Deploy the site from pipeline commit 1f003bf5caec

assets/amc.css

@@ -22,7 +22,10 @@
   --up: #006300; --down: #b4232f;
   --shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.04), 0 6px 24px rgba(0,0,0,.05);
   --shadow-lift: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.05), 0 14px 40px rgba(0,0,0,.09);
-  --radius: 14px;
+  --radius: 14px; --radius-sm: 12px;
+  /* One spacing system for every box: its padding, the gap between boxes in a
+     row, and the gap between a box's number, title and text. */
+  --pad: 20px; --pad-tight: 16px; --gap: 16px; --gap-tight: 12px; --stack: 10px;
   --sans: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", sans-serif;
   --display: "Inter Tight", Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", sans-serif;
   --mono: "JetBrains Mono", ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Menlo, monospace;
@@ -121,10 +124,10 @@ section.block { padding: 56px 0 8px; }
 .sec-head p { color: var(--ink-2); margin: 8px 0 0; max-width: 64ch; }
 .lede { color: var(--ink-2); margin: 0 0 20px; max-width: 70ch; }
 .lede b { color: var(--ink); }
-.card { background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: var(--radius); padding: 20px; box-shadow: var(--shadow); }
+.card { background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: var(--radius); padding: var(--pad); box-shadow: var(--shadow); }
 
 /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- story cards */
-.stories { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 16px; }
+.stories { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: var(--gap); }
 .stories.three { grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
 @media (max-width: 960px) { .stories.three { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); } }
 @media (max-width: 680px) { .stories, .stories.three { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); } }
@@ -133,7 +136,7 @@ section.block { padding: 56px 0 8px; }
 .story-card:hover { transform: translateY(-3px); box-shadow: var(--shadow-lift); border-color: var(--border-strong); }
 .story-card .thumb { aspect-ratio: 16 / 7.5; background: var(--surface-2); position: relative; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); }
 .story-card .thumb svg, .story-card .thumb canvas { position: absolute; inset: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; display: block; }
-.story-card .body { padding: 18px 20px 20px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 8px; flex: 1; }
+.story-card .body { padding: var(--pad); display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: var(--stack); flex: 1; }
 .story-card h3 { font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0; }
 .story-card p { margin: 0; color: var(--ink-2); font-size: 14.5px; }
 .story-card .more { margin-top: auto; padding-top: 6px; font-weight: 600; font-size: 14px; color: var(--ink); }
@@ -147,10 +150,10 @@ section.block { padding: 56px 0 8px; }
 }
 
 /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- facts */
-.facts { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 16px; }
+.facts { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: var(--gap); }
 @media (max-width: 860px) { .facts { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); } }
-.fact { background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: var(--radius); padding: 22px; box-shadow: var(--shadow);
-        display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px; }
+.fact { background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: var(--radius); padding: var(--pad); box-shadow: var(--shadow);
+        display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: var(--stack); }
 .fact .big { font: 800 clamp(34px, 4.6vw, 46px)/1 var(--display); letter-spacing: -.035em; margin: 0; }
 .fact p { margin: 0; color: var(--ink-2); font-size: 15px; }
 .fact p.big, .finding p.n { color: var(--ink); }
@@ -159,9 +162,9 @@ section.block { padding: 56px 0 8px; }
 .fact a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
 
 /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- stat tiles */
-.tiles { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 12px; margin: 0 0 8px; }
+.tiles { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: var(--gap-tight); margin: 0 0 8px; }
 @media (max-width: 900px) { .tiles { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); } }
-.tile { background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 12px; padding: 16px; box-shadow: var(--shadow); }
+.tile { background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: var(--radius-sm); padding: var(--pad-tight); box-shadow: var(--shadow); }
 .tile .label { font-size: 14px; color: var(--ink-2); margin: 0; }
 .tile .value { font: 700 30px/1.15 var(--display); margin: 6px 0 4px; letter-spacing: -.02em; }
 .tile .sub { font-size: 13px; color: var(--muted); margin: 0; }
@@ -177,10 +180,10 @@ section.block { padding: 56px 0 8px; }
 .share:hover { color: var(--ink); border-color: var(--border-strong); }
 .share svg { width: 13px; height: 13px; }
 
-.findings { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 14px; margin: 36px 0 12px; counter-reset: f; }
+.findings { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: var(--gap); margin: 36px 0 12px; counter-reset: f; }
 @media (max-width: 820px) { .findings { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); } }
-.finding { background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: var(--radius); padding: 20px; box-shadow: var(--shadow); }
-.finding .n { font: 800 clamp(30px, 3.8vw, 40px)/1 var(--display); letter-spacing: -.03em; margin: 0 0 10px; }
+.finding { background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: var(--radius); padding: var(--pad); box-shadow: var(--shadow); }
+.finding .n { font: 800 clamp(30px, 3.8vw, 40px)/1 var(--display); letter-spacing: -.03em; margin: 0 0 var(--stack); }
 .finding p { margin: 0; color: var(--ink-2); font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5; }
 .finding p b { color: var(--ink); }
 
