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RWKV7-G1j-1.5B ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๋ถ•๊ดด ์‹คํ—˜

์‹คํ—˜์ผ: 2026-09-27

์š”์•ฝ

  • Greedy baseline์—์„œ ์ฆ๋ช… ์ค‘ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์‹ ํ–‰์ด 5ํšŒ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ž‘ ํ† ํฐ์€ 241, 299, 357, 415, 473์œผ๋กœ 58ํ† ํฐ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ 48ํ† ํฐ ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์ด 229โ†’287์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๊ณ , 57ํ† ํฐ ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์€ 284โ†’342์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋œ๋‹ค.
  • โ€œ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๋ผโ€๋Š” system ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 512ํ† ํฐ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ƒ์„ฑํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์™€ EOS๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ํ’€์ด๋ฅผ ๋˜ํ’€์ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ์ˆœํ™˜ ๋…ผ์ฆ์ด ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค.
  • system ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์— repetition_penalty=1.1์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ค„์—ˆ๋‹ค. rolling 64ํ† ํฐ ์ฐฝ์˜ ์ค‘๋ณต 8-gram ํ‰๊ท ์€ 0.063์—์„œ 0.028๋กœ, peak๋Š” 0.316์—์„œ 0.175๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ๋‹ค.
  • penalty๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•ด๋„ 512ํ† ํฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์„ฑํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ์ฆ๋ช…์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ํŒจ๋„ํ‹ฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
  • ์„ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ recurrent state RMS๋Š” ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์€ state norm ํญ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
  • ์˜์–ด system ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ–‰์—์„œ๋„ ๋‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ชจ๋‘ 512ํ† ํฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ”๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. RWKV ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋ฅ ์€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ OLMo๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™๊ณ  peak๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค.
  • ์‘๋‹ต์„ 2,048ํ† ํฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ  256ํ† ํฐ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์•Œ๋ฆผ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” harness๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. RWKV๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ 256ํ† ํฐ chunk๋ฅผ 8ํšŒ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ–ˆ๊ณ , OLMo๋Š” 184ํ† ํฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ๋’ค์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ์ด๋‚˜ EOS ์—†์ด ๋๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๊ณตํ†ต ์„ค์ •

  • ๋ชจ๋ธ: RWKV/RWKV7-G1j-1.5B-20260831
  • ๊ณ„์ธก์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋กœ์ปฌ HF snapshot revision: 2c18b29ab7fbece25ff6112281eea0fa41fcb30f
  • ์‹คํ–‰ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ: PyTorch 2.11.0+cu128, Transformers 5.17.0, RTX 3060, BF16
  • ์ž…๋ ฅ์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ chat template์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  thinking=False๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๊ณตํ†ต ์ƒ์„ฑ ์„ค์ •: greedy (do_sample=False), max_new_tokens=512, eos_token_id=0, stop string์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐœํ–‰ ๋’ค User:.
  • system ์—†๋Š” prompt๋Š” 73ํ† ํฐ, system ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ํฌํ•จ prompt๋Š” 122ํ† ํฐ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๊ณ„์ธก์€ model.generate() ์ž์ฒด์— forward hook์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ call์—์„œ raw logits์™€ 24๊ฐœ ์ธต์˜ WKV/attention-shift/FFN-shift state๋ฅผ ์ฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค. baseline ์žฌ์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ์ด์ „ ํ† ํฐ ๊ณ„์ธก๊ณผ ํ† ํฐ ID ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ผ์น˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๋ณ„๋„ ์ˆ˜๋™ token-by-token loop๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ 64ํ† ํฐ ์ดํ›„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๊ถค์ ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ CSV๋Š” direct generate() ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค.

ํ”„๋กฌํ”„ํŠธ

์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ํ”„๋กฌํ”„ํŠธ:

์ •์ˆ˜ a,b๊ฐ€ ab+1 | a^2+b^2๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•  ๋•Œ, (a^2+b^2)/(ab+1)์ด ์™„์ „์ œ๊ณฑ์ˆ˜์ž„์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด. ๋‹จ, a,b๋Š” ์–‘์˜ ์ •์ˆ˜๋‹ค.

system ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด:

๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ต์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์œผ๋ฉด, ์–ต์ง€๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ์ถ”์ธกํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  โ€œ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•œ ๋’ค ๋ฉˆ์ถฐ๋ผ.

