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Rename AFFECTOR paper and remove verification screenshot

Browse files
.gitattributes CHANGED
@@ -43,3 +43,5 @@ paper/figures/screenshot-02.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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  paper/figures/screenshot-03.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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  paper/figures/screenshot-04.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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  paper/figures/screenshot-05.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 
 
 
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  paper/figures/screenshot-03.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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  paper/figures/screenshot-04.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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  paper/figures/screenshot-05.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ paper/AFFECTOR.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ docs/AFFECTOR.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
README.md CHANGED
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ inference: false
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  language:
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  - en
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  ---
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- **Technical paper:** [PDF](paper/AFFECTOR-ACM.pdf) · [LaTeX source](paper/AFFECTOR-ACM.tex) · [Complete source ZIP](paper/AFFECTOR-ACM-source.zip) · [Markdown](paper/TECHNICAL_PAPER.md) · [Figures and source](paper/)
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  # AFFECTOR
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@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ language:
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  Unzip, move **AFFECTOR.app** into **Applications**, and launch it. Local generation works offline with no separate Python installation, model download, or API account.
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- [Read the technical paper (PDF)](docs/AFFECTOR-Technical-Paper.pdf) · [Browse all files](https://huggingface.co/will-taggart/AFFECTOR/tree/main) · [Verify checksums](SHA256SUMS.txt) · [Apple release status](RELEASE_STATUS.md)
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  **Emotional trajectories for text rewriting**
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@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ Generation uses sentence-aware chunks of up to 700 characters. Output aims for t
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  ## Files and reproducibility
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- - [Technical paper (PDF)](docs/AFFECTOR-Technical-Paper.pdf) and [Markdown source](docs/TECHNICAL_PAPER.md): representation, calibration, equations, generation, verification, evidence and limitations, explained from first principles.
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  - [Apple release guide](docs/APPLE_RELEASE.md): signing, notarization, stapling, and verification.
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  - `source/`: the current engine, SwiftUI app, build/signing utilities, and tests.
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  - `SHA256SUMS.txt`: checksums of the downloadable app and source archive.
 
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  language:
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  - en
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  ---
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+ **Technical paper:** [PDF](paper/AFFECTOR.pdf) · [LaTeX source](paper/AFFECTOR.tex) · [Complete source ZIP](paper/AFFECTOR-source.zip) · [Markdown](paper/TECHNICAL_PAPER.md) · [Figures and source](paper/)
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  # AFFECTOR
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  Unzip, move **AFFECTOR.app** into **Applications**, and launch it. Local generation works offline with no separate Python installation, model download, or API account.
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+ [Read the technical paper (PDF)](docs/AFFECTOR.pdf) · [Browse all files](https://huggingface.co/will-taggart/AFFECTOR/tree/main) · [Verify checksums](SHA256SUMS.txt) · [Apple release status](RELEASE_STATUS.md)
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  **Emotional trajectories for text rewriting**
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  ## Files and reproducibility
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+ - [Technical paper (PDF)](docs/AFFECTOR.pdf) and [Markdown source](docs/TECHNICAL_PAPER.md): representation, calibration, equations, generation, verification, evidence and limitations, explained from first principles.
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  - [Apple release guide](docs/APPLE_RELEASE.md): signing, notarization, stapling, and verification.
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  - `source/`: the current engine, SwiftUI app, build/signing utilities, and tests.
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  - `SHA256SUMS.txt`: checksums of the downloadable app and source archive.
docs/{AFFECTOR-Technical-Paper.pdf → AFFECTOR.pdf} RENAMED
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docs/TECHNICAL_PAPER.md CHANGED
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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  # AFFECTOR: Coordinate-Guided Text Rewriting through Transformer Activation Interventions
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- **Technical paper:** [PDF](AFFECTOR-ACM.pdf) · [LaTeX source](AFFECTOR-ACM.tex) · [Complete source ZIP](AFFECTOR-ACM-source.zip)
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  **William Taggart**
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  Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures, Virginia Tech
@@ -141,9 +141,7 @@ These mechanisms trade completeness for bounded readable output. Sentence punctu
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  Verification assesses original and revised chunks separately with an unsteered evaluator or an API model. The evaluator is instructed to distinguish felt or conveyed emotion from mere emotion-word occurrence, identify experiencers and emotional targets, and supply exact quoted evidence. It returns valence, direction, intensity, emotional labels, uncertainty, and concise explanations. Scores are interpretive estimates, not psychometric measurements.
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- ![Verification controls before evaluation. No verification results have been computed in this view.](../paper/figures/screenshot-05.png)
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- *Verification controls before evaluation. No verification results have been computed in this view.*
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  For assessed coordinate `p=(v,d,2i-1)` and target `c`, the reported similarity is:
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  `similarity = 1 - ||p-c||_2 / (2 sqrt(3))`.
 
