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pretty_name: Vision Encoder Evaluation Reproduction Data
language:
- en
task_categories:
- image-classification
- other
license: other
license_name: upstream-data-and-model-terms
license_link: https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/blob/main/LICENSES.md
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
source_datasets:
- liuhaotian/LLaVA-Pretrain
- ILSVRC/imagenet-1k
tags:
- vision-encoder-evaluation
- multimodal
- feature-extraction
- ravel
- numpy
- arxiv:2610.05413
configs:
- config_name: lcs-1k
default: true
data_files:
- split: train
path: lcs-1k/samples/samples.jsonl
- config_name: lcs-10k
data_files:
- split: train
path: lcs-10k/samples/samples.jsonl
- config_name: imagenet-200k
data_files:
- split: train
path: imagenet-200k/samples/samples.jsonl
---
<h1 align="center">A Strong Baseline for Evaluating Vision Encoders<br>in Multimodal Large Language Models</h1>
<p align="center">
Yilin Yang<sup>1,*</sup> ·
Jun-Tao Tang<sup>2,*</sup> ·
Kengyi Wang<sup>3</sup> ·
Siyuan Su<sup>3</sup> ·
Gaoyong Luo<sup>4</sup> ·
Mingda Chen<sup>1,†</sup>
</p>
<p align="center">
<sup>1</sup>School of Artificial Intelligence, Shanghai Jiao Tong University<br>
<sup>2</sup>Nanjing University ·
<sup>3</sup>Fudan University ·
<sup>4</sup>Independent Researcher<br>
<sup>*</sup>Equal contribution. <sup>†</sup>Corresponding author.
</p>
<p align="center">
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.05413"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/arXiv-2610.05413-b31b1b" alt="Paper: arXiv 2610.05413"></a>
<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.05413"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-PDF-red" alt="Paper PDF"></a>
<a href="https://github.com/JuntaoTang/MLLM-VisionEncoder-Eval"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/GitHub-Code-181717?logo=github" alt="GitHub code"></a>
<a href="https://huggingface.co/336labs/VisionEncoder-to-MLLM-ModelZoo/tree/main"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Model_Zoo-Checkpoints-FFD21E" alt="Model zoo checkpoints"></a>
<a href="#citation"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Citation-BibTeX-blue" alt="BibTeX citation"></a>
</p>
## Dataset Summary
Reproduction data, including precomputed **vision and text features**, for the evaluations in [A Strong Baseline for Evaluating Vision Encoders in Multimodal Large Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.05413). The release covers **70 vision encoders** (43 language-supervised, 22 self-supervised, and 5 discrete), text features from **three language models**, and shared sample metadata.
## Subsets
| Subset | Samples | Contents | Size |
|---|---:|---|---:|
| [`lcs-1k`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-1k) | 1,000 | LCS-558K image patch features, text features, and captions | 55.3 GiB |
| [`lcs-10k`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k) | 10,000 | LCS-558K image patch features, text features, and captions | 553.0 GiB |
| [`imagenet-200k`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/imagenet-200k) | 200,000 | ImageNet-1K pooled features, class labels, and kNN split | 59.9 GiB |
Each subset includes features for all 70 vision encoders. The LCS subsets also include text features from [Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct), [Qwen3-1.7B](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3-1.7B), and [SmolLM2-1.7B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/HuggingFaceTB/SmolLM2-1.7B-Instruct). The 10k arrays are stored in two 5k blocks per encoder/model.
Keep the shared sample row order when loading features. Shapes, extraction settings, and sampling details are recorded in the per-file metadata and sample manifests.
## Encoder Catalog
[encoders.json](encoders.json) lists feature paths, shapes, metadata, and upstream encoder sources for all 70 encoders.