์ง€ํ‘œ ์ •์˜

  • Entropy / top-1 probability / margin: ๋‹ค์Œ ํ† ํฐ logits ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค๋„, top-1 ํ™•๋ฅ , 1์œ„์™€ 2์œ„ logit ์ฐจ์ด. penalty run CSV์—๋Š” ์›์‹œ raw_*์™€ repetition processor ์ ์šฉ ํ›„ penalty_* ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
  • WKV state RMS: ๊ฐ ์ธต์˜ [heads, head_dim, head_dim] recurrent matrix์—์„œ sqrt(mean(xยฒ))๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. shift state๋Š” ์ธต๋ณ„ hidden-size ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์˜ RMS๋‹ค. *_mean๊ณผ *_max๋Š” 24๊ฐœ ์ธต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง‘๊ณ„๋‹ค.
  • State์™€ token ์ •๋ ฌ: predicts_token_step์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ† ํฐ์˜ 1-based ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น row์˜ recurrent state๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ† ํฐ ์ง์ „ context, ์ฆ‰ context_generated_tokens๊ฐœ ์ƒ์„ฑ ํ† ํฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋‹ค.
  • rolling_dup8_rate_64: ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 64๊ฐœ ์ƒ์„ฑ ํ† ํฐ์˜ 8-gram ์ค‘๋ณต ๋น„์œจ.
  • Cycle similarity: baseline์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ฒซ ํ† ํฐ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” step 241๊ณผ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์‹œ์ž‘ step 299/357/415/473์„ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. CSV์˜ cosine์€ ์ธต๋ณ„ state ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ์‚ฌ๋„ ํ‰๊ท /์ตœ์†Ÿ๊ฐ’์ด๊ณ , sym_kl_nats๋Š” step241 logits ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๋Œ€์นญ KL์ด๋‹ค.

์‚ฌ์ „ prompt/sampler ํ™•์ธ

์•„๋ž˜๋Š” 512ํ† ํฐ ๊ณ„์ธก ์‹คํ—˜ ์ „์˜ ์งง์€ screening์ด๋‹ค. ์งง์€ ์žฅ๋ฌธ ์˜์–ด ์„ค๋ช…๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๋ฃจํ”„ ์žฌํ˜„์— ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ •์ˆ˜๋ก  prompt์— thinking=True๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋„ค decode ์„ค์ • ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋˜ํ’€์ดํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ’€์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ, ๋ณธ ๊ณ„์ธก์—์„œ๋Š” thinking=False๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

Prompt ์„ค์ • ๊ธธ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ
๊ณต๊ณต ๋„์„œ๊ด€์— ๊ณ„์† ํˆฌ์žํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ  (์˜์–ด) greedy / T=1,p=.5 / T=.8,p=.95 / T=1,p=.95 153โ€“160 ๋„ค ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๋ฃจํ”„ ์—†์Œ. duplicate 4-gram ๋น„์œจ 0โ€“.026.
๋‚ก์€ ์šฐ์‚ฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ (ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด) ๊ฐ™์€ ๋„ค ์„ค์ • 160 ๊ณ ์ • ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ฃจํ”„๋Š” ์—†์Œ. T=1,p=.95๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํํŠธ๋Ÿฌ์ง.
์ •์ˆ˜๋ก  ์ฆ๋ช… (ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด), thinking=True ๊ฐ™์€ ๋„ค ์„ค์ • 220 ๋„ค ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฆ๋ช…์„ ์™„์„ฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž๊ธฐ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•จ. duplicate 4-gram ๋น„์œจ .088โ€“.198.

์ด screening์˜ raw ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ๋ณ„๋„ ์ €์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ž์„ธํ•œ ํ† ํฐ๋ณ„ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ ๋ณด๊ด€๋œ generation ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜ ์„ธ controlled run์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

์กฐ๊ฑด๋ณ„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

์กฐ๊ฑด ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๊ด€์ฐฐ rolling 8-gram ํ‰๊ท  / peak ํ‰๊ท  WKV / attention shift / FFN shift RMS
Greedy baseline 512ํ† ํฐ, EOS ์—†์Œ 39-token ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ–‰ 5ํšŒ, 58ํ† ํฐ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ 0.099 / 0.263 0.579 / 0.987 / 0.880
System ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ 512ํ† ํฐ, EOS ์—†์Œ, ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ ์—†์Œ 64-token ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์ด 75โ†’354์—์„œ ์žฌ๋“ฑ์žฅ; ์ˆœํ™˜ ๋…ผ์ฆ 0.063 / 0.316 0.582 / 0.988 / 0.889
System + repetition penalty 1.1 512ํ† ํฐ, EOS ์—†์Œ, ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ ์—†์Œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธด ๋™์ผ n-gram 19ํ† ํฐ (402โ†’449); ์‹ ํ–‰ ๊ณ ์ • ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์—†์Œ 0.028 / 0.175 0.586 / 0.999 / 0.897

Baseline์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ์‹์˜ logits์™€ state

ํ† ํฐ step top-1 ํ™•๋ฅ  entropy (nats) top-1โˆ’top-2 margin WKV RMS attention shift RMS FFN shift RMS
241 0.333 1.416 0.035 0.583 0.989 0.884
299 0.592 1.237 1.324 0.580 0.984 0.873
357 0.969 0.193 4.405 0.573 0.963 0.841
415 0.993 0.058 6.020 0.570 0.952 0.827
473 0.998 0.022 6.856 0.568 0.946 0.819

๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ํ–‰์˜ ์ฒซ token์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๊นŒ์ง€:

