Datasets:

AkshayWagh
/

van-nyaya-grounded-qa

Error code:   DatasetGenerationError
Exception:    CastError
Message:      Couldn't cast
instruction: string
input: string
output: string
label: string
split: string
act: string
section: string
prompt: list<item: struct<role: string, content: string>>
  child 0, item: struct<role: string, content: string>
      child 0, role: string
      child 1, content: string
chosen: list<item: struct<role: string, content: string>>
  child 0, item: struct<role: string, content: string>
      child 0, role: string
      child 1, content: string
pair_type: string
rejected: list<item: struct<role: string, content: string>>
  child 0, item: struct<role: string, content: string>
      child 0, role: string
      child 1, content: string
to
{'prompt': List({'role': Value('string'), 'content': Value('string')}), 'chosen': List({'role': Value('string'), 'content': Value('string')}), 'rejected': List({'role': Value('string'), 'content': Value('string')}), 'pair_type': Value('string')}
because column names don't match
Traceback:    Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1835, in _prepare_split_single
                  for key, table in generator:
                                    ^^^^^^^^^
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 621, in wrapped
                  for item in generator(*args, **kwargs):
                              ~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 361, in _generate_tables
                  self._cast_table(pa_table, json_field_paths=json_field_paths),
                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 132, in _cast_table
                  pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self.info.features.arrow_schema)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2381, in table_cast
                  return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2309, in cast_table_to_schema
                  raise CastError(
                  ...<3 lines>...
                  )
              datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
              instruction: string
              input: string
              output: string
              label: string
              split: string
              act: string
              section: string
              prompt: list<item: struct<role: string, content: string>>
                child 0, item: struct<role: string, content: string>
                    child 0, role: string
                    child 1, content: string
              chosen: list<item: struct<role: string, content: string>>
                child 0, item: struct<role: string, content: string>
                    child 0, role: string
                    child 1, content: string
              pair_type: string
              rejected: list<item: struct<role: string, content: string>>
                child 0, item: struct<role: string, content: string>
                    child 0, role: string
                    child 1, content: string
              to
              {'prompt': List({'role': Value('string'), 'content': Value('string')}), 'chosen': List({'role': Value('string'), 'content': Value('string')}), 'rejected': List({'role': Value('string'), 'content': Value('string')}), 'pair_type': Value('string')}
              because column names don't match
              
              The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
              
              Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1379, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
                  parquet_operations, partial, estimated_dataset_info = stream_convert_to_parquet(
                                                                        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
                      builder, max_dataset_size_bytes=max_dataset_size_bytes
                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                  )
                  ^
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 956, in stream_convert_to_parquet
                  builder._prepare_split(split_generator=splits_generators[split], file_format="parquet")
                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1702, in _prepare_split
                  for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
                                               ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
                      gen_kwargs=gen_kwargs, job_id=job_id, **_prepare_split_args
                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                  ):
                  ^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1887, in _prepare_split_single
                  raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
              datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the dataset