@@ -207,7 +210,7 @@ figure.fig.read { max-width: var(--read); }
 
 /* "Cómo leerlo" — the nuance, next to the figure it qualifies */
 aside.read-this { max-width: var(--read); margin: 28px auto; border-left: 3px solid var(--accent); background: var(--surface);
-                  border-radius: 0 12px 12px 0; padding: 16px 20px; box-shadow: var(--shadow); font-size: 15.5px; line-height: 1.6; }
+                  border-radius: 0 var(--radius-sm) var(--radius-sm) 0; padding: var(--pad-tight) var(--pad); box-shadow: var(--shadow); font-size: 15.5px; line-height: 1.6; }
 aside.read-this .t { font: 700 13px/1 var(--sans); letter-spacing: .06em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--accent); margin: 0 0 8px; }
 aside.read-this p { margin: 0 0 .6em; color: var(--ink-2); }
 aside.read-this p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }
@@ -296,16 +299,16 @@ details.tv th { background: var(--surface-2); color: var(--ink-2); font-weight:
 details.tv td.n, details.tv th.n { text-align: right; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; }
 
 /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- what changed, cta, trust */
-.changes { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 12px; }
+.changes { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: var(--gap-tight); }
 @media (max-width: 760px) { .changes { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); } }
-.change { background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 12px; padding: 16px; box-shadow: var(--shadow); }
+.change { background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: var(--radius-sm); padding: var(--pad-tight); box-shadow: var(--shadow); }
 .change .value { font: 700 26px/1.2 var(--display); margin: 0; letter-spacing: -.02em; }
 .change .label { margin: 2px 0 0; font-weight: 600; }
 .change .sub { margin: 4px 0 0; color: var(--ink-2); font-size: 14px; }
-.cta { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 12px; }
+.cta { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: var(--gap-tight); }
 @media (max-width: 860px) { .cta { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); } }
 .cta a { display: block; text-decoration: none; background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border);
-         border-radius: var(--radius); padding: 20px; box-shadow: var(--shadow); transition: transform .2s, box-shadow .2s, border-color .2s; }
+         border-radius: var(--radius); padding: var(--pad); box-shadow: var(--shadow); transition: transform .2s, box-shadow .2s, border-color .2s; }
 .cta a:hover { transform: translateY(-2px); box-shadow: var(--shadow-lift); border-color: var(--border-strong); }
 .cta a.primary { background: var(--ink); border-color: var(--ink); color: var(--page); }
 .cta .t { font: 700 18px var(--display); letter-spacing: -.01em; }
@@ -357,7 +360,7 @@ nav.pager a { display: inline-block; padding: 10px 0; min-height: 24px; }
 .scrolly .graphic { grid-row: 1; grid-column: 1; position: sticky; top: 76px; height: calc(100vh - 96px); display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; }
 .scrolly .graphic .chart.map svg { max-height: calc(100vh - 210px); }
 .scrolly .steps { grid-row: 1; grid-column: 1; z-index: 1; padding: 62vh 0 30vh; pointer-events: none; }
-.scrolly .step { pointer-events: auto; max-width: 440px; margin: 0 auto 80vh; padding: 16px 18px; background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border);
+.scrolly .step { pointer-events: auto; max-width: 440px; margin: 0 auto 80vh; padding: var(--pad-tight) var(--pad); background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border);
   border-radius: var(--radius); box-shadow: var(--shadow-lift); font-size: 16.5px; line-height: 1.55; opacity: .78; transition: opacity .3s; }
 .scrolly .step.on { opacity: 1; }
 .scrolly .step p { margin: 0; }
@@ -377,6 +380,27 @@ nav.pager a { display: inline-block; padding: 10px 0; min-height: 24px; }
 .reveal.in { opacity: 1; transform: none; }
 @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) { .reveal { opacity: 1; transform: none; transition: none; } }
 
+/* ---------------------------------------------------------------- typography
+   Text in boxes reads as one family on every screen. Headings and the short
+   lines of a card balance their lines; paragraphs avoid a lone last word.
+   Every page is lang="es", so the browser hyphenates by Spanish rules: in the
+   boxes always, in the prose only on a phone, where a long word otherwise
+   leaves a ragged gap. Figures that sit side by side use tabular digits.
+   Long prose is justified only where its column is wide enough to take it,
+   and always hyphenated; a card, a caption or a figure is never justified. */
+h1, h2, h3, .hero .line, .story-head .dek, .fig-head h3, .story-card h3, .cta .t, .tile .label, .change .label { text-wrap: balance; }
+p, li, .fig-head p, .cta .d { text-wrap: pretty; }
+.card, .fact, .finding, .tile, .change, .story-card .body, .cta a, .trust p, .fig-head p, aside.read-this, .scrolly .step, #tip {
+  -webkit-hyphens: auto; hyphens: auto; hyphenate-limit-chars: 7 3 3; overflow-wrap: break-word; }
+.fact .big, .finding .n, .tile .value, .change .value, .story-card .stat { font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; -webkit-hyphens: manual; hyphens: manual; }
+@media (max-width: 540px) {
+  .prose { -webkit-hyphens: auto; hyphens: auto; hyphenate-limit-chars: 7 3 3; }
+}
+@media (min-width: 900px) {
+  .prose > p { text-align: justify; -webkit-hyphens: auto; hyphens: auto; hyphenate-limit-chars: 7 3 3; }
+  figure .prose > p { text-align: start; }
+}
+
 @media print {
   nav.top, .share, .fig-foot .acts, footer.site { display: none; }
   body { background: #fff; }