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  # AFFECTOR: Coordinate-Guided Text Rewriting through Transformer Activation Interventions
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+ **Technical paper:** [PDF](../paper/AFFECTOR.pdf) · [LaTeX source](../paper/AFFECTOR.tex) · [Complete source ZIP](../paper/AFFECTOR-source.zip)
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  **William Taggart**
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  Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures, Virginia Tech
 
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  Verification assesses original and revised chunks separately with an unsteered evaluator or an API model. The evaluator is instructed to distinguish felt or conveyed emotion from mere emotion-word occurrence, identify experiencers and emotional targets, and supply exact quoted evidence. It returns valence, direction, intensity, emotional labels, uncertainty, and concise explanations. Scores are interpretive estimates, not psychometric measurements.
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  For assessed coordinate `p=(v,d,2i-1)` and target `c`, the reported similarity is:
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  `similarity = 1 - ||p-c||_2 / (2 sqrt(3))`.
docs/TECHNICAL_REPORT.md CHANGED
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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  # AFFECTOR: Coordinate-Guided Text Rewriting through Transformer Activation Interventions
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- **Technical paper:** [PDF](AFFECTOR-ACM.pdf) · [LaTeX source](AFFECTOR-ACM.tex) · [Complete source ZIP](AFFECTOR-ACM-source.zip)
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  **William Taggart**
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  Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures, Virginia Tech
@@ -141,9 +141,7 @@ These mechanisms trade completeness for bounded readable output. Sentence punctu
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  Verification assesses original and revised chunks separately with an unsteered evaluator or an API model. The evaluator is instructed to distinguish felt or conveyed emotion from mere emotion-word occurrence, identify experiencers and emotional targets, and supply exact quoted evidence. It returns valence, direction, intensity, emotional labels, uncertainty, and concise explanations. Scores are interpretive estimates, not psychometric measurements.
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- ![Verification controls before evaluation. No verification results have been computed in this view.](../paper/figures/screenshot-05.png)
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- *Verification controls before evaluation. No verification results have been computed in this view.*
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  For assessed coordinate `p=(v,d,2i-1)` and target `c`, the reported similarity is:
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  `similarity = 1 - ||p-c||_2 / (2 sqrt(3))`.
 
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  # AFFECTOR: Coordinate-Guided Text Rewriting through Transformer Activation Interventions
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+ **Technical paper:** [PDF](../paper/AFFECTOR.pdf) · [LaTeX source](../paper/AFFECTOR.tex) · [Complete source ZIP](../paper/AFFECTOR-source.zip)
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  **William Taggart**
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  Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures, Virginia Tech
 
