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<title>DAREBench: Deployment-Aware and Reliable Evaluation of Models as Agents</title>
<meta name="description" content="DAREBench is a workload- and deployment-aware benchmark for evaluating models as agents: 233 tasks from 22 source benchmarks in a 2×3 workload matrix, one shared OpenClaw runtime with task contracts, and an evidence-based audit of LLM-judge scores.">
<meta name="author" content="Yu Liu, Zhilin Liu, Zhiwei Yang, Shaojie Zhang, Zheyuan Deng, Tingwei Huang, Zhenbo Luo, Lei Jiang, Yanbing Liu, Pei Fu">

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<meta property="og:description" content="A workload- and deployment-aware benchmark for evaluating models as agents. No single model dominates all workload groups.">
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="DAREBench: Deployment-Aware and Reliable Evaluation of Models as Agents">
<meta name="twitter:description" content="A workload- and deployment-aware benchmark for evaluating models as agents.">
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<meta name="citation_title" content="DAREBench: Deployment-Aware and Reliable Evaluation of Models as Agents">
<meta name="citation_author" content="Liu, Yu">
<meta name="citation_author" content="Liu, Zhilin">
<meta name="citation_author" content="Yang, Zhiwei">
<meta name="citation_author" content="Zhang, Shaojie">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Luo, Zhenbo">
<meta name="citation_author" content="Jiang, Lei">
<meta name="citation_author" content="Liu, Yanbing">
<meta name="citation_author" content="Fu, Pei">
<meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2026/09/05">
<meta name="citation_arxiv_id" content="2609.06059">
<meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.06059">
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      <g stroke="#1E3450" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round">
        <g fill="none" stroke-width="3">
          <path d="M40 66 C 34 76, 46 82, 40 92 C 36 98, 42 104, 40 108"/>
          <path d="M54 68 L 50 78 M 52 84 L 56 94 M 53 100 L 50 108"/>
          <path d="M68 68 C 74 78, 62 84, 68 94 C 72 100, 66 104, 68 110"/>
          <path d="M82 66 L 86 76 M 84 82 L 80 92"/>
        </g>
        <path d="M28 64 C 26 34, 94 30, 94 64 Q 86 70 78 64 Q 70 70 61 64 Q 52 70 44 64 Q 36 70 28 64 Z" fill="#CDB8F5" stroke-width="3"/>
        <path d="M40 44 Q 48 36 58 38" fill="none" stroke="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="4" opacity=".8"/>
        <circle cx="50" cy="54" r="3.4" fill="#1E3450" stroke="none"/>
        <circle cx="72" cy="54" r="3.4" fill="#1E3450" stroke="none"/>
        <path d="M54 60 L 58 57 L 62 61 L 66 57" fill="none" stroke-width="2.6"/>
        <path d="M100 30 L 106 26 M 102 40 L 110 40 M 12 34 L 18 38" fill="none" stroke="#9B7BD8" stroke-width="3"/>
      </g>
    </symbol>

    <!-- Snail with a clock shell and a gold star: "timeout-with-credit" -->
    <symbol id="cr-snail" viewBox="0 0 120 120">
      <g stroke="#1E3450" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round">
        <path d="M10 92 C 10 78, 20 70, 30 70 L 34 70 C 36 82, 46 88, 60 88 L 100 88 C 108 88, 110 96, 102 98 L 18 98 C 12 98, 10 96, 10 92 Z" fill="#9ED3A0" stroke-width="3"/>
        <path d="M22 72 L 16 52 M 30 70 L 30 50" fill="none" stroke-width="3"/>
        <circle cx="16" cy="48" r="5" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="2.6"/>
        <circle cx="30" cy="46" r="5" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="2.6"/>
        <circle cx="17" cy="49" r="2.2" fill="#1E3450" stroke="none"/>
        <circle cx="31" cy="47" r="2.2" fill="#1E3450" stroke="none"/>
        <path d="M18 84 Q 22 87 26 84" fill="none" stroke-width="2.4"/>
        <circle cx="66" cy="60" r="28" fill="#F2B84B" stroke-width="3"/>
        <circle cx="66" cy="60" r="20" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="2.6"/>
        <path d="M66 46 L 66 60 L 76 66" fill="none" stroke-width="3.2"/>
        <path d="M66 42 L 66 44 M 84 60 L 82 60 M 66 78 L 66 76 M 48 60 L 50 60" fill="none" stroke-width="2.6"/>
        <path d="M100 14 L 104 24 L 115 25 L 107 32 L 110 43 L 100 37 L 90 43 L 93 32 L 85 25 L 96 24 Z" fill="#FFD166" stroke-width="2.6"/>
      </g>
    </symbol>

