:var(--display);font-weight:600;line-height:1.15;margin:0;text-wrap:balance}
|
| 33 |
+
h1{font-size:clamp(1.9rem,4.6vw,2.7rem);letter-spacing:-.01em}
|
| 34 |
+
h2{font-size:1.45rem}
|
| 35 |
+
h3{font-size:1.1rem}
|
| 36 |
+
p{margin:0}
|
| 37 |
+
.eyebrow{font:500 .72rem/1 var(--mono);letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted)}
|
| 38 |
+
.lede{max-width:66ch;color:var(--ink);font-size:1.02rem}
|
| 39 |
+
.head{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:14px}
|
| 40 |
+
.status{display:inline-flex;gap:8px;align-items:center;font-size:.82rem;color:var(--muted);flex-wrap:wrap}
|
| 41 |
+
.status b{font-weight:600;color:var(--ink)}
|
| 42 |
+
|
| 43 |
+
/* occupation picker */
|
| 44 |
+
.picker{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:10px}
|
| 45 |
+
.pick{appearance:none;text-align:left;font:inherit;color:var(--ink);background:var(--surface);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:8px;padding:10px 12px;cursor:pointer;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:2px;min-width:0}
|
| 46 |
+
.pick:hover{border-color:var(--muted)}
|
| 47 |
+
.pick[aria-pressed="true"]{border-color:var(--accent);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--accent);background:var(--surface)}
|
| 48 |
+
.pick .nm{font-weight:600;font-size:.9rem;overflow-wrap:anywhere}
|
| 49 |
+
.pick .sub{font:400 .74rem/1.3 var(--mono);color:var(--muted)}
|
| 50 |
+
:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--accent);outline-offset:2px}
|
| 51 |
+
|
| 52 |
+
/* occupation card */
|
| 53 |
+
.occ{background:var(--surface);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;padding:20px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px;min-width:0}
|
| 54 |
+
.occ-top{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:6px}
|
| 55 |
+
.soc{font:500 .78rem/1 var(--mono);color:var(--muted)}
|
| 56 |
+
.desc{color:var(--muted);max-width:70ch}
|
| 57 |
+
.metrics{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:12px}
|
| 58 |
+
.metric{background:var(--soft);border-radius:8px;padding:12px 14px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:4px;min-width:0}
|
| 59 |
+
.metric .k{font:500 .72rem/1.2 var(--mono);letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted)}
|
| 60 |
+
.metric .v{font:600 2rem/1 var(--display);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}
|
| 61 |
+
.metric .n{font-size:.78rem;color:var(--muted);min-height:1.2em}
|
| 62 |
+
.metric .n.up{color:var(--replace)}
|
| 63 |
+
.metric .n.down{color:var(--augment)}
|
| 64 |
+
.track{position:relative;height:8px;border-radius:4px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--keep),var(--augment) 60%,var(--replace));opacity:.85;margin-top:8px}
|
| 65 |
+
.track i{position:absolute;top:-4px;width:3px;height:16px;border-radius:2px;background:var(--ink);transform:translateX(-1px)}
|
| 66 |
+
.mix{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:6px}
|
| 67 |
+
.mixbar{display:flex;height:10px;border-radius:5px;overflow:hidden;background:var(--soft)}
|
| 68 |
+
.mixbar span{display:block;height:100%}
|
| 69 |
+
.mixleg{display:flex;gap:14px;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:.82rem;color:var(--muted)}
|
| 70 |
+
.mixleg b{color:var(--ink);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}
|
| 71 |
+
.dot{display:inline-block;width:9px;height:9px;border-radius:50%;margin-right:6px;vertical-align:baseline}
|
| 72 |
+
.c-replace{background:var(--replace)} .c-augment{background:var(--augment)} .c-unaffected{background:var(--keep)}
|
| 73 |
+
|
| 74 |
+
/* controls */
|
| 75 |
+
.bar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;flex-wrap:wrap}
|
| 76 |
+
.chips{display:flex;gap:6px;flex-wrap:wrap}
|
| 77 |
+
.chip{appearance:none;font:500 .82rem/1 var(--body);color:var(--ink);background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:999px;padding:7px 12px;cursor:pointer}
|
| 78 |
+
.chip[aria-pressed="true"]{background:var(--ink);color:var(--surface);border-color:var(--ink)}
|
| 79 |
+
.btn{appearance:none;font:600 .84rem/1 var(--body);color:var(--accent-ink);background:var(--accent);border:0;border-radius:6px;padding:9px 14px;cursor:pointer}
|
| 80 |
+
.btn[disabled]{opacity:.4;cursor:default}
|
| 81 |
+
.hint{font-size:.85rem;color:var(--muted)}
|
| 82 |
+
|
| 83 |
+
/* task ledger */
|
| 84 |
+
.tasks{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;display:flex;flex-direction:column}
|
| 85 |
+
.task{display:grid;grid-template-columns:64px minmax(0,1fr) 230px;gap:10px 18px;padding:16px 0 16px 14px;border-top:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--c);--c:var(--keep)}
|
| 86 |
+
.task[data-mode="replace"]{--c:var(--replace)}
|
| 87 |
+
.task[data-mode="augment"]{--c:var(--augment)}
|
| 88 |
+
.task[data-mode="unaffected"]{--c:var(--keep)}
|
| 89 |
+
.imp{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;gap:2px}
|
| 90 |
+
.imp-n{font:600 1.3rem/1 var(--display);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}
|
| 91 |
+
.imp-l{font:400 .68rem/1.2 var(--mono);color:var(--muted);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em}
|
| 92 |
+
.ttext{font-size:.95rem}
|
| 93 |
+
.bn{list-style:none;margin:8px 0 0;padding:0;display:flex;gap:6px;flex-wrap:wrap}
|
| 94 |
+
.bn li{font-size:.74rem;color:var(--muted);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:4px;padding:2px 7px}
|
| 95 |
+
details{margin-top:8px}
|
| 96 |
+
summary{cursor:pointer;font-size:.82rem;color:var(--accent);font-weight:500;width:fit-content}
|
| 97 |
+
details p{margin-top:6px;font-size:.88rem;color:var(--muted);max-width:68ch}
|
| 98 |
+
.ctl{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:4px;min-width:0}
|
| 99 |
+
.lbl{font:500 .7rem/1.3 var(--mono);letter-spacing:.07em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted);display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:8px;margin-top:4px}
|
| 100 |
+
.lbl output{color:var(--ink);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}
|
| 101 |
+
select{font:inherit;color:var(--ink);background:var(--surface);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:6px;padding:7px 8px;width:100%}
|
| 102 |
+
input[type=range]{width:100%;accent-color:var(--accent);margin:4px 0}
|
| 103 |
+
.meta{font-size:.78rem;color:var(--muted);display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap}
|
| 104 |
+
.rev{appearance:none;background:none;border:0;color:var(--accent);font:600 .78rem var(--body);padding:0;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:underline}
|
| 105 |
+
.changed-tag{font:500 .68rem/1 var(--mono);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em;color:var(--accent-ink);background:var(--accent);border-radius:3px;padding:3px 5px}
|
| 106 |
+
.empty{padding:20px 0;color:var(--muted)}
|
| 107 |
+
|
| 108 |
+
/* cross-occupation chart */
|
| 109 |
+
.glance{background:var(--surface);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;padding:20px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:14px}
|
| 110 |
+
.grows{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:12px}
|
| 111 |
+
.grow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:170px minmax(0,1fr);gap:12px;align-items:center}
|
| 112 |
+
.grow .gn{font-size:.86rem;line-height:1.3}
|
| 113 |
+
.grow[data-cur="1"] .gn{font-weight:600}
|
| 114 |
+
.gbars{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:4px;padding-right:44px}
|
| 115 |
+
.gbar{height:10px;border-radius:2px;position:relative;min-width:2px}
|
| 116 |
+
.gbar b{position:absolute;left:calc(100% + 6px);top:-4px;font:500 .74rem/1 var(--mono);color:var(--muted);font-weight:500;white-space:nowrap}
|
| 117 |
+
.gbar.e{background:var(--augment)} .gbar.r{background:var(--replace)}
|
| 118 |
+
.gscale{position:relative;display:grid;grid-template-columns:170px minmax(0,1fr);gap:12px}
|
| 119 |
+
.gscale div{position:relative;height:16px;margin-right:44px;border-left:1px solid var(--line);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);font:400 .68rem/1 var(--mono);color:var(--muted)}
|
| 120 |
+
.gscale div span{position:absolute;top:6px;transform:translateX(-50%)}
|
| 121 |
+
|
| 122 |
+
/* reading notes */
|
| 123 |
+
.notes{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:20px 28px}
|
| 124 |
+
.notes section{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:6px;min-width:0}
|
| 125 |
+
.notes dl{margin:0;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:8px}
|
| 126 |
+
.notes dt{font-weight:600;font-size:.9rem}
|
| 127 |
+
.notes dd{margin:0;color:var(--muted);font-size:.88rem}
|
| 128 |
+
.small{font-size:.82rem;color:var(--muted);max-width:80ch}
|
| 129 |
+
.small + .small{margin-top:8px}
|
| 130 |
+
.foot{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:18px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:8px}
|
| 131 |
+
|
| 132 |
+
@media (max-width:780px){
|
| 133 |
+
.picker{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}
|
| 134 |
+
.metrics{grid-template-columns:1fr}
|
| 135 |
+
.task{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);padding-left:12px}
|
| 136 |
+
.imp{flex-direction:row;align-items:baseline;gap:8px}
|
| 137 |
+
.notes{grid-template-columns:1fr}
|
| 138 |
+
.grow,.gscale{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:4px}
|
| 139 |
+
.gscale > :first-child{display:none}
|
| 140 |
+
}
|
| 141 |
+
@media (max-width:420px){ .picker{grid-template-columns:1fr} .occ,.glance{padding:16px} }
|
| 142 |
+
@media (prefers-reduced-motion:no-preference){ .pick,.chip{transition:border-color .15s,background .15s} }
|
| 143 |
+
</style>
|
| 144 |
+
|
| 145 |
+
<div class="wrap">
|
| 146 |
+
<header class="head">
|
| 147 |
+
<p class="eyebrow">Future-Oriented Job Analysis · Stage 1 of 3</p>
|
| 148 |
+
<h1>Audit the AI's verdict on a job</h1>
|
| 149 |
+
<p class="lede">FOJA lists the tasks O*NET publishes for an occupation and asks an AI model to judge each one: how far could AI do this task by about 2030, and what would still need a person? Students then audit those judgements. Choose an occupation, then change any mode or score to see what your judgement does to the totals.</p>
|
| 150 |
+
<p class="status"><span><b>Real FOJA output.</b> Six occupations, 132 tasks, scored by Claude in 2026.</span><span>Developed by Song Zhaoli, NUS Business School.</span></p>
|
| 151 |
+
</header>
|
| 152 |
+
|
| 153 |
+
<nav aria-label="Occupations"><div class="picker" id="picker"></div></nav>
|
| 154 |
+
|
| 155 |
+
<main class="occ" id="occ" aria-live="polite"></main>
|
| 156 |
+
|
| 157 |
+
<section class="glance" aria-labelledby="gh">
|
| 158 |
+
<div>
|
| 159 |
+
<h2 id="gh">All six at a glance</h2>
|
| 160 |
+
<p class="hint">Model scores before any edits, weighted by task importance. The occupation you are viewing is in bold.</p>
|
| 161 |
+
</div>
|
| 162 |
+
<div class="grows" id="glance"></div>
|
| 163 |
+
<div class="gscale" aria-hidden="true"><span></span><div><span style="left:0%">0</span><span style="left:25%">25</span><span style="left:50%">50</span><span style="left:75%">75</span><span style="left:100%">100%</span></div></div>
|
| 164 |
+