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  Verification assesses original and revised chunks separately with an unsteered evaluator or an API model. The evaluator is instructed to distinguish felt or conveyed emotion from mere emotion-word occurrence, identify experiencers and emotional targets, and supply exact quoted evidence. It returns valence, direction, intensity, emotional labels, uncertainty, and concise explanations. Scores are interpretive estimates, not psychometric measurements.
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  For assessed coordinate `p=(v,d,2i-1)` and target `c`, the reported similarity is:
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  `similarity = 1 - ||p-c||_2 / (2 sqrt(3))`.
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- \end{thebibliography}
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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- % Layout for an independently distributed technical report.
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- \documentclass[manuscript,screen,nonacm]{acmart}
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- \setcopyright{none}
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- \settopmatter{printacmref=false,printccs=false}
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- \acmDOI{}
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- \acmISBN{}
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- \usepackage{longtable,booktabs,array,calc}
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- \usepackage{xurl}
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- \usepackage{fvextra}
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- \DefineVerbatimEnvironment{verbatim}{Verbatim}{breaklines=true,fontsize=\small}
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- \usepackage{tikz}
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- \usetikzlibrary{positioning}
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- \providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}
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- \providecommand{\passthrough}[1]{#1}
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- \providecommand{\pandocbounded}[1]{#1}
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- \usepackage{graphicx,float}
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-
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- % Permit figures to share pages with surrounding explanatory text.
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- \renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.92}
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- \renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{0.85}
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- \renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.06}
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- \renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.80}
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- \setlength{\intextsep}{12pt plus 2pt minus 3pt}
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- \raggedbottom
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-
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- \geometry{top=0.75in,bottom=0.65in,includeheadfoot}
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- \begin{document}
32
- \title{AFFECTOR: Coordinate-Guided Text Rewriting through Transformer
33
- Activation Interventions}
34
- \author{William Taggart}
35
- \affiliation{\department{Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures}
36
- \institution{Virginia Tech}\city{Blacksburg}\state{Virginia}\country{USA}}
37
- \email{wtaggart@vt.edu}
38
- \subtitle{Technical Report: November 13, 2026}
39
- \begin{abstract}
40
- AFFECTOR investigates whether a prescribed emotional trajectory can
41
- influence the rewriting of a document. A trajectory assigns valence,
42
- emotional direction, and intensity to normalized positions in a text. A
43
- local backend maps these coordinates into perturbations of a frozen
44
- language model's internal states, while hosted backends use
45
- coordinate-bearing instructions. The desktop application supports
46
- geometry authoring, editable numerical steering matrices, document
47
- conversion, checkpointing, and separate emotional verification. This
48
- paper derives the implemented method from first principles and
49
- distinguishes mechanical correctness from successful emotional transfer.
50
- Current controls can produce emotionally charged language but can also
51
- produce weak paraphrases, factual distortions, and repetition. The
52
- implementation is an experimental instrument, not a validated predictor
53
- or controller of human emotion.
54
- \end{abstract}
55
- \keywords{activation steering, emotional text generation, transformer models, controllable generation}
56
- \maketitle
57
- \section{Literature review: activation steering and
58
- emotion}\label{literature-review-activation-steering-and-emotion}
59
-
60
- This focused review covers twelve papers, emphasizing 2025-2026 research
61
- and retaining two methodological foundations. Titles, author lists,
62
- version histories, and the claims summarized here were checked against
63
- arXiv records and the corresponding paper text on November 13, 2026. The
64
- cited versions are fixed below; availability on arXiv alone does not
65
- establish peer review. The implications for this project are research
66
- motivations, not evidence that its implementation reproduces these
67
- results.
68
-
69
- \textbf{From activation differences to behavioral control.} Activation
70
- steering changes internal model states during inference while leaving
71
- the backbone weights fixed. Turner et al.~derive intervention vectors
72
- from contrasting prompts; Panickssery et al.~average differences across
73
- positive and negative behavioral examples. These provide the
74
- methodological basis for contrastive calibration, but do not validate a
75
- particular emotional coordinate system or insertion site.
76
- \citep{turner2023actadd}; \citep{panickssery2024caa}.
77
-
78
- \textbf{Emotional expression and human judgment.} Wu et al.~relate model
79
- emotion spaces to human valence/arousal judgments and report
80
- concept-based steering across linguistic-cultural settings. Diallo et
81
- al.~evaluate perceived emotional intensity and text quality with human
82
- raters, finding that effects depend on emotion and steering strength.
83
- Together they motivate separate measures of emotional movement and
84
- readability. Their axes and numerical strengths cannot be assumed
85
- equivalent to this project's inward/outward direction or RMS-scaled
86
- controls. \citep{wu2025emotion}; \citep{diallo2026style}.
87
-
88
- \textbf{Emotion can affect more than tone.} Sun et al.'s E-STEER uses
89
- valence-arousal-dominance interventions to study reasoning, generation,
90
- safety, and agent behavior, reporting non-monotonic relationships.
91
- Jeong's small-model comparison reports both coherent emotional changes
92
- and degeneration, including repetition, depending on extraction method
93
- and architecture. These findings motivate reporting failed generations
94
- alongside successes and testing strength sweeps rather than assuming
95
- that larger perturbations improve emotional fit. Neither study
96
- establishes an operating range for this implementation.
97
- \citep{sun2026emotion}; \citep{jeong2026emotion}.
98
-
99
- \textbf{Reading an emotion is different from controlling it.} Shu et
100
- al.'s revised study identifies uneven causal organization of sparse
101
- features across emotion categories and tests interventions for emotion
102
- recognition. Wang et al.~show, in omni-modal models, that layers with
103
- strong emotion-probing accuracy need not be the best intervention
104
- layers. Recognition results therefore inform evaluator design, while
105
- layer selection for rewriting still requires causal tests on generated
106