    <!-- Octopus juggling tools: "shared execution" -->
    <symbol id="cr-octopus" viewBox="0 0 120 130">
      <g stroke="#1E3450" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round">
        <path d="M22 24 A 44 30 0 0 1 98 24" fill="none" stroke="#9FC9D6" stroke-width="2.6" stroke-dasharray="2 7"/>
        <g transform="translate(10 18) rotate(-20)">
          <path d="M0 10 L 14 -4 M 12 -8 C 13 -12, 19 -13, 21 -10 L 17 -6 L 20 -3 L 24 -7 C 27 -4, 26 1, 22 3" fill="none" stroke-width="3"/>
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        <rect x="46" y="2" width="28" height="20" rx="4" fill="#1E3450" stroke-width="2.6"/>
        <path d="M51 9 L 55 12 L 51 15 M 58 16 L 66 16" fill="none" stroke="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="2.4"/>
        <circle cx="100" cy="22" r="11" fill="#BFE9F3" stroke-width="2.6"/>
        <path d="M89 22 L 111 22 M 100 11 C 94 16, 94 28, 100 33 M 100 11 C 106 16, 106 28, 100 33" fill="none" stroke-width="2"/>
        <g fill="#B28BE3" stroke-width="3">
          <path d="M40 92 C 34 104, 22 104, 18 96 C 26 98, 30 92, 32 84 Z"/>
          <path d="M80 92 C 86 104, 98 104, 102 96 C 94 98, 90 92, 88 84 Z"/>
          <path d="M48 96 C 46 110, 40 120, 32 118 C 38 112, 40 104, 40 94 Z"/>
          <path d="M72 96 C 74 110, 80 120, 88 118 C 82 112, 80 104, 80 94 Z"/>
          <path d="M56 98 C 56 112, 54 122, 48 124 C 52 116, 52 108, 50 98 Z"/>
          <path d="M64 98 C 64 112, 66 122, 72 124 C 68 116, 68 108, 70 98 Z"/>
        </g>
        <path d="M34 50 C 20 44, 14 32, 18 24" fill="none" stroke-width="9"/>
        <path d="M34 50 C 20 44, 14 32, 18 24" fill="none" stroke="#B28BE3" stroke-width="4.5"/>
        <path d="M86 50 C 100 44, 106 34, 104 30" fill="none" stroke-width="9"/>
        <path d="M86 50 C 100 44, 106 34, 104 30" fill="none" stroke="#B28BE3" stroke-width="4.5"/>
        <path d="M30 78 C 24 46, 40 30, 60 30 C 80 30, 96 46, 90 78 C 88 92, 32 92, 30 78 Z" fill="#B28BE3" stroke-width="3"/>
        <ellipse cx="46" cy="46" rx="9" ry="5" transform="rotate(-30 46 46)" fill="#FFFFFF" opacity=".45" stroke="none"/>
        <circle cx="50" cy="64" r="7" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="2.6"/>
        <circle cx="70" cy="64" r="7" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="2.6"/>
        <circle cx="51.5" cy="62" r="3.2" fill="#1E3450" stroke="none"/>
        <circle cx="71.5" cy="62" r="3.2" fill="#1E3450" stroke="none"/>
        <path d="M54 76 Q 60 81 66 76" fill="none" stroke-width="2.6"/>
        <ellipse cx="42" cy="74" rx="5" ry="3" fill="#FF9EB5" opacity=".7" stroke="none"/>
        <ellipse cx="78" cy="74" rx="5" ry="3" fill="#FF9EB5" opacity=".7" stroke="none"/>
      </g>
    </symbol>

    <!-- Treasure chest of task cards: "construct" -->
    <symbol id="ic-chest" viewBox="0 0 120 120">
      <g stroke="#1E3450" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round">
        <g transform="rotate(-12 44 40)"><rect x="30" y="18" width="30" height="38" rx="4" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="2.6"/><path d="M36 28 L 54 28 M 36 36 L 50 36" fill="none" stroke-width="2.2" opacity=".5"/></g>
        <g transform="rotate(10 78 38)"><rect x="62" y="14" width="30" height="40" rx="4" fill="#EAF2FD" stroke-width="2.6"/><path d="M68 24 L 86 24 M 68 32 L 82 32" fill="none" stroke-width="2.2" opacity=".5"/></g>
        <rect x="46" y="10" width="30" height="42" rx="4" fill="#FDF0E2" stroke-width="2.6"/>
        <path d="M52 20 L 70 20 M 52 28 L 66 28 M 52 36 L 68 36" fill="none" stroke-width="2.2" opacity=".5"/>
        <path d="M16 56 C 16 42, 104 42, 104 56 L 104 60 L 16 60 Z" fill="#B97A3E" stroke-width="3"/>
        <rect x="16" y="58" width="88" height="46" rx="6" fill="#D9964F" stroke-width="3"/>
        <path d="M16 72 L 104 72" fill="none" stroke-width="2.6" opacity=".5"/>
        <path d="M34 58 L 34 104 M 86 58 L 86 104" fill="none" stroke="#8B5A2B" stroke-width="5"/>
        <rect x="52" y="64" width="16" height="18" rx="4" fill="#F2B84B" stroke-width="2.6"/>
        <circle cx="60" cy="72" r="2.6" fill="#1E3450" stroke="none"/>
        <path d="M104 18 L 104 26 M 100 22 L 108 22 M 14 28 L 14 34 M 11 31 L 17 31" fill="none" stroke="#F2B84B" stroke-width="3"/>
      </g>
    </symbol>