assets/nav.css

@@ -18,6 +18,13 @@ nav.top .wrap { max-width: 1080px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 16px; display: fle
 nav.top .brand { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; color: var(--n-ink); }
 nav.top .brand .mark { height: 30px; padding: 0 8px; border-radius: 8px; background: var(--n-mark); color: var(--n-mark-ink);
                        display: grid; place-items: center; font: 800 12.5px/1 "Inter Tight", Inter, system-ui, sans-serif; letter-spacing: .04em; }
+/* Colombia's colours, not its flag: a strip in the flag's bands (yellow half,
+   blue and red a quarter each) along the foot of the mark. The flag itself, or
+   its arms, would read as a government site, which AMC is careful not to be. */
+nav.top .brand .mark { position: relative; overflow: hidden; box-sizing: border-box; padding-bottom: 4px; }
+nav.top .brand .mark::after { content: ""; position: absolute; left: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; height: 4px;
+                              background: linear-gradient(90deg, #fcd116 0 50%, #003893 50% 75%, #ce1126 75%); }
+@media (forced-colors: active) { nav.top .brand .mark::after { display: none; } }
 nav.top .brand .name { font: 700 15px/1.1 "Inter Tight", Inter, system-ui, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.01em; }
 nav.top .brand .name small { display: block; font: 500 12px/1.2 Inter, system-ui, sans-serif; color: var(--n-muted); letter-spacing: 0; }
 nav.top .links { display: flex; gap: 2px; margin-left: auto; align-items: center; }

consulta/index.html

@@ -257,38 +257,78 @@ import * as duckdb from "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@duckdb/duckdb-wasm@1.32.0
 const BASE = "https://huggingface.co/datasets/clyxconsultingdev/amc-rues/resolve/main";
 const DISPLAY_CAP = 1000;
 