<div class="mixleg"><span><i class="dot c-augment"></i>Exposure (replace plus augment)</span><span><i class="dot c-replace"></i>Replacement</span></div>
|
| 165 |
+
</section>
|
| 166 |
+
|
| 167 |
+
<section class="notes" aria-label="How to read this page">
|
| 168 |
+
<section>
|
| 169 |
+
<h3>What each number means</h3>
|
| 170 |
+
<dl>
|
| 171 |
+
<div><dt>Automatability, 0 to 1</dt><dd>Can AI perform the core function of the task? 0 is not at all, 0.5 is about half of it or only under supervision, 1 is fully and reliably without a person.</dd></div>
|
| 172 |
+
<div><dt>Replacement</dt><dd>The importance-weighted automatability of the tasks marked replace.</dd></div>
|
| 173 |
+
<div><dt>Exposure</dt><dd>Replacement plus the tasks marked augment. The gap between the two is usually the interesting part: most professional work is far more exposed than it is replaced.</dd></div>
|
| 174 |
+
</dl>
|
| 175 |
+
</section>
|
| 176 |
+
<section>
|
| 177 |
+
<h3>The three modes and the human bottlenecks</h3>
|
| 178 |
+
<dl>
|
| 179 |
+
<div><dt>Replace, augment, unaffected</dt><dd>Replace: AI does the task instead of a person. Augment: AI helps, but a person still does or signs off the work. Unaffected: AI has little bearing on it.</dd></div>
|
| 180 |
+
<div><dt>Bottlenecks</dt><dd>The human capability that keeps a task out of AI's reach: perception and manipulation, creative intelligence, social intelligence, judgment under ambiguity, accountability and liability, or physical presence.</dd></div>
|
| 181 |
+
<div><dt>After Stage 1</dt><dd>Stage 2 holds your audited scores fixed and re-weights them under four futures: AI capability, adoption speed, regulation and cost of compute. Stage 3 turns the future you choose into three job descriptions about ten years out. This page shows Stage 1 only.</dd></div>
|
| 182 |
+
</dl>
|
| 183 |
+
</section>
|
| 184 |
+
</section>
|
| 185 |
+
|
| 186 |
+
<footer class="foot">
|
| 187 |
+
<p class="small"><b>Read before quoting a figure.</b> Automatability scores, modes and bottlenecks are judgements made by a language model against a published rubric. They are not measurements, and nothing on this page is a prediction. The model's scores are a starting position that students are expected to challenge.</p>
|
| 188 |
+
<p class="small" id="srcnote"></p>
|
| 189 |
+
<p class="small">Totals are recalculated here from the stored task scores. Weights are O*NET task importance; the four tasks without an importance rating (all in Accountants and Auditors) take the average weight of that occupation's rated tasks. For the other five occupations the figures should match the app to within rounding. For Accountants and Auditors they can differ by a few points, depending on how the app treats unrated tasks.</p>
|
| 190 |
+
<p class="small">This page includes information from the O*NET 30.3 Database by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA), used under the CC BY 4.0 license. O*NET® is a trademark of USDOL/ETA. The scores, modes and bottlenecks were added by FOJA, and USDOL/ETA has not approved, endorsed or tested them.</p>
|
| 191 |
+
</footer>
|
| 192 |
+
</div>
|
| 193 |
+
|
| 194 |
+
<script>
|
| 195 |
+
const DATA = [{"soc":"11-1011.00","title":"Chief Executives","desc":"Determine and formulate policies and provide overall direction of companies or private and public sector organizations within guidelines set up by a board of directors or similar governing body. Plan, direct, or coordinate operational activities at the highest level of management with the help of subordinate executives and staff managers.","zone":5,"models":["claude-sonnet-4-6"],"dates":["2026-07-02T09:41:22.360+00:00","2026-07-02T09:41:22.380+00:00"],"tasks":[{"t":"Direct or coordinate an organization's financial or budget activities to fund operations, maximize investments, or increase efficiency.","ty":"Core","imp":4.52,"a":0.35,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"AI can surface financial data, model scenarios, and flag inefficiencies, but final decisions on resource allocation at the executive level require judgment under uncertainty and personal accountability for organizational outcomes. A human must own the decision.","cf":0.85},{"t":"Confer with board members, organization officials, or staff members to discuss issues, coordinate activities, or resolve problems.","ty":"Core","imp":4.32,"a":0.15,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","accountability"],"why":"Conferring with boards and officials is fundamentally a real-time social and political act requiring trust, relationship capital, and nuanced negotiation that AI cannot replicate. AI may help prepare briefing materials but cannot substitute for the human interaction itself.","cf":0.9},{"t":"Prepare budgets for approval, including those for funding or implementation of programs.","ty":"Core","imp":4.3,"a":0.55,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"Budget preparation involves substantial data aggregation and projection work that AI handles well, but approval-stage budgets embed strategic priorities and political tradeoffs that require human judgment and sign-off.","cf":0.82},{"t":"Direct, plan, or implement policies, objectives, or activities of organizations or businesses to ensure continuing operations, to maximize returns on investments, or to increase productivity.","ty":"Core","imp":4.24,"a":0.2,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability","social_intelligence"],"why":"This is the core executive function , setting strategic direction , which involves deeply ambiguous tradeoffs, organizational politics, and ultimate accountability. AI can inform and model options but cannot replace the human who owns the strategy.","cf":0.9},{"t":"Prepare or present reports concerning activities, expenses, budgets, government statutes or rulings, or other items affecting businesses or program services.","ty":"Core","imp":4.17,"a":0.65,"m":"augment","b":["accountability","judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"AI can draft, format, and populate reports from underlying data very effectively. Presentation to stakeholders and sign-off on official reports still requires a human who is accountable for the accuracy and framing of the information.","cf":0.82},{"t":"Implement corrective action plans to solve organizational or departmental problems.","ty":"Core","imp":4.14,"a":0.35,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","social_intelligence","accountability"],"why":"Corrective action implementation requires diagnosing root causes, managing people through change, and being accountable for results , AI can help diagnose and plan, but the human leader must own and execute the correction.","cf":0.82},{"t":"Analyze operations to evaluate performance of a company or its staff in meeting objectives or to determine areas of potential cost reduction, program improvement, or policy change.","ty":"Core","imp":4.13,"a":0.6,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"AI is highly capable at analyzing operational data, benchmarking performance, and identifying inefficiencies. However, translating findings into organizationally viable recommendations requires contextual judgment and executive accountability that keeps a human in the loop.","cf":0.85},{"t":"Direct or coordinate activities of businesses or departments concerned with production, pricing, sales, or distribution of products.","ty":"Core","imp":4.13,"a":0.3,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"AI can provide rich analytics on production, pricing, and distribution, but directing these activities involves coordinating people, managing uncertainty, and taking ownership of operational decisions at a level that still requires human leadership.","cf":0.8},{"t":"Direct human resources activities, including the approval of human resource plans or activities, the selection of directors or other high-level staff, or establishment or organization of major departments.","ty":"Core","imp":4.13,"a":0.2,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"Human resource direction at the executive level is deeply interpersonal and politically sensitive, involving selection of key leaders and shaping culture , tasks where social intelligence and accountability are irreplaceable.","cf":0.88},{"t":"Appoint department heads or managers and assign or delegate responsibilities to them.","ty":"Core","imp":4.09,"a":0.2,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"Selecting and appointing senior leaders is one of the most consequential and relationship-laden executive tasks; it depends on deep organizational knowledge, interpersonal assessment, and accountability for outcomes that AI cannot bear.","cf":0.9},{"t":"Interpret and explain policies, rules, regulations, or laws to organizations, government or corporate officials, or individuals.","ty":"Core","imp":4.09,"a":0.5,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"AI is quite capable at interpreting and explaining policies and regulations in written form, but doing so in live contexts to varied stakeholders , adjusting for audience, managing pushback, ensuring uptake , still requires human judgment and communication skill.","cf":0.78},{"t":"Review reports submitted by staff members to recommend approval or to suggest changes.","ty":"Core","imp":4.07,"a":0.6,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"AI can read, summarize, and cross-reference reports, and flag discrepancies or concerns efficiently. However, recommendations that have organizational consequences still require an accountable human reviewer to approve or redirect.","cf":0.8},{"t":"Nominate citizens to boards or commissions.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":4.07,"a":0.15,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","social_intelligence","accountability"],"why":"Nominating citizens to boards involves political judgment, relationship assessment, and personal accountability for choices , this is a discretionary human act with governance significance that AI cannot credibly perform.","cf":0.85},{"t":"Negotiate or approve contracts or agreements with suppliers, distributors, federal or state agencies, or other organizational entities.","ty":"Core","imp":4.06,"a":0.3,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"Contract negotiation is inherently relational and strategic , it depends on real-time reading of counterparty signals, trust-building, and high-stakes judgment calls. AI can draft terms and flag risks but cannot replace the negotiating human.","cf":0.87},{"t":"Establish departmental responsibilities and coordinate functions among departments and sites.","ty":"Core","imp":3.98,"a":0.3,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","social_intelligence"],"why":"Defining departmental responsibilities requires organizational insight, negotiation among competing interests, and nuanced judgment about structure , AI can propose frameworks but cannot execute the social and political coordination involved.","cf":0.8},{"t":"Conduct or direct investigations or hearings to resolve complaints or violations of laws, or testify at such hearings.