- text. Neither finding licenses importing layer indices across
107
- architectures. \citep{shu2026emotion}; \citep{wang2026readbest}.
108
-
109
- \textbf{Multiple axes and adaptive control.} Ha et al.~find that
110
- supportive-empathy directions are only partially separable: intervening
111
- on one can shift other EPITOME proxy scores. Cui and Chen automate
112
- vector extraction from labeled data, with task-dependent benefits.
113
- Ferrando et al.~adapt intervention strength to context, studying the
114
- balance between toxicity mitigation and retained utility. These
115
- approaches motivate broader calibration, cross-axis tests, and future
116
- adaptive control. The present coordinate mixture is not an
117
- implementation of their learned selectors or context-dependent gates.
118
- \citep{ha2026empathy}; \citep{cui2025pas}; \citep{ferrando2025dsas}.
119
-
120
- \textbf{Evaluation must include costs as well as target effects.} Yang
121
- et al.'s SteerScope evaluates steering efficacy jointly with side
122
- effects, generalization, and data dependence. In its tested settings,
123
- activation methods do not dominate prompt steering on the
124
- efficacy/side-effect trade-off. For this project, the resulting
125
- evaluation priorities are prompt-only and unsteered baselines, blinded
126
- emotional and quality ratings, content-change assessment appropriate to
127
- the rewrite style, and complete accounting of repetition, truncation,
128
- and original-text fallbacks. This is an evaluation agenda, not a
129
- completed benchmark. \citep{yang2026steerscope}.
130
-
131
-
132
- \section{Problem formulation}\label{problem-formulation}
133
-
134
-
135
- \begin{figure}[!htb]
136
- \centering
137
- \includegraphics[width=\linewidth,height=0.58\textheight,keepaspectratio]{figures/screenshot-01.png}
138
- \caption{Document workspace with an example input, rewrite controls, and an empty output pane before generation.}
139
- \Description{Document workspace with an example input, rewrite controls, and an empty output pane before generation.}
140
- \label{fig:app-screen-1}
141
- \end{figure}
142
- A document conveys more than propositions: lexical choice, focus,
143
- rhythm, imagery, and narrative stance can contribute to an emotional
144
- reading. Rewriting a document to follow a desired emotional progression
145
- is consequently a multi-objective problem. The output should express the
146
- requested affect, remain readable, retain whatever content its rewrite
147
- style requires, and have a manageable length. These objectives can
148
- conflict.
149
-
150
- AFFECTOR represents the desired affect as an ordered curve, not a
151
- vocabulary list. A curve does not uniquely determine a text: countless
152
- passages can share the same coarse coordinates. The application offers
153
- two mechanisms to bias generation toward that curve. Local activation
154
- intervention changes numerical states during inference. API prompting
155
- describes the desired coordinates to a remote model. These mechanisms
156
- are not equivalent, and their results should be evaluated separately.
157
-
158
- The current system does not solve a constrained optimization problem
159
- over complete texts. In particular, it does not automatically measure a
160
- generated passage and iteratively minimize its emotional distance.
161
- Verification is an explicit later operation.
162
-
163
- \section{Representation and
164
- alignment}\label{representation-and-alignment}
165
-
166
-
167
- \begin{figure}[!htb]
168
- \centering
169
- \includegraphics[width=\linewidth,height=0.58\textheight,keepaspectratio]{figures/screenshot-02.png}
170
- \caption{Geometry editor showing the selected three-point trajectory and its steering controls.}
171
- \Description{Geometry editor showing the selected three-point trajectory and its steering controls.}
172
- \label{fig:app-screen-2}
173
- \end{figure}
174
- A geometry consists of ordered points \nolinkurl{(t, v, d, i)}. Position
175
- \nolinkurl{t} is in \texttt{{[}0,1{]}}; valence \nolinkurl{v} and direction
176
- \nolinkurl{d} are in \texttt{{[}-1,1{]}}; intensity \nolinkurl{i} is in
177
- \texttt{{[}0,1{]}}. Negative valence denotes unpleasant affect and
178
- positive valence pleasant affect. Negative direction denotes
179
- self-focused or inward-directed emotion; positive direction denotes
180
- outward focus. Direction is independent of valence: anger toward oneself
181
- can be inward and sadness for another person outward. Intensity
182
- describes strength of affect, not pleasantness.
183
-
184
- For intervention, intensity is centered:
185
-
186
- \[c(t)=(v(t),d(t),2i(t)-1).\]
187
-
188
- Coordinates are linearly interpolated between points, with endpoint
189
- clamping outside the stored range. Geometry imports that lack a
190
- supported direction omit that point; interpolating across the resulting
191
- gap can smooth away meaningful transitions. The imported data's
192
- provenance records incomplete coverage.
193
-
194
- The target document is divided into chunks of at most 700 characters,
195
- preferring sentence endings and then whitespace. Blank-line paragraph
196
- boundaries, including whitespace-only blank lines, are recognized. If a
197
- chunk spans original character offsets \nolinkurl{a} through \nolinkurl{b} in
198
- an input of length \nolinkurl{N}, its target position is
199
- \nolinkurl{(a+b)/(2N)}. This is computed from the original document, so
200
- expansion of earlier output does not move later targets. A single
201
- coordinate is applied throughout a chunk. Neighboring chunks are
202
- generated independently without surrounding text as generation context.
203
-
204
- This normalized alignment compresses or stretches a source trajectory to
205
- the target length. It samples only as many positions as there are
206
- chunks. It does not preserve all events or oscillations of a much longer
207
- curve. Changes to segmentation can change emotional targets even when
208
- the same geometry is selected.
209
-
210
- \begin{figure}[!htb]
211
- \centering
212
- \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/illustration-01.pdf}
213
- \caption{Normalized alignment schematic. Target chunks sample a continuous source path at original character midpoints; a short target can miss narrow changes in a long source trajectory.}
214
- \Description{One continuous path, a finite set of targets. Normalized alignment schematic. Target chunks sample a continuous source path at original character midpoints; a short target can miss narrow changes in a long source trajectory.}
215
- \label{fig:illustration-1}
216
- \end{figure}
217
-
218
- \section{Frozen model and contrastive
219
- calibration}\label{frozen-model-and-contrastive-calibration}
220
-
221
-
222
- \begin{figure}[!htb]
223
- \centering
224
- \includegraphics[width=\linewidth,height=0.58\textheight,keepaspectratio]{figures/screenshot-03.png}
225
- \caption{Source-analysis dialog for generating a geometry and optionally calibrating a local activation basis.}
226
- \Description{Source-analysis dialog for generating a geometry and optionally calibrating a local activation basis.}
227
- \label{fig:app-screen-3}
228
- \end{figure}
229
- The local backend loads Qwen3.5-0.8B at revision
230
- \nolinkurl{2fc06364715b967f1860aea9cf38778875588b17}. The implementation
231
- operates on its text stack of 24 blocks with hidden width 1,024. Base
232
- parameters are frozen; inference uses float32 and eager attention. Apple
233
- MPS is selected when available, otherwise CPU. The chat template
234
- disables thinking output. The package contains Python 3.14, PyTorch
235
- 2.15.0 and Transformers 5.22.2; exact dependency pins accompany the
236
- bundle.
237
-
238
- Before steering, the application obtains three directions per selected
239
- layer from twelve manually authored English contrast pairs, four per
240
- axis. For example, valence pairs contrast despair with joy, and
241
- intensity pairs contrast mild unease with overwhelming terror. Both
242
- members of every pair are processed under a continuation instruction.