-// Each one was run against the published files before it went in this list.
+// Thirty, from a first SELECT to window functions, grouped by what each one
+// teaches. Each was run in this page, against the published files, before it
+// went in the list (scratchpad check, 2026-10-16). The slow ones read the
+// 8.3-million-row `companies`; where a summary table answers the same
+// question, the example uses it and says so.
 const EXAMPLES = [
-  ["Empresas vigentes por sector",
-   "-- Personas jurídicas vigentes (la lista objetivo), por sección CIIU\nSELECT s.section, s.label, count(*) AS empresas\nFROM companies c JOIN sector_sections s USING (section)\nWHERE c.in_target_list\nGROUP BY ALL ORDER BY empresas DESC;"],
-  ["Empresas creadas por día en cada gobierno",
-   "-- Las mismas medidas para todos: el ritmo diario, porque los periodos no duran lo mismo\nSELECT p.periodo, p.presidente,\n       count(*) AS creadas,\n       round(count(*) / (coalesce(p.fin, current_date) - p.inicio), 0) AS por_dia\nFROM periods p\nJOIN companies c ON c.first_registered >= p.inicio\n               AND c.first_registered < coalesce(p.fin, current_date)\nGROUP BY ALL ORDER BY p.inicio;"],
-  ["Las actividades que más empresas crean",
-   "SELECT a.clase, a.descripcion, count(*) AS creadas_2025\nFROM companies c JOIN activities a ON a.clase = c.sector_code\nWHERE c.formation_year = 2025\nGROUP BY ALL ORDER BY creadas_2025 DESC\nLIMIT 20;"],
-  ["Cancelaciones de matrículas por año",
-   "-- 2011 y 2015: las depuraciones del registro, no cierres económicos\nSELECT year(fecha) AS anio, sum(matriculas) AS canceladas,\n       sum(matriculas) FILTER (WHERE estado ILIKE '%1429%') AS por_ley_1429\nFROM registry_events\nWHERE evento = 'cancelación' AND fecha >= DATE '2000-01-01'\nGROUP BY 1 ORDER BY 1;"],
-  ["¿Dónde están? Por cámara de comercio",
+  ["Primeros pasos", "Empresas vigentes por sector",
+   "-- SELECT, JOIN, WHERE, GROUP BY y ORDER BY en una sola consulta.\n-- Personas jurídicas vigentes (la lista objetivo), por sección CIIU\nSELECT s.section, s.label, count(*) AS empresas\nFROM companies c JOIN sector_sections s USING (section)\nWHERE c.in_target_list\nGROUP BY ALL ORDER BY empresas DESC;"],
+  ["Primeros pasos", "¿Cuántas empresas llevan una palabra en el nombre?",
+   "-- name_words guarda cada palabra de cada razón social, en orden alfabético:\n-- buscar una palabra exacta solo lee el trozo del archivo donde está, y es rápido.\n-- Escríbela en mayúsculas y sin tildes, y prueba otras: SOFTWARE, TRANSPORTES, ARTESANIAS\nSELECT palabra, count(*) AS empresas,\n       count(*) FILTER (WHERE vivo) AS vigentes,\n       count(*) FILTER (WHERE primera) AS como_primera_palabra\nFROM name_words\nWHERE palabra = 'CAFE'\nGROUP BY palabra;"],
+  ["Primeros pasos", "Buscar un fragmento de nombre con ILIKE",
+   "-- ILIKE busca un texto en cualquier parte, sin distinguir mayúsculas: '%' es cualquier cosa.\n-- Tiene que leer los 8,3 millones de nombres, así que tarda más que contar una palabra.\nSELECT display_name AS razon_social, nit, chamber AS camara, legal_form, first_registered, is_live AS vigente\nFROM companies\nWHERE display_name ILIKE '%alpina%'\nORDER BY is_live DESC, first_registered\nLIMIT 25;"],
+  ["Primeros pasos", "Las sociedades más recientes",
+   "-- ORDER BY ... DESC y LIMIT: las últimas inscritas en el registro\nSELECT display_name AS razon_social, legal_form, chamber AS camara, section, first_registered\nFROM companies\nWHERE org_type IN ('sociedad', 'sin ánimo de lucro', 'economía solidaria')\nORDER BY first_registered DESC\nLIMIT 25;"],
+  ["Primeros pasos", "Las leyes que cambiaron el registro",
+   "-- Una tabla pequeña para empezar: los hitos que explican saltos en las cifras\nSELECT fecha, titulo, detalle, fuente\nFROM milestones\nORDER BY fecha;"],
+  ["Primeros pasos", "¿Qué código CIIU tiene una actividad?",
+   "-- OR combina condiciones; cada clase CIIU es una actividad económica\nSELECT clase, descripcion\nFROM activities\nWHERE descripcion ILIKE '%software%' OR descripcion ILIKE '%informática%'\nORDER BY clase;"],
+
+  ["Contar y agrupar", "Quién está en el registro, por tipo de organización",
+   "-- count(*) FILTER (WHERE ...) cuenta solo una parte del grupo\nSELECT org_type, count(*) AS empresas,\n       count(*) FILTER (WHERE is_live) AS vigentes\nFROM companies GROUP BY org_type ORDER BY empresas DESC;"],
+  ["Contar y agrupar", "¿Dónde están? Por cámara de comercio",
    "SELECT chamber AS camara, count(*) AS empresas\nFROM companies\nWHERE in_target_list\nGROUP BY chamber ORDER BY empresas DESC\nLIMIT 15;"],
-  ["Empresas creadas por año, y cuántas siguen",
-   "SELECT formation_year AS anio,\n       count(*) AS creadas,\n       count(*) FILTER (WHERE is_live) AS vigentes_2026,\n       round(100.0 * count(*) FILTER (WHERE is_live) / count(*), 1) AS pct_vigentes\nFROM companies\nWHERE formation_year BETWEEN 2000 AND 2026 AND org_type <> 'persona natural'\nGROUP BY formation_year ORDER BY formation_year;"],
-  ["Buscar una empresa por nombre",
-   "SELECT display_name AS razon_social, nit, chamber AS camara, legal_form, section, first_registered, is_live\nFROM companies\nWHERE display_name ILIKE '%alpina%'\nORDER BY is_live DESC, first_registered\nLIMIT 25;"],
-  ["El estado no es lo mismo que la vigencia",
-   "-- Millones de matrículas dicen ACTIVA sin haber renovado, y al revés\nSELECT status AS estado, is_live AS vigente, count(*) AS empresas\nFROM companies\nGROUP BY ALL ORDER BY empresas DESC\nLIMIT 12;"],
-  ["De 8,3 millones a la lista objetivo",
-   "SELECT step AS paso, label, remaining AS quedan, lost_here AS salen, predicate\nFROM funnel ORDER BY step;"],
-  ["Lo que cada total deja por fuera",
-   "SELECT population, companies AS empresas, note FROM coverage;"],
-  ["Quién está en el registro, por tipo de organización",
-   "SELECT org_type, count(*) AS empresas,\n       count(*) FILTER (WHERE is_live) AS vigentes\nFROM companies GROUP BY org_type ORDER BY empresas DESC;"],
-  ["Las sociedades más recientes",
-   "SELECT display_name AS razon_social, legal_form, chamber AS camara, section, first_registered\nFROM companies\nWHERE org_type IN ('sociedad', 'sin ánimo de lucro', 'economía solidaria')\nORDER BY first_registered DESC\nLIMIT 25;"],
-  ["Las empresas que más venden (estados financieros)",