    <!-- Balance scale with gear (auto) and speech bubble (judge): "score" -->
    <symbol id="ic-scale" viewBox="0 0 120 120">
      <g stroke="#1E3450" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round">
        <path d="M60 22 L 60 100" fill="none" stroke-width="4"/>
        <path d="M40 104 L 80 104 C 80 96, 40 96, 40 104 Z" fill="#9AA8B8" stroke-width="3"/>
        <path d="M20 30 L 100 30" fill="none" stroke-width="4"/>
        <circle cx="60" cy="22" r="6" fill="#F2B84B" stroke-width="3"/>
        <path d="M20 30 L 8 64 M 20 30 L 32 64 M 100 30 L 88 64 M 100 30 L 112 64" fill="none" stroke-width="2.4"/>
        <path d="M4 64 L 36 64 C 34 76, 6 76, 4 64 Z" fill="#EAF2FD" stroke-width="3"/>
        <path d="M84 64 L 116 64 C 114 76, 86 76, 84 64 Z" fill="#FDF0E2" stroke-width="3"/>
        <g transform="translate(20 52)"><circle r="7" fill="#9AA8B8" stroke-width="2.6"/><circle r="2.5" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="2"/><path d="M0 -10 L 0 -7 M 0 7 L 0 10 M -10 0 L -7 0 M 7 0 L 10 0 M -7 -7 L -5 -5 M 5 5 L 7 7 M -7 7 L -5 5 M 5 -5 L 7 -7" fill="none" stroke-width="2.6"/></g>
        <path d="M90 44 L 110 44 C 113 44, 114 46, 114 48 L 114 56 C 114 58, 112 60, 110 60 L 98 60 L 93 64 L 94 60 L 90 60 C 88 60, 86 58, 86 56 L 86 48 C 86 46, 88 44, 90 44 Z" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="2.6"/>
        <path d="M92 52 L 108 52" fill="none" stroke-width="2.2" opacity=".6"/>
      </g>
    </symbol>

    <!-- Report board with bars + frontier curve: "report" -->
    <symbol id="ic-board" viewBox="0 0 120 120">
      <g stroke="#1E3450" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round">
        <path d="M60 86 L 60 110" fill="none" stroke="#8B5A2B" stroke-width="7"/>
        <path d="M60 86 L 60 110" fill="none" stroke-width="2" opacity="0"/>
        <path d="M44 112 Q 60 104 76 112" fill="#F2D9A6" stroke-width="3"/>
        <rect x="10" y="14" width="100" height="74" rx="10" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="3"/>
        <path d="M24 74 L 98 74" fill="none" stroke-width="2.4" opacity=".5"/>
        <rect x="28" y="54" width="10" height="20" rx="2" fill="#4A7AE4" stroke-width="2.4"/>
        <rect x="44" y="44" width="10" height="30" rx="2" fill="#CC580B" stroke-width="2.4"/>
        <rect x="60" y="36" width="10" height="38" rx="2" fill="#4A7AE4" stroke-width="2.4"/>
        <rect x="76" y="48" width="10" height="26" rx="2" fill="#CC580B" stroke-width="2.4"/>
        <path d="M26 44 Q 44 30, 60 28 T 96 22" fill="none" stroke="#B51C79" stroke-width="3.4"/>
        <circle cx="60" cy="28" r="3.6" fill="#B51C79" stroke="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="1.6"/>
        <circle cx="96" cy="22" r="3.6" fill="#B51C79" stroke="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="1.6"/>
      </g>
    </symbol>

    <!-- Fishbowl with three fish: "attributable / shared runtime" -->
    <symbol id="ic-bowl" viewBox="0 0 120 120">
      <g stroke="#1E3450" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round">
        <path d="M36 20 L 84 20 L 84 26 C 104 36, 112 58, 104 80 C 96 102, 24 102, 16 80 C 8 58, 16 36, 36 26 Z" fill="#E8F7FB" stroke-width="3"/>
        <path d="M18 56 C 40 50, 80 62, 102 54 C 108 70, 104 84, 96 92 C 80 104, 40 104, 24 92 C 16 84, 12 70, 18 56 Z" fill="#BFE6EF" stroke="none"/>
        <path d="M36 20 L 84 20 L 84 26 C 104 36, 112 58, 104 80 C 96 102, 24 102, 16 80 C 8 58, 16 36, 36 26 Z" fill="none" stroke-width="3"/>
        <path d="M30 40 Q 26 50 28 60" fill="none" stroke="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="4" opacity=".9"/>
        <g transform="translate(40 66)"><path d="M-12 0 L -18 -6 L -18 6 Z" fill="#F08A4B" stroke-width="2.2"/><ellipse rx="10" ry="7" fill="#F08A4B" stroke-width="2.4"/><circle cx="4" cy="-1" r="1.8" fill="#1E3450" stroke="none"/></g>
        <g transform="translate(76 60) scale(-1 1)"><path d="M-12 0 L -18 -6 L -18 6 Z" fill="#FFCF5C" stroke-width="2.2"/><ellipse rx="10" ry="7" fill="#FFCF5C" stroke-width="2.4"/><circle cx="4" cy="-1" r="1.8" fill="#1E3450" stroke="none"/></g>
        <g transform="translate(62 84)"><path d="M-12 0 L -18 -6 L -18 6 Z" fill="#B28BE3" stroke-width="2.2"/><ellipse rx="10" ry="7" fill="#B28BE3" stroke-width="2.4"/><circle cx="4" cy="-1" r="1.8" fill="#1E3450" stroke="none"/></g>
        <circle cx="86" cy="42" r="3" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="1.8"/>
        <circle cx="92" cy="32" r="2" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="1.6"/>
      </g>
    </symbol>