  • top-1 ํ™•๋ฅ : 0.333 โ†’ 0.998, entropy: 1.416 โ†’ 0.022 nats, margin: 0.035 โ†’ 6.856.
  • WKV RMS ํ‰๊ท : 0.583 โ†’ 0.568; attention shift RMS: 0.989 โ†’ 0.946; FFN shift RMS: 0.884 โ†’ 0.819.
  • WKV state cosine์€ 24๊ฐœ ์ธต ํ‰๊ท  0.972 (์ตœ์†Ÿ๊ฐ’ 0.931), ์ƒ๋Œ€ L2 ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  0.220์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. raw logit cosine์€ 0.999์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€์นญ KL์€ 2.361 nats๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

์ฆ‰ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์ˆ˜์‹์˜ ํ† ํฐ ์„ ํƒ์€ ์ ์  ๋” ํ™•์‹ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, state norm์€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. State ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋‚˜ ๋งค ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์—์„œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐ™์€ state๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„์˜ค์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ด€์ธก์€ norm ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ํ™•์‹ ๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์„ ํƒ์˜ ๊ณ ์ฐฉ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚จ๋‹ค.

System prompt ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์˜ˆ

๋ชจ๋ธ์€ k(ab+1) โ‰ก 0 (mod ab+1)์—์„œ k โ‰ก 0 (mod ab+1)๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์•ž ์‹์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •์ˆ˜ k์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋’ค ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‹ต์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๋ผ๋Š” system ์ง€์‹œ๋Š” ์‹คํ–‰ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.

Repetition penalty ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ํ•ด์„

Penalty๋Š” ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ํ† ํฐ์˜ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ” ๋™์ผ ๊ตฌ์ ˆ ์žฌํ˜„์„ ์ค„์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, EOS ํ† ํฐ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ refusal์„ ๊ฐ•์ œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ฆ๋ช… ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ๊ณ  512ํ† ํฐ ํ•œ๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋๋‹ค. ์ด ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ CSV๋Š” raw logits์™€ penalty ์ ์šฉ ํ›„ scores๋ฅผ ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ์ €์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค.

OLMo 2 1B ๋น„๊ต

๋น„๊ต ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ณต์‹ OLMo 2 1B Instruct ์ฒดํฌํฌ์ธํŠธ์ธ allenai/OLMo-2-0425-1B-Instruct๋‹ค. revision 48d788eca847d4d7548f375ad03d3c9312f6139e๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ •ํ•ด ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, model.safetensors๋Š” 2,969,854,224 bytes๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ธ ์นด๋“œ์— ์ฃผ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด prompt๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์€ ์‹คํ—˜์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์•„๋ž˜ ๋น„๊ต๋Š” ์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ํ•œ์ •ํ•ด์„œ ํ•ด์„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ฐ™์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ system ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€, greedy, max_new_tokens=512, BF16์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. OLMo ์ž…๋ ฅ์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ chat template๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ , prompt ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” baseline 75ํ† ํฐ, system ํฌํ•จ 138ํ† ํฐ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. OLMo EOS๋Š” tokenizer์˜ <|endoftext|> (100257)๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ํŒจ๋„ํ‹ฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” repetition_penalty=1.1์„ ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

OLMo ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ† ํฐ ์ตœ์žฅ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต n-gram (์‹œ์ž‘โ†’์žฌ๋“ฑ์žฅ) rolling 8-gram ํ‰๊ท  / peak raw logits ํ‰๊ท  top-1 / entropy EOS / ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ
Greedy baseline 512 21 (33โ†’109) 0.056 / 0.491 0.782 / 0.880 ์—†์Œ / ์—†์Œ
System ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ 512 40 (302โ†’344) 0.102 / 0.386 0.850 / 0.666 ์—†์Œ / ์—†์Œ
System + repetition penalty 1.1 512 23 (217โ†’310) 0.024 / 0.246 0.806 / 0.791 ์—†์Œ / ์—†์Œ

์„ธ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ชจ๋‘ 512ํ† ํฐ ํ•œ๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋๋‹ค. baseline์€ ์ •์ˆ˜๋ผ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ a,b โˆˆ {โˆ’1,1}์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž˜๋ชป ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. system ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ธ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค. repetition penalty ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋กœ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ์ œ๊ณฑ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ฆ๋ช…์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค.

OLMo ์•ˆ์—์„œ system-only์™€ penalty ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ํ‰๊ท  rolling ์ค‘๋ณต 8-gram ๋น„์œจ์€ 0.102์—์„œ 0.024๋กœ ์•ฝ 77% ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ๊ณ , peak๋Š” 0.386์—์„œ 0.246์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 36% ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์žฅ ๋™์ผ token span๋„ 40์—์„œ 23ํ† ํฐ์œผ๋กœ ์งง์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์€ ์™„ํ™”๋์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ต์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. penalty ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ raw logits ํ‰๊ท  top-1/entropy๋Š” 0.806/0.791์ด๊ณ , penalty ์ ์šฉ ํ›„๋Š” 0.774/1.048์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ penalty๊ฐ€ ํ† ํฐ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋” ํ‰ํ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.