-   "-- Solo las empresas que reportan a la Superintendencia de Sociedades. Ingresos en miles de pesos\nSELECT c.display_name AS razon_social, c.chamber AS camara, f.anio_fiscal,\n       round(f.ingresos / 1e6, 1) AS ingresos_miles_de_millones\nFROM financials f JOIN companies c USING (nit)\nWHERE f.anio_fiscal = (SELECT max(anio_fiscal) FROM financials)\nORDER BY f.ingresos DESC NULLS LAST\nLIMIT 25;"],
-  ["¿Qué edad tienen las empresas que reportan?",
-   "-- Sociedades vigentes, según si reportaron estados financieros el último año disponible\nSELECT CASE WHEN f.nit IS NULL THEN 'no reportan' ELSE 'reportan' END AS grupo,\n       count(*) AS sociedades,\n       median(year(current_date) - c.formation_year) AS edad_mediana\nFROM companies c\nLEFT JOIN (SELECT DISTINCT nit FROM financials\n           WHERE anio_fiscal = (SELECT max(anio_fiscal) FROM financials)) f USING (nit)\nWHERE c.is_live AND c.org_type = 'sociedad'\nGROUP BY ALL;"],
-  ["Cuántas renovaron alguna vez, por año de creación",
-   "-- De las que renovaron alguna vez o nunca, qué parte renovó después de su año de creación\nSELECT formation_year AS anio,\n       sum(cohort_size) AS cohorte,\n       round(100.0 * sum(renewed) / nullif(sum(renewed) + sum(never_renewed), 0), 1) AS pct_renovo\nFROM survival\nWHERE formation_year BETWEEN 2000 AND 2025\nGROUP BY formation_year ORDER BY formation_year;"],
+  ["Contar y agrupar", "El estado no es lo mismo que la vigencia",
+   "-- Agrupar por dos columnas cruza sus valores.\n-- Millones de matrículas dicen ACTIVA sin haber renovado, y al revés\nSELECT status AS estado, is_live AS vigente, count(*) AS empresas\nFROM companies\nGROUP BY ALL ORDER BY empresas DESC\nLIMIT 12;"],
+  ["Contar y agrupar", "Empresas creadas por año, y cuántas siguen",
+   "-- cohort es companies ya resumida por año de creación, cámara, sector y forma jurídica\n-- (las empresas del paso 3 de funnel): se suma con sum(), no se cuenta con count(),\n-- y responde en un instante\nSELECT formation_year AS anio,\n       sum(companies) AS creadas,\n       sum(live_companies) AS vigentes,\n       round(100.0 * sum(live_companies) / sum(companies), 1) AS pct_vigentes\nFROM cohort\nWHERE formation_year BETWEEN 2000 AND 2026 AND is_juridical\nGROUP BY formation_year ORDER BY formation_year;"],
+  ["Contar y agrupar", "Las formas jurídicas de las empresas nuevas",
+   "-- WHERE filtra filas antes de agrupar; HAVING filtra grupos después\nSELECT legal_form AS forma_juridica, sum(companies) AS creadas_desde_2020\nFROM cohort\nWHERE formation_year >= 2020 AND is_juridical\nGROUP BY legal_form\nHAVING sum(companies) >= 100\nORDER BY creadas_desde_2020 DESC;"],
+  ["Contar y agrupar", "Cancelaciones de matrículas por año",
+   "-- year() saca el año de una fecha.\n-- 2011 y 2015: las depuraciones del registro, no cierres económicos\nSELECT year(fecha) AS anio, sum(matriculas) AS canceladas,\n       sum(matriculas) FILTER (WHERE estado ILIKE '%1429%') AS por_ley_1429\nFROM registry_events\nWHERE evento = 'cancelación' AND fecha >= DATE '2000-01-01'\nGROUP BY 1 ORDER BY 1;"],
+
+  ["Contar y agrupar", "Cuántas renovaron alguna vez, por año de creación",
+   "-- nullif() evita dividir por cero.\n-- De las que se sabe si renovaron, qué parte renovó después de su año de creación\nSELECT formation_year AS anio,\n       sum(cohort_size) AS cohorte,\n       round(100.0 * sum(renewed) / nullif(sum(renewed) + sum(never_renewed), 0), 1) AS pct_renovo\nFROM survival\nWHERE formation_year BETWEEN 2000 AND 2025\nGROUP BY formation_year ORDER BY formation_year;"],
+  ["Unir tablas", "Las actividades que más empresas crean",
+   "-- JOIN trae la descripción de cada código desde otra tabla\nSELECT a.clase, a.descripcion, count(*) AS creadas_2025\nFROM companies c JOIN activities a ON a.clase = c.sector_code\nWHERE c.formation_year = 2025\nGROUP BY ALL ORDER BY creadas_2025 DESC\nLIMIT 20;"],
+  ["Unir tablas", "Empresas creadas por día en cada gobierno",
+   "-- Una unión por rango de fechas, no por igualdad.\n-- El ritmo diario, porque los periodos no duran lo mismo; el actual va corriendo\nSELECT p.periodo, p.presidente,\n       count(*) AS creadas,\n       round(count(*) / (coalesce(p.fin, current_date) - p.inicio), 0) AS por_dia\nFROM periods p\nJOIN companies c ON c.first_registered >= p.inicio\n               AND c.first_registered < coalesce(p.fin, current_date)\nGROUP BY p.periodo, p.presidente, p.inicio, p.fin\nORDER BY p.inicio;"],
+  ["Unir tablas", "Empresas vigentes por cada mil habitantes",
+   "-- WITH nombra consultas intermedias. regions traduce cámaras y departamentos a una\n-- misma región, para poder cruzar empresas con la población del DANE\nWITH empresas AS (\n  SELECT r.region, sum(c.live_companies) AS vigentes\n  FROM cohort c JOIN regions r ON r.tipo = 'camara' AND r.codigo = c.codigo_camara\n  WHERE c.is_juridical\n  GROUP BY r.region\n), habitantes AS (\n  SELECT r.region, sum(p.poblacion) AS poblacion\n  FROM population p JOIN regions r ON r.tipo = 'departamento' AND r.codigo = p.dp\n  WHERE p.anio = 2026\n  GROUP BY r.region\n)\nSELECT region, vigentes, poblacion,\n       round(1000.0 * vigentes / poblacion, 1) AS por_mil_habitantes\nFROM empresas JOIN habitantes USING (region)\nORDER BY por_mil_habitantes DESC;"],
+  ["Unir tablas", "Las cámaras que comparten más empresas",
+   "-- La misma tabla unida dos veces, una por cada lado de la pareja.\n-- Una empresa inscrita en dos cámaras: casi siempre un traslado de domicilio\nWITH camaras AS (SELECT DISTINCT codigo_camara, chamber FROM cohort)\nSELECT a.chamber AS camara_a, b.chamber AS camara_b,\n       l.empresas, l.con_traslado, l.misma_fecha\nFROM chamber_links l\nJOIN camaras a ON a.codigo_camara = l.camara_a\nJOIN camaras b ON b.codigo_camara = l.camara_b\nORDER BY l.empresas DESC\nLIMIT 15;"],
+
+  ["Fechas", "Sociedades y comerciantes nuevos, mes a mes",
+   "-- Una subconsulta halla el último mes con datos; INTERVAL resta 24 meses.\n-- El último mes suele ir incompleto\nSELECT mes,\n       sum(matriculas) FILTER (WHERE org_type = 'sociedad') AS sociedades,\n       sum(matriculas) FILTER (WHERE org_type = 'persona natural') AS personas_naturales\nFROM registry_months\nWHERE evento = 'matrícula'\n  AND mes > (SELECT max(mes) FROM registry_months) - INTERVAL 24 MONTH\nGROUP BY mes ORDER BY mes;"],
+  ["Fechas", "¿Qué día de la semana se crean las sociedades?",