    <!-- Grid under a magnifier: "interpretable" -->
    <symbol id="ic-grid" viewBox="0 0 120 120">
      <g stroke="#1E3450" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round">
        <rect x="8" y="22" width="26" height="26" rx="6" fill="#18B6F2" stroke-width="2.6"/>
        <rect x="38" y="22" width="26" height="26" rx="6" fill="#4A7AE4" stroke-width="2.6"/>
        <rect x="68" y="22" width="26" height="26" rx="6" fill="#2C45AE" stroke-width="2.6"/>
        <rect x="8" y="52" width="26" height="26" rx="6" fill="#E29805" stroke-width="2.6"/>
        <rect x="38" y="52" width="26" height="26" rx="6" fill="#CC580B" stroke-width="2.6"/>
        <rect x="68" y="52" width="26" height="26" rx="6" fill="#922B01" stroke-width="2.6"/>
        <path d="M86 88 L 108 110" fill="none" stroke-width="11"/>
        <path d="M86 88 L 108 110" fill="none" stroke="#8B5A2B" stroke-width="6"/>
        <circle cx="72" cy="72" r="24" fill="#F2B84B" stroke-width="3"/>
        <circle cx="72" cy="72" r="17" fill="#EAF7FB" fill-opacity=".85" stroke-width="2.6"/>
        <path d="M62 66 Q 64 60 70 58" fill="none" stroke="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="3.4"/>
      </g>
    </symbol>

    <!-- Shield with check and tiny magnifier: "trustworthy" -->
    <symbol id="ic-shield" viewBox="0 0 120 120">
      <g stroke="#1E3450" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round">
        <path d="M56 10 C 70 20, 84 22, 98 20 C 100 58, 90 90, 56 108 C 22 90, 12 58, 14 20 C 28 22, 42 20, 56 10 Z" fill="#DCEFD8" stroke-width="3"/>
        <path d="M56 20 C 66 27, 78 30, 89 29 C 89 58, 80 82, 56 97 Z" fill="#B9DFB1" stroke="none"/>
        <path d="M36 58 L 50 72 L 78 42" fill="none" stroke="#2E7D46" stroke-width="7"/>
        <path d="M96 96 L 110 110" fill="none" stroke-width="8"/>
        <path d="M96 96 L 110 110" fill="none" stroke="#8B5A2B" stroke-width="4"/>
        <circle cx="88" cy="88" r="13" fill="#F2B84B" stroke-width="2.6"/>
        <circle cx="88" cy="88" r="8" fill="#EAF7FB" stroke-width="2.2"/>
      </g>
    </symbol>

    <!-- Clam with a pearl: "cite" -->
    <symbol id="ic-clam" viewBox="0 0 120 120">
      <g stroke="#1E3450" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round">
        <path d="M14 70 C 14 40, 106 40, 106 70 Z" fill="#F7B7A6" stroke-width="3" transform="rotate(-14 60 70)"/>
        <path d="M40 60 L 44 44 M 60 56 L 60 38 M 80 60 L 76 44" fill="none" stroke-width="2.4" opacity=".45" transform="rotate(-14 60 70)"/>
        <path d="M12 72 L 108 72 C 108 100, 12 100, 12 72 Z" fill="#F4A08C" stroke-width="3"/>
        <path d="M36 76 L 38 92 M 60 76 L 60 96 M 84 76 L 82 92" fill="none" stroke-width="2.4" opacity=".45"/>
        <circle cx="60" cy="66" r="12" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="3"/>
        <circle cx="56" cy="62" r="3.6" fill="#EAF2FD" stroke="none"/>
        <path d="M98 30 L 98 38 M 94 34 L 102 34" fill="none" stroke="#F2B84B" stroke-width="3"/>
      </g>
    </symbol>