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prompt list	chosen list	rejected list	pair_type string
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nWild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 — Sectio...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The provided section does not address this question. It deals with acquisition proceedings, so I can't answer from it without guessing. Please share the relevant provision of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The evaluation criteria include assessing the applicant’s capacity (facilities, equipment, and premises suitability), supply sources (legitimacy and sustainability of procurement), existing licences in the area (to prevent overcrowding or market saturation), an...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nIndian Forest Act, 1927 — Section 44: All...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Section 45(1) includes footnotes indicating historical amendments, such as the substitution of 'Provincial Government' (1950) and 'Part A/Part C States' (1956) with broader terms like 'State Government,' reflecting India’s post-independence administrative consolidation...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Section 45(1) of the Indian Forest Act, 1927 (Act No. 26 of 1927) originally granted absolute discretionary power to the State Government to declare any area a \"Forest Village\" or \"Reserved Forest,\" with minimal procedural safeguards. Over time, amendments—part...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nIndian Forest Act, 1927 — Section 82: Rec...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "This passage doesn't answer that. It covers recovery of money due to government. Answering would mean going beyond the text, so I'd need the provision that actually deals with it." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The reference to Maharashtra Act 21 of 2015, Section 16 in Section 66A of the Indian Forest Act serves as a legislative clarification or amendment, likely to address ambiguities or expand the scope of abetment liability in forest offenses within Maharashtra. While the co...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nWild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 — Sectio...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under Section 54(2), upon payment of the agreed sum or property value, the suspected offender in custody is discharged immediately, and seized non-government property is released, with no further legal action taken against them. However, this provision excludes off...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under Section 54(2) of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), compounding an offense (where the victim or their representative agrees to withdraw the complaint) extinguishes the legal liability of the accused for that offense, effectively absolving them from prosecution. Add...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nWild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 — Sectio...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The provided section does not address this question. It deals with causing fire prohibited, so I can't answer from it without guessing. Please share the relevant provision of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 200...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Resettlement or modification of forest rights in critical wildlife habitats is permissible only if six stringent conditions are met, as outlined in Section 2(2). First, the entire process of recognizing and vesting rights (as per Section 6) must be complete...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nWild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 — Sectio...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The Wild Life Advisory Board is tasked with advising the State Government on the selection of areas to be declared as sanctuaries, national parks, and closed areas, as well as their administration. This includes overseeing the management and governance of these protected z...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, the Wild Life Advisory Board (WLAB), constituted under Section 5A, plays a pivotal role in advising the Central Government on the administration, management, and regulation of protected areas, including national p...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nIndian Forest Act, 1927 — Section 56: Dis...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The provided section does not address this question. It deals with disposal on conclusion of trial for forest, so I can't answer from it without guessing. Please share the relevant provision of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The original Act was intended to apply to the entire territory of India, but its scope was later modified to exclude the state of Jammu and Kashmir as explicitly noted in Section 1(2) of the text: *'It extends to the whole of India except the state of Jammu and K...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nVan (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniya...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Proposals for forest land exceeding five hectares require additional scrutiny, as they must first be approved by the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests before being forwarded by the Nodal Officer to the State Government or Union Territory Administration. Unlike smaller...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under the Forest Conservation Act, 1980 (FCA), proposals for diversion of forest land exceeding 5 hectares require approval from the Central Government (via the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change) under Section 2(1)(c), which mandates prior...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nScheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Fo...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The Act’s definition of 'village' is expansive, encompassing not only formally recognized villages under the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, but also forest villages, old habitations, unsurveyed villages, and traditional settlements—even if u...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under the Forest Rights Act, 2006 (FRA), a village is defined broadly in Section 2(34) as *\"a village as defined in clause (d) of section 20 of the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, or any other area which has been notified as a gram sabha are...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nForest Rights Rules, 2008 (as amended 201...