243
- Thus calibration requires 24 forward passes.
244
-
245
- The capture site is the final chat-formatted prompt position immediately
246
- before the post-attention normalization that feeds the feed-forward
247
- sublayer. It is not a mean over all content tokens. For layer \nolinkurl{l}
248
- and axis \nolinkurl{j}, the mean contrast is:
249
-
250
- \[u_{\ell,j}=\frac14\sum_k(h^+_{\ell,j,k}-h^-_{\ell,j,k}).\]
251
-
252
- With \texttt{RMS(x)\ =\ sqrt(mean\_r(x{[}r{]}\^{}2))}, normalization
253
- gives:
254
-
255
- \[B_{\ell,j}=\frac{u_{\ell,j}}{\max(\operatorname{RMS}(u_{\ell,j}),10^{-8})}.\]
256
-
257
- The resulting \texttt{B{[}l{]}} is a 3 by 1,024 matrix. These are the
258
- editable steering-module weights. Defaults select layers 8, 16, and 23,
259
- with weights 1, 1, and 0.5. Geometry files retain the calibration
260
- examples, matrices, and model/runtime identity; incompatible identities
261
- are rejected.
262
-
263
- There is no gradient training, score-supervised fitting,
264
- orthogonalization, or guarantee that the three directions isolate their
265
- intended concepts. Small hand-authored pairs can confound affect with
266
- genre, topic, lexical content, and emotional categories. Calibration is
267
- exploratory and English-based; multilingual effectiveness has not been
268
- established.
269
-
270
-
271
- \section{Coordinate-to-activation
272
- computation}\label{coordinate-to-activation-computation}
273
-
274
-
275
- \begin{figure}[!htb]
276
- \centering
277
- \includegraphics[width=\linewidth,height=0.58\textheight,keepaspectratio]{figures/screenshot-04.png}
278
- \caption{Expanded numerical weights for the selected geometry, including the local calibration metadata.}
279
- \Description{Expanded numerical weights for the selected geometry, including the local calibration metadata.}
280
- \label{fig:app-screen-4}
281
- \end{figure}
282
- Axis temperature \nolinkurl{T} transforms each coordinate magnitude while
283
- retaining its sign:
284
-
285
- \[q_j=\operatorname{sign}(c_j)|c_j|^{1/T}.\]
286
-
287
- The implementation ranks axes by magnitude, retains at most axis top-k,
288
- and stops adding axes once cumulative magnitude reaches the configured
289
- mass fraction. Surviving coefficients are not renormalized. These
290
- operations act on three emotional coefficients, not on the model's
291
- vocabulary distribution.
292
-
293
- For current final-token hidden state \nolinkurl{h}, strength \nolinkurl{s},
294
- and layer weight \texttt{w{[}l{]}}, the proposed perturbation is:
295
-
296
- \[\delta_{\mathrm{raw}}=(q B_\ell)\operatorname{RMS}(h)s w_\ell.\]
297
-
298
- Inertia \nolinkurl{rho} combines this proposal with the previous applied
299
- perturbation within the same chunk:
300
-
301
- \[\delta_{\mathrm{mix}}=\rho\delta_{\mathrm{previous}}+(1-\rho)\delta_{\mathrm{raw}}.\]
302
-
303
- The first step uses the raw proposal directly. A relative RMS budget
304
- \nolinkurl{beta} then bounds the perturbation:
305
-
306
- \[\delta=\delta_{\mathrm{mix}}\min\left(1,\frac{\beta\operatorname{RMS}(h)}{\max(\operatorname{RMS}(\delta_{\mathrm{mix}}),10^{-12})}\right).\]
307
-
308
- Zero strength, budget, or layer weight gives an exact zero perturbation.
309
- Each chunk resets inertia history. The settings are applied as
310
- requested; the release does not automatically lower them after poor
311
- output.
312
-
313
- Budget is not a semantic-change percentage. At budget 1, the
314
- perturbation can have RMS magnitude comparable to the original hidden
315
- state at that site. Large values can destabilize generation. Raising the
316
- budget only matters when the proposed perturbation would otherwise be
317
- clipped; it cannot correct an inaccurate direction.
318
-
319
-
320
- \section{Intervention within the
321
- transformer}\label{intervention-within-the-transformer}
322
-
323
- Let \nolinkurl{h} denote a block's residual state after its attention or
324
- sequence-mixing stage. A conventional feed-forward residual update has
325
- the form:
326
-
327
- \[y=h+\operatorname{FFN}(\operatorname{Norm}(h)).\]
328
-
329
- AFFECTOR implements:
330
-
331
- \[y=(h+\delta)+\operatorname{FFN}(\operatorname{Norm}(h+\delta)).\]
332
-
333
- A pre-hook on the feed-forward normalization adds \nolinkurl{delta} to its
334
- input, and a post-hook on the block output adds the same \nolinkurl{delta}
335
- to the residual branch. This is a forward-pass intervention, not a
336
- model-parameter update. Hooks affect only the final token in the initial
337
- prompt pass and the current token during cached decoding. They are
338
- removed when generation exits, including exceptional exits.
339
-
340
- The module does not search for trigger phrases or recognize an idiom
341
- before activating. The chosen target determines the intervention
342
- continuously during decoding. Nevertheless, generation remains
343
- conditional on the input and instruction, and the hidden state
344
- influences perturbation magnitude. The module is not a
345
- content-independent guarantee of a particular affect.
346
-
347
- A key limitation is that the intervention is an absolute-coordinate
348
- bias, not a measured error correction. A target valence of zero yields
349
- no direct valence-axis perturbation; it does not actively neutralize an
350
- already negative passage. Correlations between basis vectors further
351
- complicate interpretation.
352
-
353
-
354
- \section{Prompts, sampling, and bounded
355
- output}\label{prompts-sampling-and-bounded-output}
356
-
357
- Four rewrite styles constrain the instruction: Minimal preserves nearly
358
- all wording; Restrained asks for subtle emotional phrasing changes while
359
- preserving facts and structure; Balanced allows structural changes and
360
- modest imagery while preserving events; Creative permits changes to
361
- meaning, imagery, and events. The prompt preferences do not enforce
362
- semantic fidelity.
363
-
364
- Local prompts do not include the numerical emotional coordinates. Hosted
365
- prompts do, because hosted model hidden states are not accessible
366
- through the implemented APIs. Consequently, local and API modes are not
367
- controlled comparisons of model size alone.
368
-
369
- Temperature, top-p, and top-k govern token selection. At temperature
370
- zero, decoding is greedy and top-p/top-k are inactive. Positive
371
- temperature enables sampling. A repetition penalty of 1.1 and no-repeat
372
- 8-gram constraint operate on token decoding; they are distinct from
373
- activation steering and cannot guarantee freedom from repetition.
374
-
375
- The current output policy uses a shared paragraph allowance equal to
376
- 125\% of original character length. Unused allowance carries forward to
377
- later chunks in the same paragraph; original intervening whitespace
378
- counts against it. Earlier chunks cannot borrow from future chunks.
379
- Local generation seeks a sentence ending after 85\% of the current
380
- original chunk length. A hard character ceiling, token ceiling, and
381
- 120-second limit remain. Token allowances may expand above the displayed
382
- base allowance, up to 2,048 locally and 4,096 for hosted requests.
383
-
384
- Repetition detection inspects recent word n-grams and repeated character
385
- patterns. If a draft is repetitive, oversized, or unfinished, the output
386
- can retain only its complete, non-repetitive sentence prefix, with a
387
- warning. If no such prefix exists, the original is retained with an
388
- error. One generation attempt is made per chunk; returned drafts,
389
- effective controls, stop reasons, and selection information remain in
390
- reports. API calls are non-streaming, so their remote generation cannot
391
- be stopped at an exact character threshold.
392
-
393
- These mechanisms trade completeness for bounded readable output.
394
- Sentence punctuation is a heuristic and can misidentify abbreviations or
395
- unusual writing. Trimming can omit important content and alter emotional
396