+   "-- isodow() numera los días de lunes (1) a domingo (7); una lista los nombra\nSELECT isodow(fecha) AS n,\n       ['lunes', 'martes', 'miércoles', 'jueves', 'viernes', 'sábado', 'domingo'][isodow(fecha)] AS dia,\n       sum(matriculas) AS sociedades_inscritas\nFROM registry_events\nWHERE evento = 'matrícula' AND org_type = 'sociedad' AND fecha >= DATE '2015-01-01'\nGROUP BY ALL ORDER BY n;"],
+  ["Fechas", "La pandemia, mes a mes (PIVOT)",
+   "-- PIVOT convierte los valores de una columna, aquí los años, en columnas\nPIVOT (\n  SELECT month(mes) AS mes, year(mes) AS anio, matriculas\n  FROM registry_months\n  WHERE evento = 'matrícula' AND org_type = 'sociedad' AND year(mes) BETWEEN 2019 AND 2021\n) ON anio USING sum(matriculas)\nGROUP BY mes ORDER BY mes;"],
+
+  ["Funciones de ventana", "Cuánto cambian las creaciones de un año al otro",
+   "-- lag() trae el valor de la fila anterior, en el orden que dice OVER\nWITH anual AS (\n  SELECT formation_year AS anio, sum(companies) AS creadas\n  FROM cohort\n  WHERE is_juridical AND formation_year BETWEEN 2000 AND 2025\n  GROUP BY formation_year\n)\nSELECT anio, creadas,\n       lag(creadas) OVER (ORDER BY anio) AS el_anio_anterior,\n       round(100.0 * (creadas / lag(creadas) OVER (ORDER BY anio) - 1), 1) AS cambio_pct\nFROM anual ORDER BY anio;"],
+  ["Funciones de ventana", "Los tres sectores más grandes de cada cámara",
+   "-- row_number() numera dentro de cada cámara (PARTITION BY);\n-- QUALIFY filtra por ese número, como un WHERE para las ventanas\nSELECT chamber AS camara, section_label AS sector,\n       sum(live_companies) AS vigentes,\n       row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY chamber ORDER BY sum(live_companies) DESC) AS puesto\nFROM cohort\nWHERE is_juridical AND section IS NOT NULL\nGROUP BY chamber, section_label\nQUALIFY puesto <= 3\nORDER BY camara, puesto;"],
+  ["Funciones de ventana", "¿Qué tan jóvenes son las empresas vigentes?",
+   "-- sum() OVER (ORDER BY ...) acumula fila a fila; sum() OVER () es el total.\n-- La fila donde el acumulado pasa del 50 % parte a las vigentes en dos mitades\nWITH anual AS (\n  SELECT formation_year AS anio, sum(live_companies) AS vigentes\n  FROM cohort WHERE is_juridical GROUP BY formation_year\n), acumulado AS (\n  SELECT anio, vigentes,\n         round(100.0 * sum(vigentes) OVER (ORDER BY anio DESC) / sum(vigentes) OVER (), 1) AS pct_creadas_desde_ese_anio\n  FROM anual\n)\nSELECT * FROM acumulado WHERE anio >= 1990 ORDER BY anio DESC;"],
+
+  ["Estados financieros", "Las empresas que más venden",
+   "-- Solo las empresas que reportan a la Superintendencia de Sociedades.\n-- Las cifras vienen en miles de pesos: entre 1e6 da miles de millones\nSELECT c.display_name AS razon_social, c.chamber AS camara, f.anio_fiscal,\n       round(f.ingresos / 1e6, 1) AS ingresos_miles_de_millones\nFROM financials f JOIN companies c USING (nit)\nWHERE f.anio_fiscal = (SELECT max(anio_fiscal) FROM financials)\nORDER BY f.ingresos DESC NULLS LAST\nLIMIT 25;"],
+  ["Estados financieros", "¿Qué edad tienen las empresas que reportan?",
+   "-- LEFT JOIN conserva las que no tienen pareja: su nit queda en NULL\nSELECT CASE WHEN f.nit IS NULL THEN 'no reportan' ELSE 'reportan' END AS grupo,\n       count(*) AS sociedades,\n       median(year(current_date) - c.formation_year) AS edad_mediana\nFROM companies c\nLEFT JOIN (SELECT DISTINCT nit FROM financials\n           WHERE anio_fiscal = (SELECT max(anio_fiscal) FROM financials)) f USING (nit)\nWHERE c.is_live AND c.org_type = 'sociedad'\nGROUP BY ALL;"],
+  ["Estados financieros", "El margen típico de cada sector",
+   "-- median() resiste a los valores extremos mejor que avg().\n-- Se dejan fuera los años marcados con una unidad dudosa\nSELECT s.label AS sector, count(*) AS empresas,\n       round(100 * median(f.ganancia / f.ingresos), 1) AS margen_neto_mediano_pct\nFROM financials f\nJOIN companies c USING (nit)\nJOIN sector_sections s ON s.section = c.section\nWHERE f.anio_fiscal = 2024 AND f.ingresos > 0 AND NOT f.unidad_dudosa\nGROUP BY s.label\nHAVING count(*) >= 50\nORDER BY margen_neto_mediano_pct DESC;"],
+  ["Estados financieros", "¿Cuánto deben las empresas? Cuartiles por año",
+   "-- quantile_cont() da cualquier percentil: aquí el 25 %, la mediana y el 75 %.\n-- Mira siempre con cuántas empresas se calcula cada cifra: si son pocas, pesa poco\nSELECT anio_fiscal, count(*) AS empresas,\n       round(quantile_cont(pasivos / activos, 0.25), 2) AS p25,\n       round(quantile_cont(pasivos / activos, 0.50), 2) AS mediana,\n       round(quantile_cont(pasivos / activos, 0.75), 2) AS p75\nFROM financials\nWHERE activos > 0 AND NOT unidad_dudosa\nGROUP BY anio_fiscal ORDER BY anio_fiscal;"],
+  ["Estados financieros", "Las grandes que más crecieron, descontando la inflación",
+   "-- La misma tabla dos veces, un año en cada lado; prices lleva los pesos de 2024 a\n-- pesos de 2025 con el IPC promedio. Grandes: más de 100.000 millones en 2024\nWITH f AS (SELECT nit, anio_fiscal, ingresos FROM financials WHERE NOT unidad_dudosa AND ingresos > 0),\nipc AS (SELECT max(ipc_promedio) FILTER (WHERE anio = 2025) / max(ipc_promedio) FILTER (WHERE anio = 2024) AS factor FROM prices)\nSELECT c.display_name AS razon_social,\n       round(a.ingresos / 1e6, 1) AS ingresos_2024_miles_de_millones,\n       round(b.ingresos / 1e6, 1) AS ingresos_2025_miles_de_millones,\n       round(100 * (b.ingresos / (a.ingresos * ipc.factor) - 1), 1) AS crecimiento_real_pct\nFROM f a\nJOIN f b ON b.nit = a.nit AND b.anio_fiscal = 2025\nCROSS JOIN ipc\nJOIN companies c ON c.nit = a.nit\nWHERE a.anio_fiscal = 2024 AND a.ingresos >= 100000000\nORDER BY crecimiento_real_pct DESC\nLIMIT 20;"],
+
+  ["Cómo se hizo", "De 8,3 millones a la lista objetivo",
+   "-- Cada paso que lleva del registro completo a las empresas que se analizan\nSELECT step AS paso, label, remaining AS quedan, lost_here AS salen, predicate\nFROM funnel ORDER BY step;"],
+  ["Cómo se hizo", "¿Coinciden las cifras con las de Supersociedades?",
+   "-- Los estados financieros publicados aquí, comparados empresa por empresa\n-- con los de la Superintendencia de Sociedades\nSELECT anio, campo, comparadas,\n       round(100.0 * coinciden / comparadas, 1) AS pct_iguales,\n       round(100.0 * dentro_5 / comparadas, 1) AS pct_a_menos_de_5\nFROM supersociedades\nORDER BY anio, campo;"],
 ];
 