| Tokenizer ID | Family | LCS `[T, D]` | ImageNet `D` | Feature files |
| --- | --- | --- | ---: | --- |
| [`toklip_l_384`](https://huggingface.co/TencentARC/TokLIP) | DISCRETE | `[576, 1152]` | 1152 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/toklip_l_384_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/011_toklip_l_384.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/toklip_l_384) |
| [`toklip_s_256`](https://huggingface.co/TencentARC/TokLIP) | DISCRETE | `[256, 1152]` | 1152 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/toklip_s_256_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/012_toklip_s_256.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/toklip_s_256) |
| [`uniar_bsq`](https://huggingface.co/ShareLab-SII/UniAR-SFT/tree/main/bsq_encoder) | DISCRETE | `[1024, 4608]` | 4096 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/uniar_bsq_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/013_uniar_bsq.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/uniar_bsq) |
| [`unitok_attn`](https://huggingface.co/FoundationVision/unitok_tokenizer) | DISCRETE | `[256, 1024]` | 1024 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/unitok_attn_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/014_unitok_attn.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/unitok_attn) |
| [`vilau_256`](https://huggingface.co/mit-han-lab/vila-u-7b-256) | DISCRETE | `[256, 1024]` | 1024 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/vilau_256_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/015_vilau_256.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/vilau_256) |
| [`clip_openai__l14`](https://huggingface.co/openai/clip-vit-large-patch14) | LANG | `[256, 1024]` | 1024 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/clip_openai__l14_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/001_clip_openai__l14.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/clip_openai__l14) |
| [`mc1_b16_224_2.5b`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/MetaCLIP#pre-trained-models) | LANG | `[196, 768]` | 768 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/mc1_b16_224_2.5b_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/021_mc1_b16_224_2.5b.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/mc1_b16_224_2.5b) |
| [`mc1_b16_224_400m`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/MetaCLIP#pre-trained-models) | LANG | `[196, 768]` | 768 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/mc1_b16_224_400m_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/022_mc1_b16_224_400m.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/mc1_b16_224_400m) |
| [`mc1_b32_224_2.5b`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/MetaCLIP#pre-trained-models) | LANG | `[49, 768]` | 768 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/mc1_b32_224_2.5b_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/023_mc1_b32_224_2.5b.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/mc1_b32_224_2.5b) |
| [`mc1_b32_224_400m`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/MetaCLIP#pre-trained-models) | LANG | `[49, 768]` | 768 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/mc1_b32_224_400m_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/024_mc1_b32_224_400m.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/mc1_b32_224_400m) |
| [`mc1_g14_224_2.5b`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/MetaCLIP#pre-trained-models) | LANG | `[256, 1664]` | 1664 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/mc1_g14_224_2.5b_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/025_mc1_g14_224_2.5b.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/mc1_g14_224_2.5b) |
| [`mc1_h14_224_2.5b`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/MetaCLIP#pre-trained-models) | LANG | `[256, 1280]` | 1280 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/mc1_h14_224_2.5b_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/026_mc1_h14_224_2.5b.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/mc1_h14_224_2.5b) |
| [`mc1_h14_224_v1.2`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/MetaCLIP#pre-trained-models) | LANG | `[256, 1280]` | 1280 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/mc1_h14_224_v1.2_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/027_mc1_h14_224_v1.2.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/mc1_h14_224_v1.2) |
| [`mc1_l14_224_2.5b`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/MetaCLIP#pre-trained-models) | LANG | `[256, 1024]` | 1024 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/mc1_l14_224_2.5b_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/028_mc1_l14_224_2.5b.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/mc1_l14_224_2.5b) |
| [`mc1_l14_224_400m`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/MetaCLIP#pre-trained-models) | LANG | `[256, 1024]` | 1024 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/mc1_l14_224_400m_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/029_mc1_l14_224_400m.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/mc1_l14_224_400m) |
| [`mc2_b16_224`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/MetaCLIP#pre-trained-models) | LANG | `[196, 768]` | 768 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/mc2_b16_224_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/030_mc2_b16_224.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/mc2_b16_224) |
| [`mc2_b16_384`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/MetaCLIP#pre-trained-models) | LANG | `[576, 768]` | 768 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/mc2_b16_384_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/031_mc2_b16_384.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/mc2_b16_384) |
| [`mc2_b32_224`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/MetaCLIP#pre-trained-models) | LANG | `[49, 768]` | 768 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/mc2_b32_224_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/032_mc2_b32_224.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/mc2_b32_224) |