    <!-- Terminal with bubbles: "quick start" -->
    <symbol id="ic-terminal" viewBox="0 0 120 120">
      <g stroke="#1E3450" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round">
        <rect x="10" y="26" width="92" height="70" rx="10" fill="#14293F" stroke-width="3"/>
        <path d="M10 40 L 102 40" fill="none" stroke="#3A4F66" stroke-width="3"/>
        <circle cx="20" cy="33" r="2.6" fill="#EC624A" stroke="none"/>
        <circle cx="29" cy="33" r="2.6" fill="#F2B84B" stroke="none"/>
        <circle cx="38" cy="33" r="2.6" fill="#7BC47F" stroke="none"/>
        <path d="M24 56 L 34 64 L 24 72" fill="none" stroke="#7FE0E0" stroke-width="4"/>
        <path d="M42 74 L 62 74" fill="none" stroke="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="4"/>
        <circle cx="104" cy="16" r="6" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="2.4"/>
        <circle cx="112" cy="30" r="3.6" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="2"/>
      </g>
    </symbol>

    <!-- ============ DECOR ============ -->
    <symbol id="dc-star" viewBox="0 0 60 60">
      <path d="M30 4 C 33 16, 36 20, 56 22 C 42 30, 40 34, 46 54 C 36 44, 30 42, 16 54 C 20 38, 18 32, 4 22 C 22 22, 26 16, 30 4 Z" fill="#F7A072" stroke="#1E3450" stroke-width="2.6" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
      <circle cx="30" cy="30" r="2" fill="#1E3450"/><circle cx="24" cy="26" r="1.5" fill="#FFFFFF" opacity=".8"/><circle cx="36" cy="36" r="1.5" fill="#FFFFFF" opacity=".8"/>
    </symbol>
    <symbol id="dc-shell" viewBox="0 0 60 60">
      <path d="M30 8 C 50 10, 58 34, 52 48 L 8 48 C 2 34, 10 10, 30 8 Z" fill="#FBD3C4" stroke="#1E3450" stroke-width="2.6" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
      <path d="M30 12 L 30 48 M 18 16 L 22 48 M 42 16 L 38 48 M 10 28 L 16 48 M 50 28 L 44 48" fill="none" stroke="#1E3450" stroke-width="2" opacity=".4" stroke-linecap="round"/>
      <path d="M22 48 L 26 56 L 34 56 L 38 48" fill="#FBD3C4" stroke="#1E3450" stroke-width="2.6" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
    </symbol>
    <symbol id="dc-weed" viewBox="0 0 60 200">
      <path d="M30 200 C 20 170, 42 150, 30 120 C 18 90, 42 70, 30 40 C 24 24, 30 10, 34 2" fill="none" stroke="#1E3450" stroke-width="13" stroke-linecap="round"/>
      <path d="M30 200 C 20 170, 42 150, 30 120 C 18 90, 42 70, 30 40 C 24 24, 30 10, 34 2" fill="none" stroke="#4E9F63" stroke-width="8" stroke-linecap="round"/>
      <path d="M31 150 C 44 142, 52 130, 50 118 M 29 96 C 16 88, 8 76, 10 64" fill="none" stroke="#1E3450" stroke-width="9" stroke-linecap="round"/>
      <path d="M31 150 C 44 142, 52 130, 50 118 M 29 96 C 16 88, 8 76, 10 64" fill="none" stroke="#6BBF7A" stroke-width="4.5" stroke-linecap="round"/>
    </symbol>
    <symbol id="dc-fish" viewBox="0 0 60 40">
      <path d="M14 20 L 2 10 L 3 30 Z" fill="#FFCF5C" stroke="#1E3450" stroke-width="2.4" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
      <ellipse cx="32" cy="20" rx="20" ry="13" fill="#FFCF5C" stroke="#1E3450" stroke-width="2.4"/>
      <path d="M26 10 Q 32 4 38 10" fill="#F2B84B" stroke="#1E3450" stroke-width="2.2"/>
      <circle cx="42" cy="17" r="3.4" fill="#1E3450"/><circle cx="43" cy="16" r="1.2" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
      <path d="M22 14 Q 25 20 22 26" fill="none" stroke="#1E3450" stroke-width="1.8" opacity=".4"/>
    </symbol>

    <!-- Logo: lobster face in a bubble -->
    <symbol id="logo" viewBox="0 0 64 64">
      <circle cx="32" cy="32" r="30" fill="#DDF3F8" stroke="#1E3450" stroke-width="2.5"/>
      <g stroke="#1E3450" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round">
        <path d="M27 24 C 24 14, 18 10, 12 10 M 37 24 C 40 14, 46 10, 52 10" fill="none" stroke-width="2.4"/>
        <path d="M10 38 C 6 30, 10 22, 16 22 L 17 29 L 21 23 C 26 26, 26 34, 22 38 C 18 42, 12 42, 10 38 Z" fill="#EC624A" stroke-width="2.2"/>
        <path d="M54 38 C 58 30, 54 22, 48 22 L 47 29 L 43 23 C 38 26, 38 34, 42 38 C 46 42, 52 42, 54 38 Z" fill="#EC624A" stroke-width="2.2"/>
        <path d="M32 26 C 44 26, 46 36, 46 42 C 46 52, 40 56, 32 56 C 24 56, 18 52, 18 42 C 18 36, 20 26, 32 26 Z" fill="#EC624A" stroke-width="2.4"/>
        <circle cx="26" cy="22" r="6" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="2.2"/>
        <circle cx="38" cy="22" r="6" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="2.2"/>
        <circle cx="27.5" cy="23" r="2.6" fill="#1E3450" stroke="none"/>
        <circle cx="39.5" cy="23" r="2.6" fill="#1E3450" stroke="none"/>
        <path d="M27 42 Q 32 47 37 42" fill="none" stroke-width="2.2"/>
      </g>
    </symbol>

