README.md

metadata

license: cc-by-4.0
base_model: FermionResearch/Phonon-2
base_model_relation: quantized
language:
  - en
pipeline_tag: automatic-speech-recognition
tags:
  - coreml
  - parakeet
  - tdt
  - phonon
  - low-bit
  - sparse
  - speech-recognition
  - apple-silicon
library_name: fluidaudio

phonon-2-coreml

Core ML build of FermionResearch/Phonon-2, Fermion Research's quantization-aware re-training of nvidia/parakeet-tdt-0.6b-v3 for English, in which every encoder weight takes one of five learned values per output row. Same tokenizer, 15 s window and Decoder / JointDecisionv3 contract as parakeet-tdt-0.6b-v3-coreml; loaded in FluidAudio via AsrModelVersion.phonon2.

Every encoder here holds the checkpoint's exact five-value weights — as fp16 palettes (iOS 18 / macOS 15 constexpr_lut_to_dense), or as a sparsity mask plus a palette over the non-zero weights (constexpr_lut_to_sparse + constexpr_sparse_to_dense). No re-quantization noise is added, and all five produce identical transcripts. The decoder and joint are re-exported from the checkpoint's int6 tables; preprocessor and vocabulary are the v3 ones.

Usage (FluidAudio, merged in #980)

let models = try await AsrModels.downloadAndLoad(version: .phonon2)  // iOS 18+ / macOS 15+, downloads Encoder.mlmodelc
let asr = AsrManager()
try await asr.initialize(models: models)
let result = try await asr.transcribe(audioFileURL)

swift run fluidaudiocli transcribe audio.wav --model-version phonon2
swift run fluidaudiocli asr-benchmark --subset test-clean --model-version phonon2

To use another encoder file, download the model directory, rename the chosen Encoder_*.mlmodelc to Encoder.mlmodelc and load it with AsrModels.loadLocal(from:version: .phonon2, encoderComputeUnits:).

Encoder files

One 15 s window on an M5 Pro (macOS 27); RTFx is FluidAudio asr-benchmark on full LibriSpeech test-clean with the encoder on the Neural Engine. All five are exact and give the same transcripts.

File	Size	Encoding	ANE	ANE RTFx	GPU
Encoder.mlmodelc (default)	321 MB	sparse mask + 6-bit palette per 8 rows	18.6 ms	159×	16 ms, but ~150 s load on every launch
Encoder_sparse-g4.mlmodelc	246 MB	sparse mask + 4-bit palette per 4 rows	24.3 ms	140×	same load caveat
Encoder_sparse-g1.mlmodelc	176 MB	sparse mask + 2-bit palette per row	70 ms	~70×	same load caveat
Encoder_lut6.mlmodelc	470 MB	dense 6-bit palette per 8 rows	18.6 ms	155×	16 ms, 0.6 s load
Encoder_lut3.mlmodelc	253 MB	dense 3-bit palette per row	72 ms	70×	16 ms, 0.7 s load
v3 Encoder.mlmodelc (6-bit, for reference)	445 MB	—	23.5 ms	149–152×	18 ms

Two facts decide the choice. The Neural Engine's palette cost grows with the number of palettes, not their bit width, so 8 rows per palette is faster than v3's own encoder while per-row palettes are 3× slower. And the GPU materializes sparse weights at every load (150 s of CPU, not cached), while the ANE compiles them once (1 min) and caches. So: Neural Engine (the FluidAudio default, and the only option for iOS background work) → Encoder.mlmodelc; GPU → Encoder_lut3.mlmodelc (small) or Encoder_lut6.mlmodelc (fast everywhere); smallest possible → Encoder_sparse-g1.

Other files: Decoder.mlmodelc (RNNT prediction net, fp16, iOS 17+), JointDecisionv3.mlmodelc (single-step joint + top-64, fp16, iOS 17+), Preprocessor.mlmodelc and parakeet_vocab.json (identical to v3), NOTICE / LICENSE (upstream attribution, CC-BY-4.0).

Accuracy vs parakeet-tdt-0.6b-v3

Full LibriSpeech, FluidAudio asr-benchmark, M5 Pro, both models run back to back with the default (ANE) encoder. WER is corpus-level (total edit distance over total reference words); RTFx = total audio / total processing time.

Set (ANE)	v3	Ultra	Phonon-2
test-clean (2620 files) WER	2.27 %	2.13 %	2.47 %
test-other (2939 files) WER	4.12 %	3.81 %	4.62 %
test-clean RTFx	149–152×	151×	159×
test-other RTFx	138×	142×	146×

v3 is the more accurate model on LibriSpeech by 0.20 / 0.50 points, reproducing the upstream card's own gap to its teacher (+0.20 / +0.79 under the Open ASR Leaderboard protocol, where Phonon-2 in turn beats v3 on AMI meetings and VoxPopuli). Phonon-2 is English only; v3 covers 25 languages. The absolute values are above the card's because FluidAudio decodes in 15 s windows with a simpler normalizer, which both models pay equally.

Conversion fidelity: on the first 100 test-clean files the Core ML transcripts differ from a NeMo fp32 full-context decode of the same checkpoint by 0.34 % WER (1.83 % vs 1.79 %).

60-minute long-form file (Earnings-22, four concatenated calls)

transcribe on the 3600 s earnings22_top4_1h.wav (M5 Pro, default ANE encoder, best of 2–3 runs, processing time excludes model load). Reference = the concatenated Earnings-22 chunk transcripts, same normalizer.

Model	Processing time	RTFx	WER
v3	10.9 s	331×	16.5 %
Ultra	7.7 s	469×	13.5 %
Redux	14.2 s	254×	14.8 %
Phonon-2 default (sparse, 321 MB)	7.5 s	478×	17.2 %
Phonon-2 Encoder_lut6 (470 MB)	7.4 s	486×	17.2 %
Phonon-2 Encoder_sparse-g4 (246 MB)	9.0 s	399×	17.2 %
Phonon-2 Encoder_sparse-g1 (176 MB)	23.4 s	154×	17.2 %
Phonon-2 Encoder_lut3 (253 MB)	23.6 s	152×	17.2 %

On conversational long-form audio Phonon-2 is the fastest model we ship (1.45× v3's throughput, on par with Ultra) but the least accurate of the four: Ultra and Redux both beat v3 here while Phonon-2 trails it by 0.8 points, consistent with the upstream card's Earnings-22 row (6.96 % vs its teacher's 5.85 %). All five Phonon-2 encoders produce the same transcript.

Licence and attribution

The weights are a derivative of NVIDIA's parakeet-tdt-0.6b-v3 re-trained by Fermion Research and are distributed under CC-BY-4.0, as upstream. NOTICE reproduces Fermion Research's change list and training-data attribution. The encoders are exact re-encodings of the upstream weights (grouped-channel palettes, or a sparsity mask plus palettes over the non-zeros); the decoder and joint are the upstream int6 tables in fp16.