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<main class="deck" id="deck">
<!-- 1 -->
<section class="slide title-slide">
<p class="kicker">PhD report · Part II · Theoretical framework</p>
<h1>Describing images<br />at several levels</h1>
<div class="rule"></div>
</section>
<!-- 2 -->
<section class="slide">
<p class="kicker">The framework</p>
<h2>Scope</h2>
<div class="cols">
<div>
<h3>1 Requirements</h3>
<p>Which levels the retrieval system should handle.</p>
</div>
<div>
<h3>2 Evaluation</h3>
<p>The system’s ability, evaluated level by level.</p>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- 3 -->
<section class="slide">
<p class="kicker">Running example</p>
<h2>Query example</h2>
<p class="query" style="font-size:26px;line-height:2;margin-bottom:6px">Find
<span class="ph form">photographs<sub>form</sub></span> and
<span class="ph form">details<sub>form</sub></span> of the
<span class="ph form">painting<sub>form</sub></span>
<span class="ph specific">Adoration of the Shepherds<sub>iconographic</sub></span> by
<span class="ph catalogue">Hugo van der Goes<sub>non-visual</sub></span>, focusing on the
<span class="ph generic">expressions<sub>depicted</sub></span> of the
<span class="ph generic">shepherds<sub>depicted</sub></span> and the
<span class="ph generic">foreground still life<sub>depicted</sub></span>.</p>
<div style="display:grid;grid-template-columns:700px 1fr;gap:40px;align-items:end">
<figure class="plate" style="margin:0">
<img src="../img/van-der-goes-adoration-f001.jpg" alt="Wide altarpiece: the Virgin kneels before the Child in a manger; shepherds rush in from the left; two half-length prophets draw back green curtains at either edge." />
<figcaption>One of the query’s six targets. Hugo van der Goes, <em>Adoration of
the Shepherds</em>, ca. 1480. Oil on panel, 97 × 245 cm. Gemäldegalerie, Berlin.</figcaption>
</figure>
<p class="small">A system can find “shepherds” and miss “Hugo van der
Goes”. A single recall score says that it missed, not which kind of
information it missed.</p>
</div>
</section>
<!-- 4 -->
<section class="slide">
<p class="kicker">Existing frameworks</p>
<h2>Framework objectives</h2>
<table class="levels" style="max-width:1000px">
<tr><td>Panofsky</td><td>interpreting works of art</td></tr>
<tr><td>Jaimes & Chang</td><td>indexing image collections</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hollink et al.</td><td>classifying how people describe images</td></tr>
<tr><td>Yu et al.</td><td>scoring critiques of artworks</td></tr>
</table>
<p class="lead" style="margin-top:32px">Applying them to queries is the adaptation. The same
levels on both sides give retrieval a shared vocabulary: each phrase of a query has a
level, and an image either supports a description at that level or does not.</p>
</section>
<!-- 5 -->
<section class="slide">
<p class="kicker">Framework 1 · Panofsky (1939)</p>
<h2>Three strata of meaning</h2>
<div class="with-image">
<table class="levels defs">
<tr><th>level</th><th>what it covers</th><th>in the example</th></tr>
<tr class="generic"><td>I Pre-iconographical</td><td class="def">what is factually and expressively depicted, recognised from everyday experience</td><td>A woman kneels before an infant in a manger; men rush in from the left; two bearded men draw back curtains. Haste and astonishment.</td></tr>
<tr class="specific"><td>II Iconographical</td><td class="def">conventional themes, stories and allegories, identified through texts</td><td>The Adoration of the Shepherds (Luke 2): the Virgin, Joseph, the Christ Child; Isaiah among the prophets.</td></tr>
<tr class="abstract"><td>III Iconological</td><td class="def">intrinsic meaning: what the work reveals about its culture</td><td>A costly, exuberant altarpiece for the urban elite of Flanders, not New Devotion asceticism.</td></tr>
<tr class="gap"><td>no level</td><td class="def">how the image looks; facts about its making</td><td>colour, composition, medium, painter, date, size</td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p class="small">Of 300 queries</p>
<p class="stat">100%</p>
<p class="small">ask for something no stratum holds: almost always the medium (96%), often the artist (60%) or a date (56%).</p>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- 6 -->
<section class="slide">
<p class="kicker">Framework 2 · Jaimes & Chang (2000)</p>
<h2>A ten-level pyramid, plus non-visual facts</h2>
<div class="with-image">
<table class="levels defs">
<tr><th>level</th><th>what it covers</th><th>in the example</th></tr>
<tr class="form"><td>1–4 syntactic</td><td class="def">how it looks: type and technique, global colour and texture, local shapes, composition</td><td>oil painting; bright blue at the centre; a wide frieze framed by curtains</td></tr>