 const $ = (id) => document.getElementById(id);
@@ -364,17 +404,41 @@ async function startDuckDB() {
   // companies.parquet from Hugging Face before the first query (measured
   // 2026-10-14). With ranges it reads the footer and the columns it needs.
   await db.open({ query: { castDecimalToDouble: true }, filesystem: { forceFullHTTPReads: false } });
-  return db.connect();
+  const c = await db.connect();
+  // One read per row group for every column a query needs, rather than one per
+  // column: a third fewer requests over `companies` (measured 2026-10-16).
+  await c.query("SET prefetch_all_parquet_files = true");
+  return c;
 }
 
 // One view per published file, named after it. The list comes from the
 // manifest, so a table added to the edition appears here without an edit.
+//
+// Each view reads the file's final address, not Hugging Face's. Hugging Face
+// answers every request with a redirect to its CDN, and DuckDB reads a file in
+// one request per row group and column, one after another: a query over
+// `companies` made up to 360 requests, half of them redirects, and took up to a
+// minute on a fast connection (measured 2026-10-16). The CDN's address is
+// signed and expires within the hour, so it is looked up again before that,
+// and once more if a read is refused.
+const RESOLVE_EVERY = 30 * 60 * 1000;
+let viewNames = [], resolvedAt = 0;
+async function finalUrl(n) {
+  const url = `${BASE}/data/${n}.parquet`;
+  try {
+    const r = await fetch(url, { method: "HEAD", cache: "no-store" });
+    if (r.ok && r.url) return r.url;
+  } catch {}
+  return url;
+}
 async function createViews(m) {
-  const names = Object.keys(m.files).map((f) => f.replace(/\.parquet$/, ""));
-  for (const n of names) {
-    await conn.query(`CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW ${n} AS SELECT * FROM read_parquet('${BASE}/data/${n}.parquet')`);
+  if (m) viewNames = Object.keys(m.files).map((f) => f.replace(/\.parquet$/, ""));
+  const urls = await Promise.all(viewNames.map(finalUrl));
+  for (const [i, n] of viewNames.entries()) {
+    await conn.query(`CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW ${n} AS SELECT * FROM read_parquet('${urls[i].replace(/'/g, "''")}')`);
   }
-  return names;
+  resolvedAt = Date.now();
+  return viewNames;
 }
 