| [`mc2_b32_224_mt5`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/MetaCLIP#pre-trained-models) | LANG | `[49, 768]` | 768 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/mc2_b32_224_mt5_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/033_mc2_b32_224_mt5.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/mc2_b32_224_mt5) |
| [`mc2_b32_384`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/MetaCLIP#pre-trained-models) | LANG | `[144, 768]` | 768 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/mc2_b32_384_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/034_mc2_b32_384.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/mc2_b32_384) |
| [`mc2_g14_224`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/MetaCLIP#pre-trained-models) | LANG | `[256, 1664]` | 1664 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/mc2_g14_224_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/035_mc2_g14_224.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/mc2_g14_224) |
| [`mc2_g14_378`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/MetaCLIP#pre-trained-models) | LANG | `[729, 1664]` | 1664 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/mc2_g14_378_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/036_mc2_g14_378.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/mc2_g14_378) |
| [`mc2_h14_378`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/MetaCLIP#pre-trained-models) | LANG | `[729, 1280]` | 1280 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/mc2_h14_378_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/037_mc2_h14_378.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/mc2_h14_378) |
| [`mc2_l14_224`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/MetaCLIP#pre-trained-models) | LANG | `[256, 1024]` | 1024 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/mc2_l14_224_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/038_mc2_l14_224.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/mc2_l14_224) |
| [`mc2_m16_224`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/MetaCLIP#pre-trained-models) | LANG | `[196, 512]` | 512 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/mc2_m16_224_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/039_mc2_m16_224.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/mc2_m16_224) |
| [`mc2_m16_224_mt5`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/MetaCLIP#pre-trained-models) | LANG | `[196, 512]` | 512 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/mc2_m16_224_mt5_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/040_mc2_m16_224_mt5.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/mc2_m16_224_mt5) |
| [`mc2_m16_384`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/MetaCLIP#pre-trained-models) | LANG | `[576, 512]` | 512 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/mc2_m16_384_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/041_mc2_m16_384.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/mc2_m16_384) |
| [`mc2_s16_224`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/MetaCLIP#pre-trained-models) | LANG | `[196, 384]` | 384 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/mc2_s16_224_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/042_mc2_s16_224.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/mc2_s16_224) |
| [`mc2_s16_224_mt5`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/MetaCLIP#pre-trained-models) | LANG | `[196, 384]` | 384 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/mc2_s16_224_mt5_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/043_mc2_s16_224_mt5.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/mc2_s16_224_mt5) |
| [`mc2_s16_384`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/MetaCLIP#pre-trained-models) | LANG | `[576, 384]` | 384 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/mc2_s16_384_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/044_mc2_s16_384.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/mc2_s16_384) |
| [`pe_core_b16_224`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/PE-Core-B16-224) | LANG | `[196, 768]` | 768 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/pe_core_b16_224_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/045_pe_core_b16_224.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/pe_core_b16_224) |
| [`pe_core_g14_448`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/PE-Core-G14-448) | LANG | `[1024, 1536]` | 1536 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/pe_core_g14_448_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/046_pe_core_g14_448.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/pe_core_g14_448) |
| [`pe_lang_l14_448`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/PE-Lang-L14-448) | LANG | `[1024, 1024]` | 1024 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/pe_lang_l14_448_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/047_pe_lang_l14_448.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/pe_lang_l14_448) |
| [`siglip2_b16_224`](https://github.com/google-research/big_vision/blob/main/big_vision/configs/proj/image_text/README_siglip2.md) | LANG | `[196, 768]` | 768 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/siglip2_b16_224_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/052_siglip2_b16_224.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/siglip2_b16_224) |
| [`siglip2_b16_256`](https://github.com/google-research/big_vision/blob/main/big_vision/configs/proj/image_text/README_siglip2.md) | LANG | `[256, 768]` | 768 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/siglip2_b16_256_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/053_siglip2_b16_256.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/siglip2_b16_256) |
| [`siglip2_b16_384`](https://github.com/google-research/big_vision/blob/main/big_vision/configs/proj/image_text/README_siglip2.md) | LANG | `[576, 768]` | 768 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/siglip2_b16_384_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/054_siglip2_b16_384.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/siglip2_b16_384) |