๋‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ

์กฐ๊ฑด RWKV ํ‰๊ท  / peak ์ค‘๋ณต๋ฅ  OLMo ํ‰๊ท  / peak ์ค‘๋ณต๋ฅ  ์ตœ์žฅ ๋™์ผ token span (RWKV / OLMo)
Greedy baseline 0.099 / 0.263 0.056 / 0.491 57 / 21
System ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ 0.063 / 0.316 0.102 / 0.386 64 / 40
System + penalty 1.1 0.028 / 0.175 0.024 / 0.246 19 / 23

๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด repetition penalty 1.1์ด ์„ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋ฅ ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ท„์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ชจ๋‘ EOS ์—†์ด ํ•œ๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. baseline์˜ OLMo ํ‰๊ท  ์ค‘๋ณต๋ฅ ์€ RWKV๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์•˜์œผ๋‚˜, ์งง์€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ peak๋Š” ๋” ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋ฅ  ์ˆ˜์น˜๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋А ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋” loop์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.

์ฃผ์˜ํ•  ์ ์€ ๋‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ tokenizer๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 8-gram๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต span ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ token ๋‹จ์œ„์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐ„ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋™์ผ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋‚ด ์„ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋น„๊ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐ„ ๋น„๊ต๋Š” ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์ค„ยท๋ฌธ์ž ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ OLMo 2๋Š” Transformer๋ผ RWKV์˜ WKV recurrent state๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. OLMo์—์„œ๋Š” raw/processed logits์™€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๊ณ , RWKV state RMS์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„ํ•  OLMo state norm์€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.

์˜์–ด system ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ต

system ์ง€์‹œ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ์˜์–ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋„ฃ์–ด ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ์ˆ˜ํ•™ prompt, greedy decoding, penalty ์—†์Œ, 512ํ† ํฐ ํ•œ๋„๋Š” ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

If you cannot solve the problem or do not know the answer, do not keep guessing. Say โ€œI don't knowโ€ and stop.

๋ชจ๋ธ system ์–ธ์–ด ์ž…๋ ฅ prompt ํ† ํฐ ์ตœ์žฅ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ (step) ์ค‘๋ณต 8-gram ํ‰๊ท  / peak raw top-1 ํ‰๊ท  / entropy ํ‰๊ท  EOS / ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ
RWKV ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด 122 64 (75โ†’354) 0.063 / 0.316 0.881 / 0.419 ์—†์Œ / ์—†์Œ
RWKV ์˜์–ด 104 17 (383โ†’454) 0.009 / 0.140 0.833 / 0.604 ์—†์Œ / ์—†์Œ
OLMo 2 1B ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด 138 40 (302โ†’344) 0.102 / 0.386 0.850 / 0.666 ์—†์Œ / ์—†์Œ
OLMo 2 1B ์˜์–ด 108 34 (423โ†’462) 0.098 / 0.404 0.898 / 0.401 ์—†์Œ / ์—†์Œ

RWKV์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ greedy ์‹คํ–‰์—์„œ ์˜์–ด system ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ํ‰๊ท  8-gram ์ค‘๋ณต๋ฅ ์ด 0.063์—์„œ 0.009๋กœ, peak๊ฐ€ 0.316์—์„œ 0.140์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์žฅ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต span๋„ 64์—์„œ 17ํ† ํฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ I don't know๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , b๊ฐ€ 1์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ž˜๋ชป ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋‚ธ ๋’ค ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ฆ๋ช…์„ ์ด์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. raw logits์˜ top-1/entropy ํ‰๊ท ์€ 0.881/0.419์—์„œ 0.833/0.604๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ top-1/entropy๋Š” 0.9999/0.0014์—์„œ 0.9256/0.4040์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. WKV RMS ํ‰๊ท ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด system์˜ 0.582์—์„œ ์˜์–ด system์˜ 0.585๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™์•˜๊ณ , ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ RMS๋„ 0.577์—์„œ 0.590์œผ๋กœ norm ํญ๋ฐœ์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.

OLMo์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  ์ค‘๋ณต๋ฅ ์ด 0.102์—์„œ 0.098๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™์•˜๊ณ , peak๋Š” 0.386์—์„œ 0.404๋กœ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์žฅ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์€ 40์—์„œ 34ํ† ํฐ์œผ๋กœ ์งง์•„์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ๋’ค์ธ step 423์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์˜์–ด system ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  raw entropy๊ฐ€ 0.666์—์„œ 0.401๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํ† ํฐ ๋ถ€๊ทผ์€ top-1 0.638 / entropy 1.640์œผ๋กœ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜ ์ „๊ฐœ์™€ ๊ตฌ์ ˆ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ ์„ค์ •์„ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ greedy๋กœ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋‹ค. system์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋งž์ท„์ง€๋งŒ ์˜์–ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์€ ํ† ํฐ ๊ธธ์ด์™€ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด ์ฐจ์ด๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ system ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. RWKV/OLMo์˜ tokenizer๋„ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ํ† ํฐ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์•ˆ์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด/์˜์–ด system ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋น„๊ต์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.