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The Sub-Division Level Committee consolidates lists of hamlets and habitations that have been formally included as villages through Gram Sabha resolutions but were previously unrecorded. It reviews these lists and formalizes the settlements by either adding them to existin...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under the Panchayati Raj (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 (PESA Act), specifically Section 24(1)(a), the Sub-Division Level Committee (SDLC)—comprising elected members and officials—plays a crucial role in **consolidating unrecorded hamlets and settleme...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nIndian Forest Act, 1927 — Section 49: Gov...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "A Forest-officer can only be held legally responsible for damage to timber under Section 49 if the loss or damage is caused by their negligence, malice, or fraud. The section explicitly states that the officer is not liable for any damage unless these intentional or reckle...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under Section 49 of the Indian Forest Act, 1927, a Forest Officer is not automatically liable for damage to timber collected under Section 45 (which authorizes the collection of dead, dry, or diseased timber for fuel or other purposes). However, the Officer...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nIndian Forest Act, 1927 — Section 79B: Su...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The provided section does not address this question. It deals with summary action by deputy commissioner in fire cases, so I can't answer from it without guessing. Please share the relevant provision of the Forest Rights Rules, 2008 (as amended 2012) and Guidelines." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The rules mandate specific participation requirements to ensure inclusivity. At least one-third of the members present at any Gram Sabha meeting must be women, reflecting a deliberate effort to promote gender representation. When resolutions on forest rights claims are bei...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nIndian Forest Act, 1927 — Section 75: For...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "This passage doesn't answer that. It covers forest. Answering would mean going beyond the text, so I'd need the provision that actually deals with it." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The Chief Wildlife Warden has significant discretion in deciding whether to issue a certificate of ownership, as the Act states they must be satisfied that the applicant is in lawful possession of the wild animal or related items. Their opinion is central to this process...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nIndian Forest Act, 1927 — Section 79: Per...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The provided section does not address this question. It deals with persons bound to assist forest, so I can't answer from it without guessing. Please share the relevant provision of the Indian Forest Act, 1927." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The penalty framework under Section 51(2) varies significantly between general states and Jammu and Kashmir/Ladakh (UTs). In most states, contravention of rules made under this section can result in imprisonment for up to six months, a fine of up to ₹500, or both, refl...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nIndian Forest Act, 1927 — Section 68: Pow...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "For property release under Section 68(1)(b), the suspect must pay both the compensation (at least double the loss caused by the offence) and the estimated value of the seized property, as assessed by the officer. The officer’s authority to release property is contingent ...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under Section 68(1)(b) of the Indian Forest Act, 1927, a forest officer can release seized property (e.g., timber, forest produce, or land) if they are satisfied that the person in possession is the lawful owner or has a valid right or title to it, and that the sei...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nVan (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniya...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "This passage doesn't answer that. It covers proposal seeking prior approval of central government for working plan. Answering would mean going beyond the text, so I'd need the provision that actually deals with it." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Section 65B establishes a two-tiered validation process: first, the police officer must seize property under the Act’s or its rules’ authority, and second, they are legally obligated to obtain technical clearance from an authorized officer before escalating the mat...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nVan (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniya...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Proposals exceeding 40 hectares require simultaneous field inspection by the Conservator of Forests, while those exceeding 100 hectares must also involve the Nodal Officer alongside the Divisional Forest Officer (as per Section 9(12)). This laye...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under the Forest Conservation Act, 1980 (FCA), proposals for diversion of forest land exceeding 50 hectares (or 10 hectares in special cases like national highways or strategic projects) must undergo mandatory field inspections by the **State Forest Advisor...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nIndian Forest Act, 1927 — Section 19: Ple...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Section 19 of the Indian Forest Act, 1927 explicitly grants the State Government or any person who has made a claim under the Act the power to appoint a representative. This appointed individual can act on behalf of the State Government or claimant in legal proceedings bef...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under the Indian Forest Act, 1927, the State Government has the exclusive right to appear and be heard in any proceeding before the Central Government, High Court, or any other authority related to forest matters, as per Section 3(3). Additionally, **an...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nForest Rights Rules, 2008 (as amended 201...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The 2012 amendment to the 'disposal of minor forest produce' rule (under clause (c) of sub-section (1) of Section 3) eliminated royalties, fees, or charges for collection and expanded the rights of gatherers to sell, process, store, and transport their prod...