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":3.98,"a":0.2,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","social_intelligence","accountability"],"why":"Conducting investigations and hearings involves legal accountability, credibility assessment, and real-time human judgment; AI can assist with document review and case preparation but cannot direct or testify at formal proceedings.","cf":0.88},{"t":"Deliver speeches, write articles, or present information at meetings or conventions to promote services, exchange ideas, or accomplish objectives.","ty":"Core","imp":3.94,"a":0.4,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","creative_intelligence","physical_presence"],"why":"AI can draft speeches and articles effectively, but delivering them in person with authentic presence, credibility, and audience responsiveness is a human performance task that audiences and stakeholders still expect from named executives.","cf":0.82},{"t":"Serve as liaisons between organizations, shareholders, and outside organizations.","ty":"Core","imp":3.92,"a":0.15,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","accountability"],"why":"Liaison work is fundamentally relational , it depends on trust, continuity of relationship, and the authority of a named human representative; AI cannot serve as a credible organizational ambassador in this capacity.","cf":0.88},{"t":"Direct or coordinate activities of businesses involved with buying or selling investment products or financial services.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":3.9,"a":0.35,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"Directing financial services businesses involves regulatory accountability and complex strategic judgment under market uncertainty; AI can assist with analytics but the executive must remain accountable for business direction.","cf":0.8},{"t":"Prepare bylaws approved by elected officials, and ensure that bylaws are enforced.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":3.88,"a":0.4,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"AI can draft bylaws and flag compliance gaps effectively, but preparing bylaws for official approval and enforcing them involves legal accountability and organizational authority that must remain with a human executive.","cf":0.8},{"t":"Make presentations to legislative or other government committees regarding policies, programs, or budgets.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":3.81,"a":0.3,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","accountability","physical_presence"],"why":"Legislative presentations require personal credibility, real-time responsiveness to political questioning, and the authority of an accountable human representative , AI can prepare materials but cannot substitute for the appearance itself.","cf":0.85},{"t":"Review and analyze legislation, laws, or public policy and recommend changes to promote or support interests of the general population or special groups.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":3.81,"a":0.55,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"AI can analyze legislation, model policy impacts, and draft recommendations at a high level of quality, but advocating for specific policy positions on behalf of an organization requires human judgment about values, stakeholders, and political context.","cf":0.8},{"t":"Coordinate the development or implementation of budgetary control systems, recordkeeping systems, or other administrative control processes.","ty":"Core","imp":3.8,"a":0.55,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"Designing and implementing control systems and recordkeeping processes has significant technical content AI can assist with (e.g., workflow design, system selection), but adoption, enforcement, and final design choices require human oversight.","cf":0.78},{"t":"Preside over, or serve on, boards of directors, management committees, or other governing boards.","ty":"Core","imp":3.79,"a":0.1,"m":"unaffected","b":["social_intelligence","accountability","physical_presence"],"why":"Presiding over or serving on governing boards is a legally and socially defined human role; it requires physical or real-time presence, deliberation, and personal legal accountability that cannot be delegated to AI.","cf":0.92},{"t":"Direct non-merchandising departments, such as advertising, purchasing, credit, or accounting.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":3.78,"a":0.3,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"Directing non-merchandising departments involves setting priorities and coordinating people across functions , AI can provide analytics and recommendations but the coordination and accountability role remains human.","cf":0.78},{"t":"Refer major policy matters to elected representatives for final decisions.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":3.7,"a":0.2,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability","social_intelligence"],"why":"Deciding which matters are significant enough to escalate to elected officials is a judgment call embedded in organizational and political context; it also carries accountability and cannot be reliably delegated to AI.","cf":0.82},{"t":"Direct or conduct studies or research on issues affecting areas of responsibility.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":3.66,"a":0.6,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"AI excels at literature review, data synthesis, and study design support, making it a powerful research assistant. However, directing the research agenda, interpreting findings in organizational context, and acting on results require human leadership.","cf":0.82},{"t":"Attend and participate in meetings of municipal councils or council committees.","ty":"Core","imp":3.59,"a":0.1,"m":"unaffected","b":["physical_presence","social_intelligence","accountability"],"why":"Attending and participating in municipal councils is a legally and civically defined human role requiring physical presence, deliberative participation, and personal democratic accountability , entirely resistant to AI replacement.","cf":0.93},{"t":"Organize or approve promotional campaigns.","ty":"Core","imp":3.55,"a":0.5,"m":"augment","b":["creative_intelligence","judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"AI can generate and evaluate promotional campaign concepts with increasing quality, but approving campaigns involves brand judgment, risk assessment, and organizational context that still benefits from human executive oversight.","cf":0.78},{"t":"Administer programs for selection of sites, construction of buildings, or provision of equipment or supplies.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":3.51,"a":0.4,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability","physical_presence"],"why":"Site selection and construction administration involve substantial AI-assistable analysis (location scoring, vendor review), but final decisions and on-the-ground oversight require human judgment and accountable sign-off.","cf":0.78},{"t":"Represent organizations or promote their objectives at official functions, or delegate representatives to do so.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":3.42,"a":0.15,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","accountability","physical_presence"],"why":"Representing an organization at official functions is an inherently human, relational role that conveys authority and trust , stakeholders expect a named, accountable human, not an AI proxy.","cf":0.9}]},{"soc":"13-2011.00","title":"Accountants and Auditors","desc":"Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.","zone":4,"models":["claude-sonnet-4-6"],"dates":["2026-07-06T09:07:01.079+00:00","2026-07-06T09:07:01.091+00:00"],"tasks":[{"t":"Prepare detailed reports on audit findings.","ty":"Core","imp":4.58,"a":0.72,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"AI can draft structured audit reports from structured findings data, but professional sign-off and judgment about how to frame findings for stakeholders, including materiality determinations, still requires a human accountable CPA. By 2030, AI will handle most drafting, but humans will remain in the loop for final reports.","cf":0.82},{"t":"Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.","ty":"Core","imp":4.55,"a":0.55,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","accountability","judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"Communicating audit results to management and recommending operational changes requires persuasion, credibility, and organizational context that AI cannot reliably substitute; AI can prepare the underlying analysis and talking points but the human-to-human reporting relationship is central to this task.","cf":0.8},{"t":"Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.","ty":"Core","imp":4.5,"a":0.7,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"AI excels at pattern detection in large transaction datasets (anomaly detection, duplicate flagging, control-gap analysis), but determining whether a detected anomaly constitutes fraud or non-compliance requires professional judgment and legal accountability that a human auditor must own.","cf":0.83},{"t":"Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.","ty":"Core","imp":4.5,"a":0.68,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"Systematic review of account books against accepted procedures is highly amenable to AI analysis of structured data, but assessing 'efficiency and effectiveness' involves contextual professional judgment; an auditor must still render the opinion on adequacy of controls.","cf":0.78},{"t":"Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.","ty":"Core","imp":4.5,"a":0.45,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability","social_intelligence"],"why":"Scoping an audit and supervising audit staff requires strategic judgment about risk, organizational dynamics, and professional responsibility that remains firmly human-dependent; AI can assist with risk-based scoping models but cannot direct human audit teams or bear supervisory accountability.","cf":0.78},{"t":"Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.","ty":"Core","imp":4.3,"a":0.25,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","accountability","judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"Conferring with executives about financial and regulatory matters is fundamentally a high-stakes interpersonal and advisory task requiring trust, negotiation, and nuanced judgment about organizational context, core social intelligence AI cannot reliably replicate by 2030.","cf":0.85},{"t":"Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.","ty":"Core","imp":4.3,"a":0.6,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"AI can analyze system architectures and flag control weaknesses systematically, but recommending controls that fit the specific organizational context and signing off on system reliability requires professional judgment and accountability; AI strongly augments this