- character. They are safeguards against specific generation failures, not
397
- a proof of success.
398
-
399
- \section{Independent verification}\label{independent-verification}
400
-
401
-
402
- \begin{figure}[!htb]
403
- \centering
404
- \includegraphics[width=\linewidth,height=0.58\textheight,keepaspectratio]{figures/screenshot-05.png}
405
- \caption{Verification controls before evaluation. No verification results have been computed in this view.}
406
- \Description{Verification controls before evaluation. No verification results have been computed in this view.}
407
- \label{fig:app-screen-5}
408
- \end{figure}
409
- Verification assesses original and revised chunks separately with an
410
- unsteered evaluator or an API model. The evaluator is instructed to
411
- distinguish felt or conveyed emotion from mere emotion-word occurrence,
412
- identify experiencers and emotional targets, and supply exact quoted
413
- evidence. It returns valence, direction, intensity, emotional labels,
414
- uncertainty, and concise explanations. Scores are interpretive
415
- estimates, not psychometric measurements.
416
-
417
- For assessed coordinate \nolinkurl{p=(v,d,2i-1)} and target \nolinkurl{c}, the
418
- reported similarity is:
419
-
420
- \[\operatorname{similarity}=1-\frac{\lVert p-c\rVert_2}{2\sqrt3}.\]
421
-
422
- The denominator is the maximum distance across the three-dimensional
423
- \texttt{{[}-1,1{]}} cube. Similarity is not a probability. Axis errors
424
- are also reported. Unknown direction makes the three-axis distance
425
- unavailable. Aggregate before/after comparisons use only paired valid
426
- assessments and report coverage and failures. Missing assessments are
427
- not assigned invented scores.
428
-
429
- The same small model can assess its own output, but shared weaknesses
430
- make independent evaluation preferable. A high similarity can coexist
431
- with incoherence, factual errors, or undesirable content. The
432
- implementation does not optimize this score during generation and does
433
- not include a formal semantic-fidelity metric.
434
-
435
-
436
- \section{Architecture, persistence, and
437
- privacy}\label{architecture-persistence-and-privacy}
438
-
439
- A native SwiftUI/AppKit interface communicates with a Python subprocess
440
- through JSON lines; no listening local web server is needed. The desktop
441
- app provides geometry management, document transformation, verification,
442
- light/dark appearance, and numeric weight editing. TXT, RTF, and DOCX
443
- handling preserves textual content rather than rich layout.
444
-
445
- Atomic checkpoint writes store original input, offsets, geometry,
446
- controls, output records, and verification. Run signatures include the
447
- input, settings, geometry, style, and policy version so changed settings
448
- do not silently resume incompatible work. Loading an older checkpoint
449
- validates its stored spans instead of resegmenting it. Individual
450
- generation or assessment failures are flagged without interrupting the
451
- whole document. Explicit cancellation stops the run; an in-flight API
452
- call can take until its timeout to return.
453
-
454
- API keys are held in memory. Local mode processes text on the computer;
455
- API mode sends relevant passages to the selected service. Checkpoints
456
- contain potentially sensitive document text and should be treated
457
- accordingly. The distributed package excludes personal checkpoints and
458
- test documents.
459
-
460
- \section{Evidence and limitations}\label{evidence-and-limitations}
461
-
462
- The release's 26 automated tests cover behaviors including checkpoint
463
- handling, style persistence, failure continuation, allowance accounting,
464
- raw-draft retention, and preservation of requested controls. Earlier
465
- development smoke checks established nonzero activation interventions,
466
- zero-strength equivalence under greedy decoding, hook cleanup, and the
467
- RMS budget bound. These checks establish implementation properties, not
468
- emotional efficacy.
469
-
470
- Exploratory development runs revealed three important failure modes:
471
- high intervention magnitudes can produce repetition before any full
472
- sentence; lower magnitudes can yield fluent but weakly emotional
473
- paraphrases; and segmentation changes alter which positions of a
474
- trajectory are sampled. A temporary whole-paragraph/reduced-steering
475
- recovery design improved completion on a small example but weakened the
476
- desired affect, and is not the current release behavior.
477
-
478
- No representative benchmark, blinded human study, multilingual
479
- evaluation, or statistically supported success rate is claimed.
480
- Controlled experiments should hold input, geometry, prompt,
481
- segmentation, and sampling constant while comparing unsteered and
482
- steered output. Report emotional distance, completion rate, repetition,
483
- length ratio, factual/content preservation, and human judgments
484
- together. Selection based on emotional distance alone can reward extreme
485
- or incoherent writing.
486
-
487
- \section{Conclusion}\label{conclusion}
488
-
489
- AFFECTOR makes a low-dimensional emotional trajectory operational
490
- through explicit transformer-state interventions and a separate
491
- prompt-based backend. Its value is as an inspectable experimental
492
- system: coordinates, editable vectors, controls, raw drafts, and
493
- verification are exposed. Reliable emotional transfer remains an
494
- empirical research problem. The current method demonstrates a
495
- controllable intervention mechanism but does not establish that a
496
- particular intervention reliably creates a specified emotional
497
- experience.
498
-
499
- \section{Implementation and infrastructure
500
- sources}\label{implementation-and-infrastructure-sources}
501
-
502
- \begin{enumerate}
503
- \def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.}
504
- \item
505
- Qwen team. Qwen3.5-0.8B model card and distribution.
506
- \url{https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3.5-0.8B}
507
- \item
508
- PyTorch documentation. Module forward and forward-pre hooks.
509
- \url{https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.nn.Module.html}
510
- \item
511
- Hugging Face Transformers documentation. Text generation.
512
- \url{https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main_classes/text_generation}
513
- \item
514
- Apple Developer documentation. Notarizing macOS software before
515
- distribution.
516
- \url{https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/notarizing-macos-software-before-distribution}
517
- \end{enumerate}
518
-
519
- The equations and implementation descriptions above are derived from the
520
- included source. Upstream documentation describes infrastructure and
521
- model distribution, not evidence validating AFFECTOR's
522
- emotional-transfer claims.
523
-
524
- \section*{AI assistance disclosure}
525
- This project was created with assistance from GPT-6 Astra and Codex. AI
526
- tools supported software development, testing, and the drafting and
527
- revision of this technical report. William Taggart is responsible for
528
- the project's research decisions and the final software and
529
- documentation. AI assistance does not constitute independent validation
530
- of the implementation or its scientific claims; the validation evidence
531
- and limitations are stated separately in this report.
532
-
533
- \bibliographystyle{ACM-Reference-Format}
534
- \bibliography{references}
535
-
536
- \section*{Suggested citation}
537
- William Taggart. 2026. AFFECTOR: Coordinate-Guided Text Rewriting
538
- through Transformer Activation Interventions. Technical report. Modern
539
- and Classical Languages and Literatures, Virginia Tech. November 13, 2026.
540
- \url{https://huggingface.co/will-taggart/AFFECTOR/blob/main/docs/TECHNICAL_PAPER.md}
541
-
542
- \end{document}
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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134
 
