devtools/samples_domains.py

"""Chatbot-style academic paragraphs from different subjects, each with the things a rewrite must keep:
numbers, units, statistics, citations, acronyms and terms of art. Used by `e2e.py batch`."""

DOMAINS = {
    "civil engineering": """Reinforced concrete beams strengthened with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets play a crucial role in extending the service life of ageing bridges. In this study, twelve beams with a span of 3.2 m were tested under four-point bending to evaluate the effect of CFRP layers on flexural capacity. The results demonstrate that two CFRP layers increased the ultimate load by 38% compared with the control beam, while the mid-span deflection decreased from 24.6 mm to 17.1 mm [8]. Furthermore, debonding failure was observed in beams without U-wrap anchorage, which highlights the importance of proper end anchorage (ACI 440, 2017). Overall, these findings provide valuable insights for engineers seeking to design cost-effective and durable retrofitting solutions.""",

    "mechanical engineering": """Additive manufacturing has fundamentally transformed the production of lightweight aerospace components, offering unprecedented design freedom. This paper investigates the fatigue behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V specimens produced by selective laser melting (SLM) at a laser power of 280 W and a scan speed of 1200 mm/s. The findings reveal that hot isostatic pressing (HIP) at 920 °C reduced the porosity from 0.42% to 0.05%, which significantly improved the fatigue limit from 340 MPa to 510 MPa. Moreover, surface roughness remained the dominant crack initiation factor in as-built specimens (Leuders et al., 2013). It is important to note that machining the surface did not eliminate subsurface defects, underscoring the need for comprehensive post-processing strategies.""",

    "electrical engineering": """The integration of renewable energy sources into the power grid presents significant challenges for maintaining voltage stability. This study proposes a model predictive control (MPC) scheme for a 5 kW grid-connected photovoltaic inverter operating at a switching frequency of 20 kHz. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed controller reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the grid current from 4.8% to 1.9%, which is well below the 5% limit of IEEE 519 [14]. Additionally, the settling time under a 50% load step decreased to 2.3 ms, compared with 9.6 ms for a conventional PI controller. These results highlight the potential of MPC to enhance power quality in next-generation distributed generation systems.""",

    "computer science": """Federated learning has emerged as a pivotal paradigm for training machine learning models on decentralised data while preserving user privacy. In this work, we evaluate a communication-efficient variant of FedAvg on the CIFAR-10 dataset with 100 clients and non-IID data partitions. The experimental results show that top-k gradient sparsification reduces the upload cost by 92% while the test accuracy drops by only 1.4 percentage points, from 86.2% to 84.8%. Furthermore, the proposed method converges in 180 communication rounds, whereas the baseline requires 310 rounds (McMahan et al., 2017). It is worth noting that performance degrades when fewer than 10 clients participate per round, which underscores the importance of robust client sampling strategies.""",

    "medicine": """Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity worldwide, and effective glycaemic control plays a crucial role in reducing complications. This randomised controlled trial enrolled 648 adults with T2DM to compare a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor with placebo over 52 weeks. The results demonstrate that mean HbA1c decreased by 0.9% in the treatment group versus 0.2% in the placebo group (p < 0.001), while body weight fell by 2.8 kg. Moreover, the incidence of genital mycotic infections was higher with treatment (6.4% vs 1.2%), although no cases of diabetic ketoacidosis were reported [21]. These findings suggest that SGLT2 inhibition may offer meaningful benefits, but careful patient selection remains essential.""",

    "nursing / public health": """Hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers is widely recognised as a cornerstone of infection prevention. This cross-sectional study assessed compliance in 14 intensive care units (ICUs) across three tertiary hospitals, using 2,160 directly observed opportunities based on the WHO Five Moments framework. Overall compliance was 61.3%, and nurses demonstrated significantly higher compliance than physicians (68.5% vs 49.7%, p < 0.01). Additionally, compliance was lowest before patient contact (44.2%) and highest after exposure to body fluids (83.9%). Multivariable logistic regression indicated that high workload was independently associated with non-compliance (OR = 1.82, 95% CI 1.41-2.35) (Pittet et al., 2000). These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions that address workload and professional culture.""",

    "economics": """Monetary policy plays a pivotal role in shaping inflation expectations, particularly in emerging market economies. This paper examines the impact of policy rate changes on consumer price inflation in India using a structural vector autoregression (SVAR) model with quarterly data from 2004 to 2022. The results indicate that a 100 basis point increase in the repo rate reduces headline inflation by 0.35 percentage points after six quarters, while the effect on core inflation is smaller and statistically insignificant. Furthermore, the exchange rate channel accounts for approximately 22% of the total pass-through (Mishra and Mishra, 2012). It is important to note that the transmission weakened after 2016, which may reflect the adoption of flexible inflation targeting.""",

    "finance": """Environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors have become increasingly important in the landscape of modern portfolio management. This study investigates whether ESG ratings predict stock returns for 1,240 firms listed on the NSE and BSE between 2012 and 2021. Using the Fama-French five-factor model, we find that a high-minus-low ESG portfolio generates an annualised alpha of 2.1% (t = 2.47), although the effect disappears after controlling for firm size. Additionally, firms with high governance scores exhibit significantly lower return volatility (β = -0.18, p < 0.05). These results suggest that ESG integration does not necessarily come at the cost of financial performance, but its benefits appear to be concentrated in large-cap firms (Friede et al., 2015).""",