work.","cf":0.77},{"t":"Inspect cash on hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiable securities, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.","ty":"Core","imp":4.25,"a":0.62,"m":"augment","b":["physical_presence","perception_manipulation"],"why":"Physical cash counts and inspection of negotiable instruments require hands-on presence and tactile verification that AI cannot perform remotely; however, digital confirmation of records against bank data is increasingly automatable, making this a mixed task.","cf":0.8},{"t":"Examine records and interview workers to ensure recording of transactions and compliance with laws and regulations.","ty":"Core","imp":4.24,"a":0.45,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","judgment_ambiguity","physical_presence"],"why":"Interviewing workers to confirm compliance involves interpersonal interrogation skills, reading non-verbal cues, and on-site presence; record review is automatable but the interview component is a significant bottleneck that resists AI substitution.","cf":0.8},{"t":"Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.","ty":"Core","imp":4.24,"a":0.75,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"Routine checking of financial statements for accuracy and conformance to standards is highly structured and AI can do most of it reliably, but professional attestation and judgment on edge cases (e.g., non-standard transactions, estimates) keeps a human in the loop.","cf":0.83},{"t":"Prepare adjusting journal entries.","ty":"Core","imp":4.23,"a":0.85,"m":"replace","b":["accountability"],"why":"Preparing adjusting journal entries is a highly codified, rules-based task that modern accounting AI/ERP tools already substantially automate; by 2030 AI will handle the vast majority end-to-end, with only a review sign-off remaining.","cf":0.85},{"t":"Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences.","ty":"Core","imp":4.23,"a":0.82,"m":"replace","b":["judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"Account reconciliation is a pattern-matching, rule-based task that AI and existing software handle very well; automated reconciliation tools already perform this at scale, and by 2030 residual human review will be minimal except for genuinely ambiguous items.","cf":0.85},{"t":"Review taxpayer accounts, and conduct audits on-site, by correspondence, or by summoning taxpayer to office.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":4.22,"a":0.45,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","judgment_ambiguity","physical_presence"],"why":"Conducting on-site taxpayer audits involves interview skills, adversarial judgment, and physical presence; correspondence audits are more automatable but on-site examinations require human investigators with legal authority and interpersonal skill.","cf":0.77},{"t":"Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.","ty":"Core","imp":4.14,"a":0.78,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"Establishing a chart of accounts and coding transactions is largely rule-based and trainable, but designing an account structure tailored to organizational strategy requires judgment; AI can classify and suggest but initial design benefits from human expertise.","cf":0.78},{"t":"Examine inventory to verify journal and ledger entries.","ty":"Core","imp":4.14,"a":0.55,"m":"augment","b":["physical_presence","perception_manipulation"],"why":"Physical inventory verification requires on-site presence and sensory confirmation of actual stock counts; while AI-assisted systems (RFID, computer vision) are advancing, full end-to-end physical verification still requires human or robotic physical presence not universally deployed.","cf":0.75},{"t":"Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting, or other tax requirements.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":4.14,"a":0.82,"m":"replace","b":["judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"Tax return preparation for standard situations is already largely automated and AI will handle the vast majority of cases end-to-end by 2030; complex or ambiguous tax positions still benefit from professional review, keeping some human oversight for edge cases.","cf":0.85},{"t":"Advise clients in areas such as compensation, employee health care benefits, the design of accounting or data processing systems, or long-range tax or estate plans.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":4.11,"a":0.42,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","judgment_ambiguity","creative_intelligence"],"why":"High-value advisory services on compensation design, benefit structures, or long-range estate planning require trusted advisor relationships, deep customization, and creative problem-solving that AI can inform but not replace, as clients expect and need human accountability.","cf":0.8},{"t":"Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations to project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice.","ty":"Core","imp":4.03,"a":0.65,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","creative_intelligence"],"why":"Trend analysis, forecasting, and business advisory involve quantitative modeling AI handles well, but translating analysis into strategic advice and navigating organizational complexity requires human judgment; AI will be a powerful co-pilot but not a replacement.","cf":0.8},{"t":"Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.","ty":"Core","imp":4.03,"a":0.5,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","accountability"],"why":"Reporting financial results to management is a communication task with significant interpersonal and organizational context; AI can produce the underlying dashboards and narratives, but the accountable human presenter who can answer questions and defend judgments remains necessary.","cf":0.78},{"t":"Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.","ty":"Core","imp":3.99,"a":0.6,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","creative_intelligence"],"why":"Designing and implementing recordkeeping systems requires understanding organizational workflows and technology tradeoffs; AI can assist with documentation and suggest configurations, but system design decisions require professional judgment about fit and risk.","cf":0.75},{"t":"Evaluate taxpayer finances to determine tax liability, using knowledge of interest and discount rates, annuities, valuation of stocks and bonds, and amortization valuation of depletable assets.","ty":"Core","imp":3.82,"a":0.72,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"Tax liability computation using well-defined financial inputs and rates is highly automatable; AI can perform valuations and calculations accurately, but professional judgment on ambiguous tax positions and legal accountability for the determination keeps humans in the loop.","cf":0.8},{"t":"Direct activities of personnel engaged in filing, recording, compiling, and transmitting financial records.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":3.8,"a":0.72,"m":"augment","b":["accountability","judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"Directing clerical financial record staff is increasingly reducible as the underlying tasks are automated, but managing and coordinating human personnel still requires supervisory judgment and accountability; by 2030, the team being supervised will be smaller.","cf":0.72},{"t":"Examine whether the organization's objectives are reflected in its management activities, and whether employees understand the objectives.","ty":"Core","imp":3.69,"a":0.3,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"Assessing whether employees understand organizational objectives requires qualitative observation, interviews, and cultural judgment, tasks heavily dependent on human social intelligence that AI cannot reliably replicate through on-site organizational assessment.","cf":0.78},{"t":"Conduct pre-implementation audits to determine if systems and programs under development will work as planned.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":3.69,"a":0.58,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","creative_intelligence"],"why":"Pre-implementation system audits require evaluating design adequacy against future operational requirements, a forward-looking, contextual task where AI can check documented logic but cannot fully simulate real-world implementation risks or exercise judgment on novel system designs.","cf":0.73},{"t":"Audit payroll and personnel records to determine unemployment insurance premiums, workers' compensation coverage, liabilities, and compliance with tax laws.","ty":"Core","imp":3.47,"a":0.75,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"Payroll and personnel record audits for tax and compliance purposes are structured, data-intensive tasks well-suited to AI; however, liability determinations and compliance opinions require professional accountability and judgment on edge cases.","cf":0.8},{"t":"Develop, maintain, or analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.","ty":"n/a","imp":null,"a":0.75,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"Budget development and variance reporting are highly structured analytical tasks where AI excels at data aggregation and comparison; however, interpreting variances and recommending corrective actions still requires business context and organizational judgment.","cf":0.82},{"t":"Prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.","ty":"n/a","imp":null,"a":0.72,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"Verification and analysis of annual reports and financial statements is a structured, rules-based task largely automatable, but professional attestation (e.g., audit opinions) carries legal accountability that requires a licensed human to bear responsibility for the conclusion.","cf":0.83},{"t":"Process invoices for payment.","ty":"n/a","imp":null,"a":0.92,"m":"replace","b":[],"why":"Invoice processing is already heavily automated through OCR, ERP systems, and AI-based accounts payable tools; by 2030, end-to-end straight-through processing with minimal human intervention will be the norm for standard invoices.","cf":0.92},{"t":"Review data about material assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus, income, or expenditures.","ty":"n/a","imp":null,"a":0.8,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"Reviewing structured financial data fields (assets, liabilities, equity, income) is a highly codified, data-intensive task that AI handles well; residual human judgment is needed for interpreting unusual entries or evaluating non-standard financial instruments.","cf":0.83}]},{"soc":"15-1252.00","title":"Software Developers","desc":"Research, design, and develop computer and network software or specialized utility programs. Analyze user needs and develop software solutions, applying principles and techniques of computer science, engineering, and mathematical analysis. Update software or enhance existing software capabilities. May work with computer hardware engineers to integrate hardware and software systems, and develop specifications and performance requirements. May maintain databases within an application area, working individually or coordinating database development as part of a team.","zone":4,"models":["claude-sonnet-4-6"],"dates":["2026-07-06T15:18:32.270+00:00","2026-07-06T15:18:32.280+00:00"],"tasks":[{"t":"Monitor functioning of equipment to ensure system operates in conformance with specifications.