| [`siglip2_b16_512`](https://github.com/google-research/big_vision/blob/main/big_vision/configs/proj/image_text/README_siglip2.md) | LANG | `[1024, 768]` | 768 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/siglip2_b16_512_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/055_siglip2_b16_512.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/siglip2_b16_512) |
| [`siglip2_b32_256`](https://github.com/google-research/big_vision/blob/main/big_vision/configs/proj/image_text/README_siglip2.md) | LANG | `[64, 768]` | 768 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/siglip2_b32_256_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/056_siglip2_b32_256.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/siglip2_b32_256) |
| [`siglip2_g16_256`](https://github.com/google-research/big_vision/blob/main/big_vision/configs/proj/image_text/README_siglip2.md) | LANG | `[256, 1536]` | 1536 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/siglip2_g16_256_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/057_siglip2_g16_256.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/siglip2_g16_256) |
| [`siglip2_g16_384`](https://github.com/google-research/big_vision/blob/main/big_vision/configs/proj/image_text/README_siglip2.md) | LANG | `[576, 1536]` | 1536 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/siglip2_g16_384_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/058_siglip2_g16_384.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/siglip2_g16_384) |
| [`siglip2_l16_256`](https://github.com/google-research/big_vision/blob/main/big_vision/configs/proj/image_text/README_siglip2.md) | LANG | `[256, 1024]` | 1024 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/siglip2_l16_256_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/059_siglip2_l16_256.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/siglip2_l16_256) |
| [`siglip2_l16_384`](https://github.com/google-research/big_vision/blob/main/big_vision/configs/proj/image_text/README_siglip2.md) | LANG | `[576, 1024]` | 1024 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/siglip2_l16_384_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/060_siglip2_l16_384.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/siglip2_l16_384) |
| [`siglip2_l16_512`](https://github.com/google-research/big_vision/blob/main/big_vision/configs/proj/image_text/README_siglip2.md) | LANG | `[1024, 1024]` | 1024 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/siglip2_l16_512_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/061_siglip2_l16_512.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/siglip2_l16_512) |
| [`siglip2_sm14_224`](https://github.com/google-research/big_vision/blob/main/big_vision/configs/proj/image_text/README_siglip2.md) | LANG | `[256, 1152]` | 1152 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/siglip2_sm14_224_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/062_siglip2_sm14_224.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/siglip2_sm14_224) |
| [`siglip2_sm14_384`](https://github.com/google-research/big_vision/blob/main/big_vision/configs/proj/image_text/README_siglip2.md) | LANG | `[729, 1152]` | 1152 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/siglip2_sm14_384_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/063_siglip2_sm14_384.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/siglip2_sm14_384) |
| [`siglip2_sm16_256`](https://github.com/google-research/big_vision/blob/main/big_vision/configs/proj/image_text/README_siglip2.md) | LANG | `[256, 1152]` | 1152 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/siglip2_sm16_256_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/064_siglip2_sm16_256.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/siglip2_sm16_256) |
| [`siglip2_sm16_384`](https://github.com/google-research/big_vision/blob/main/big_vision/configs/proj/image_text/README_siglip2.md) | LANG | `[576, 1152]` | 1152 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/siglip2_sm16_384_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/065_siglip2_sm16_384.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/siglip2_sm16_384) |
| [`siglip2_sm16_512`](https://github.com/google-research/big_vision/blob/main/big_vision/configs/proj/image_text/README_siglip2.md) | LANG | `[1024, 1152]` | 1152 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/siglip2_sm16_512_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/066_siglip2_sm16_512.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/siglip2_sm16_512) |
| [`dino_vitb16`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/dino-vitb16) | SSL | `[196, 768]` | 1536 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/dino_vitb16_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/002_dino_vitb16.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/dino_vitb16) |
| [`dino_vitb8`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/dino-vitb8) | SSL | `[784, 768]` | 1536 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/dino_vitb8_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/003_dino_vitb8.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/dino_vitb8) |
| [`dino_vits16`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/dino-vits16) | SSL | `[196, 384]` | 768 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/dino_vits16_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/004_dino_vits16.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/dino_vits16) |
| [`dino_vits8`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/dino-vits8) | SSL | `[784, 384]` | 768 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/dino_vits8_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/005_dino_vits8.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/dino_vits8) |
| [`dinov2_base`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/dinov2-base) | SSL | `[256, 768]` | 1536 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/dinov2_base_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/006_dinov2_base.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/dinov2_base) |