<tr class="generic"><td>5–6 generic</td><td class="def">everyday objects, people and scenes</td><td>woman, infant, shepherds, angels, ox, ass, sheaf of wheat; a stable</td></tr>
<tr class="specific"><td>7–8 specific</td><td class="def">objects, people and scenes identified by name</td><td>the Virgin, Joseph, Christ, Isaiah; the Adoration of the Shepherds</td></tr>
<tr class="abstract"><td>9–10 abstract</td><td class="def">what an object or the whole image symbolises or is about</td><td>the revelation of Christ, staged for the viewer</td></tr>
<tr class="catalogue"><td>B / A / P non-visual</td><td class="def">biographical (author, date), associated (text, context), physical (size, location)</td><td>Hugo van der Goes, ca. 1480; Gemäldegalerie Berlin; 97 × 245 cm</td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p class="small">Of 300 queries</p>
<p class="stat">14%</p>
<p class="small">ask for something no level holds. Built to index images; semantic levels after Shatford (1986), who derives them from Panofsky.</p>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- 7 -->
<section class="slide">
<p class="kicker">Framework 3 · Hollink et al. (2004)</p>
<h2>Built from how people describe images</h2>
<div class="with-image">
<table class="levels defs">
<tr><th>level</th><th>what it covers</th><th>in the example</th></tr>
<tr class="catalogue"><td>Non-visual</td><td class="def">creator, title, date, period, material, place, source</td><td>Hugo van der Goes; <em>Adoration of the Shepherds</em>; ca. 1480; oil on panel</td></tr>
<tr class="form"><td>Perceptual</td><td class="def">colour, shape, texture, composition, type and technique</td><td>bright blues and reds; a wide frieze; painting</td></tr>
<tr class="generic"><td>Conceptual · general</td><td class="def">generic objects, events, places and times</td><td>woman, infant, shepherds, angels; kneeling, rushing; a stable</td></tr>
<tr class="specific"><td>Conceptual · specific</td><td class="def">the same, identified by name</td><td>the Virgin, Joseph, Christ, Isaiah; the Adoration of the Shepherds</td></tr>
<tr class="abstract"><td>Conceptual · abstract</td><td class="def">the same, as meanings, emotions and ideas</td><td>awe, haste, devotion; revelation</td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p class="small">Of 300 queries</p>
<p class="stat">19%</p>
<p class="small">ask for something no class holds. Each conceptual level is crossed with object, event, place, time and relation.</p>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- 8 -->
<section class="slide">
<p class="kicker">Framework 4 · Yu et al. (2026)</p>
<h2>Five levels of depth in a critique</h2>
<div class="with-image">
<table class="levels defs">
<tr><th>level</th><th>what it covers</th><th>in the example</th></tr>
<tr class="form"><td>L1 visual perception</td><td class="def">palette, line, composition, perspective, chiaroscuro</td><td>a bright palette; the still Virgin against the rush around her</td></tr>
<tr class="generic"><td>L2 technical analysis</td><td class="def">brushwork, medium, subject and genre, style and school</td><td>oil on panel; a Nativity altarpiece; Early Netherlandish</td></tr>
<tr class="specific"><td>L3 symbolic</td><td class="def">iconography, symbolism, inscriptions, patronage, literary references</td><td>the Adoration from Luke; Isaiah; the curtains as revelation</td></tr>
<tr class="catalogue"><td>L4 historical context</td><td class="def">period, artist biography, influence, provenance</td><td>Hugo van der Goes, ca. 1480, after his withdrawal to a cloister</td></tr>
<tr class="abstract"><td>L5 philosophical</td><td class="def">aesthetic ideals, emotion, cross-cultural exchange, value</td><td>worldly splendour and devotion in one object</td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p class="small">Of 300 queries</p>
<p class="stat">4%</p>
<p class="small">ask for something no dimension holds. Made to score critiques by 15 VLMs, not to index or retrieve; L2 mixes medium with subject.</p>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- 9 -->
<section class="slide">
<p class="kicker">Labels on 300 queries</p>
<h2>What the queries ask for, by framework</h2>
<table class="share">
<tr><th></th><th class="form">form</th><th class="generic">depicted</th><th class="specific">iconographic</th><th class="abstract">abstract</th><th class="catalogue">non-visual</th><th class="none">no place</th></tr>