135
  \begin{figure}[!htb]
136
  \centering
137
- \includegraphics[width=\linewidth,height=0.58\textheight,keepaspectratio]{figures/screenshot-01.png}
138
  \caption{Document workspace with an example input, rewrite controls, and an empty output pane before generation.}
139
  \Description{Document workspace with an example input, rewrite controls, and an empty output pane before generation.}
140
  \label{fig:app-screen-1}
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ alignment}\label{representation-and-alignment}
166
 
167
  \begin{figure}[!htb]
168
  \centering
169
- \includegraphics[width=\linewidth,height=0.58\textheight,keepaspectratio]{figures/screenshot-02.png}
170
  \caption{Geometry editor showing the selected three-point trajectory and its steering controls.}
171
  \Description{Geometry editor showing the selected three-point trajectory and its steering controls.}
172
  \label{fig:app-screen-2}
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ the same geometry is selected.
209
 
210
  \begin{figure}[!htb]
211
  \centering
212
- \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/illustration-01.pdf}
213
  \caption{Normalized alignment schematic. Target chunks sample a continuous source path at original character midpoints; a short target can miss narrow changes in a long source trajectory.}
214
  \Description{One continuous path, a finite set of targets. Normalized alignment schematic. Target chunks sample a continuous source path at original character midpoints; a short target can miss narrow changes in a long source trajectory.}
215
  \label{fig:illustration-1}
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222
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223
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224
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225
  \caption{Source-analysis dialog for generating a geometry and optionally calibrating a local activation basis.}
226
  \Description{Source-analysis dialog for generating a geometry and optionally calibrating a local activation basis.}
227
  \label{fig:app-screen-3}
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275
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277
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278
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279
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280
  \label{fig:app-screen-4}
@@ -399,13 +399,7 @@ a proof of success.
399
  \section{Independent verification}\label{independent-verification}
400
 