| [`dinov2_giant`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/dinov2-giant) | SSL | `[256, 1536]` | 3072 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/dinov2_giant_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/007_dinov2_giant.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/dinov2_giant) |
| [`dinov2_large`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/dinov2-large) | SSL | `[256, 1024]` | 2048 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/dinov2_large_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/008_dinov2_large.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/dinov2_large) |
| [`dinov2_small`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/dinov2-small) | SSL | `[256, 384]` | 768 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/dinov2_small_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/009_dinov2_small.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/dinov2_small) |
| [`dinov3_vitl16`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/dinov3-vitl16-pretrain-lvd1689m) | SSL | `[256, 1024]` | 2048 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/dinov3_vitl16_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/010_dinov3_vitl16.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/dinov3_vitl16) |
| [`eupe_convnext_b`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/EUPE-ConvNeXt-B) | SSL | `[64, 1024]` | 1024 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/eupe_convnext_b_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/016_eupe_convnext_b.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/eupe_convnext_b) |
| [`eupe_vit_b`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/EUPE-ViT-B) | SSL | `[256, 768]` | 1536 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/eupe_vit_b_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/017_eupe_vit_b.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/eupe_vit_b) |
| [`eupe_vit_s`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/EUPE-ViT-S) | SSL | `[256, 384]` | 768 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/eupe_vit_s_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/018_eupe_vit_s.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/eupe_vit_s) |
| [`eupe_vit_t`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/EUPE-ViT-T) | SSL | `[256, 192]` | 384 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/eupe_vit_t_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/019_eupe_vit_t.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/eupe_vit_t) |
| [`ijepa_vith14`](https://github.com/facebookresearch/ijepa) | SSL | `[256, 1280]` | 1280 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/ijepa_vith14_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/020_ijepa_vith14.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/ijepa_vith14) |
| [`pixio_vitb16`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/pixio-vitb16) | SSL | `[256, 768]` | 768 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/pixio_vitb16_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/048_pixio_vitb16.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/pixio_vitb16) |
| [`pixio_vith16`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/pixio-vith16) | SSL | `[256, 1280]` | 1280 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/pixio_vith16_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/049_pixio_vith16.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/pixio_vith16) |
| [`pixio_vitl16`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/pixio-vitl16) | SSL | `[256, 1024]` | 1024 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/pixio_vitl16_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/050_pixio_vitl16.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/pixio_vitl16) |
| [`raev2_dinov3l_k7`](https://huggingface.co/nyu-visionx/RAEv2-models) | SSL | `[256, 1024]` | 1024 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/raev2_dinov3l_k7_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/051_raev2_dinov3l_k7.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/raev2_dinov3l_k7) |
| [`webssl_dino1b_full2b_224`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/webssl-dino1b-full2b-224) | SSL | `[256, 1536]` | 1536 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/webssl_dino1b_full2b_224_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/067_webssl_dino1b_full2b_224.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/webssl_dino1b_full2b_224) |
| [`webssl_mae1b_full2b_224`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/webssl-mae1b-full2b-224) | SSL | `[256, 1536]` | 1536 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/webssl_mae1b_full2b_224_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/068_webssl_mae1b_full2b_224.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/webssl_mae1b_full2b_224) |
| [`webssl_mae300m_full2b_224`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/webssl-mae300m-full2b-224) | SSL | `[196, 1024]` | 1024 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/webssl_mae300m_full2b_224_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/069_webssl_mae300m_full2b_224.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/webssl_mae300m_full2b_224) |
| [`webssl_mae3b_full2b_224`](https://huggingface.co/facebook/webssl-mae3b-full2b-224) | SSL | `[256, 3072]` | 3072 | [patches](lcs-1k/vision/webssl_mae3b_full2b_224_patch_n1000_seed42.npy) · [pooled](imagenet-200k/features/070_webssl_mae3b_full2b_224.npy) · [10k blocks](https://huggingface.co/datasets/336labs/VisionEncoder-Eval-ReproData/tree/main/lcs-10k/vision/webssl_mae3b_full2b_224) |
<a id="datasets-required-by-the-evaluation-pipelines"></a>
## Data Sources
This repository provides the three cached feature subsets listed below. Raw images, MLLM training data, evaluation benchmarks, and other baseline datasets are obtained separately.