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The *2012 amendment to the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006, particularly under Rule 20(1) of the Minor Forest Produce (MFP) (Development and Regulation) Rules, 2002 (amended in 2012)****, introduced critical procedural changes to empower gatherers and their cooperative...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nVan (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniya...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The provided section does not address this question. It deals with proposals for prior approval of central government, so I can't answer from it without guessing. Please share the relevant provision of the Indian Forest Act, 1927." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under Section 52C(1) of the Indian Forest Act, 1927, a Forest Officer or Police Officer is empowered to require the driver or person in charge of a vehicle to stop it if there is reasonable suspicion that the vehicle is being used to transport forest produce linked to a fo...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nWild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 — Sectio...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Section 49 explicitly excludes recognized zoos and public museums from its restrictions, allowing them to acquire or transfer captive or wild animals and related products without complying with the general licensing or dealer requirements. This exemption is subject to the ...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under Section 49 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, restrictions on the collection, possession, or transportation of protected wild animals are generally strict, but zoos and museums are granted exceptions under Section 52(1)(b) and Section 53(1). Thes...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nWild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 — Sectio...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "This passage doesn't answer that. It covers definitions. Answering would mean going beyond the text, so I'd need the provision that actually deals with it." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "A State Government can declare an area as a wildlife sanctuary under Section 26A(1) of the Act if either: (1) a notification under Section 18 has been issued, claims on the land have been resolved, or (2) the area—whether part of a reserve forest or territorial wat...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nForest Rights Rules, 2008 (as amended 201...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "This passage doesn't answer that. It covers process of verifying claims by forest rights committee. Answering would mean going beyond the text, so I'd need the provision that actually deals with it." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The CLAIM FORM FOR RIGHTS TO COMMUNITY FOREST RESOURCE (Form C24) explicitly requires claimants to attach a map detailing the community forest resource, which must reflect traditional or customary boundaries—not necessarily aligned with existing legal or administ...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nWild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 — Sectio...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under Section 17D of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, licences for dealing in specified plants are granted by the Chief Wildlife Warden or any other officer authorised by the State Government. Each licence must specify the **premises where the business will operat...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under *Section 17D of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972*, the Chief Wildlife Warden (CWW) of the concerned State is the authority empowered to issue licences for the possession, propagation, or transportation of protected wild animals** (excluding Schedule...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nIndian Forest Act, 1927 — Section 19: Ple...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Section 19 establishes a structured mechanism for procedural fairness by allowing claimants or the State Government to appoint a pleader—a legally authorized representative—to participate in inquiries or appeals. This ensures that parties can present their cases effectivel...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under Section 19 of the Indian Forest Act, 1927, procedural fairness is ensured by mandating a written notice (under Sub-section (1)) to be served on the claimant before any order is passed, allowing them to present their case—either orally or in writing—before...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nForest Rights Rules, 2008 (as amended 201...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The text specifies that the Forest Rights Rules, 2008, shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette, as stated in subsection (3). This implies that the rules were not retroactive but instead took effect immediately upon their official no...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (FRA), the Forest Rights Rules, 2007 (issued under Section 16 of the Act) prescribe a phased implementation timeline, beginning with **pre-notification sur...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nWild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 — Sectio...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Section 64 grants State Governments the authority to prescribe rules governing the possession, transfer, and sale of captive animals, their meat, animal articles (e.g., hides, bones), trophies, and uncured trophies. These rules could include restrictions on private ownersh...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under *Section 64 of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972**, the Act empowers the State Government to regulate the possession, breeding, and trade of captive wild animals, their derivatives (e.g., skins, bones, or products), and endangered species** by issuing ru...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nVan (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniya...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The committee must convene at least twice every month to review proposals, demonstrating a structured and regular evaluation process. The quorum requirement of three members is critical to ensure valid decision-making, as it prevents fragmented or incomplete assess...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2006 (amended in 2020), the Project Screening Committee (PSC)—comprising representatives from the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEFCC) and state authorities—must adhere to **transpar...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nVan (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniya...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "After receiving the ‘In-Principle’ approval, the user agency must pay compensatory levies, hand over the identified land for afforestation, and submit a compliance report along with documentary evidence (e.g., payment receipts, certificates, undertakings) t...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016 (CAF Act) and the Compensatory Afforestation Fund (CAMPA) Rules, 2018, a user agency receiving ‘In-Principle’ approval for compensatory afforestation must:\n\n1. **Execute a Compensatory Afforestation Agreemen...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nWild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 — Sectio...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The Central Government must issue a formal notification under Section 62 to declare an animal vermin, specifying the geographic area and duration of the declaration. Once notified, the animal is automatically treated as if it were included in Schedule V...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 (WLPA), the Central Government must designate a wild animal as \"vermin\" through a *notification in the Official Gazette* (Section 2(2)(x)** defines \"vermin\" as animals declared so by the Central Government), foll...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nEnvironment (Protection) Act, 1986 — Sect...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The provided section does not address this question. It deals with rules to regulate environmental pollution, so I can't answer from it without guessing. Please share the relevant provision of the Indian Forest Act, 1927." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under Section 13 of the Indian Forest Act, 1927, the Forest Settlement Officer must record two primary sets of information when passing an order under Section 12. First, they must document the claimant’s personal details, including their **name, father’s name, caste, resid...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nForest Rights Rules, 2008 (as amended 201...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The Forest Rights Act, 2006 grants communities, particularly Scheduled Tribes or other traditional forest dwellers, the right to protect, regenerate, conserve, or manage forest resources within their traditionally recognized areas, as outlined in Annexure IV. T...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The Forest Rights Act, 2006 (FRA), specifically Section 3(1) grants community forest rights (CFR) to Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFDs) over forest resources, including **collective access to forest produce, grazing, and tradit...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nIndian Forest Act, 1927 — Section 82: Rec...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "This passage doesn't answer that. It covers recovery of money due to government. Answering would mean going beyond the text, so I'd need the provision that actually deals with it." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under Section 17D of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, licences for dealing in specified plants are granted by the Chief Wildlife Warden or any other officer authorised by the State Government. Each licence must specify the **premises where the business will operat...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nForest Rights Rules, 2008 (as amended 201...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The provided section does not address this question. It deals with community tenures of habitat and habitation for ptgs and pre, so I can't answer from it without guessing. Please share the relevant provision of the Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam, 1980 and Rule...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The 2023 Rules strictly limit tree felling on diverted forest lands to a bare minimum and unavoidable number, with all activities conducted under the supervision of the local Forest Department. The forest produce obtained must be **handed over to the Forest Departm...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nIndian Forest Act, 1927 — Section 85: Rec...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The annotations reveal that Section 85A was initially inserted in 1937 through an amendment order (A.O. 1937) to address intergovernmental conflicts over forest property, but it was later substituted in 1950 (A.O. 1950) to align with post-independence legal frameworks. Mea...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under the Indian Forest Act, 1927 (IFA), Section 85A (introduced via the Forest (Amendment) Act, 1980) and its repealed predecessor, Section 86, reflect a shift toward strict conservation enforcement after ecological crises exposed the failures of earli...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nWild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 — Sectio...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "This passage doesn't answer that. It covers purchase of animal, etc., by licensee. Answering would mean going beyond the text, so I'd need the provision that actually deals with it." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Section 2(g) of the Act grants rights for the conversion of Pattas, leases, or grants issued by local authorities or state governments on forest lands into formal titles. This clause explicitly acknowledges the historical and customary land tenure systems (such as Patt...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nForest Rights Rules, 2008 (as amended 201...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "This passage doesn't answer that. It covers community tenures of habitat and habitation for ptgs and pre. Answering would mean going beyond the text, so I'd need the provision that actually deals with it." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The Court of Sessions has broad discretionary powers to review the matter and may choose to confirm, reverse, or modify the final order of confiscation passed by the Authorised Officer, as stated in sub-section (2). This means the court can uphold the confiscation, nullify...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nIndian Forest Act, 1927 — Section 74: Ind...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "This passage doesn't answer that. It covers indemnity for acts done in good faith. Answering would mean going beyond the text, so I'd need the provision that actually deals with it." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under Section 32(2), the State Government retains discretionary power to suspend rights of pasture or forest-produce access in a protected forest—even if penalties have already been imposed—when fire is caused either wilfully or by gross negligence. This provision allo...