    <!-- ============ UI ICONS (24x24 line, currentColor) ============ -->
    <symbol id="i-arrow" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5 12h14M13 6l6 6-6 6" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2.2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></symbol>
    <symbol id="i-down" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 5v14M6 13l6 6 6-6" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2.2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></symbol>
    <symbol id="i-paper" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7 3h7l5 5v12a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H7a1 1 0 0 1-1-1V4a1 1 0 0 1 1-1z" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linejoin="round"/><path d="M14 3v5h5M9 13h6M9 17h6" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"/></symbol>
    <symbol id="i-pdf" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7 3h7l5 5v12a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H7a1 1 0 0 1-1-1V4a1 1 0 0 1 1-1z" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linejoin="round"/><path d="M12 10v7M9 14l3 3 3-3" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></symbol>
    <symbol id="i-code" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8 7l-5 5 5 5M16 7l5 5-5 5M14 4l-4 16" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2.2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></symbol>
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        <span class="pill pill--glass" id="hero-arxiv"></span>
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      </div>
      <h1 id="hero-title" class="wordmark" aria-label="DAREBench"><span class="wordmark__a" aria-hidden="true">DARE</span><span class="wordmark__b" aria-hidden="true">Bench</span></h1>
      <p class="hero__expansion" data-bind="meta.expansion">Deployment-Aware and Reliable Evaluation of Models as Agents</p>
      <p class="hero__tagline" data-bind="meta.taglines.0">A workload- and deployment-aware benchmark for evaluating models as agents.</p>
      <ul class="authors" id="authors" aria-label="Authors"><li>Yu Liu,</li><li>Zhilin Liu,</li><li>Zhiwei Yang,</li><li>Shaojie Zhang,</li><li>Zheyuan Deng,</li><li>Tingwei Huang,</li><li>Zhenbo Luo,</li><li>Lei Jiang,</li><li>Yanbing Liu,</li><li>Pei Fu</li></ul>
      <ol class="affils" id="affils" aria-label="Affiliations"><li>Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences</li><li>School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences</li><li>MiLM Plus, Xiaomi Inc.</li><li>Department of Computer Science, Brown University</li></ol>
      <p class="author-notes" id="author-notes"></p>
      <div class="hero__btns">
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          <a class="btn btn--navy" data-href="meta.arxivUrl" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.06059" rel="noopener"><svg aria-hidden="true"><use href="#i-paper"/></svg>arXiv</a>
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    <div class="hero__mascot">
      <p class="hero__bubble" aria-hidden="true">checking the evidence&hellip;</p>
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    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="wrap hero__stats-wrap">
    <ul class="stat-tiles" id="stat-tiles" aria-label="DAREBench at a glance"></ul>
  </div>
</section>

<!-- ================= WHY ================= -->
<section id="why" class="sec sec--sand" aria-labelledby="why-title">
  <div class="wrap">
    <div class="sec-head">
      <div class="sec-head__text">
        <p class="kicker">Motivation</p>
        <h2 id="why-title">What deployment-oriented agent evaluation must <span class="squiggle">answer</span></h2>
        <p class="lead" id="why-lead"></p>
      </div>
    </div>
    <ol class="why-grid" id="why-grid"></ol>
    <div class="tldr card card--blob">
      <div class="tldr__head">
        <p class="tldr__label">TL;DR</p>
      </div>
      <ul class="tldr__list" id="tldr-list"></ul>
      <details class="abstract">
        <summary><span>Read the abstract</span></summary>
        <p id="abstract-text"></p>
      </details>
    </div>
  </div>
</section>