256ํ† ํฐ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์•Œ๋ฆผ harness

์ด์ „ ์˜์–ด system ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์™€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‘๊ณ , repetition penalty ์—†์ด ์‘๋‹ต ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์„ 2,048ํ† ํฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋งค 256๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์‘๋‹ต ํ† ํฐ๋งˆ๋‹ค generation์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค์Œ user turn์— ๋ˆ„์  ํ† ํฐ ์ˆ˜์™€ โ€œ์ด์ „ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ์ด์–ด์„œ ๋‹ตํ•˜๋ผโ€๋Š” ์•ˆ๋‚ด๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์–ด ์žฌ๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ํ† ํฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์•Œ๋ฆผ์„ 256, 512, โ€ฆ, 1,792์—์„œ 7ํšŒ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. controller ๋กœ๊ทธ์—๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ 2,048/2,048 checkpoint๋„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ชจ๋ธ ์‘๋‹ต ์ƒ์„ฑ๋Ÿ‰ chunk / ์•Œ๋ฆผ ์•Œ๋ฆผ๋ฌธ ๋‚ด์šฉ ํ† ํฐ ๊ฐ chunk ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ํ† ํฐ ์ˆ˜ ๋ˆ„์  ์žฌ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ํ† ํฐ EOS / ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ
RWKV 2,048 8 / 7 525 104, 442, 780, 1,118, 1,456, 1,794, 2,132, 2,470 10,296 ์—†์Œ / ์—†์Œ
OLMo 2 1B 2,048 8 / 7 522 108, 450, 792, 1,134, 1,477, 1,819, 2,162, 2,505 10,447 ์—†์Œ / ์—†์Œ

์‘๋‹ต ์ƒ์„ฑ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋งŒ๋“  assistant token๋งŒ ์„ผ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ฆผ๋ฌธ ๋‚ด์šฉ ํ† ํฐ ์ˆ˜๋Š” harness ๋ฌธ์žฅ๋งŒ ํ† ํฐํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฐ’์ด๊ณ  chat-template์˜ role marker๋Š” ์ œ์™ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ chunk ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ํ† ํฐ ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ทธ ํ•ฉ๊ณ„๋Š” system/user ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€, ์ด์ „ assistant ์‘๋‹ต, harness ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งค ํ˜ธ์ถœ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค์‹œ tokenizeํ•ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋„ฃ์€ ๊ธธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ˆ„์  ์žฌ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ํ† ํฐ์€ ์‘๋‹ต ์ƒ์„ฑ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‚˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ„์ธก์น˜๋‹ค.

๋ชจ๋ธ ์ตœ์žฅ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต span (step) rolling 8-gram ํ‰๊ท  / peak raw top-1 ํ‰๊ท  / entropy ํ‰๊ท  chunk ์ฒซ ํ† ํฐ top-1 / entropy chunk ๋‚ด๋ถ€ top-1 / entropy state RMS
RWKV 1,024 (1โ†’1,025) 0.017 / 0.140 0.971 / 0.119 0.486 / 2.714 0.972 / 0.109 WKV ํ‰๊ท  0.568, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ 0.558
OLMo 2 1B 184 (1,281โ†’1,793) 0.037 / 0.404 0.854 / 0.514 0.391 / 2.763 0.856 / 0.505 ํ•ด๋‹น ์—†์Œ

RWKV์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿ assistant chunk๋Š” token ID ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ โ€œ์ด์ „ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๋ผโ€๋Š” ์•ˆ๋‚ด ๋’ค์—๋„ ๋งค๋ฒˆ ์ฒซ chunk๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ƒˆ๊ณ , 1โ€“1,024 ํ† ํฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ 1,025โ€“2,048์—์„œ ์žฌํ˜„๋๋‹ค. ์ค‘๋‹จ ์งํ›„ chunk ์ฒซ ํ† ํฐ์—์„œ๋Š” top-1์ด ํ‰๊ท  0.486์ด๊ณ  entropy๊ฐ€ 2.714์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, chunk ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” 0.972์™€ 0.109๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. WKV RMS ํ‰๊ท ์€ 0.568, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์€ 0.558๋กœ norm ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ์€ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.

OLMo๋Š” ๋งค chunk๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ต์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ์ „๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‘ chunk ์‹œ์ž‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ โ€œLet's revisit the equationโ€ฆโ€์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” 184-token ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํ† ํฐ์€ raw top-1 0.99998 / entropy 0.00023์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ํ™•์‹ ์ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, EOS๋‚˜ โ€œI don't knowโ€๋Š” ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.