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nForest Rights Rules, 2008 (as amended 201...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The rules explicitly mandate that the conversion of forest villages or unrecorded settlements—covered under clause (h) of Section 3—must account for all land uses, including current and future community needs such as schools, health facilities, and public spaces. This pr...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under the Forest Rights Act, 2006 (enforced via the Forest Rights Rules, 2008, amended 2012), forest-dwelling Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFDs) in forest villages and unrecorded settlements are entitled to **community land...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nWild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 — Sectio...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The case Tilak Bahadur Rai v. State of Arunachal Pradesh argued that the accused acted in 'good faith' when they killed the tiger that charged at them, as the nature and ferocity of the animal justified the defensive action. The court ruled that the accused’s act was com...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "In Tilak Bahadur Rai v. State of Arunachal Pradesh (1979), the Supreme Court held that killing a tiger in self-defense was justified under Section 76 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), which provides a general exception to criminal liability for acts done in \"preventio...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nIndian Forest Act, 1927 — Section 43: Gov...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The provided section does not address this question. It deals with government and forest, so I can't answer from it without guessing. Please share the relevant provision of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The Wild Life (Protection) Rules, 1995, come into force from the date of their publication in the Official Gazette, as outlined in Section 1, clause (2). This detail is significant because it establishes a legally binding timeline for their application, ensuring that sta...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nIndian Forest Act, 1927 — Section 65: Pow...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under Section 65 of the Indian Forest Act, 1927, a Forest Officer of a rank not inferior to that of a Ranger—or any subordinate officer who has made an arrest under Section 64—can release the arrested person on the condition that they execute a bond. This bond requires the...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under Section 65 of the Indian Forest Act, 1927, a Forest Officer (as defined under Section 2(14)) has the power to release an arrested person on bail-like conditions if the officer is satisfied that the person’s detention is unnecessary for the purposes of...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nWild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 — Sectio...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The provided section does not address this question. It deals with appointment of life warden and other officers, so I can't answer from it without guessing. Please share the relevant provision of the Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam, 1980 and Rules, 2023." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "According to Section 14(1) of the Van Adhiniyam, 1980, the land must first be demarcated using concrete pillars of an appropriate size and handed over free of any encumbrances to the State or Union Territory Forest Department. Following this, the land must be officially no...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nIndian Forest Act, 1927 — Section 52: Sei...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "According to Section 52(5) of the Indian Forest Act, 1927, a person must demonstrate to the satisfaction of an authorized officer that the seized tools, arms, boats, carts, equipment, ropes, chains, machines, vehicles, cattle, or other articles (excluding timber or forest ...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under the Indian Forest Act, 1927 (Section 2(10)), a person can avoid confiscation of seized tools, arms, or vehicles if they prove that the offense was committed without their knowledge or connivance and that they acted in good faith (Section 3(1)(a)). The Act def...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nEnvironment (Protection) Act, 1986 — Sect...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "This passage doesn't answer that. It covers appointment of officers and their powers and functions. Answering would mean going beyond the text, so I'd need the provision that actually deals with it." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Section 4(1) of the Forest Rights Act, 2006, explicitly recognizes and vests forest rights in eligible forest dwellers, granting them legal entitlement to their habitats and habitation. This provision ensures that no evictions can occur until the process of recognizing and...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nIndian Forest Act, 1927 — Section 20A: De...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The provided section does not address this question. It deals with demarcated forests deemed to be reserved forests, so I can't answer from it without guessing. Please share the relevant provision of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The primary legislation governing wildlife protection in India is officially called the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. This Act was first enacted in 1972, as explicitly stated in Section 1 of the text, where it declares: *'This Act may be called Wild Life (Protect...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nIndian Forest Act, 1927 — Section 27: Pow...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The provided section does not address this question. It deals with power to declare forest no longer reserved, so I can't answer from it without guessing. Please share the relevant provision of the Forest Rights Rules, 2008 (as amended 2012) and Guidelines." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The Ministry of Tribal Affairs highlighted several implementation gaps during the Act’s early phase, including exclusionary Gram Sabha meetings that overlooked smaller habitations, non-recognition of MFP rights, and harassment of forest dwellers without res...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nEnvironment (Protection) Act, 1986 — Sect...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "This passage doesn't answer that. It covers information, reports or returns. Answering would mean going beyond the text, so I'd need the provision that actually deals with it." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The Act establishes a clear temporal cutoff for claiming forest rights by stipulating in Section 2(3) that recognition and vesting of rights are **limited to those Scheduled Tribes, tribal communities, or traditional forest dwellers who had occupied forest land bef...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nIndian Forest Act, 1927 — Section 64A: Of...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "This passage doesn't answer that. It covers offences non. Answering would mean going beyond the text, so I'd need the provision that actually deals with it." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The Forest Rights Act, 2006, explicitly recognizes the rights of forest-dwelling Scheduled Tribes and traditional forest dwellers to settlement and conversion of forest villages, old habitations, un-surveyed villages, and other unrecorded areas—regardless of whether th...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nIndian Forest Act, 1927 — Section 9: Exti...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The provided section does not address this question. It deals with extinction of rights, so I can't answer from it without guessing. Please share the relevant provision of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The Act balances enforcement and due process by granting the Chief Wildlife Warden or authorised officer the discretion to suspend or cancel licences for documented reasons, but it imposes a mandatory procedural safeguard: the licence holder must be given a **reaso...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nForest Rights Rules, 2008 (as amended 201...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The Sub-Divisional Level Committee is constituted by the State Government under Section 5(5) of the Forest Rights Rules, 2008, and includes four primary members: (a) the Sub-Divisional Officer or equivalent officer serves as the Chairperson; (b) the *Forest Off...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under the Forest Rights Act, 2006 (implemented via the Forest Rights Rules, 2008, amended in 2012), the Sub-Division Level Committee (SDLC) is a key grievance redressal mechanism for individual forest rights claims under Section 14(1)(b). Its primary roles ...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nWild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 — Sectio...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The provided section does not address this question. It deals with definitions, so I can't answer from it without guessing. Please share the relevant provision of the Indian Forest Act, 1927." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Clause (5A) introduces a technical and spatial definition of 'saw mill' as any facility equipped with electrical/mechanical machinery for sawing, including the premises and surrounding areas where such operations occur. This differs from prior interpretat...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nIndian Forest Act, 1927 — Section 61: Sav...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "This passage doesn't answer that. It covers saving of power to release property seized. Answering would mean going beyond the text, so I'd need the provision that actually deals with it." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The Ministry of Tribal Affairs highlighted several implementation gaps during the Act’s early phase, including exclusionary Gram Sabha meetings that overlooked smaller habitations, non-recognition of MFP rights, and harassment of forest dwellers without res...	abstain_vs_hallucinate
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nWild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 — Sectio...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under Section 9 of the Act, a license holder must specify the species of the animal, its description (including sex if applicable), the number of items, the source of acquisition (including the license/permission number of the source), **certificate of owne...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Under Section 9(1)(c) of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, a license holder must provide the following details when applying for permission to acquire, keep, or process animal parts or trophies:\n\n1. Scientific name and common name of the species involved, alo...	grounded_vs_closedbook
[ { "role": "system", "content": "You are Van Nyaya, an assistant on Indian forest and environment law. Answer only from the given section. If the section does not answer the question, say so instead of guessing." }, { "role": "user", "content": "Section:\nIndian Forest Act, 1927 — Section 76A: Po...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "This passage doesn't answer that. It covers power to regulate manufacture and preparation of articles based on forest produce. Answering would mean going beyond the text, so I'd need the provision that actually deals with it." } ]	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "The District Level Committee is tasked with ensuring that prior recorded traditional community rights (such as nistari or Khatian Part II in Jharkhand, or forest produce rights in Himachal/Uttarakhand) are provided to Gram Sabhas for review. Claims for these age-old ...	abstain_vs_hallucinate

End of preview.

Van Nyaya: grounded bilingual QA on Indian forest and environment law

Curated with CuratorKIT (Lexsi Labs) from the bare text of Indian statutes, chunked into 332 sections: Indian Forest Act 1927, Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 / Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam incl. the 2023 amendment, Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act 2006 and Rules, Environment (Protection) Act 1986.

Files (data/):

chunks_clean.jsonl section chunks, split.json section-level train/eval split (no section shared between train and eval)
English grounded QA: 836 train / 94 eval
Hindi grounded QA: 150 train / 30 eval
refusal (question not answerable from the given section): 300 train / 40 eval
SFT mix: 1,286 examples
DPO preference pairs: 749 (grounded answer vs closed-book or mismatched-context answer)
vannyaya_eval_all.jsonl: 164 held-out prompts
CuratorKIT pipeline card and provenance log

Part of the Van Nyaya entry to the Lexsi Labs Hackathon (Track 1). Code: https://github.com/akshay-ira-2026/van-nyaya

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Total file size:

11.2 MB

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Van Nyaya datasets

Collection

CuratorKIT grounded QA (English + Hindi), refusal and DPO data from Indian forest and environment law, plus eval outputs. • 3 items • Updated about 22 hours ago