<!-- ================= OVERVIEW ================= -->
<section id="overview" class="sec sec--sea" aria-labelledby="overview-title">
  <svg class="wave" viewBox="0 0 1440 64" preserveAspectRatio="none" aria-hidden="true"><path class="wave__back" d="M0 40 C 200 10, 380 10, 560 32 S 940 60, 1120 30 S 1360 14, 1440 26 L 1440 64 L 0 64 Z"/><path class="wave__front" d="M0 44 C 240 24, 420 60, 700 40 S 1100 16, 1440 44 L 1440 64 L 0 64 Z"/></svg>
  <div class="wrap">
    <div class="sec-head">
      <div class="sec-head__text">
        <p class="kicker">Overview</p>
        <h2 id="overview-title">From source benchmarks to deployment <span class="squiggle">reports</span></h2>
        <p class="lead" id="overview-lead"></p>
      </div>
      <svg class="sec-head__art" aria-hidden="true"><use href="#cr-octopus"/></svg>
    </div>
    <figure class="figure-frame card card--blob">
      <button class="zoomable" type="button" id="overview-zoom" aria-label="Enlarge Figure 2: overview of DAREBench">
        <img id="overview-img" alt="" width="1259" height="532" decoding="async">
        <span class="zoomable__hint"><svg aria-hidden="true"><use href="#i-zoom"/></svg><span class="lg-only">Click to enlarge</span><span class="sm-only">Tap to enlarge and pan</span></span>
      </button>
      <figcaption id="overview-cap"></figcaption>
    </figure>
    <ol class="stages" id="stages"></ol>
  </div>
</section>

<!-- ================= WORKLOADS ================= -->
<section id="workloads" class="sec sec--sand" aria-labelledby="workloads-title">
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    <div class="sec-head">
      <div class="sec-head__text">
        <p class="kicker">Workload matrix</p>
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        <p class="lead">Instead of reporting by source benchmark, DAREBench groups tasks along two workload dimensions: input modality (text or multimodal) and execution form (single-step, multi-step, or multi-step with tools). Each source benchmark maps to exactly one group. Select a cell to see its sources, scoring modes, an example prompt and the strongest models.</p>
      </div>
      <svg class="sec-head__art" aria-hidden="true"><use href="#ic-grid"/></svg>
    </div>

    <div class="matrix-layout">
      <div class="matrix card card--blob" id="matrix" role="group" aria-label="Workload matrix"></div>
      <div class="cell-detail card card--blob" id="cell-detail" aria-live="polite"></div>
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    <div class="sources card card--blob" id="sources-block">
      <div class="card-head">
        <div>
          <h3 id="sources-title">Source benchmarks</h3>
          <p class="card-sub" id="sources-sub"></p>
        </div>
        <button class="btn btn--sm btn--ghost view-toggle" type="button" data-target="sources"><svg aria-hidden="true"><use href="#i-table"/></svg><span>View as table</span></button>
      </div>
      <div class="view view--chart" id="sources-chart">
        <div class="legend" id="sources-legend"></div>
        <div class="compbar" id="compbar" aria-hidden="true"></div>
        <div class="chipwall" id="chipwall"></div>
        <div class="source-info" id="source-info" aria-live="polite"></div>
      </div>
      <div class="view view--table" id="sources-table" hidden></div>
    </div>

    <details class="explorer card card--blob" id="explorer">
      <summary>
        <span class="explorer__title">Browse every task file</span>
        <span class="explorer__sub" id="explorer-sub"></span>
      </summary>
      <div class="explorer__body">
        <div class="filters" role="group" aria-label="Task filters">
          <label>Group <select id="f-group"></select></label>
          <label>Source <select id="f-source"></select></label>
          <label>Scoring <select id="f-scoring"></select></label>
          <label class="filters__search">Search id or name <input id="f-q" type="search" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false"></label>
        </div>
        <p class="explorer__count" id="explorer-count" aria-live="polite"></p>
        <div class="table-scroll table-scroll--tall" tabindex="0" role="region" aria-label="Task metadata table">
          <table class="data-table" id="task-table"></table>
        </div>
        <p class="note">Metadata only (from the task files' frontmatter). Group and scoring follow the paper's source mapping; prompts, answers and rubrics are not shown.</p>
      </div>
    </details>
  </div>
</section>

<!-- ================= LEADERBOARD ================= -->
<section id="leaderboard" class="sec sec--sea" aria-labelledby="leaderboard-title">
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  <div class="wrap">
    <div class="sec-head">
      <div class="sec-head__text">
        <p class="kicker">Leaderboard</p>
        <h2 id="leaderboard-title">No single model <span class="squiggle">dominates</span> all workload groups</h2>
        <p class="lead" id="lb-lead"></p>
      </div>
    </div>

    <div class="lb card card--blob has-peek">
      <svg class="peek" aria-hidden="true"><use href="#mascot-peek"/></svg>
      <div class="lb__top">
        <div class="lb__top-left">
          <div class="controls" role="group" aria-label="Leaderboard controls">
            <div class="seg" role="radiogroup" aria-label="Track" id="lb-track"></div>
            <div class="seg" role="radiogroup" aria-label="Deployment" id="lb-deploy"></div>
            <div class="seg" role="radiogroup" aria-label="Cell style" id="lb-style"></div>
          </div>
          <p class="lb__note" id="lb-note"></p>
          <div class="lb__legend" id="lb-legend"></div>
        </div>
        <p class="narrator-bubble" id="lb-bubble"></p>
      </div>
      <p class="lb__swipe" aria-hidden="true">swipe the table sideways &rarr;</p>
      <div class="table-scroll" tabindex="0" role="region" aria-labelledby="lb-caption">
        <table class="lb-table" id="lb-table"></table>
      </div>
      <div class="lb__foot" id="lb-foot"></div>
    </div>
  </div>
</section>