401
 
402
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403
- \centering
404
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- \caption{Verification controls before evaluation. No verification results have been computed in this view.}
406
- \Description{Verification controls before evaluation. No verification results have been computed in this view.}
407
- \label{fig:app-screen-5}
408
- \end{figure}
409
  Verification assesses original and revised chunks separately with an
410
  unsteered evaluator or an API model. The evaluator is instructed to
411
  distinguish felt or conveyed emotion from mere emotion-word occurrence,
 
134
 
135
  \begin{figure}[!htb]
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139
  \Description{Document workspace with an example input, rewrite controls, and an empty output pane before generation.}
140
  \label{fig:app-screen-1}
 
166
 
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  \begin{figure}[!htb]
168
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169
+ \includegraphics[width=.86\linewidth,height=0.58\textheight,keepaspectratio]{figures/screenshot-02.png}
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171
  \Description{Geometry editor showing the selected three-point trajectory and its steering controls.}
172
  \label{fig:app-screen-2}
 
209
 
210
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  \centering
212
+ \includegraphics[width=.9\textwidth]{figures/illustration-01.pdf}
213
  \caption{Normalized alignment schematic. Target chunks sample a continuous source path at original character midpoints; a short target can miss narrow changes in a long source trajectory.}
214
  \Description{One continuous path, a finite set of targets. Normalized alignment schematic. Target chunks sample a continuous source path at original character midpoints; a short target can miss narrow changes in a long source trajectory.}
215
  \label{fig:illustration-1}
 
221
 
222
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226
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227
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274
 
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277
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280
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399
  \section{Independent verification}\label{independent-verification}
400
 
401
 
402
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  "caption": "Expanded numerical weights for the selected geometry, including the local calibration metadata."
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
45
  }
46
  ]
paper/TECHNICAL_PAPER.md CHANGED
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
1
  # AFFECTOR: Coordinate-Guided Text Rewriting through Transformer Activation Interventions
2
 
3
- **Technical paper:** [PDF](AFFECTOR-ACM.pdf) · [LaTeX source](AFFECTOR-ACM.tex) · [Complete source ZIP](AFFECTOR-ACM-source.zip)
4
 
5
  **William Taggart**
6
  Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures, Virginia Tech
@@ -141,9 +141,7 @@ These mechanisms trade completeness for bounded readable output. Sentence punctu
141
 
142
  Verification assesses original and revised chunks separately with an unsteered evaluator or an API model. The evaluator is instructed to distinguish felt or conveyed emotion from mere emotion-word occurrence, identify experiencers and emotional targets, and supply exact quoted evidence. It returns valence, direction, intensity, emotional labels, uncertainty, and concise explanations. Scores are interpretive estimates, not psychometric measurements.
143
 
144
- ![Verification controls before evaluation. No verification results have been computed in this view.](figures/screenshot-05.png)
145
 
146
- *Verification controls before evaluation. No verification results have been computed in this view.*
147
  For assessed coordinate `p=(v,d,2i-1)` and target `c`, the reported similarity is:
148
 
149
  `similarity = 1 - ||p-c||_2 / (2 sqrt(3))`.
 
1
  # AFFECTOR: Coordinate-Guided Text Rewriting through Transformer Activation Interventions
2
 
3
+ **Technical paper:** [PDF](AFFECTOR.pdf) · [LaTeX source](AFFECTOR.tex) · [Complete source ZIP](AFFECTOR-source.zip)
4
 
5
  **William Taggart**
6
  Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures, Virginia Tech
 
141
 
142
  Verification assesses original and revised chunks separately with an unsteered evaluator or an API model. The evaluator is instructed to distinguish felt or conveyed emotion from mere emotion-word occurrence, identify experiencers and emotional targets, and supply exact quoted evidence. It returns valence, direction, intensity, emotional labels, uncertainty, and concise explanations. Scores are interpretive estimates, not psychometric measurements.
143
 
 
144
 
 
145
  For assessed coordinate `p=(v,d,2i-1)` and target `c`, the reported similarity is:
146
 
147
  `similarity = 1 - ||p-c||_2 / (2 sqrt(3))`.
paper/figures/screenshot-05.png DELETED

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  • Pointer size: 131 Bytes
  • Size of remote file: 189 kB
paper/source.md CHANGED
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
1
  # AFFECTOR: Coordinate-Guided Text Rewriting through Transformer Activation Interventions
2
 
3
- **Technical paper:** [PDF](AFFECTOR-ACM.pdf) · [LaTeX source](AFFECTOR-ACM.tex) · [Complete source ZIP](AFFECTOR-ACM-source.zip)
4
 
5
  **William Taggart**
6
  Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures, Virginia Tech
@@ -141,9 +141,7 @@ These mechanisms trade completeness for bounded readable output. Sentence punctu
141
 
142
  Verification assesses original and revised chunks separately with an unsteered evaluator or an API model. The evaluator is instructed to distinguish felt or conveyed emotion from mere emotion-word occurrence, identify experiencers and emotional targets, and supply exact quoted evidence. It returns valence, direction, intensity, emotional labels, uncertainty, and concise explanations. Scores are interpretive estimates, not psychometric measurements.
143
 
144
- ![Verification controls before evaluation. No verification results have been computed in this view.](figures/screenshot-05.png)
145
 
146
- *Verification controls before evaluation. No verification results have been computed in this view.*
147
  For assessed coordinate `p=(v,d,2i-1)` and target `c`, the reported similarity is:
148
 
149
  `similarity = 1 - ||p-c||_2 / (2 sqrt(3))`.
 
1
  # AFFECTOR: Coordinate-Guided Text Rewriting through Transformer Activation Interventions
2
 
3
+ **Technical paper:** [PDF](AFFECTOR.pdf) · [LaTeX source](AFFECTOR.tex) · [Complete source ZIP](AFFECTOR-source.zip)
4
 
5
  **William Taggart**
6
  Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures, Virginia Tech
 
141
 
142
  Verification assesses original and revised chunks separately with an unsteered evaluator or an API model. The evaluator is instructed to distinguish felt or conveyed emotion from mere emotion-word occurrence, identify experiencers and emotional targets, and supply exact quoted evidence. It returns valence, direction, intensity, emotional labels, uncertainty, and concise explanations. Scores are interpretive estimates, not psychometric measurements.
143
 
 
144
 
 
145
  For assessed coordinate `p=(v,d,2i-1)` and target `c`, the reported similarity is:
146
 
147
  `similarity = 1 - ||p-c||_2 / (2 sqrt(3))`.