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":4.12,"a":0.7,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"Automated monitoring tools and AIOps platforms already handle most continuous equipment/system monitoring; however, interpreting ambiguous alerts and making remediation decisions in novel situations still benefits from human judgment.","cf":0.75},{"t":"Analyze user needs and software requirements to determine feasibility of design within time and cost constraints.","ty":"Core","imp":4.08,"a":0.5,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","social_intelligence"],"why":"AI can assist in drafting feasibility analyses and cost estimates, but accurately interpreting vague or evolving user needs and negotiating constraints requires human judgment and stakeholder interaction.","cf":0.75},{"t":"Develop or direct software system testing or validation procedures, programming, or documentation.","ty":"Core","imp":3.9,"a":0.6,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"AI can generate test cases, write documentation, and flag anomalies automatically, but directing the overall validation strategy and certifying correctness for production systems still demands human oversight.","cf":0.74},{"t":"Confer with systems analysts, engineers, programmers and others to design systems and to obtain information on project limitations and capabilities, performance requirements and interfaces.","ty":"Core","imp":3.75,"a":0.35,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"Collaborative design discussions involve negotiating trade-offs and synthesizing perspectives from multiple expert stakeholders , a primarily social and judgment-heavy process that AI can support but not replace.","cf":0.77},{"t":"Coordinate installation of software system.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":3.75,"a":0.55,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"CI/CD pipelines and deployment automation already handle much of software installation coordination, but overseeing cross-team rollouts and handling unexpected issues still requires human judgment and accountability.","cf":0.72},{"t":"Modify existing software to correct errors, adapt it to new hardware, or upgrade interfaces and improve performance.","ty":"Core","imp":3.74,"a":0.7,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"AI coding tools are already highly effective at bug fixing, refactoring, and performance tuning, but validating correctness of modifications in complex legacy systems and taking responsibility for production changes still requires a human.","cf":0.76},{"t":"Prepare reports or correspondence concerning project specifications, activities, or status.","ty":"Core","imp":3.68,"a":0.8,"m":"augment","b":["accountability"],"why":"Drafting status reports and technical correspondence is a highly automatable writing task; AI can produce polished outputs from structured data, though a human should review and sign off on official communications.","cf":0.82},{"t":"Analyze information to determine, recommend, and plan installation of a new system or modification of an existing system.","ty":"Core","imp":3.61,"a":0.55,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"AI can synthesize technical information and generate system recommendations, but final decisions on architecture changes involve organizational context, risk tolerance, and accountability that require human sign-off.","cf":0.75},{"t":"Store, retrieve, and manipulate data for analysis of system capabilities and requirements.","ty":"Core","imp":3.59,"a":0.85,"m":"replace","b":[],"why":"Storing, retrieving, and manipulating data for analysis is a core strength of current AI and automated data pipelines; this task is largely end-to-end automatable without ongoing human intervention.","cf":0.8},{"t":"Design, develop and modify software systems, using scientific analysis and mathematical models to predict and measure outcomes and consequences of design.","ty":"Core","imp":3.56,"a":0.55,"m":"augment","b":["creative_intelligence","judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"AI coding assistants can generate substantial code and models, but designing novel systems using scientific analysis and mathematical modeling for complex outcomes still requires significant human creative and analytical judgment.","cf":0.7},{"t":"Determine system performance standards.","ty":"Core","imp":3.53,"a":0.4,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"Setting performance standards involves business trade-offs, stakeholder priorities, and risk decisions that require human accountability; AI can benchmark and suggest standards but cannot own the decision.","cf":0.73},{"t":"Supervise the work of programmers, technologists and technicians and other engineering and scientific personnel.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":3.51,"a":0.2,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","accountability","judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"Like task 15, supervising technical personnel is fundamentally a human leadership role involving motivation, mentorship, conflict resolution, and organizational accountability that AI cannot credibly replace.","cf":0.85},{"t":"Consult with customers or other departments on project status, proposals, or technical issues, such as software system design or maintenance.","ty":"Core","imp":3.37,"a":0.3,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","accountability"],"why":"Client-facing consultation requires trust, empathy, and real-time reading of customer concerns; AI can draft communications but cannot fully substitute for a human representing the team and owning accountability.","cf":0.8},{"t":"Confer with data processing or project managers to obtain information on limitations or capabilities for data processing projects.","ty":"Core","imp":3.32,"a":0.35,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"This task is fundamentally a human conversation to elicit tacit organizational knowledge; AI may help structure questions or summarize outputs, but the interpersonal exchange and trust-building resist automation.","cf":0.78},{"t":"Supervise and assign work to programmers, designers, technologists, technicians, or other engineering or scientific personnel.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":3.13,"a":0.2,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","accountability","judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"Supervising and assigning work requires managing interpersonal dynamics, motivating individuals, and making nuanced judgment calls about capability and workload , deeply human managerial responsibilities that AI cannot take over.","cf":0.85},{"t":"Obtain and evaluate information on factors such as reporting formats required, costs, or security needs to determine hardware configuration.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":3.07,"a":0.55,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"AI can synthesize reporting requirements, cost data, and security constraints to recommend hardware configurations, but final procurement decisions involve organizational policy and accountability that require human approval.","cf":0.72},{"t":"Train users to use new or modified equipment.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":2.91,"a":0.45,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"AI-powered tutorials and adaptive learning platforms can handle much of user training, but effective instruction often requires reading learner confusion in real time and adapting dynamically , a social intelligence task AI partially handles.","cf":0.7}]},{"soc":"29-1122.00","title":"Occupational Therapists","desc":"Assess, plan, and organize rehabilitative programs that help build or restore vocational, homemaking, and daily living skills, as well as general independence, to persons with disabilities or developmental delays. Use therapeutic techniques, adapt the individual's environment, teach skills, and modify specific tasks that present barriers to the individual.","zone":5,"models":["claude-sonnet-4-6"],"dates":["2026-07-02T09:50:44.696+00:00","2026-07-02T09:50:44.714+00:00"],"tasks":[{"t":"Test and evaluate patients' physical and mental abilities and analyze medical data to determine realistic rehabilitation goals for patients.","ty":"Core","imp":4.77,"a":0.45,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","perception_manipulation","accountability"],"why":"AI can assist in analyzing structured test scores and medical data, but physically administering assessments, observing functional performance in real time, and synthesizing ambiguous findings into realistic, individualized rehabilitation goals requires deep clinical judgment and physical presence.","cf":0.8},{"t":"Complete and maintain necessary records.","ty":"Core","imp":4.71,"a":0.72,"m":"augment","b":["accountability","judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"AI can auto-populate, structure, and draft clinical records from session notes or voice input with high reliability by 2030. However, a licensed OT must review and sign off on records for legal and accountability reasons, and clinical nuance in documentation still requires human oversight.","cf":0.82},{"t":"Plan, organize, and conduct occupational therapy programs in hospital, institutional, or community settings to help rehabilitate persons with disabilities because of illness, injury or psychological or developmental problems.","ty":"Core","imp":4.59,"a":0.25,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","judgment_ambiguity","physical_presence","accountability"],"why":"Planning and conducting OT programs spans physical presence with patients, real-time adaptive decision-making, group facilitation, and institutional coordination , all heavily human-dependent. AI can support scheduling, protocol drafting, and documentation but cannot conduct or lead these programs.","cf":0.85},{"t":"Plan and implement programs and social activities to help patients learn work or school skills and adjust to handicaps.","ty":"Core","imp":4.52,"a":0.3,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","physical_presence","judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"Planning and implementing social and vocational adjustment programs requires ongoing interaction with patients in group or real-world settings, adaptive facilitation, and sensitivity to psychosocial dynamics. AI can assist in program design and scheduling but not in leading these activities.","cf":0.78},{"t":"Evaluate patients' progress and prepare reports that detail progress.","ty":"Core","imp":4.45,"a":0.55,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"AI