์ด harness๋Š” ์ด์ „ assistant chunk๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ turn์œผ๋กœ ๋„ฃ๊ณ , usage update๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด user turn์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋’ค ์ „์ฒด ๋Œ€ํ™” ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์„ ๋งค chunk๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ cache/state๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ•œ ์ฑ„ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ž ๊น ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๋Š” passive streaming ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ํ† ํฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์•ˆ๋‚ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋‹ค. ์‘๋‹ต ํ† ํฐ ์ˆ˜์™€ ์žฌ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

์˜์–ด ๊ฒฉ์ž ๋ฌธ์ œ sampled pass@10

์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์˜์–ด 2ร—3 ๊ฒฉ์ž ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋„ค ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ 10๊ฐœ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋กœ ์ž…๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ž…๋ ฅ์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ณ„ chat template๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ๋‹จ์ผ user ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์ด๊ณ  system ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. Qwen3.5๋Š” Base ์ฒดํฌํฌ์ธํŠธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€ํ™” ์ž…๋ ฅ ํ˜•์‹์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ tokenizer์˜ template๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์„ค์ •์€ do_sample=true, temperature=1.0, top_p=0.95, top_k ์—†์Œ, repetition penalty 1.0, seed 260928โ€“260937, ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ƒˆ ํ† ํฐ 4096์ด๋‹ค. ํ‘œ๋ณธ์€ ์ˆœ์ฐจ ์‹คํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

RWKV ์ฒดํฌํฌ์ธํŠธ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ RWKV 1.5B revision 2c18b29ab7fbece25ff6112281eea0fa41fcb30f์™€ RWKV 2.9B revision c6202c9e1b5de80640fa487b112da621067967ad๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. OLMo 2 1B Instruct๋Š” revision 48d788eca847d4d7548f375ad03d3c9312f6139e, Qwen/Qwen3.5-2B-Base๋Š” revision b1485b2fa6dfa1287294f269f5fb618e03d52d7c๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ sample ๋””๋ ‰ํ† ๋ฆฌ์— ์‹ค์ œ prompt, ๋ชจ๋ธ revision, seed, ์„ค์ •, ์ƒ์„ฑ transcript์™€ ํ† ํฐ๋ณ„ ์ง€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์ •๋‹ต์€ 45๋‹ค. ๊ฒฉ์ž๋ฅผ a b c / d e f๋กœ ์“ฐ๋ฉด ๊ฐ€๋กœํ•ฉ์€ 100(a+d)+10(b+e)+(c+f)=999๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ด„ํ˜ธ์˜ ํ•ฉ์€ 0โ€“18์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐ ์ž๋ฆฌ์Œ์€ 9์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ„ ํ–‰์˜ ์ˆซ์ž ํ•ฉ์„ S=a+b+c๋ผ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜ ํ–‰ ํ•ฉ์€ 27โˆ’S์ด๊ณ , ์„ธ๋กœํ•ฉ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ 10S+(27โˆ’S)=99์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ S=8์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ฉ์ด 8์ธ ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ˆซ์ž ์กฐํ•ฉ์€ C(10,2)=45๊ฐœ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ์œ„ ํ–‰์€ ์•„๋ž˜ ํ–‰์„ ์นธ๋ณ„๋กœ 9์—์„œ ๋บ€ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์‹œ์˜ 0์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์„ ํ–‰ 0๋„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ชจ๋ธ ์ •๋‹ต ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  pass@1 ๊ด€์ธก pass@10 ํ‰๊ท  ์ƒ์„ฑ ํ† ํฐ ์ข…๋ฃŒ: EOS / loop / token cap
RWKV 1.5B 0/10 0.0 0 368.2 10 / 0 / 0
RWKV 2.9B 0/10 0.0 0 644.1 10 / 0 / 0
OLMo 2 1B Instruct 0/10 0.0 0 804.3 10 / 0 / 0
Qwen3.5 2B Base 0/10 0.0 0 4096.0 0 / 0 / 10
๋ชจ๋ธ ํ‰๊ท  raw entropy (nats) ํ‰๊ท  WKV RMS
RWKV 1.5B 0.9860 0.5716
RWKV 2.9B 0.6245 0.3494
OLMo 2 1B Instruct 0.4801 ํ•ด๋‹น ์—†์Œ
Qwen3.5 2B Base 0.6925 ํ•ด๋‹น ์—†์Œ

Entropy๋Š” ๊ฐ ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ† ํฐ๋ณ„ ํ‰๊ท ์„ ๋‚ธ ๋’ค ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ‘œ๋ณธ ํ‰๊ท ์„ ์ทจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. Tokenizer์™€ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐ„ entropy ์ ˆ๋Œ€๊ฐ’์€ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ์ˆœ์œ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. WKV RMS๋Š” RWKV recurrent state์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ •์˜๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ n=k=10์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ด€์ธก pass@10์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๋„ ๋งž์•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” 0/1์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋„ค ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ชจ๋‘ 0/10์ด๋‹ค.