<!-- ================= COST ================= -->
<section id="cost" class="sec sec--sand" aria-labelledby="cost-title">
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        <p class="kicker">Accuracy &amp; cost</p>
        <h2 id="cost-title">Text and multimodal workloads have different <span class="squiggle">frontiers</span></h2>
        <p class="lead" id="cost-lead"></p>
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    <div class="controls controls--bar" role="group" aria-label="Cost view controls">
      <div class="seg" role="radiogroup" aria-label="Modality" id="cost-mode"></div>
      <p class="controls__hint">Scopes every chart and note in this section.</p>
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            <h3 id="scatter-title"></h3>
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            <button class="btn btn--sm btn--ghost" type="button" id="fig1-btn"><svg aria-hidden="true"><use href="#i-image"/></svg><span id="fig1-btn-lab">Paper's figure</span></button>
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        <div class="view view--table" id="scatter-table" hidden></div>
        <figcaption class="note" id="scatter-cap"></figcaption>
      </figure>
      <aside class="cost-notes" id="cost-notes" aria-label="Frontier notes"></aside>
    </div>

    <figure class="chart-card card card--blob" id="tokens-card">
      <div class="card-head">
        <div>
          <h3 id="tokens-title">Tokens and dollars rank models differently</h3>
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          <div class="seg seg--sm" role="radiogroup" aria-label="Sort rows" id="tokens-sort"></div>
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      <figcaption class="tokens-cap" id="tokens-cap"></figcaption>
    </figure>
  </div>
</section>

<!-- ================= RELIABILITY ================= -->
<section id="reliability" class="sec sec--sea" aria-labelledby="reliability-title">
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    <div class="sec-head">
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        <p class="kicker">Evidence-based audit</p>
        <h2 id="reliability-title">Removing credit the <span class="squiggle">evidence</span> does not support</h2>
        <p class="lead" id="rel-lead"></p>
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        <h3>The audit funnel</h3>
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      <div class="judges card card--blob">
        <h3>Two judges, two model families</h3>
        <div class="judges__chain" id="judge-chain"></div>
        <div class="mae" id="mae"></div>
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    </div>

    <div class="patterns card card--blob">
      <div class="card-head">
        <div>
          <h3>Hallucination patterns caught by the audit</h3>
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    <div class="audit-figs" id="audit-figs"></div>
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</section>

<!-- ================= FINDINGS ================= -->
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    <div class="sec-head">
      <div class="sec-head__text">
        <p class="kicker">Key findings</p>
        <h2 id="findings-title">What the results say about <span class="squiggle">choosing</span> an agent model</h2>
        <p class="lead" data-bind="meta.taglines.3">Model selection should consider workload profiles, deployment mode, and accuracy–cost trade-offs rather than a single aggregate score.</p>
      </div>
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      <div class="card-head">
        <div>
          <h3>Where agents fail</h3>
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</section>

<!-- ================= QUICK START ================= -->
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        <p class="kicker">Quick start</p>
        <h2 id="quickstart-title">Evaluate your <span class="squiggle">own</span> model</h2>
        <p class="lead">The commands below are taken verbatim from the repository README. The repository holds the task files, graders and run scripts; by default, runs go through an OpenClaw agent runtime, as in the paper.</p>
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    <div class="card card--blob reqs reqs--strip">
      <h3>Requirements</h3>
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      <ol class="steps" id="qs-steps"></ol>
      <aside class="qs-side">
        <div class="card card--blob tools-card">
          <h3>What every model gets in the paper</h3>
          <p class="card-sub" id="qs-tools-lead"></p>
          <div id="qs-tools"></div>
        </div>
        <details class="card card--blob flags" id="qs-flags-box" open>
          <summary><h3>Command-line flags</h3></summary>
          <dl class="flaglist" id="qs-flags"></dl>
        </details>
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    <div class="anatomy card card--blob">
      <div class="card-head">
        <div>
          <h3>Anatomy of a task file</h3>
          <p class="card-sub" id="anat-sub"></p>
        </div>
      </div>
      <p class="anatomy__eq" id="anat-eq"></p>
      <div class="anatomy__grid">
        <ul class="tuple" id="anat-tuple" aria-label="Task tuple components"></ul>
        <div class="codefile">
          <div class="codefile__bar"><span class="codefile__dots" aria-hidden="true"><i></i><i></i><i></i></span><span id="anat-file"></span></div>
          <pre class="codefile__body" id="anat-code" tabindex="0" aria-label="Task file contents"></pre>
        </div>
      </div>
      <p class="anat-cap" id="anat-cap"></p>
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</section>

<!-- ================= CITE ================= -->
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      <p class="cite__bubble">thanks for diving in!</p>
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      <p class="kicker">Cite</p>
      <h2 id="cite-title">If DAREBench helps your <span class="squiggle">work</span></h2>
      <p class="lead">Please cite the paper:</p>
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