can synthesize quantitative progress data and generate draft reports efficiently, but interpreting subtle functional changes and making clinically meaningful progress judgments requires professional expertise and accountability. The OT must validate and sign off on conclusions.","cf":0.78},{"t":"Select activities that will help individuals learn work and life-management skills within limits of their mental or physical capabilities.","ty":"Core","imp":4.45,"a":0.42,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","social_intelligence","creative_intelligence"],"why":"Selecting meaningful, motivating activities tailored to an individual's unique capabilities, preferences, and psychosocial context demands nuanced clinical and social judgment that AI cannot fully replicate. AI can generate candidate activity lists and match to profiles, but the final individualized selection is a skilled human task.","cf":0.77},{"t":"Train caregivers in providing for the needs of a patient during and after therapy.","ty":"Core","imp":4.45,"a":0.33,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","physical_presence","judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"Training caregivers involves hands-on demonstration of physical care techniques, real-time correction, emotional support, and sensitivity to caregiver stress and capability , all requiring physical presence and social intelligence. AI can supplement with instructional videos and guidance materials but cannot deliver effective in-person caregiver training.","cf":0.82},{"t":"Lay out materials such as puzzles, scissors and eating utensils for use in therapy, and clean and repair these tools after therapy sessions.","ty":"Core","imp":4.29,"a":0.2,"m":"augment","b":["physical_presence","perception_manipulation"],"why":"Physically laying out, cleaning, and repairing therapy materials is a hands-on, physical task requiring dexterous manipulation in a variable environment. Robotic automation by 2030 remains limited for such unstructured physical tasks, though some institutional settings may use assistants or basic automation.","cf":0.8},{"t":"Consult with rehabilitation team to select activity programs or coordinate occupational therapy with other therapeutic activities.","ty":"Core","imp":4.27,"a":0.38,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"Coordinating with a multidisciplinary rehabilitation team involves real-time interpersonal negotiation, shared clinical decision-making, and professional accountability that AI cannot substitute. AI can prepare summaries and flag coordination needs, but the collaborative consultation itself is inherently human.","cf":0.8},{"t":"Design and create, or requisition, special supplies and equipment, such as splints, braces, and computer-aided adaptive equipment.","ty":"Core","imp":4.18,"a":0.4,"m":"augment","b":["perception_manipulation","creative_intelligence","judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"Designing custom adaptive equipment (e.g., splints, braces) requires physical assessment of the patient, creative problem-solving, and hands-on fabrication skills. AI can support design via CAD tools and suggest off-the-shelf solutions, but custom creation and fitting involves physical manipulation and clinical judgment.","cf":0.75},{"t":"Recommend changes in patients' work or living environments, consistent with their needs and capabilities.","ty":"Core","imp":4.09,"a":0.5,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","social_intelligence","physical_presence"],"why":"AI can generate evidence-based recommendations for environmental modifications given patient data, but understanding the real-world home/work environment, negotiating changes with employers or families, and tailoring advice to individual circumstances requires in-person assessment and social intelligence.","cf":0.75},{"t":"Develop and participate in health promotion programs, group activities, or discussions to promote client health, facilitate social adjustment, alleviate stress, and prevent physical or mental disability.","ty":"Core","imp":3.91,"a":0.28,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","physical_presence","creative_intelligence"],"why":"Facilitating group health promotion activities and discussions relies heavily on real-time social and emotional intelligence, physical group presence, and dynamic facilitation skills that AI cannot replicate. AI can assist with curriculum design and psychoeducational content creation.","cf":0.82},{"t":"Provide training and supervision in therapy techniques and objectives for students or nurses and other medical staff.","ty":"Core","imp":3.91,"a":0.3,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","physical_presence","accountability","judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"Training and supervising students and clinical staff involves real-time observation of hands-on techniques, mentorship, and professional accountability for trainees' competence. AI can supplement with instructional materials or simulations but cannot supervise clinical skill development in situ.","cf":0.83},{"t":"Help clients improve decision making, abstract reasoning, memory, sequencing, coordination, and perceptual skills, using computer programs.","ty":"Core","imp":3.85,"a":0.55,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","judgment_ambiguity","physical_presence"],"why":"AI-powered software can increasingly deliver adaptive cognitive training programs, and by 2030 this will be substantially automated. However, the therapist's role in monitoring patient response, adjusting in real time to distress or confusion, and integrating sessions into broader therapy plans requires human oversight.","cf":0.72},{"t":"Conduct research in occupational therapy.","ty":"Core","imp":3.84,"a":0.38,"m":"augment","b":["creative_intelligence","judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"AI can accelerate literature review, data analysis, and hypothesis generation substantially, but designing original research questions, navigating ethical review, and contributing novel scientific insight to occupational therapy requires human creativity and professional judgment. AI is a powerful research augment, not a replacement.","cf":0.78},{"t":"Advise on health risks in the workplace or on health-related transition to retirement.","ty":"Core","imp":3.53,"a":0.58,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"AI can synthesize occupational health guidelines and generate tailored workplace risk or retirement transition advice efficiently. However, delivering this advice in context, understanding individual and organizational dynamics, and taking accountability for recommendations still requires a human professional.","cf":0.7},{"t":"Provide patients with assistance in locating or holding jobs.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":2.72,"a":0.42,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence","judgment_ambiguity","physical_presence"],"why":"AI can assist with job matching, resume preparation, and identifying vocational resources, but advocating for clients with employers, coaching through job interviews, and supporting workplace integration involves sustained interpersonal engagement and real-world social navigation beyond AI's current reliable capabilities.","cf":0.73}]},{"soc":"29-1141.00","title":"Registered Nurses","desc":"Assess patient health problems and needs, develop and implement nursing care plans, and maintain medical records. Administer nursing care to ill, injured, convalescent, or disabled patients. May advise patients on health maintenance and disease prevention or provide case management. Licensing or registration required.","zone":4,"models":["claude-sonnet-4-6"],"dates":["2026-07-13T10:38:17.718+00:00","2026-07-13T10:38:18.927+00:00"],"tasks":[{"t":"Record patients' medical information and vital signs.","ty":"Core","imp":4.74,"a":0.55,"m":"augment","b":["physical_presence"],"why":"AI can auto-populate structured records from connected monitors and voice input, but a nurse must still physically take manual vitals and verify sensor readings against the patient's real condition.","cf":0.8},{"t":"Administer medications to patients and monitor patients for reactions or side effects.","ty":"Core","imp":4.7,"a":0.15,"m":"augment","b":["physical_presence","accountability"],"why":"Administering medication requires physically handling the patient and equipment, and a licensed nurse bears personal legal accountability for safe dosing and reaction monitoring that cannot be delegated to software.","cf":0.85},{"t":"Maintain accurate, detailed reports and records.","ty":"Core","imp":4.69,"a":0.65,"m":"augment","b":["accountability"],"why":"AI drafting and structuring of clinical notes is already strong, but a nurse must review and sign off, since the record is a legal document tied to personal accountability.","cf":0.78},{"t":"Monitor, record, and report symptoms or changes in patients' conditions.","ty":"Core","imp":4.61,"a":0.3,"m":"augment","b":["perception_manipulation","judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"Detecting subtle changes in a patient's condition draws on hands-on physical observation and clinical judgment under ambiguous, evolving circumstances that current AI cannot reliably replicate at the bedside.","cf":0.8},{"t":"Provide health care, first aid, immunizations, or assistance in convalescence or rehabilitation in locations such as schools, hospitals, or industry.","ty":"Core","imp":4.56,"a":0.1,"m":"augment","b":["physical_presence"],"why":"This is direct hands-on physical care , injections, wound care, physical assistance , that requires a human body performing the task on another human body.","cf":0.85},{"t":"Consult and coordinate with healthcare team members to assess, plan, implement, or evaluate patient care plans.","ty":"Core","imp":4.48,"a":0.3,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence"],"why":"Real-time coordination with physicians, therapists, and other staff relies on reading social and professional cues in live conversation that AI can support with summaries but not conduct on its own.","cf":0.78},{"t":"Direct or supervise less-skilled nursing or healthcare personnel or supervise a particular unit.","ty":"Core","imp":4.46,"a":0.25,"m":"augment","b":["accountability","social_intelligence"],"why":"Supervising staff and taking responsibility for a unit's performance involves personal accountability for other people's work and interpersonal leadership that AI cannot assume.","cf":0.8},{"t":"Monitor all aspects of patient care, including diet and physical activity.","ty":"Core","imp":4.44,"a":0.4,"m":"augment","b":["physical_presence"],"why":"Some tracking (diet logs, activity data) can be automated, but comprehensive bedside monitoring of a patient's overall condition still requires physical presence and hands-on checks.","cf":0.78},{"t":"Perform administrative or managerial functions, such as taking responsibility for a unit's staff, budget, planning, or long-range goals.