RWKV 1.5B, RWKV 2.9B, OLMo 2์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ 30๊ฐœ transcript์™€ token_metrics.csv๋Š” ๋ณด๊ด€๋œ ์ฒซ ๋ฐฐ์น˜์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ ํŒŒ์ผ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋‘ SHA-256์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ณด๊ด€ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ด์ค‘ ์ด์Šค์ผ€์ดํ”„ ํ”„๋กฌํ”„ํŠธ๋กœ ์ž˜๋ชป ํŒ์ •ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์‹ค์ œ ์ €์žฅ๋œ prompt์™€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ํ™•์ธ ๋’ค ๊ทธ ํŒ์ •์„ ์ทจ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๊ด€ ํด๋” ์ด๋ฆ„์€ archived_first_pass_duplicate_outputs๋กœ ์ •์ •ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ค‘๋ณต ํ‘œ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘๊ณ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ž…๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์—†๋‹ค.

Qwen์€ 10๊ฐœ ํ‘œ๋ณธ ๋ชจ๋‘ EOS๋‚˜ loop stop ๋Œ€์‹  4096-token ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ƒํ•œ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ท  ์‹คํ–‰ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ํ‘œ๋ณธ๋‹น ์•ฝ 215์ดˆ์˜€๋‹ค. transcript๋Š” ๊ฒฉ์ž ํ•ด์„์„ ๋˜ํ’€์ดํ•ด ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์–ด๋А ํ‘œ๋ณธ๋„ 45๋ฅผ ๋‹ต์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ณต์‹ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์„ค์ •์˜ text context๋Š” 262,144 ํ† ํฐ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด ์‹คํ–‰์—์„œ ์ž˜๋ฆฐ ์›์ธ์€ context cap์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์š”์ฒญํ•œ ์ƒˆ ํ† ํฐ ์ƒํ•œ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ ํƒ์  causal-conv1d ๋ฐ flash-linear-attention ์ปค๋„์ด ์„ค์น˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ฐธ์กฐ PyTorch ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ–‰์€ ์ •์ƒ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๊ฐ€ Qwen ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋Š˜๋ ธ๋‹ค.

๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๊ฐ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋งค 4ํ† ํฐ๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. prompt์— ์ด๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  96/64-token span์ด ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋” ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, 48/32-token span์ด ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ธธ์ด 8โ€“47์˜ ๋™์ผ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ ์—ฐ์† ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ตœ๊ทผ 64ํ† ํฐ์˜ ์ค‘๋ณต 8-gram ๋น„์œจ์ด 0.55 ์ด์ƒ์ธ ์ฒดํฌํฌ์ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์† ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์ด๋ฉด ํ•ด๋‹น ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ˜๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ์ค€์—์„œ 40๊ฐœ ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์ค‘ loop ์ž๋™ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋Š” 0๊ฑด์ด๋‹ค. RWKV/OLMo 30๊ฐœ๋Š” EOS, Qwen 10๊ฐœ๋Š” token cap์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ •ํ•œ ์ž„๊ณ„๊ฐ’์˜ ํƒ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์ „๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ดˆ๊ธฐ looser detector๋Š” RWKV 2.9B sample 2์˜ ์˜ˆ์‹œ ๊ฒฉ์ž ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์™€ OLMo sample 4์˜ ์ฝ”๋“œ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ loop๋กœ ์˜ค์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ span์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1608โ†’2065, 456โ†’837์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‚˜์™”์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ด rolling duplicate 8-gram ๋น„์œจ์€ 0์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ seed๋ฅผ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ RWKV๋Š” 2180ํ† ํฐ, OLMo๋Š” 1321ํ† ํฐ์—์„œ EOS๋กœ ์ข…๋ฃŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ threshold ์˜คํƒ์€ pass@10 ์ง‘๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  initial_loose_detector_false_positives์— ๋ณด๊ด€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ชจ๋“  ๋„ค ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ 40๊ฐœ transcript๋ฅผ ๋‹ต ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋‹ต 45 ํ‘œ๋ณธ์€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ์„ธ ํ‘œ๋ณธ๋ณ„ ํŒ์ •์€ runs/passk_10_sampled_autostop/manual_answer_audit.md์— ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. Qwen ํ‘œ๋ณธ์€ 4096ํ† ํฐ์—์„œ ๋‹ต๋ณ€ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ์ž˜๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด, ๊ฐ ์ตœ์ข… 550์ž์™€ 45 ์–ธ๊ธ‰ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๋™ grader๋Š” ๋‹ต ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ manual review์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•ด์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

๋„ค ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ณธ๋ณ„ ์‘๋‹ต ๊ธธ์ด์™€ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ์‚ฌ์œ 

๊ฐ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์˜ token_metrics.csv์—๋Š” ์›์‹œ logits, ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ logits, ํ† ํฐ๋ณ„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋ฅ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. RWKV์—๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ธต์˜ WKV/attention-shift/FFN-shift RMS์™€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Ÿ‰๋„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ๋„ค ๋ชจ๋ธ 40๊ฐœ run์—์„œ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ฐ์ง€ ๊ทœ์น™์œผ๋กœ ์žกํžŒ loop span์€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋А์Šจํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋‘ ์˜คํƒ์˜ transcript์™€ ๋น„๊ต ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„ ํด๋”์— ๋‚จ๊ฒจ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค.