    "psychology": """Academic procrastination is a pervasive phenomenon that significantly undermines student achievement and well-being. This study examined whether self-compassion mediates the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination among 386 undergraduate students (mean age = 20.4 years, SD = 1.7). Participants completed the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and the Self-Compassion Scale (α = 0.88). Structural equation modelling revealed that maladaptive perfectionism positively predicted procrastination (β = 0.41, p < 0.001), and that self-compassion partially mediated this effect (indirect effect = 0.12, 95% CI [0.06, 0.19]). Moreover, the model explained 31% of the variance in procrastination (Sirois, 2014). These findings suggest that interventions fostering self-compassion may help perfectionistic students manage avoidance behaviour.""",

    "education": """Blended learning has transformed the landscape of higher education, offering students greater flexibility and personalised learning pathways. This quasi-experimental study compared a flipped classroom with traditional lectures in an introductory statistics course involving 214 first-year students. The findings reveal that the flipped group scored significantly higher on the final examination (M = 74.6, SD = 9.8) than the lecture group (M = 68.3, SD = 11.2), t(212) = 4.38, p < 0.001, d = 0.60. Furthermore, students in the flipped group reported higher engagement, although their perceived workload also increased. It is worth noting that prior mathematics achievement did not moderate the effect (Bishop and Verleger, 2013). These results underscore the potential of active learning designs to enhance conceptual understanding.""",

    "law": """Data protection legislation plays a crucial role in safeguarding individual privacy in the digital economy. This article examines the consent requirements under Section 6 of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 and compares them with Article 7 of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The analysis demonstrates that both instruments require consent to be free, specific, informed and unambiguous, yet the Indian statute permits processing for certain legitimate uses without consent. Moreover, the Supreme Court in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017) recognised privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21, which shapes the interpretation of these provisions. It is important to note that penalties may extend to INR 250 crore, although enforcement depends on the Data Protection Board.""",

    "chemistry": """Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted considerable attention as promising materials for carbon capture owing to their exceptionally high surface areas. In this work, an amine-functionalised MOF, UiO-66-NH2, was synthesised by a solvothermal method at 120 °C for 24 h and characterised by XRD, FTIR and N2 adsorption. The results show that the BET surface area reached 1,050 m2/g, and the CO2 uptake was 3.1 mmol/g at 298 K and 1 bar. Furthermore, the CO2/N2 selectivity increased from 18 to 32 after functionalisation, which can be attributed to the interaction between CO2 and the amine groups [17]. Notably, the adsorbent retained 96% of its capacity after ten adsorption-desorption cycles, highlighting its potential for practical applications.""",

    "biology": """Antimicrobial resistance represents one of the most pressing challenges in modern healthcare, and understanding its genetic basis is of paramount importance. This study characterised 96 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae collected between 2019 and 2021 using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). The findings reveal that 71 isolates (74%) carried the blaNDM-1 gene, and 58 of these belonged to sequence type ST147. Moreover, plasmid analysis demonstrated that blaNDM-1 was located on IncFII plasmids in most isolates, which facilitates horizontal gene transfer. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for meropenem ranged from 8 to 64 mg/L (Wyres et al., 2020). These results underscore the need for robust genomic surveillance to track the spread of high-risk clones.""",

    "environmental science": """Urban air pollution poses a significant threat to public health, particularly in rapidly growing cities of the Global South. This study analysed hourly PM2.5 concentrations from 38 monitoring stations in Delhi during 2018-2022 and applied positive matrix factorisation (PMF) to identify the major sources. The results indicate that the annual mean PM2.5 concentration was 98 µg/m3, which is nearly 20 times the WHO guideline of 5 µg/m3. Furthermore, vehicular emissions contributed 28% of the total mass, followed by biomass burning (23%) and secondary aerosols (19%). It is important to note that concentrations peaked in November, coinciding with crop residue burning in neighbouring states [9]. These findings highlight the need for coordinated regional policies.""",

    "management": """Transformational leadership has been widely recognised as a key driver of employee innovation in knowledge-intensive firms. This study investigates the relationship between transformational leadership and innovative work behaviour among 327 employees of Indian software companies, with psychological empowerment as a mediator. Data were analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal that transformational leadership has a significant positive effect on innovative work behaviour (β = 0.29, p < 0.01), and psychological empowerment partially mediates this relationship (β = 0.17, p < 0.01). Additionally, the model demonstrated adequate reliability (CR > 0.80) and convergent validity (AVE > 0.50) (Hair et al., 2019). These insights provide valuable guidance for managers seeking to foster a culture of innovation.""",

    "humanities / history": """The partition of Bengal in 1905 represents a pivotal moment in the history of Indian nationalism, fundamentally reshaping the political landscape of the subcontinent. This essay examines how the Swadeshi movement mobilised diverse social groups through the boycott of British goods and the promotion of indigenous industry. It argues that the movement, although initially led by an urban elite, gradually drew support from students and artisans, yet largely failed to engage the Muslim peasantry of eastern Bengal (Sarkar, 1973). Furthermore, the annulment of partition in 1911 did not resolve the communal tensions that the administrative division had intensified. These developments suggest that the movement played a crucial role in shaping later mass politics, while also exposing its limits.""",
}