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":4.42,"a":0.5,"m":"augment","b":["accountability"],"why":"AI can help draft budgets and staffing schedules, but formal responsibility for a unit's staff, budget, and long-range goals rests with a named manager who is accountable for the outcomes.","cf":0.75},{"t":"Order, interpret, and evaluate diagnostic tests to identify and assess patient's condition.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":4.41,"a":0.55,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"AI is quite capable of flagging abnormal results and suggesting likely interpretations, but ordering tests and integrating results into a diagnosis under clinical uncertainty remains a judgment call the clinician is accountable for.","cf":0.72},{"t":"Prescribe or recommend drugs, medical devices, or other forms of treatment, such as physical therapy, inhalation therapy, or related therapeutic procedures.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":4.4,"a":0.3,"m":"augment","b":["accountability","judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"Prescribing carries direct legal and clinical accountability for patient safety and requires judgment that weighs an individual patient's ambiguous, evolving presentation , AI can suggest options but cannot hold the license.","cf":0.8},{"t":"Direct or coordinate infection control programs, advising or consulting with specified personnel about necessary precautions.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":4.38,"a":0.35,"m":"augment","b":["accountability"],"why":"AI can synthesize infection-control guidelines, but directing a live program and advising staff carries institutional accountability that requires a designated human owner.","cf":0.76},{"t":"Instruct individuals, families, or other groups on topics such as health education, disease prevention, or childbirth and develop health improvement programs.","ty":"Core","imp":4.35,"a":0.3,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence"],"why":"Patient education is most effective delivered face-to-face, reading a family's emotional state and adjusting explanations in real time , a social skill AI can support with materials but not replace.","cf":0.78},{"t":"Prepare rooms, sterile instruments, equipment, or supplies and ensure that stock of supplies is maintained.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":4.35,"a":0.2,"m":"augment","b":["physical_presence"],"why":"Physically setting up a sterile room and instruments is a manual task that needs a body in the room , AI can help track inventory levels but not do the physical setup.","cf":0.82},{"t":"Modify patient treatment plans as indicated by patients' responses and conditions.","ty":"Core","imp":4.34,"a":0.3,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"Adjusting a treatment plan mid-course requires weighing an individual patient's ambiguous, changing response against clinical guidelines , a judgment call the clinician is accountable for.","cf":0.76},{"t":"Conduct specified laboratory tests.","ty":"Core","imp":4.31,"a":0.35,"m":"augment","b":["physical_presence"],"why":"Point-of-care lab testing (e.g., blood glucose, rapid strep) is a manual, hands-on procedure performed at the bedside, even though the analysis of results can be automated.","cf":0.78},{"t":"Observe nurses and visit patients to ensure proper nursing care.","ty":"Core","imp":4.23,"a":0.2,"m":"augment","b":["physical_presence","accountability"],"why":"Quality-checking care in person and taking responsibility for what other nurses are doing requires physical rounding and personal accountability for oversight.","cf":0.8},{"t":"Assess the needs of individuals, families, or communities, including assessment of individuals' home or work environments, to identify potential health or safety problems.","ty":"Core","imp":4.19,"a":0.3,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity","social_intelligence"],"why":"Assessing a home or work environment for hidden hazards blends physical observation, social rapport with the family, and judgment about ambiguous risk factors , hard to do remotely or by AI alone.","cf":0.76},{"t":"Administer local, inhalation, intravenous, or other anesthetics.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":4.17,"a":0.1,"m":"augment","b":["physical_presence","accountability"],"why":"Administering anesthesia is a high-stakes, hands-on procedure with direct physical risk to the patient, requiring a licensed provider physically present and accountable throughout.","cf":0.85},{"t":"Provide or arrange for training or instruction of auxiliary personnel or students.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":4.09,"a":0.3,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence"],"why":"Hands-on clinical teaching relies on modeling technique at the bedside and reading a trainee's understanding in real time, which AI can supplement with materials but not deliver directly.","cf":0.78},{"t":"Work with individuals, groups, or families to plan or implement programs designed to improve the overall health of communities.","ty":"Core","imp":4.08,"a":0.3,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence"],"why":"Community health program work depends on building trust and buy-in with local groups face-to-face, a social skill AI cannot substitute for even as it helps with program design.","cf":0.76},{"t":"Prepare patients for and assist with examinations or treatments.","ty":"Core","imp":4.06,"a":0.2,"m":"augment","b":["physical_presence"],"why":"Physically positioning, comforting, and assisting a patient during an exam or treatment is inherently a hands-on task performed on a person's body.","cf":0.82},{"t":"Refer students or patients to specialized health resources or community agencies furnishing assistance.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":3.96,"a":0.6,"m":"augment","b":["judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"Matching a patient to the right specialist or community resource is a structured lookup task AI handles well, though edge cases with ambiguous or overlapping needs still benefit from clinical judgment.","cf":0.72},{"t":"Perform physical examinations, make tentative diagnoses, and treat patients en route to hospitals or at disaster site triage centers.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":3.95,"a":0.1,"m":"augment","b":["physical_presence","accountability","judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"Emergency field triage combines hands-on physical examination, high-stakes diagnostic judgment under extreme time pressure, and personal accountability for life-or-death decisions , none of which can be delegated to AI in the field.","cf":0.85},{"t":"Consult with institutions or associations regarding issues or concerns relevant to the practice and profession of nursing.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":3.85,"a":0.35,"m":"augment","b":["social_intelligence"],"why":"Professional consulting and advocacy for the nursing profession happens through relationship-based dialogue with institutions, which AI can help prepare for but not conduct.","cf":0.75},{"t":"Inform physician of patient's condition during anesthesia.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":3.49,"a":0.25,"m":"augment","b":["accountability","physical_presence"],"why":"Real-time reporting during an anesthesia procedure requires a nurse physically present at the patient's side, continuously assessing vitals and taking responsibility for flagging changes promptly.","cf":0.8},{"t":"Engage in research activities related to nursing.","ty":"Supplemental","imp":3.42,"a":0.55,"m":"augment","b":["creative_intelligence"],"why":"AI is a strong research assistant for literature review and data analysis, but designing a novel study and generating original research questions still benefits from a human researcher's creative judgment.","cf":0.72}]},{"soc":"53-3011.00","title":"Ambulance Drivers and Attendants, Except Emergency Medical Technicians","desc":"Drive ambulance or assist ambulance driver in transporting sick, injured, or convalescent persons. Assist in lifting patients.","zone":2,"models":["claude-sonnet-5"],"dates":["2026-09-04T01:01:21.728+00:00","2026-09-04T01:01:21.734+00:00"],"tasks":[{"t":"Remove and replace soiled linens or equipment to maintain sanitary conditions.","ty":"Core","imp":4.57,"a":0.05,"m":"unaffected","b":["physical_presence"],"why":"Physically removing and replacing soiled linens/equipment requires manual dexterity and presence in a moving vehicle, not automatable by AI.","cf":0.9},{"t":"Drive ambulances or assist ambulance drivers in transporting sick, injured, or convalescent persons.","ty":"Core","imp":4.47,"a":0.15,"m":"augment","b":["physical_presence","accountability","social_intelligence"],"why":"Driving a vehicle in mixed traffic while carrying a patient requires real-time perception, split-second judgment, and legal accountability that autonomous vehicles cannot yet reliably provide, especially in emergency/urgent contexts.","cf":0.75},{"t":"Report facts concerning accidents or emergencies to hospital personnel or law enforcement officials.","ty":"Core","imp":4.35,"a":0.45,"m":"augment","b":["accountability","social_intelligence"],"why":"AI can help draft or transcribe incident reports, but verifying facts, communicating with officials, and taking responsibility for accuracy require human judgment and accountability.","cf":0.7},{"t":"Place patients on stretchers, and load stretchers into ambulances, usually with assistance from other attendants.","ty":"Core","imp":4.26,"a":0.03,"m":"unaffected","b":["physical_presence"],"why":"Lifting and moving patients onto stretchers requires physical strength, coordination, and direct human touch that robots cannot safely replicate in this context.","cf":0.92},{"t":"Accompany and assist emergency medical technicians on calls.","ty":"Core","imp":4.19,"a":0.05,"m":"unaffected","b":["physical_presence","social_intelligence"],"why":"Accompanying and assisting EMTs on calls requires physical presence, real-time coordination, and interpersonal support during emergencies.","cf":0.9},{"t":"Replace supplies and disposable items on ambulances.","ty":"Core","imp":4.06,"a":0.1,"m":"augment","b":["physical_presence"],"why":"Physically restocking supplies on a vehicle requires manual handling and inventory placement that AI cannot perform without robotic embodiment.","cf":0.88},{"t":"Perform minor maintenance on emergency medical services vehicles, such as ambulances.","ty":"Core","imp":3.97,"a":0.15,"m":"augment","b":["physical_presence"],"why":"Minor vehicle maintenance is a hands-on mechanical task; AI can provide diagnostic guidance but cannot physically perform repairs.","cf":0.85},{"t":"Clean and wash rigs, ambulances, or equipment.","ty":"Core","imp":3.96,"a":0.05,"m":"unaffected","b":["physical_presence"],"why":"Washing and cleaning vehicles/equipment is a manual physical chore requiring no cognitive automation, only robotic embodiment which is not yet standard.","cf":0.9},{"t":"Earn and maintain appropriate certifications.","ty":"Core","imp":3.92,"a":0.1,"m":"augment","b":["accountability","judgment_ambiguity"],"why":"Certification requires human testing, practical skill demonstration, and regulatory accountability; AI can help study but cannot earn the credential.","cf":0.85},{"t":"Administer first aid, such as bandaging, splinting, or administering oxygen.","ty":"Core","imp":3.85,"a":0.05,"m":"unaffected","b":["physical_presence","judgment_ambiguity","accountability"],"why":"Administering first aid like bandaging or oxygen requires hands-on physical skill and real-time medical judgment under unpredictable conditions.","cf":0.92},{"t":"Restrain or shackle violent patients.","ty":"Core","imp":3.36,"a":0.02,"m":"unaffected","b":["physical_presence","social_intelligence","accountability"],"why":"Physically restraining a violent patient demands direct physical intervention, de-escalation skill, and legal/ethical accountability entirely outside AI's capability.","cf":0.95}]}];