<tr><th class="name">Panofsky</th><td class="empty">—</td><td class="generic"><div><span style="width:46.8%"></span><b>65%</b></div></td><td class="specific"><div><span style="width:44.6%"></span><b>62%</b></div></td><td class="abstract"><div><span style="width:0.7%"></span><b>1%</b></div></td><td class="empty">—</td><td class="none"><div><span style="width:72.0%"></span><b>100%</b></div></td></tr>
<tr><th class="name">J&C</th><td class="form"><div><span style="width:70.6%"></span><b>98%</b></div></td><td class="generic"><div><span style="width:47.5%"></span><b>66%</b></div></td><td class="specific"><div><span style="width:41.0%"></span><b>57%</b></div></td><td class="abstract"><div><span style="width:11.5%"></span><b>16%</b></div></td><td class="catalogue"><div><span style="width:67.7%"></span><b>94%</b></div></td><td class="none"><div><span style="width:10.1%"></span><b>14%</b></div></td></tr>
<tr><th class="name">Hollink</th><td class="form"><div><span style="width:70.6%"></span><b>98%</b></div></td><td class="generic"><div><span style="width:51.8%"></span><b>72%</b></div></td><td class="specific"><div><span style="width:34.6%"></span><b>48%</b></div></td><td class="abstract"><div><span style="width:10.1%"></span><b>14%</b></div></td><td class="catalogue"><div><span style="width:69.8%"></span><b>97%</b></div></td><td class="none"><div><span style="width:13.7%"></span><b>19%</b></div></td></tr>
<tr><th class="name">L1–L5</th><td class="form"><div><span style="width:23.8%"></span><b>33%</b></div></td><td class="generic"><div><span style="width:70.6%"></span><b>98%</b></div></td><td class="specific"><div><span style="width:39.6%"></span><b>55%</b></div></td><td class="abstract"><div><span style="width:4.3%"></span><b>6%</b></div></td><td class="catalogue"><div><span style="width:67.0%"></span><b>93%</b></div></td><td class="none"><div><span style="width:2.9%"></span><b>4%</b></div></td></tr>
</table>
<p class="note">Share of 300 of the 372 benchmark queries asking for each kind of information
(a query usually asks for several, so rows do not sum to 100%). Each whole query labelled
by <code>gemini-3.6-flash</code> under each framework, blind across frameworks; unreviewed.
Almost every query names a medium and a non-visual fact (creator, date, source); few ask
at the abstract level. L1–L5 files medium under L2, counted here as depicted.</p>
</section>
<!-- 10 -->
<section class="slide">
<p class="kicker">Queries and images</p>
<h2>Each level draws on a different source</h2>
<table class="levels">
<tr><th>source</th><th>levels</th><th>in the example</th></tr>
<tr class="form"><td>the pixels</td><td>J&C 1–4, Hollink perceptual, L1</td><td>oil painting, a wide frieze, bright blue</td></tr>
<tr class="generic"><td>the pixels</td><td>Panofsky I, J&C 5–6, Hollink general, L2</td><td>shepherds, angels, manger, sheaf of wheat</td></tr>
<tr class="specific"><td>pixels + texts</td><td>Panofsky II, J&C 7–8, Hollink specific, L3</td><td>the Adoration of the Shepherds; Isaiah</td></tr>
<tr class="abstract"><td>pixels + the culture</td><td>Panofsky III, J&C 9–10, Hollink abstract, L5</td><td>revelation; splendour for an urban elite</td></tr>
<tr class="catalogue"><td>metadata only</td><td>J&C B/A/P, Hollink non-visual, L4</td><td>Hugo van der Goes, ca. 1480, 97 × 245 cm, Berlin</td></tr>
</table>
</section>
</main>
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document.getElementById("count").textContent = `${i + 1} / ${slides.length}`;
document.getElementById("progress").style.width = `${((i + 1) / slides.length) * 100}%`;
try { history.replaceState(null, "", `#${i + 1}`); } catch (e) {}
}
document.addEventListener("keydown", (e) => {
if (["ArrowRight", "PageDown", " "].includes(e.key)) { e.preventDefault(); show(i + 1); }
else if (["ArrowLeft", "PageUp"].includes(e.key)) { e.preventDefault(); show(i - 1); }
else if (e.key === "Home") show(0);
else if (e.key === "End") show(slides.length - 1);
else if (e.key === "f") toggleFull();
});
deck.addEventListener("click", (e) => show(e.clientX > window.innerWidth / 2 ? i + 1 : i - 1));
document.getElementById("prev").onclick = () => show(i - 1);
document.getElementById("next").onclick = () => show(i + 1);
function toggleFull() {
if (document.fullscreenElement) document.exitFullscreen();
else document.documentElement.requestFullscreen?.();
}
document.getElementById("full").onclick = toggleFull;
// Follow the Space's light/dark toggle when embedded.
try {
const parentTheme = window.parent !== window && window.parent.document.documentElement.dataset.theme;
if (parentTheme) document.documentElement.dataset.theme = parentTheme;
} catch (e) {}
window.addEventListener("resize", fit);
fit();
show((parseInt(location.hash.slice(1), 10) || 1) - 1);
</script>
</body>
</html>
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