ํŒŒ์ผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

  • run_manifest.json: ๋ชจ๋ธ revision, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ๊ณตํ†ต prompt์™€ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์„ค์ •
  • ๊ฐ run ๋””๋ ‰ํ† ๋ฆฌ์˜ run_config.json: sample๋ณ„ ์‹ค์ œ ์ž…๋ ฅ, generation ์„ค์ •, ๊ฐ์ง€ ์ •์ฑ…
  • runs/00_exploratory_sampler_screening.md: ์‚ฌ์ „ ์งง์€ prompt/sampler ํ™•์ธ
  • comparison.csv ๋ฐ comparison_all_models.csv: ์ด์ „ controlled runs ๋น„๊ต
  • english_system_language_comparison.csv ๋ฐ english_system_comparison.json: ์˜์–ด system ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ–‰ ๋น„๊ต
  • periodic_harness_comparison.csv, periodic_harness_events.csv, periodic_harness_comparison.json: ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์  2,048-token harness ๋น„๊ต
  • models/OLMo-2-0425-1B-Instruct/: ๊ณ ์ • revision OLMo model๊ณผ tokenizer
  • models/RWKV7-G1j-2.9B-20260831/: RWKV ๊ณต์‹ 2.9B ์ฒดํฌํฌ์ธํŠธ, ๊ณ ์ • revision
  • models/Qwen3.5-2B-Base/: Qwen ๊ณต์‹ Base ์ฒดํฌํฌ์ธํŠธ, ๊ณ ์ • revision b1485b2fa6dfa1287294f269f5fb618e03d52d7c
  • runs/11_rwkv_1_5b_pass10_sampled_autostop/: RWKV 1.5B sample 10๊ฐœ, transcript์™€ logits/state
  • runs/12_rwkv_2_9b_pass10_sampled_autostop/: RWKV 2.9B sample 10๊ฐœ, transcript์™€ logits/state
  • runs/13_olmo2_1b_pass10_sampled_autostop/: OLMo 2 sample 10๊ฐœ์™€ logits
  • runs/14_qwen3_5_2b_base_pass10_sampled_autostop/: Qwen3.5 Base sample 10๊ฐœ์™€ logits
  • runs/passk_10_sampled_autostop/passk_summary.csv ๋ฐ passk_summary.json: ๋„ค ๋ชจ๋ธ pass@10 ํ†ต๊ณ„
  • runs/passk_10_sampled_autostop/sample_results.csv: 40๊ฐœ ํ‘œ๋ณธ๋ณ„ ์ •๋‹ต flag, ์ข…๋ฃŒ, ํ† ํฐ ์ˆ˜์™€ metrics ์š”์•ฝ
  • runs/passk_10_sampled_autostop/manual_answer_audit.md: transcript ์ˆ˜๋™ ์ •๋‹ต ํ™•์ธ
  • runs/passk_10_sampled_autostop/experiment_notes.md: ์‹คํ–‰ ์กฐ๊ฑด, prompt ๊ฐ์‚ฌ, ๊ฐ์ง€ ๊ทœ์น™, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ƒ์„ธ
  • runs/passk_10_sampled_autostop/sample_lengths_and_stops.png: ๋„ค ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ณ„ ํ‘œ๋ณธ ๊ธธ์ด์™€ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ์ด์œ 
  • runs/passk_10_sampled_autostop/loop_span_comparisons.json: ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋œ loop ๋น„๊ต; ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ๋น„์–ด ์žˆ์Œ
  • runs/passk_10_sampled_autostop/archived_first_pass_duplicate_outputs/: ์ฒซ ๋ฐฐ์น˜์˜ RWKV/OLMo ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ; ํ˜„์žฌ ํ‘œ๋ณธ๊ณผ transcript ๋ฐ token metrics SHA-256 ์ผ์น˜, ๋ณ„๋„ ์ง‘๊ณ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ
  • runs/passk_10_sampled_autostop/initial_loose_detector_false_positives/: ์ฒซ detector ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ์˜คํƒ ๋‘ sample๊ณผ ์‚ฌํ›„ metrics
  • scripts/run_passk_sampled_autostop.py: ๋„ค ๋ชจ๋ธ sampled pass@k ์‹คํ–‰, ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์ž๋™ ์ข…๋ฃŒ์™€ ํ† ํฐ๋ณ„ ๊ณ„์ธก
  • scripts/analyze_passk_diagnostics.py: pass@10 ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต span diagnostics ์ƒ์„ฑ

์ด Vast ์ธ์Šคํ„ด์Šค์—์„œ /workspace๋Š” host volume์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฏ€๋กœ instance recycle/destroy ์‹œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์‚ญ์ œ๋œ๋‹ค.

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