|
| 196 |
+
const BN = {perception_manipulation:"Perception and manipulation",creative_intelligence:"Creative intelligence",social_intelligence:"Social intelligence",judgment_ambiguity:"Judgment under ambiguity",accountability:"Accountability and liability",physical_presence:"Physical presence"};
|
| 197 |
+
const MODE_LABEL = {replace:"Replace",augment:"Augment",unaffected:"Unaffected"};
|
| 198 |
+
const MODELS = {"claude-sonnet-4-6":"Claude Sonnet 4.6","claude-sonnet-5":"Claude Sonnet 5"};
|
| 199 |
+
const MONTHS = ["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"];
|
| 200 |
+
let cur = 0, filter = "all";
|
| 201 |
+
const edits = DATA.map(() => ({})); // per occupation: task index -> {m, a}
|
| 202 |
+
|
| 203 |
+
const $ = (s, r) => (r || document).querySelector(s);
|
| 204 |
+
const esc = s => String(s == null ? "" : s).replace(/[&<>"]/g, c => ({"&":"&","<":"<",">":">",'"':"""}[c]));
|
| 205 |
+
const short = o => o.title.split(", Except")[0];
|
| 206 |
+
|
| 207 |
+
function weights(o){
|
| 208 |
+
const rated = o.tasks.filter(t => t.imp != null);
|
| 209 |
+
const mean = rated.reduce((s,t) => s + t.imp, 0) / rated.length;
|
| 210 |
+
return o.tasks.map(t => t.imp != null ? t.imp : mean);
|
| 211 |
+
}
|
| 212 |
+
function state(o, i){ const e = edits[DATA.indexOf(o)][i]; return e ? e : {m:o.tasks[i].m, a:o.tasks[i].a}; }
|
| 213 |
+
function stats(o, useEdits){
|
| 214 |
+
const w = weights(o); let W = 0, r = 0, x = 0;
|
| 215 |
+
o.tasks.forEach((t, i) => {
|
| 216 |
+
const s = useEdits ? state(o, i) : {m:t.m, a:t.a};
|
| 217 |
+
W += w[i];
|
| 218 |
+
if (s.m === "replace"){ r += w[i]*s.a; x += w[i]*s.a; }
|
| 219 |
+
else if (s.m === "augment"){ x += w[i]*s.a; }
|
| 220 |
+
});
|
| 221 |
+
return {rep:100*r/W, exp:100*x/W};
|
| 222 |
+
}
|
| 223 |
+
function isChanged(o, i){ const e = edits[DATA.indexOf(o)][i]; return !!e && (e.m !== o.tasks[i].m || Math.abs(e.a - o.tasks[i].a) > 0.0049); }
|
| 224 |
+
function changedCount(o){ return o.tasks.reduce((n, _, i) => n + (isChanged(o, i) ? 1 : 0), 0); }
|
| 225 |
+
function pc(x){ return x.toFixed(1) + "%"; }
|
| 226 |
+
|
| 227 |
+
function renderPicker(){
|
| 228 |
+
$("#picker").innerHTML = DATA.map((o, k) => {
|
| 229 |
+
const s = stats(o, false);
|
| 230 |
+
return `<button class="pick" type="button" data-k="${k}" aria-pressed="${k === cur}"><span class="nm">${esc(short(o))}</span><span class="sub">${o.tasks.length} tasks · exposure ${s.exp.toFixed(0)}%</span></button>`;
|
| 231 |
+
}).join("");
|
| 232 |
+
}
|
| 233 |
+
|
| 234 |
+
function renderOcc(){
|
| 235 |
+
const o = DATA[cur], base = stats(o, false);
|
| 236 |
+
const d = new Date(o.dates[0]);
|
| 237 |
+
const model = (o.models || []).map(m => MODELS[m] || m).join(", ");
|
| 238 |
+
$("#occ").innerHTML = `
|
| 239 |
+
<div class="occ-top">
|
| 240 |
+
<span class="soc">SOC ${esc(o.soc)} · Job Zone ${esc(o.zone)}</span>
|
| 241 |
+
<h2>${esc(o.title)}</h2>
|
| 242 |
+
<p class="desc">${esc(o.desc)}</p>
|
| 243 |
+
</div>
|
| 244 |
+
<div class="metrics">
|
| 245 |
+
<div class="metric"><span class="k">Replacement</span><span class="v" id="vRep"></span><span class="n" id="nRep"></span></div>
|
| 246 |
+
<div class="metric"><span class="k">Exposure</span><span class="v" id="vExp"></span><span class="n" id="nExp"></span></div>
|
| 247 |
+
</div>
|
| 248 |
+
<div class="mix"><div class="mixbar" id="mixbar" role="img" aria-label="Task modes"></div><div class="mixleg" id="mixleg"></div></div>
|
| 249 |
+
<div class="bar">
|
| 250 |
+
<div class="chips" role="group" aria-label="Filter tasks">
|
| 251 |
+
${["all","replace","augment","unaffected","changed"].map(f => `<button class="chip" type="button" data-f="${f}" aria-pressed="${f === filter}">${f === "all" ? "All tasks" : f === "changed" ? "Changed by you" : MODE_LABEL[f]}</button>`).join("")}
|
| 252 |
+
</div>
|
| 253 |
+
<button class="btn" type="button" id="reset">Reset to model scores</button>
|
| 254 |
+
</div>
|
| 255 |
+
<p class="hint">Tasks are listed by O*NET importance, highest first. Scored ${MONTHS[d.getUTCMonth()]} ${d.getUTCFullYear()} with ${esc(model)}.</p>
|
| 256 |
+
<ol class="tasks" id="tasks"></ol>`;
|
| 257 |
+
renderTasks();
|
| 258 |
+
updateMetrics();
|
| 259 |
+
}
|
| 260 |
+
|
| 261 |
+
function renderTasks(){
|
| 262 |
+
const o = DATA[cur];
|
| 263 |
+
const rows = [];
|
| 264 |
+
o.tasks.forEach((t, i) => {
|
| 265 |
+
const s = state(o, i), ch = isChanged(o, i);
|
| 266 |
+
if (filter === "changed" ? !ch : (filter !== "all" && s.m !== filter)) return;
|
| 267 |
+
rows.push(`<li class="task" data-i="${i}" data-mode="${s.m}">
|
| 268 |
+
<div class="imp"><span class="imp-n">${t.imp == null ? "n/a" : t.imp.toFixed(1)}</span><span class="imp-l">importance</span></div>
|
| 269 |
+
<div>
|
| 270 |
+
<p class="ttext">${esc(t.t)}</p>
|
| 271 |
+
<ul class="bn" aria-label="Human bottlenecks">${t.b.map(b => `<li>${esc(BN[b] || b)}</li>`).join("")}</ul>
|
| 272 |
+
<details><summary>Why the model scored it this way</summary><p>${esc(t.why)}</p></details>
|
| 273 |
+
</div>
|
| 274 |
+
<div class="ctl">
|
| 275 |
+
<label class="lbl" for="m${i}">Mode</label>
|
| 276 |
+
<select id="m${i}" data-role="mode">${["replace","augment","unaffected"].map(m => `<option value="${m}"${m === s.m ? " selected" : ""}>${MODE_LABEL[m]}</option>`).join("")}</select>
|
| 277 |
+
<label class="lbl" for="a${i}"><span>Automatability</span><output id="o${i}">${s.a.toFixed(2)}</output></label>
|
| 278 |
+
<input type="range" id="a${i}" data-role="auto" min="0" max="1" step="0.01" value="${s.a}">
|
| 279 |
+
<p class="meta"><span>Model: ${MODE_LABEL[t.m].toLowerCase()}, ${t.a.toFixed(2)}, confidence ${Math.round(t.cf*100)}%</span><span id="tag${i}">${ch ? '<span class="changed-tag">Changed</span> <button class="rev" type="button" data-role="rev">Revert</button>' : ""}</span></p>
|
| 280 |
+
</div>
|
| 281 |
+
</li>`);
|
| 282 |
+
});
|
| 283 |
+
$("#tasks").innerHTML = rows.length ? rows.join("") : `<li class="empty">${filter === "changed" ? "Nothing changed yet. Switch a task's mode or move a slider and it will appear here." : "No tasks in this group."}</li>`;
|
| 284 |
+
}
|
| 285 |
+
|
| 286 |
+
function updateMetrics(){
|
| 287 |
+
const o = DATA[cur], base = stats(o, false), now = stats(o, true);
|
| 288 |
+
const set = (v, n, b, x) => {
|
| 289 |
+
$(v).textContent = pc(x);
|
| 290 |
+
const dlt = x - b, el = $(n);
|
| 291 |
+
el.className = "n";
|
| 292 |
+
if (Math.abs(dlt) < 0.05){ el.textContent = "Model's score"; }
|
| 293 |
+
else { el.textContent = `${dlt > 0 ? "+" : "-"}${Math.abs(dlt).toFixed(1)} points from the model's ${pc(b)}`; el.classList.add(dlt > 0 ? "up" : "down"); }
|
| 294 |
+
};
|
| 295 |
+
set("#vRep", "#nRep", base.rep, now.rep);
|
| 296 |
+
set("#vExp", "#nExp", base.exp, now.exp);
|
| 297 |
+
const cnt = {replace:0, augment:0, unaffected:0};
|
| 298 |
+
o.tasks.forEach((_, i) => cnt[state(o, i).m]++);
|
| 299 |
+
const n = o.tasks.length;
|
| 300 |
+
$("#mixbar").innerHTML = ["replace","augment","unaffected"].map(m => `<span class="c-${m}" style="width:${100*cnt[m]/n}%"></span>`).join("");
|
| 301 |
+
$("#mixleg").innerHTML = ["replace","augment","unaffected"].map(m => `<span><i class="dot c-${m}"></i><b>${cnt[m]}</b> ${m}</span>`).join("");
|
| 302 |
+
$("#reset").disabled = changedCount(o) === 0;
|
| 303 |
+
}
|
| 304 |
+
|
| 305 |
+
function renderGlance(){
|
| 306 |
+
const rows = DATA.map((o, k) => ({k, o, s: stats(o, false)})).sort((a, b) => b.s.exp - a.s.exp);
|
| 307 |
+
$("#glance").innerHTML = rows.map(r => `<div class="grow" data-cur="${r.k === cur ? 1 : 0}"><span class="gn">${esc(short(r.o))}</span><div class="gbars"><div class="gbar e" style="width:${r.s.exp}%"><b>${r.s.exp.toFixed(0)}%</b></div><div class="gbar r" style="width:${r.s.rep}%"><b>${r.s.rep.toFixed(0)}%</b></div></div></div>`).join("");
|
| 308 |
+
}
|
| 309 |
+
|
| 310 |
+
function refresh(){ renderPicker(); renderOcc(); renderGlance(); }
|
| 311 |
+
|
| 312 |
+
document.addEventListener("click", e => {
|
| 313 |
+
const p = e.target.closest(".pick");
|
| 314 |
+
if (p){ cur = +p.dataset.k; filter = "all"; refresh(); return; }
|
| 315 |
+
const c = e.target.closest(".chip");
|
| 316 |
+
if (c){ filter = c.dataset.f; document.querySelectorAll(".chip").forEach(x => x.setAttribute("aria-pressed", x === c)); renderTasks(); return; }
|
| 317 |
+
if (e.target.id === "reset"){ edits[cur] = {}; renderTasks(); updateMetrics(); return; }
|
| 318 |
+
if (e.target.dataset.role === "rev"){
|
| 319 |
+
const li = e.target.closest(".task"), i = +li.dataset.i; delete edits[cur][i];
|
| 320 |
+
if (filter === "changed") renderTasks(); else syncRow(li, i);
|
| 321 |
+
updateMetrics();
|
| 322 |
+
}
|
| 323 |
+
});
|
| 324 |
+
document.addEventListener("input", e => {
|
| 325 |
+
const li = e.target.closest(".task"); if (!li) return;
|
| 326 |
+
const i = +li.dataset.i, o = DATA[cur], s = state(o, i);
|
| 327 |
+
const next = {m: s.m, a: s.a};
|
| 328 |
+
if (e.target.dataset.role === "auto"){ next.a = parseFloat(e.target.value); }
|
| 329 |
+
else if (e.target.dataset.role === "mode"){ next.m = e.target.value; }
|
| 330 |
+
else return;
|
| 331 |
+
edits[cur][i] = next;
|
| 332 |
+
syncRow(li, i, e.target);
|
| 333 |
+
updateMetrics();
|
| 334 |
+
});
|
| 335 |
+
function syncRow(li, i, keep){
|
| 336 |
+
const o = DATA[cur], s = state(o, i), ch = isChanged(o, i);
|
| 337 |
+
li.dataset.mode = s.m;
|
| 338 |
+
const sel = li.querySelector("select"), rng = li.querySelector("input[type=range]");
|
| 339 |
+
if (sel !== keep) sel.value = s.m;
|
| 340 |
+
if (rng !== keep) rng.value = s.a;
|
| 341 |
+
li.querySelector("output").textContent = s.a.toFixed(2);
|
| 342 |
+
li.querySelector("#tag" + i).innerHTML = ch ? '<span class="changed-tag">Changed</span> <button class="rev" type="button" data-role="rev">Revert</button>' : "";
|
| 343 |
+
}
|
| 344 |
+
|
| 345 |
+
(function(){
|
| 346 |
+
const models = [...new Set(DATA.flatMap(o => o.models))].map(m => MODELS[m] || m).join(" and ");
|
| 347 |
+
$("#srcnote").textContent = "Six occupations have been scored so far. Their tasks were scored by " + models + " between July and September 2026, using the same rubric.";
|
| 348 |
+
})();
|
| 349 |
+
refresh();
|
| 350 |
+
</script>
|