### Data used by each evaluation methods
| Method | Data needed | Available here / source |
|---|---|---|
| RAVEL | Paired LCS-558K image patches and text features | `lcs-1k/` and `lcs-10k/` |
| RSA, CCA, GW, MutualNN | Paired LCS-558K global image vectors and text features | Shared samples and text are included; prepare the required global image vectors separately |
| kNN | ImageNet training features, labels, and support/query split | `imagenet-200k/` |
| Linear probing | ImageNet train and validation images | [ImageNet](https://www.image-net.org/download.php); the released 200k cache contains training images only |
| Alignment probing | COCO Karpathy captions; DreamLIP CC3M for the cross-dataset variants | [COCO / Karpathy splits](https://cs.stanford.edu/people/karpathy/deepimagesent/) and [DreamLIP captions](https://huggingface.co/datasets/qidouxiong619/dreamlip_long_captions) |
| AC Policy / Law of Vision Representation | LCS-558K, Stage-1 projectors, and SPair-71k | [LLaVA-Pretrain](https://huggingface.co/datasets/liuhaotian/LLaVA-Pretrain), [Model Zoo](https://huggingface.co/336labs/VisionEncoder-to-MLLM-ModelZoo), and [SPair-71k](https://cvlab.postech.ac.kr/research/SPair-71k/index.html) |
| Mid-training loss | LCS-558K images/captions and projector-training logs | [LLaVA-Pretrain](https://huggingface.co/datasets/liuhaotian/LLaVA-Pretrain); training instructions in the [code repository](https://github.com/JuntaoTang/MLLM-VisionEncoder-Eval#running) |
| TokBench | Original images/annotations and matching tokenizer reconstructions | [TokBench](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Junfeng5/TokBench) |
| MLLM training / evaluation | Training: LCS-558K and filtered mix665k; evaluation: the 11 benchmarks below | [Model Zoo](https://huggingface.co/336labs/VisionEncoder-to-MLLM-ModelZoo) and the linked dataset sources |
### Downstream MLLM benchmarks used in this paper
| Benchmark / required TSV | Source |
|---|---|
| `MMMU_TEST.tsv` | [MMMU](https://huggingface.co/datasets/MMMU/MMMU), test split |
| `MMBench_TEST_EN_V11.tsv` | [MMBench](https://github.com/open-compass/MMBench), English test v1.1 |
| `VQAv2_VAL.tsv` | [VQA v2](https://visualqa.org/download.html), validation split |
| `ScienceQA_VAL.tsv` | [ScienceQA](https://github.com/lupantech/ScienceQA), validation split |
| `ChartQA_TEST.tsv` | [ChartQA](https://github.com/vis-nlp/ChartQA), test split |
| `DocVQA_VAL.tsv` | [DocVQA](https://www.docvqa.org/datasets/docvqa), validation split |
| `TextVQA_VAL.tsv` | [TextVQA](https://textvqa.org/), validation split |
| `POPE.tsv` | [POPE](https://github.com/RUCAIBox/POPE) |
| `GQA_TestDev_Balanced.tsv` | [GQA](https://cs.stanford.edu/people/dorarad/gqa/download.html), balanced test-dev split |
| `MSCOCO_KARPATHY_TEST.tsv` | [Karpathy splits](https://cs.stanford.edu/people/karpathy/deepimagesent/) and [COCO images](https://cocodataset.org/#download) |
| `FLICKR30K_KARPATHY_TEST.tsv` | [Karpathy splits](https://cs.stanford.edu/people/karpathy/deepimagesent/) and [Flickr30k images](https://shannon.cs.illinois.edu/DenotationGraph/) |
Use the [VLMEvalKit dataset loaders](https://github.com/open-compass/VLMEvalKit/tree/main/vlmeval/dataset) for benchmark preparation.
Configuration used in our paper are in the code repository's [Setup](https://github.com/JuntaoTang/MLLM-VisionEncoder-Eval#setup) and [Running](https://github.com/JuntaoTang/MLLM-VisionEncoder-Eval#running) sections.
## Metadata and Integrity
The released arrays retain their original storage precision. Per-file metadata and sample manifests record available extraction and sampling information. [FILES.json](FILES.json) and [checksums.sha256](checksums.sha256) provide file sizes and SHA-256 checksums.
## Licensing and Attribution
See [LICENSES.md](LICENSES.md). Use of the artifacts is subject to the applicable source-dataset and encoder terms. Source license information should be checked at the upstream links before reuse or redistribution; this card does not grant new rights over upstream images, captions, or model-derived artifacts.
## Citation
If you use these feature caches or RAVEL, please cite the paper and the relevant source datasets and encoders:
```bibtex
@misc{yang2026strong,
title={A Strong Baseline for Evaluating Vision Encoders in Multimodal Large Language Models},
author={Yang, Yilin and Tang, Jun-Tao and Wang, Kengyi and Su, Siyuan and Luo, Gaoyong and Chen, Mingda},
year={2026},
eprint={2610.05413},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CV},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.05413}
}
```
|