 async function renderSchema(m, names) {
@@ -443,16 +507,29 @@ function cell(v, type, name = "") {
   return { text: String(v), cls: "" };
 }
 
+// Each run gets a number. Queries on one connection run in turn, so picking a
+// second example while the first is still reading would otherwise show the
+// first's result last, under the second's SQL.
+let runs = 0;
 async function run() {
   const sql = $("sql").value;
   if (!sql.trim() || !conn) return;
+  const me = ++runs;
   $("run").disabled = true;
   const t0 = performance.now();
   const tick = setInterval(() => setStatus("busy", `Ejecutando… ${((performance.now() - t0) / 1000).toLocaleString("es-CO", { maximumFractionDigits: 1, minimumFractionDigits: 1 })} s`), 200);
   setStatus("busy", "Ejecutando…");
   try {
     const q = displayable(sql);
-    const res = await conn.query(q.sql);
+    if (Date.now() - resolvedAt > RESOLVE_EVERY) await createViews();
+    let res;
+    try { res = await conn.query(q.sql); }
+    catch (e) {
+      if (!/HTTP|40[13]|expired/i.test(String(e.message || e))) throw e;
+      await createViews();
+      res = await conn.query(q.sql);
+    }
+    if (me !== runs) return;
     const secs = ((performance.now() - t0) / 1000).toFixed(2);
     const fields = res.schema.fields;
     let rows = res.toArray().map((r) => r.toJSON());
@@ -464,13 +541,14 @@ async function run() {
     $("csv").disabled = rows.length === 0;
     history.replaceState(null, "", `#q=${encodeURIComponent(sql)}`);
   } catch (e) {
+    if (me !== runs) return;
     lastRows = null;
     $("results").replaceChildren(el("div", { class: "msg err", text: String(e.message || e) }));
     setStatus("err", "Error en la consulta");
     $("csv").disabled = true;
   } finally {
     clearInterval(tick);
-    $("run").disabled = false;
+    if (me === runs) $("run").disabled = false;
   }
 }
 
@@ -520,10 +598,14 @@ async function copyLink() {
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------- wiring
-for (const [i, [title]] of EXAMPLES.entries()) $("examples").append(el("option", { value: String(i), text: title }));
+const groups = new Map();
+for (const [i, [group, title]] of EXAMPLES.entries()) {
+  if (!groups.has(group)) $("examples").append(groups.set(group, el("optgroup", { label: group })).get(group));
+  groups.get(group).append(el("option", { value: String(i), text: title }));
+}
 $("examples").addEventListener("change", (e) => {
   const ex = EXAMPLES[Number(e.target.value)];
-  if (ex) { $("sql").value = ex[1]; run(); }
+  if (ex) { $("sql").value = ex[2]; run(); }
   e.target.value = "";
 });
 $("run").addEventListener("click", run);
@@ -535,7 +617,7 @@ $("sql").addEventListener("keydown", (e) => {
 });
 
 const fromLink = new URLSearchParams(location.hash.slice(1)).get("q");
-$("sql").value = fromLink || EXAMPLES[0][1];
+$("sql").value = fromLink || EXAMPLES[0][2];
 
 (async () => {
   try {